Index

Page numbers with an f refer to figures.

Page numbers with a t refer to tables.

A

• Abenaki (First Nations, Canada), 1

• academic research: challenges with, 12, 17; responsibilities of, 20

• ACCRA (Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance) initiative, 57

• ACS. See activist citizen science (ACS)

• Acselrad, H., 158, 163

• action-oriented research: benefits of, 6, 7f, 320, 322; and participatory geographic information systems (GIS), 26–27

• action research. See action-oriented research

• activist citizen science (ACS): about, 272; benefits of, 272; science, basic training, 265, 267, 275n6; Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance (VEJA), 273; water justice, 259, 260. See also citizen science (CS)

• activities: as data collected, participatory community monitoring, 229

• adaptation strategies: farmers, smallholder, 60–62; oil palm planters, 86–90, 87f, 89f

• Africa: apartheid regime, 239, 241, 244–245, 247, 253–254, 259, 282, 287; challenges worsened by climate change, 49, 58–59; extreme weather events, 48–49. See also Cameroon; Kenya; Mozambique; Nigeria; South Africa

• Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance (ACCRA) initiative, 57

• Agbeloba Farmers Society of Ilu-Aje (Nigeria), 52

• agency: community, 6, 7f, 33, 48, 140, 146–147; and resilience, 106, 110; and youth, 345–346

• Agenda 21 pilot project (Guapiruvu community, Brazil), 143–144

• aggiornamento, 302–303

• “A Green New Eskom” (South Africa), 283

• agricultural inputs, 75, 76–78, 77f, 88–89, 89f, 93n8

• agriculture: as cause of climate change, 69; impacts of climate change on, 69–70

• agroecology, 129, 337

• agroforestry: benefits of, 126–127, 127f, 129; and food insecurity, 330–331; as income source, 120, 326; socioeconomic implications of, 327–329

• AGUA. See Solidarity Economy and Sustainable Development Association of Guapiruvu (AGUA)

• Aiê Eleteloju (Quilombo do Bracuí), 129

• air pollution: and citizen science (CS), 228, 260, 269, 273; coal mining, 283, 285

• Alberta: “For Our Common Home” campaign, 307, 308–310, 308f, 311–312, 311f; oil sands, 351–352

• Almeida, A.W.B., 130–131

• Al-Shabaab extremists, 180, 195

• Alternactiva collective, 322

• Alto Ribiero State Park (Brazil), 143, 144

• Amazon: Francis (pope) on Indigenous Peoples of, 301–302; religious environmental campaigns in, 298. See also Brazil; “For Our Common Home” campaign

• Amazon Forest, 161, 307

• Amazon river, 155

• AMOQC (Associação de Moradores do Quilombo Campinho da Independencia) (Brazil), 122

• Aneja, V.P., 285

• Angostura dam (Biobío River, Chile), 208

• Angra dos Reis Nuclear Power Plants (Brazil), 122

• animals. See common-pool natural resources; specific animals (e.g., snails, locusts)

• Anishinaabe (First Nations, Canada), 1

• anti-reflexive tendencies, 344–345

• the Antropocene, 13

• Argentina: about, 212–213; map of, 29f

• ARQUISABRA (Associação dos Remanescentes de Quilombo de Santa Rita do Bracuí), 121, 122, 125

• assets: as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57–58, 59, 61; and resilience, 106, 111

• Associação de Moradores do Quilombo Campinho da Independencia (AMOQC) (Brazil), 122

• Associação de Mulheres do Límbue, 335

• Associação dos Remanescentes de Quilombo de Santa Rita do Bracuí (ARQUISABRA), 121, 122, 125

• Associación de Comunidades Indígenas de Carelmapu (Chile), 230

• Association for Water and Rural Development (AWARD) (South Africa), 244

• asymmetry of information, 329, 332, 337

• Atlantic Rainforest (Brazil), 139, 144

• Autonomous University of Barcelona, 33, 34

• Avelino, F., 288

• AWARD (Association for Water and Rural Development, South Africa), 244

• Aysén earthquake (2007) (Chile), 31

• Azam, S., 162

B

• “bank switch” actions, 352

• Barnes, M.L., 110–111

• Bezerra, G.N., 158, 163

• BHP Billiton (multinational mining company), 157, 166

• Biobío River (Butaleubü) (Chile), 29f, 208, 209; participatory research, 214

• biodiversity: and carbon credits, 319, 325, 331; conservation of, 141, 142, 225, 226, 229, 230, 332–335; as data, participatory community monitoring, 228, 231, 232f, 233f, 235–236; deforestation and, 69; soils and, 115, 117, 118, 119, 125

• biological indicators (of climate change impacts), 34, 35f

• BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Colour), 21n1

• “black proto-campesinato” (social context of), 121

• Black people. See historically disadvantaged individuals (HDI) (Black people); Quilombola communities (Brazil)

