Index
A
Acción Democrática Nacionalista (ADN), 56
Afro-descendants, 10
agrarian reform, 12
Amagoalik, John, 71, 73, 76–77, 84
Arctic, 17, 39, 72–74, 76, 81, 83–84
Assembly of First Nations, 8
Autonomía Indígena Originaria Campesina (AIOC), 64
autonomies, 23, 25, 53–55, 62, 64, 97
autonomy, 31, 37, 71, 93, 104, 108, 111; definition, 22; degrees, 19–20, 22–23, 91, 105–106; demands, 2, 72, 97, 104, 106; economic, 85; Indigenous 1, 9, 13, 17–20, 22, 24, 26–27, 32, 34–35, 37–38, 41, 51–52, 54–55, 58, 63–66, 68–69, 72, 81, 87–89, 94, 97, 101–107, 109–112; political, 4, 25, 42, 49, 67, 73, 85; statutes 64; territorial, 35, 101
B
bands, 17
Bolivia, 1–2, 10, 13–16, 19–20, 22–24, 26, 30, 34–35, 53–55, 58–59, 62, 66–69, 101, 103–108; Afro-Bolivians, 60–61; Anti-racism and Anti-discrimination Law, 63; communitarian democracy, 18, 20, 27, 58, 60–61, 64; constitution, 13, 18, 53–54, 58, 64–65; Framework Law of Autonomy and Decentralization, 25, 64; intercultural democracy, 18, 54–55, 61–62, 65, 68; Language Rights Law, 63; Law of Prior Consultation, 67; majority Indigenous nations, 10, 14, 53, 55, 60–61, 64; minority Indigenous nations, 55, 60; National Development Plan, 66; National Revolution, 55; New Economic Policy, 56; Plurinational Legislative Assembly, 55, 60; Plurinational State, 18, 54, 59, 61–63, 65; Transitory Electoral Regime Law, 60; Unity Pact, 58–59
Buen Vivir. See Living Well
C
Canada, 1–9, 11, 14, 16–23, 30, 34–35, 39–44, 46, 71–74, 76–77, 79, 82, 84–85, 107, 109–112; British North America Act, 6; Calder decision, 9, 40; Constitution Act, 6, 9, 42, 75; Department of Indian Affairs, 8; extinguishment clause, 7, 43; Indian Act, 6, 8; Royal Proclamation, 6; White Paper, 8
central Andes, 3, 21–22, 30, 107–108, 112
Chile, 11
Circunscripción Territorial Indígena (CTI), 89, 96, 106
Citizens’ Revolution, 92
citizenship, 17, 22, 27, 31–33, 57, 107
civil servants, 63
civil society, 2, 21–22, 28–29, 33–34, 56, 58, 91, 99, 108
coca growers, 53
Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización (COOTAD), 96–97
colonialism, 4–5, 27, 29, 103–104. See also settler colonialism
co-management, 18, 30, 46–47, 82, 95, 104
communal justice, 30
comparative method, 3
comprehensive land claims, 9, 16–17, 19, 27, 38, 40, 42, 46, 51, 72–74, 82, 84, 105
Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE), 88–91, 93, 99–102
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, 8
conquistador, 10
Consejo de Desarrollo de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos del Ecuador (CODENPE), 95
constituent assembly, 58, 93–94
constitutional reform, 13, 20, 34, 53, 106
consultation, 29–30, 40, 49–50, 65, 67, 77, 80, 97, 99–100
co-optation, 33
Correa, Rafael, 20, 88–89, 92–95, 98–99, 101–102, 106
Council of Yukon First Nations (CYFN), 17, 37, 50
Council for Yukon Indians (CYI), 41–43, 49, 51
criollo, 11
D
decentralization, 24, 64, 80–81, 91
decolonization, 2, 14, 16, 27, 29, 55, 58, 62–63, 68, 78, 93, 104, 107; definition, 23
democracy, 1–3, 14, 18, 20, 22, 27–33, 37–38, 54, 56, 58, 62, 65, 68, 78, 85, 89, 91–93, 104, 107–108, 110–112; pacted, 55, 57–59