• BMO (Canada bank), 352

• Bocaina National Park (Brazil), 121, 122

• Bond, P., 290

• Boni Forest (Kenya/Mozambique), 195, 202n6

• Bonney, Rick, 268

• Brazil: carbon emissions, 116; CoAdapta groups (citizen science), 32; collective land ownership, 113n4; fresh water distribution, 155; land ownership, injustices, 129–130; map of, 29f, 30f; mining, impacts on water security, 156, 157; National Environmental Policy (PNMA) (1981), 159; National Mining Agency, 160–161; National Policy on Dam Security (PNSB), 160; National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) (Water Law), 159–160; natural disaster risks, 31; natural resources, 31; New Mining Code, 159, 161–162; organic food initiatives, 3; Permanent Preservation Areas, 103; pesticide use, lack of governance over, 103; property regimes, predominant, 110, 111, 113n4; social technologies, 107, 113n3; weather, 31. See also Guapiruvu community (Brazil); Minas Gerais state (Brazil); Paraty (Brazil); Quilombola communities (Brazil); São Paulo city (Brazil); Vale do Ribeira (Brazil)

• Breves, José (colonial farmer, 1800s), 121

• Bromley, D.W., 105

• bucket brigades, 260, 269, 273

• Butalelbún (Mapuche-Pewenche community), 213, 216, 218

• Butaleubü (Biobío River) (Chile), 29f, 208

• Buytaert, W., 269

C

• Caleuche (mythical ghost-ship), 230

• Callaqui (Mapuche-Pewenche community), 213, 216, 217f, 218

• Cameroon: impacts of climate change, 70, 91; land-management system, 75–76, 76f; Littoral-Cameroon region, 70, 71, 72f. See also Commune of Ngwéi (Cameroon)

• Canada: Catholicism, 297; citizen engagement in governance and planning, 182; Discourse on Development through Mining (DDM), 166; Fossil Fuel Divestment (FFD) movement, 351–353; Indigenous peoples, 1, 15–16, 19, 166, 310–311; Inuit youth (Canada) participatory video, 349; lawsuits, climate justice, 353–355; nickel mines, 166; participatory video (youth), 349. See also Alberta; “For Our Common Home” campaign

• Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, 352

• Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 353–354

• Canticle of the Creatures (Francis of Assisi, Saint), 300

• capitalism: carbon market and, 319–320, 324–325, 331–332, 333; climate change impacts of, 138–139; dismantling structures of, 16, 17, 20, 299–300, 301; and environmental justice movements, 14–15; globalization, 1, 12–13, 17; hydropower, impacts of, 207–208; inequities of, 1, 2, 12, 263–264; Just Transitions, challenges with, 13, 284, 287–289, 290–292; and land access inequality, 76, 103, 110, 112; mining, impacts of, 156, 158–159, 161–162, 171–173; nature as commodity, 211; port developments, impact of, 177, 179–180, 191, 192–197, 192t. See also colonialism

• capitalist globalization, 1, 12–13, 17

• Caraguá (Brazil), 28, 30f, 32. See also Brazil

• Caraguatatuba (Brazil). See Caraguá (Brazil)

• carbon capture: global carbon initiatives, 116; negative effects of, 3; projects, 324–325, 326–327, 335–336; soils, role of, 115–116

• carbon credits, 319, 320; and biodiversity, 319, 325, 331; and climate injustice, 331–334; market value, 319, 327, 328, 332, 333; tree planting and, 326–327

• carbon market. See carbon credits

• carbon offsets, 319, 331, 336

• carbon sequestration. See carbon capture

• carbon storage. See carbon capture

• care, culture of. See culture of care

• Carelmapu (Chile): about, 229–231; Community Sentinels, 231, 232f, 233f, 234–235; map of, 29f

• Carelmapu Indigenous Communities Association, 230

• Carelmapu Indigenous Marine Area (IMA), 230–231

• CARE principles (Indigenous data governance), 39, 40

• Catchment Management Forums (South Africa), 269, 273, 275n8

• Catholicism: in Canada, 297; and climate action, 298; ressourcement (return to the sources), 302–303. See also Francis (pope)

• Cauñicú (Mapuche-Pewenche community), 213, 216, 218

• CBH (Hydrographic Basin Committees—watershed committees) (Brazil), 160

• CDHU (Housing Company of the State of São Paulo), 108–109

• Ceccaroni, L., 268

• Cemaden-Educaçāo (Brazil), 27. See also Brazil

• Center for Reference and Assistance to Women (São Paulo, Brazil), 109

• Central Hidroeléctrica Huequecura (Biobío River, Chile), 209

• Central Hidroeléctrica Rucalhue (Biobío River, Chile), 209

• Centre for Environmental Rights (South Africa), 267, 269–270, 284, 289

• Centro de Referência de Atendimento à Mulher (CRAM) (São Paulo), 109

• Cernea, M.M., 105

• Chedungün (Pewenche Indigenous language), 216, 218

• children. See youth

• Chile: Chilean Water Code, 211; CoAdapta groups (citizen science), 32, 33, 36; map of, 29f; marine commons protection, 3; marine currents, 28; natural disaster risks, 31; natural resources, 31; water transfer project, 209–211; weather, 28, 31. See also Carelmapu (Chile); Mapuche-Pewenche Indigenous People (Wallmapu); Queuco River

• Chilean Water Code, 211

• Chiloé Island (Chile), 28, 29f. See also Chile

• Chiloé Province (Chile), 28, 29f. See also Chile

• China Communications Construction Company, 177, 192

• Choudry, A.A., 272

• Christianity: on nature, 300. See also Francis (pope)

• CIBC (Canada bank), 352

• Cinner, J.E., 110–111

• citizen participation, 182–183, 201n2

• citizen science (CS): air pollution, 269; described, 26, 268; and environmental justice, 273; legal challenges, used in, 269–270; participatory community monitoring, 223–226; technology, challenges with, 27, 39, 40; types of, 268–269, 271, 275n3; water science, learning basic, 265; youth, 350. See also activist citizen science (ACS); CoAdapta methodology

• civil society organizations: local engagement, role in, 107. See also specific organizations (e.g., Justiça Ambiental)

• CJI. See Climate Justice International (CJI)

• class. See socio-economic levels (class)

• clean energy. See renewable energies

• climate activism: exclusion of youth from, 343; youth, opportunities for, 347–349, 350–353

• climate anxiety, 346–347

• climate change: as data collected, participatory community monitoring, 229; effects of, 25; environmental justice response to, 137–138; Francis (pope) on, 300; research, 25–26

• climate change causes: agriculture, 69; coal mining, 286–287. See also climate change

• climate change impacts: on Africa, 70, 90, 91; on agriculture, 69–70; on Cameroon, 70, 91; classification of, 34, 35f; on farmers, 49, 58–59, 62; on Global South, 137–138; on oil palm sector, 82–83, 82t, 84f, 85, 85f, 86f, 91. See also climate change

• climate justice: and carbon credits, 331–334; coal industry, 284, 290; and commons governance, 7f; community engagement processes, 198–201; environmental justice, compared to, 14–15; explained, 2, 15, 207; and just transformations, 13–14; and Just Transition, 288; lawsuits, 353–355; mining, 162, 171, 172; top-down, 332–333, 336; water-related, 156; workshops on, 322, 323f, 324. See also participatory research

• Climate Justice Guelph, 352

• Climate Justice International (CJI), 180

• climate variability, 319

• climatological indicators (of climate change impacts), 34, 35f

• cloud harvesting, 267

• CoAdapta | Litoral project (Chile), 32, 33, 36

• CoAdapta methodology, 31–32, 32f, 34–36, 35f, 39

• coal-fired power plants: protest movements against, 179

• coal industry: as cause of climate change, 286–287; disinvestment in, 282; environmental impacts of, 283, 285–286; Just Transition movement, 281–282, 283, 284; resistance to, 289–291; social impacts of, 286

• Coastal GasLink pipeline (Canada), 311

• Cobquecura earthquake (2010) (Chile), 31

• Cock, J., 288

• co-created citizen science, 268–269, 271. See also citizen science (CS)

• Coelho, T.P., 165–166

• cognitive justice, 17, 261–262, 274

• collaborative citizen science, 268–269, 271. See also citizen science (CS)

• colonial globalization, 11

• colonialism: culture of silence, 166–167, 167f, 173n5; dismantling structures of, 16, 17, 20; displacement of original peoples, 1, 21n1, 102, 141–142, 208–209; globalization of, 11; Global North (Western) impositions of, 12, 14–15; inequities caused by, 1, 2, 6, 15, 69, 309; Just Transitions, challenges with, 13, 284, 287–289, 290–292; and land access inequality, 129–131; oil palm exploitation, 93n3; Quilombola communities and, 116–117, 120, 121, 129–131; and water access inequality, 239–240, 241, 244–247, 248–249, 253–254. See also capitalism; decolonization

• colonization. See colonialism

• common-pool natural resources: common property, 105–106, 110–111; described, 99, 113n2; governance of, 100, 101, 102–106, 110–111, 112; open access, 102, 105, 109; private property, 103–104; public or state property, 104; resilience, concept of, 106, 110–111

• common property regime: common-pool natural resources, 105–106; rules governing, 110

• commons: described, 2, 8n1; tragedy of the, 2. See also common-pool natural resources; knowledge commons; marine commons; “The” Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin)

• commons-building, 3

• commons governance: benefits of, 6, 7f; challenges of, 141–143; commons spaces, protecting, 19; communal ownership, 105–106

• commons justice, 15

• commons-reclamation, 3

• commons spaces: protecting, 19

• Commune of Ngwéi (Cameroon): adaptation strategies, 86–90, 87f, 89f; agricultural inputs, access, 76–78, 77f, 88–89, 89f, 93n8; climate change impact, 82–83, 82t, 84f, 85, 85f, 86f; climate trends, 78–81, 79f, 80f, 82f, 90–91; described, 71, 72f, 73, 73f, 93n1; exploitation, oil palm, 74–76, 93n3; land-management system, 75–76, 76f; Oil Palm and Adaptive Landscape (OPAL) project, 74, 93n5; oil palm production, 70, 71, 72; participatory research, 70–71, 74

• communities (local): engagement process, 198–201; initiatives in response to climate change, 138–139; ownership of natural resources, 105–106, 109–110; Protected Areas (PAs), challenges with management of, 141–143; resilience, factors that provide, 106, 110–111; social classification system criteria, 145

• community gardens: benefits of, 19, 100–101; engagement, importance of local, 107; governance of, 101, 110; São Paulo (Brazil), 108–109

• community members: and citizen science, 223–226; local engagement, role in, 107. See also communities (local)

• community monitoring. See participatory community monitoring

• Community Sentinels: about, 223–224; Carelmapu (Chile), 231, 232f, 233f, 234–235; community monitoring, participatory, 224–226; data, role in collection of, 228; elements recorded, 228–229; stages, community monitoring, 226, 227t, 228; training of Sentinels, 235