democratic decolonization, 2–3, 14, 16, 22, 27–29, 33, 103–104, 107; definition 26
democratic innovation, 2, 18, 20, 27, 30, 32, 34, 46, 54–55, 65, 67–68, 82, 93, 102, 104, 108
de-patriarchalization, 62
development, 8, 12–13, 19, 35, 39, 46, 48, 66, 74, 89, 93–94, 98; economic, 4–5, 7, 58, 64–65, 73, 81–84, 95, 97, 99, 102–103, 111; political, 3, 31, 54, 57, 75, 81, 83–84, 107
Dirección Nacional de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIB), 95
E
Ecuador, 1–2, 10, 13–16, 19–20, 22–24, 26, 30, 34–35, 87–89, 91, 95, 99, 101–108, 112; constitution, 13, 19, 26, 93–94, 96–97; Environmental Action, 95; Mining Law, 95; National Indigenous Uprising, 87, 89–90; National Plan for Living Well, 94
Ecuador Runacunapac Riccharimui (ECUARUNARI), 87, 90, 101
elections, 5, 7, 17–18, 27, 30, 44, 53–54, 56–57, 59, 61, 78, 90–92, 96, 100–102, 106, 109
electoral politics, 25, 56–57, 59, 61, 77, 88, 90–91, 102, 106, 108–109
Elias, Darius, 50
elites, 11, 33, 35, 55–56, 66–67, 101
employment, 18
encomienda system, 10
extractive activities, 4, 46, 83–84, 98, 110
extractive industry, 30, 67, 73, 81–83, 88, 95, 110–111
F
First Nation Final Agreement (FNFA), 24, 44–45, 48
First Nations, 6–7, 17, 20, 24, 37–39, 41–52, 104–105, 109
free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), 29–30
G
Gas War, 58
governance, 4, 17–18, 20, 22, 30–34, 40, 46–47, 50, 54, 61, 65, 68, 75, 79, 82, 96, 102–104, 108; definition 29; resource, 82, 88; society-centered, 22, 30, 107. See also Indigenous governance
governance innovations. See democratic innovations
government, 1, 5–9, 12–20, 22–26, 29–30, 32, 35, 37–38, 40–44, 46–48, 50–52, 54–57, 59–68, 71–85, 88, 91, 93–96, 98–100, 102, 104–105, 108, 112
H
High Arctic exiles, 73. See also Arctic
I
import-substitution industrialization (ISI), 12
Indigenous autonomy. See autonomy
Indigenous governance, 14, 21, 23, 27, 30–32, 34–35, 49, 54–55, 62, 68, 72
Indigenous identity, 6, 12, 90; status, 6, 8, 10, 12
Indigenous languages, 8, 17–18, 26, 63, 71, 78–80, 108
Indigenous law, 26, 30–31, 110
Indigenous movements, 14–16, 19, 21–22, 34, 40, 55, 58, 68, 87–88, 90–93, 95–97, 100–104, 106–108, 111–112
Indigenous nationalism, 109–110
Indigenous participation, 18, 21, 23, 27, 46, 54, 68, 82
Indigenous politics, 2–3, 5, 8, 14–15, 20, 68, 102, 107–108, 110–112
Indigenous research methods, 15
Indigenous rights, 2, 4, 7–8, 13, 18, 30–31, 34–35, 37–38, 46, 54–55, 62, 65, 67–68, 72–73, 81–82, 85, 87–89, 98–102, 104, 109–110, 112
Indigenous self-determination, 1, 4, 14–15, 20–23, 26–27, 34–35, 65, 68, 72, 74, 76, 84–85, 97–98, 103–106, 111
Indigenous self-government, 1–2, 9, 17, 19–26, 32, 34–35, 37, 39, 41–44, 46, 49, 51–52, 54–55, 65, 68–69, 72, 75–76, 81, 84–85, 87–89, 91, 96–97, 101–107, 109–112
Indigenous sovereignty, 9, 11, 13, 23, 35, 82, 87, 110
Indigenous title, 9, 25, 40, 45, 82
Indigenous women, 111. See also women
Indigenous-state relations, 1–2, 5–6, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 24, 35, 38, 46, 48, 52, 64, 72–73, 96, 101, 103, 112
institutional arrangement, 4, 27, 30, 38, 68, 85, 105, 107