• Conferences of the Parties (COPs) (United Nations): 4 per mille initiative, 116; climate policies, enforcement of, 305; joint declaration on climate change, 299; Laudato Si’ (Francis, pope), 299–300; rights of Nature, 211; “stop recognizing dams as clean energy,” 211

• Conservation of Forest and Increase of Carbon Reserves through Forests (Mozambique), 325

• Constitution of Kenya, 182

• consumption: of environmental resources, 157

• Continuum of Paranapiacaba. See Ecological Continuum of Paranapiacaba

• contributory citizen science, 268–269, 271. See also citizen science (CS)

• conversion, ecological. See ecological conversion

• COOPAFASB (Brazil), 146

• COOPERAGUA (Brazil), 146

• COP. See Conferences of the Parties (COPs) (United Nations)

• Cornell University ornithology lab, 268

• Corner, A., 347

• Córrego do Feijão tailings dam (Brumadinho, Brazil): rupture of, 157

• Côte d’Ivoire, 90, 91

• COVID-19: communities affected by, 117, 120–121; “For Our Common Home” campaign affected by, 306, 307, 308, 309; research challenges during, 4, 125, 213, 214, 216, 231

• Cox, M., 111

• CRAM. See Centro de Referência de Atendimento à Mulher (CRAM) (São Paulo)

• crop farmers: adaptation strategies, 61, 62, 86–90, 87f, 89f; agricultural inputs, access to, 76–78, 77f; climate change research, 48, 70–71, 74; impacts of climate change on, 49, 58–59; land-management systems, 75–76, 76f; training workshops with, 52–53, 53f, 54f, 55, 56f. See also farmers, smallholder (small-scale)

• crop rotation, 325

• CS. See citizen science (CS)

• cultural landscape: as data collected, participatory community monitoring, 229

• culture of care, 298–299, 300, 307, 311

• culture of silence: mining, 166–167, 167f, 173n5

D

• Dalcahue (Chile), 28, 29f, 32. See also Chile

• dams. See hydroelectric dams; tailings dams

• data geovisualization, 27

• data governance: CARE principles (Indigenous), 39, 40

• data sovereignty, 39, 40

• Davis, M., 287

• DDM. See Discourse on Development through Mining (DDM)

• decision-making: as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57

• decolonization: community monitoring and, 224–226; ecological conversion, 298–299, 300, 301, 303, 304f; and environmental justice movements, 15–16; and human exceptionalism, 18; and Indigenous environmentalism, 17, 19, 229–231; of knowledge access, 14–16, 266–267, 271–272; and participatory research, 18; rematriation (Indigenous concept of), 299, 301, 303; of science, 28, 212–213, 218, 236–236, 261–262, 265, 268–270, 273; ways to achieve, 16–20. See also colonialism

• Decolonizing Water Project, 218

• deforestation, 3, 75, 224, 307, 320, 326, 333

• Denesuline (First Nations, Canada), 1

• Deranger, Ariel (climate justice activist), 15–16

• de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, 261–262

• developing countries. See Global South

• Development and Peace: “For Our Common Home” campaign, 297–298, 306–307, 308f, 309–310; on peasant agriculture, 91

• dimensions (of Laudato Si’ movement), 304–306, 304f

• Diptera (flies): oil palm devastation, 82, 84f

• disaster risk reduction (DRR): and traditional and local knowledge (TLK), 26

• Discourse on Development through Mining (DDM), 165–166

• disinformation, organized, 163–165, 164f

• diversification: of income sources, 87–88

• Doce River system (Brazil): mining disaster, 157

• dominion over (concept of), 304

• Doña Sebastiana Island (Carelmapu IMA), 230, 232f

• Don Juan Beach (Carelmapu, Chile), 233f, 234

• DUAT (land use rights) registration, 335, 339n9

E

• Earthlife Africa Johannesburg, 284, 289

• earthquakes, 31

• ECMPOs. See Indigenous Marine Areas (IMAs)

• ecocide, 209

• Ecojustice, 354

• Ecological and Basic Human Needs Reserve (South Africa), 251

• Ecological Continuum of Paranapiacaba (Brazil), 144, 148n4

• ecological conversion, 298–299, 300, 301, 303, 304f

• ecological footprints, 331, 337, 338n7

• ecological resilience: described, 119

• ecology, integral. See integral ecology

• ecosystems: community monitoring of, 223–226, 228–230, 232f, 233f, 234–236; conservation efforts, 143–144, 266–267; dams, flooding of, 208–210; dredging, damage to, 179; and extreme weather events, 31, 48–49; as knowledge commons, 2, 11, 12, 116; mining, impact on, 157–158, 161; mismanagement of, 263, 265–266; participatory research, 5, 213–214, 216; port development, impact on, 181, 182, 191, 192–193, 192t, 199–201; responsible stewardship of (spiritual), 298–306; social-ecosystems, rivers as, 208, 212, 217; soils, importance to ecosystems, 115, 117–119, 118t, 126–127, 130–131