institutional participation, 22, 34, 108
institutions, 2–3, 5, 11–12, 14–15, 20–23, 25–26, 28, 34, 37, 46, 48, 54, 57–58, 61–64, 68–69, 71–72, 78–79, 82, 85, 104–106, 108–110, 112
interest representation, 12, 37, 51. See also representation
inter-Indigenous conflict, 90
International Labour Organization (ILO), 30, 97
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 100
Inuit, 6, 17–18, 20, 25–26, 71–85, 105–106, 109
Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement (IIBA), 83
Inuit Owned Land (IOL), 75
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ), 73, 79–80
Inuit Tapiriiksat Kanatami (ITK), 8
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), 74–75
J
jurisdiction, 17, 22, 26, 40, 47, 64, 79, 81–83, 88, 108
K
Kitikmeot Inuit Association, 77
Kivalliq Inuit Association, 77
Klondike Gold Rush, 38
L
land, 2, 4, 7, 10–12, 17–18, 20, 22–27, 29–30, 33, 35, 38–51, 55, 71, 73–75, 81–85, 97, 105, 109, 111. See also settlement land
Latin America, 1–5, 7, 9–17, 19, 21–23, 29–31, 33–35, 55–56, 68, 87, 89–90, 95, 97, 99, 107, 109–112
law, 9–10, 16–17, 24, 30–31, 39–40, 48, 54, 63, 96, 98. See also Indigenous law
legal pluralism, 23
legislature, 18, 26, 30, 59–60, 63, 77–78, 91
Ley de Participación Popular (LPP), 24, 57
liberal, 3, 14, 19, 21, 27, 29–30, 32, 48, 59, 64–65, 68, 72, 97, 104, 107
Living Well, 19, 66, 94–95, 102
M
market reform, 12, 56, 90. See also neoliberal
Métis National Council, 8
mobilization, 1, 8–10, 12, 19, 38, 57–58, 67–68, 88–90, 92, 102, 106, 111–112
Morales, Evo, 18, 20, 24–25, 53, 55, 57–60, 62–63, 65, 67–68, 106, 111
Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), 18, 25, 53–55, 57–61, 63, 65–68, 106
Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR), 56
Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik (MUPP), 1, 88, 90–93, 101–102, 106
Movimiento Nacional Revolucionaria (MNR), 56–57
multiculturalism, 31. See also neoliberal multiculturalism
N
nation-to-nation relations, 9, 13, 16, 19, 23–24, 30, 37, 51, 104–105, 109, 112
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC), 8
natural resources, 22, 58, 64, 81–82, 84, 99, 105, 110. See also subsurface resources
Nature, 19, 66, 88, 94, 102, 107
neoliberal, 5, 11–13, 18, 33–34, 56–58, 67, 90–92, 106
neoliberal multiculturalism, 11–13, 24
New Democratic Party (NDP), 43–44
northern Canada, 3, 21–23, 30–31, 81, 107–109
Northwest Territories (NWT), 73–74, 80, 84
Nunavut, 1–2, 13–18, 20, 22, 24–25, 30, 34, 39, 50, 71–85, 103–107, 112; legislative assembly, 1, 17, 77–78; mineral rights, 25, 75, 83; Nunavut Act, 75; Nunavut Leadership Forum, 78; Nunavut Political Accord, 75; Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, 18, 82–83; social issues, 84
Nunavut Implementation Commission (NIC), 17–18, 71, 77
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA), 17, 25–26, 73–77, 82–83
Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI), 74–76
O
Official Languages Act, 79
P
Pachakutik. See Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik (MUPP)
participation, 12, 18, 20–23, 25, 27–28, 30, 33–34, 42, 46, 54, 56–58, 60, 68–69, 71, 77, 82, 90, 93, 96, 98, 101, 103, 107–109, 112