• Edmonton (Alberta): “For Our Common Home” campaign, 297–298, 306

• Education, Mining and Territory (EduMiTe) research group (Brazil), 172–173

• Education and Mining Observatory (OEM) (Brazil), 172–173

• EduMiTe (Education, Mining and Territory) research group (Brazil), 172–173

• EJM (Environmental Justice Movement) (United States), 14–15

• El Niño, 28, 31

• ELU. See existing lawful uses (ELU) (of water); National Water Act (NWA) (1998) (South Africa)

• Emalahleni area (South Africa), 285, 290

• Encuramapu community (Carelmapu), 230

• Ende Gelände movement (Germany), 290

• energy-generation projects: concerns with, 207–208

• English language: as main research language, 12

• ENJEU (ENvironnement JEUnesse) (Canada), 353

• Environmental Defence (Canada), 352

• environmental educators: local engagement, role in, 107

• environmental engagement: and hope, 346

• environmentalism: Indigenous, 17–18; spiritual, 303, 305–306

• environmental justice: from below, 310; and citizen science (CS), 269, 273; climate justice, compared to, 14–15; coal industry, 283–284; described, 158; and Just Transition, 288; response to climate change, 137–138; tailings dam ruptures, 157–158, 162, 172

• Environmental Justice (JA!). See Justiça Ambiental (JA!)

• Environmental Justice Movement (EJM) (United States), 14–15

• Environmental Monitoring Group (South Africa), 267

• environmental protection: unequal, 158–159

• environmental racism, 14, 130, 131n1

• environmental resources: unequal access to, 158–159

• environmental risks: as data collected, participatory community monitoring, 228

• ENvironnement JEUnesse (ENJEU) (Canada), 353

• Envirotrade (Mozambique), 325, 326–327, 328–329, 330–331

• Epstein, S., 270

• equity: intergenerational, 6, 126, 127, 290, 344–345, 350–351, 353; political pressure for increased, 6; water, 240–241, 247, 249–250, 254. See also inequities; just transformations; Just Transitions

• Eskom (public electricity utility, South Africa), 287

• Espírito Santo (ES) state (Brazil): mining disaster, 157

• essential recovery, 301, 302

• ethos: described, 11

• Euterpe edulis (palm tree), 144

• exceptionalism, human, 17–18

• existing lawful uses (ELU) (of water), 248, 255n4

• exploitation: in oil palm sector, 74–76, 93n3

• expropriation without expulsion, 336

• Extractive Reserves (Reserva Extrativista) (Brazil), 113n4

• extractivism, 317, 319

• extreme weather events: and climate change vulnerability, 319; as data, participatory community monitoring, 229; and deforestation, 162; effects of, 47, 48; and farming, 48–49; and tailings dam ruptures, 158

F

• faith-inspired environmentalism. See spiritual environmentalism

• Family Agriculture Cooperative of Sete Barras (COOPAFASB) (Brazil), 146

• FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization), 116

• farmers, smallholder (small-scale): adaptation strategies, 60–62, 86–90, 87f, 89f; agricultural inputs, access to, 76–78, 77f; described, 49; and extreme weather events, 48–49; focus group discussions (FGDs) with, 50, 52, 53–54, 54f; gender inequality, 55, 57, 60; hose irrigation, 245, 246f; impacts of climate change, 49, 58–59, 62; land-management systems, 75–76, 76f; local adaptive strategy (LAC), 57–58; participatory research, 48–49, 243–244; training workshops with, 52, 53, 53f, 54f, 55, 56f; water tenure security, 240–241, 252–253; women, 52, 53, 57–58, 262f. See also crop farmers; livestock farmers

• Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), 125

• Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) (Brazil), 169

• female farmers. See farmers, smallholder (small-scale); women farmers

• fertilizer. See agricultural inputs

• FF. See Fundação Florestal/Forest Foundation (FF)

• FFD. See Fossil Fuel Divestment (FFD) movement

• FFF. See Fridays for Future (FFF) movement (Canada)

• First Nations: overview in Canada, 1. See also Canada; Indigenous Peoples

• flexibility: and resilience, 110

• flies (Diptera): oil palm devastation, 82, 84f

• flood maps (mining industry), 160–161

• flood studies (mining industry), 160–161

• focus group discussions (FGDs): key informants, Lamu Port (Kenya), 184, 192, 194–195, 196–197; with smallholder farmers, 50, 52, 53–54, 54f

• fog catching/cloud harvesting, 267

• food deserts, 19

• food insecurity, 330–331

• forests. See agroforestry; common-pool natural resources; deforestation

• “For Our Common Home” campaign: Alberta campaign, 307, 308–310, 308f, 311–312, 311f; Amazon, advocating in the, 298; Development and Peace, 297–298, 307; Francis (pope), teachings of, 298–299; letter of support, 309–310; participatory research, 306; pledges, lifestyle change, 307–309, 308f; public sphere dimension, 305–306; spiritual environmentalism, 305–306

• Fórum de Comunidades Tradicionais de Angra dos Reis (Brazil), 125

• Fossil Fuel Divestment (FFD) movement, 351–353

• fossil fuel industry, 351–352

• 4 per mille initiative (global carbon), 116

• Francis (pope), 298–300, 301–302, 303, 312

• Francis of Assisi (saint), 300

• Freire, Paulo, 272, 348

• fresh water: allocation of, 263–264; in Brazil, 155; resources, 59; soils’ role in regulation of, 118t. See also common-pool natural resources; rivers

• Fridays for Future (FFF) movement (Canada), 312, 345, 351; FFF Calgary, 352; FFF Toronto, 352

• “From Canada, with love, to the defenders of the Amazon” (Development and Peace webinar), 307

• Fuleni Coal Mine (South Africa), 289

• Fundação Florestal/Forest Foundation (FF) (Brazil), 141, 144

• Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) (Brazil), 125

• Fundão tailings dam (Mariana, Brazil), 157

G

• GA. See general authorization (GA) licensing exemption (water use)

• gardens. See community gardens

• gender: asset limitations, as determinant of, 55, 57, 60; -based inequities, 2; bottom-up assessments to address, 48; climate change impacts, 55, 58, 60; and just transformations, 13; Just Transition programs, 290, 291; knowledge sharing across, 6; and participatory governance, 185, 186t, 199, 202n7; participatory community monitoring, 223–224, 225, 227t, 231. See also women; women farmers

• general authorization (GA) licensing exemption (water use), 250–251, 252

• geographic information systems (GIS): and action research, 26–27, 32; and collective mapping, 218, 231; data availability on, 235; software, 27, 31, 32, 33–34, 93n6

• Geo-participatory Mapping of Dams (MapGD), 168, 169–170, 171, 172

• GET. See Global Environmental Trust (GET) (civil society organization, South Africa)

• GHG. See greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

• Gilé National Reserve (Mozambique), 331

• GIS. See geographic information systems (GIS)

• Global Climate Strike, 351

• Global Environmental Trust (GET) (civil society organization, South Africa), 289

• Global Indigenous Data Alliance, 39

• global knowledge commons. See knowledge commons

• Global North: as capitalism beneficiary, 12; and climate justice research, 12

• global positioning systems (GPS): and action research, 27; and citizen science, 32

• Global South: as capitalism victim, 12; and climate justice research, 12; impacts of climate change, 137–138; initiatives in response to climate change, 138–139; natural resources, restricted access to, 141–143; solidarity with, 310, 311, 311f

• Google Earth, 27, 169–170, 227t

• Gorongosa National Park (Mozambique), 318f, 325

• governance: challenges of commons governance, 141–143; citizen engagement (participatory), 142–143, 182, 200, 213–214, 273, 305; of common-pool natural resources, 100, 101, 102–106, 110–111, 112; commons, maintenance of, 2; as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57; Indigenous data (CARE), 39, 40; and knowledge commons, 12, 13–14; of land, 75–76, 92

• Governing the Commons (Ostrom), 105–106

• GPS. See global positioning systems (GPS)

• green extractivism, 331–332

• greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: carbon credits and, 319, 320; coal industry, 282, 286–287, 290; deforestation and, 69; ecological footprints and, 338n7; oil sands, Alberta, 352

• Greenpeace, 275n6, 285

• Groulx, M., 346

• groundWork (South Africa), 267, 269, 284, 289, 290, 291–292

• Grupo Juvenil SDL Rucalhue (Chile), 211

• Guapiruvu community (Brazil): Agenda 21 pilot project, 143; agro-ecological transition, 146–147; environmental discourse, 139–140; interactions between local and federal/state bodies, 143–144; leaders of the community, 145–146; participatory research, 140–141, 147

• Guarani aquifer (Brazil), 155, 173n2

• Guarani de Bracuhy (Brazil), 122

• Guinea Savanna Zone (Nigeria), 50, 51f, 61–62

H

• Hardin, Garret, 102, 105, 109–110

• Haudenosaunee (First Nations, Canada), 1

• Haynes, K., 344

• heart of palm (juçara) extraction, 144

• Helix aspera (small snails): oil palm devastation, 82, 84f

• Her Majesty in Right of Ontario, Mathur et al. v., 354

• Her Majesty the Queen, La Rose et al. v., 353–354

• Highveld Plateau (South Africa), 287

• historically advantaged individuals (HAI) (white people): defined, 240; existing lawful uses (ELU) for water, 248, 255n4; water-use licences (WUL), 250, 255n3

• historically disadvantaged individuals (HDI) (Black people): barriers to water access, 248–249, 250, 254; defined, 239–240; licensing exemption (GA), 250–251, 253; participatory research, 243–244, 252–253; water allocation, 247; water-use licences (WUL), 248, 253, 254. See also race

• “homelands” (South Africa), 239, 244

• honey production, 337

• hope: and engagement, 346

• Housing Company of the State of São Paulo (CDHU), 108–109

• Huara earthquake (2005) (Chile), 31

• Huerque Mapu Lafken community (Carelmapu), 230

• human exceptionalism: described, 17–18

• human knowledge commons. See knowledge commons

• human rights: coal mining and, 289, 292; water as basic, 251, 260, 264, 265, 266

• Humboldt Current (Chile), 28

• Huron-Wendat (First Nations, Canada), 1

• hydroelectric dams, 209

• Hydrographic Basin Committees (CBH) (watershed committees) (Brazil), 160

I

• ICA (Indigenous Climate Action), 15–16

• IGL (intergenerational learning), 344–345

• Illapel earthquake (2015) (Chile), 31

• Ilora/Ilu-Aje (Nigeria): described, 50, 51f; focus group discussions (FGDs), 50, 52, 53–54, 54f; training workshops with smallholder farmers, 52–53, 55, 56f