party politics, 15, 38, 50–51, 102, 112
Penikett, Tony, 43
Penner, Keith, 43
Pérez, Yaku, 101
plebiscite, 74, 79. See also referendum
plurinational constitutionalism, 11, 26
plurinational state, 1, 13, 18–19, 54, 59, 61–63, 65, 87–88, 91, 93–94, 101
plurinationality, 13, 16, 20, 23, 54–55, 58, 87–88, 91, 93–94, 101, 106, 112
political party, 1, 18, 25, 43, 50, 53–56, 59, 68, 90–93, 101–102, 106
political will, 20, 32, 35, 88, 101
power, 3, 10–14, 27, 20–24, 28–31, 34, 37–38, 40, 43, 47–50, 52, 54, 56–57, 61, 64–67, 72, 81, 84, 87, 91–93, 95–97, 100, 102, 104–107, 110, 112
prior consultation, 29, 65, 67, 97. See also free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC)
protest, 12, 34, 55–56, 58, 68, 90–91, 95, 101–102, 108, 111
Q
Qikiqtani Inuit Association, 77
Quartz Mining Act, 39
R
referendum, 64, 96, 99–100, 109
repartimiento system, 10
representation, 2, 4, 13, 15, 18, 20, 26, 28–29, 33, 49–50, 54, 60–62, 68–69, 72, 77, 85, 89, 94, 101, 104, 112
resource royalties, 46
rights, 6–10, 12–13, 17–19, 22, 25–26, 32–33, 35, 39–40, 43, 45–46, 48–49, 51–52, 63, 65–66, 73–75, 77, 81, 83, 88, 94, 96–97, 101–102, 107–108, 110–111. See also Indigenous rights
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 9
S
Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo, 57–58
self-determination. See Indigenous self-determination
self-governing First Nations, 7, 17, 38, 44, 48–50
self-government. See Indigenous self-government
Self-Government Agreement (SGA), 16–17, 19, 24, 27, 38, 47, 50
settlement land, 17, 24, 40, 44–47
settler colonialism, 4–5, 29, 103
settler state, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 27, 107, 109, 112
Simon, Mary, 77
social movements, 19, 62–63, 91–92, 96, 99. See also Indigenous movements
sovereignty, 6, 23–24, 72–73, 82, 94. See also Indigenous sovereignty
structural adjustment, 56, 90. See also market reform
subsurface resources, 17, 24–26, 35, 39–40, 44. 46, 51–52, 55, 73, 75, 83, 97, 110
Suma Qamaña, 66. See also Living Well
Sumac Kawsay, 19, 66. See also Living Well
T
Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro-Sécure (TIPNIS), 66–67
territory, 11, 17, 20, 24, 26, 29, 37–40, 42, 45–48, 51, 64, 71–72, 74–77, 80–85, 89, 96, 106
treaty-based relations, 7, 11, 16, 106
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 7
Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut (TFN), 73–74, 76
U
Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA), 17, 24, 37–38, 44, 46–50
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 30, 53, 97
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 98
V
Villa Tunari-San Ignacio de Moxos highway, 66
W
Water War, 57
women, 6, 10, 32, 62–63, 77–78, 89, 111
Y
Yasuní Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputin (Yasuní-ITT), 89, 98–99, 102
Yasunidos, 99
Yukon, 2, 13–15, 17, 19–20, 22, 24, 30, 34, 37–52, 103–105, 107–108, 112; co-management boards, 46–47; legislative assembly, 1, 50, 52; Minto Mine, 46; Yukon Act, 39; Yukon Devolution Transfer Agreement, 40, 84; Yukon Forum, 24, 48
Z
Zapatistas, 109