• Ilora Smallholder Farmers Cooperative (Nigeria), 52

• Ilora Women’s Farm Association (Nigeria), 52

• IMAs (Indigenous Marine Areas) (Chile), 229–231

• iMfolozi Wilderness area (South Africa), 289

• impacts of climate change. See climate change impacts

• INC (National Institute of Cartography) (Cameroon), 93n6

• INCRA (National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform) (Brazil), 141, 144

• INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions), 305

• indicators: of climate change impacts, 34, 35f

• Indigenous Climate Action (ICA), 15–16

• Indigenous Marine Areas (IMAs) (Chile), 229–231

• “Indigenous Marinescapes and Citizen Science” (research project), 231

• Indigenous Peoples: Amazonian, 301–302, 307, 309–310, 311; Canada, 1, 15–16, 19, 166, 310–311; CARE principles of data governance, 39, 40; environmentalism, 17–18; interconnectedness (concept of), 299, 303; Inuit youth (Canada) participatory video, 349; knowledge of, 16–17, 19; on nature as a whole, 300; rematriation (concept of), 299, 301, 303. See also Guapiruvu community (Brazil); Mapuche-Pewenche Indigenous People (Wallmapu)

• inequities: climate-related, 2, 15–16, 137–138; cognitive justice to address, 17–20; development-driven, 207–210; of governance systems, 13; Just Transitions, 288–289; of land tenure, 120–122, 129–130, 141–143; participatory engagement to address, 6; of water access, 240–241, 244–246, 247–249, 251, 254, 263–265. See also colonialism; capitalism; gender; race; socio-economic levels (class)

• information: as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57

• information asymmetry, 329, 332, 337

• injustice. See climate justice; cognitive justice; commons justice; environmental justice; science justice; social justice; water justice

• Inkomati Catchment (watershed) (South Africa): communal land, 241, 243; existing lawful uses (ELU) for water, 248, 255n4; map of, 242f; participatory research, 243–244, 252–253; water access, 241, 243; water rights, 247

• innovation: as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57

• inputs, agricultural. See agricultural inputs

• institutional racism, 130, 131n2

• institutions and entitlements: as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57

• integral ecology, 298–299, 300, 303

• Integrated System of Mining Dams (Brazil), 170–171

• Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) (South Africa), 264

• Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), 305

• interconnectedness (Indigenous concept of), 299, 303

• intercropping, 86–87, 87f

• intergenerational equity, 6, 126, 127, 290, 344–345, 350–351, 353

• intergenerational learning (IGL), 344–345

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Assessment Report (2021), 49; carbon capture projects, 324–325; on drought occurrences, 240; on extreme weather events, 25

• Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 116, 118

• International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 243

• Intervales State Park (PEI) (Brazil), 141, 144

• Inuit youth (Canada): participatory video, 349. See also youth

• IPBES. See Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)

• IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

• Iquique earthquake (2014) (Chile), 31

• Iron Quadrangle Aquifer (Minas Gerais state, Brazil), 161, 165

• irrigation: hose, 245, 246f; water use, measurement of, 255n4

• Irrigation and Conservation Act (1912) (South Africa), 244, 245

• Irwin, A., 272

• Ivory Coast, 90, 91

• IWMI (International Water Management Institute) (South Africa), 243

• IWRM (Integrated Water Resource Management) (South Africa), 264

J

• JA!. See Justiça Ambiental (JA!) (Environmental Justice)

• Jenkins, W., 297–298

• John XXIII (pope), 302

• juçara tree (heart of palm extraction), 144

• Justiça Ambiental (JA!): about, 320, 322, 339n8; climate change mitigation projects (Mabu), 334–335, 337

• justice. See climate justice; cognitive justice; commons justice; environmental justice; science justice; social justice; water justice

• just transformations, 13–14, 16

• Just Transition: coal industry (South Africa), 281–282, 283, 284, 288–289; defined, 287, 288, 292n1; participatory research, 290–292; research on, 287–288

K

• Kalfu Lafken community (Carelmapu, Chile), 230

• Keles, D., 283

• Kenya: citizen participation, 182–183; local commons protection, 3. See also Lamu County household survey results; Lamu Port (Kenya)

• Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline, 177

• Kenya Marine and Fishery Research Institute (KMFRI), 184, 192–193, 197

• Kenya Vision 2030, 183

• “Keuko Leubü: Learning and Living with the Queuco River in Pewenche Territory,” 212

• Kindon, S., 349

• KMFRI. See Kenya Marine and Fishery Research Institute (KMFRI)

• knowledge: as component of local adaptive capacity (LAC), 57

• knowledge, traditional and local. See Traditional and Local Knowledge (TLK)

• knowledge commons: access to, 13–14, 16–20; described, 4, 11, 21n2; language as, 12–13; sharing, ways to facilitate, 19–20. See also commons

• Koronivia workshops on agriculture, 116

• Kretschmann, J., 282

• Kyoto Protocol, 319

L

• LAC. See local adaptive strategy (LAC)

• Lafkenche Kupal community (Carelmapu, Chile), 230

• Lafkenche Law (Chile), 229

• Lafken Mapu community (Carelmapu, Chile), 230

• lakes. See common-pool natural resources; fresh water

• Lamu County household survey results: access to information, 188–189, 188t; citizen participation, 187–188, 187t; community education and sensitization, 190, 190t, 191; community engagement findings, 198–201; demographics, 185–186, 186t, 202n7; methodology, 185; transparency and accountability, 189, 189t, 190

• Lamu Law Court (Kenya), 180

• Lamu Port (Kenya): citizen participation, 180–181, 181f, 183, 187–191, 198; Climate Justice International (CJI), 180; development of, 177; fish/fishing activities, impact on, 191–193, 192t; land conflicts/land use, impact on, 195–197, 196t; mangrove forests, destruction of, 179; map of, 178f; participatory research, 183–185, 184f; security/terrorism incidences, impact on, 193–195, 194t. See also Lamu County household survey

• Lamu Port—South Sudan—Ethiopia—Transport Corridor project (LAPSSET), 177, 197

• Land Law (Brazil, 1850), 129–130

• land use rights, 335, 339n9

• language: as commons, 12–13

• La Niña, 28, 31

• LAPSSET. See Lamu Port—South Sudan—Ethiopia—Transport Corridor project (LAPSSET)

• La Rose et al. v. Her Majesty the Queen, 353–354

• Laudato Si’ (Francis, pope), 298–300, 303

• “Laudato Si’ Generation” movement, 304–306, 304f, 312–313

• Lawson, D.F., 344

• lawsuits, climate justice, 353–355

• Leach, M., 271, 272

• learning: and resilience, 110

• Lenqui marine wetland (Carelmapu, Chile), 230

• Leonard, L., 272

• Li, Q., 162

• LICCI. See Local Indicators of Climate Change Impacts (LICCI)

• LICCION. See Local Indicators, Climate Change Impacts Observation Network (LICCION)

• Lidskog, R., 272

• “Life After Coal” campaign (South Africa), 283, 284, 289

• lifestyle dimension (Laudato Si’ movement), 304, 304f, 305

• Limbuè community (Mabu, Mozambique), 334

• Limpopo Province (South Africa), 245, 246f

• litigation, climate change, 353–355

• livestock farmers: adaptation strategies, 62; climate change research, 48; environmental benefits of, 337; impacts of climate change on, 58–59; training workshops with, 52–53, 53f, 54f, 55, 56f. See also farmers, smallholder (small-scale)

• local adaptive strategy (LAC): for smallholder farmers, 57–58, 60, 61–62

• local communities. See communities (local)

• Local Indicators, Climate Change Impacts Observation Network (LICCION), 27, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40

• Local Indicators of Climate Change Impacts (LICCI), 32–33, 34, 35f, 36, 40

• locusts (Zonocerus variegatus): oil palm devastation, 82, 84f

• luche (sea lettuce), 233f, 234

M

• Mabola Protected Environment (Mpumalanga Province, South Africa), 289

• Mabu, Zambézia province (Mozambique): action-oriented research, 321f, 322, 323f, 324; climate change mitigation projects (JA!), 334–335, 337; climate justice, workshops on, 322, 323f, 324; exchange visits with Nhambita, 324; forest conservation, community led, 320, 334

• Macdonald, J., 349

• machambas (small pieces of land, Mozambique), 325, 326–327, 328, 329, 330, 331

• Majority World. See Global North

• Malen Leubü (Alto Biobío), 211, 212, 216

• Malla Malla (Mapuche-Pewenche community), 213

• management: soils, priorities for, 119

• Manda Bay (Indian Ocean, Kenya): dredging of, 177, 179

• mangrove forests, 3, 5, 179

• MapGD. See Geo-participatory Mapping of Dams (MapGD)

• Mapuche-Huilliche Association (Chile), 230–231

• Mapuche-Pewenche Indigenous People (Wallmapu): about, 1, 212–213; map of, 29f; participatory research, 213–214, 215f, 216; relocation of, due to Ralco dam, 209

• marine-coastal conservation, 235–236. See also Carelmapu (Chile)

• marine commons: protection of, 3. See also commons; commons-building; commons-reclamation

• Martinez-Alier, J., 261

• Mathur et al. v. Her Majesty in Right of Ontario, 354

• Maullín (Chile), 28, 29f, 32. See also Chile

• Mbeki, Thabo (president, South Africa), 269

• MCEJO (Mfolozi Environmental Justice Organization), 289

• McKibben, Bill, 351

• Mello, C.C.A., 158, 163

• memories: as data collected, participatory community monitoring, 229

• mermaids, 230

• Mfolozi Environmental Justice Organization (MCEJO) (South Africa), 289

• Minas Gerais state (Brazil): culture of silence, 166–167, 167f; Discourse on Development through Mining (DDM), 165; Iron Quadrangle Aquifer, 161, 165; mine disasters, 157–158, 162–163

• mining: disasters, 157; Geo-participatory Mapping of Dams (MapGD), 168–171; impact on water security, 156, 160–161; organized disinformation in schools, 163–165; tailings dam ruptures, 162–163, 164f, 168–169; territoriality of disasters, 169; water-related disasters, 156, 158

• Mining and Socio-Scientific Controversies with Strong Local Impact (doctoral thesis), 169

• Mining Code, New (Brazil). See New Mining Code (Brazil)

• mining companies: culture of silence, 166–167, 167f, 173n5; Discourse on Development through Mining (DDM), 165–166; negligence, 171–172; organized disinformation, 163–165, 164f

• Mining Dam Safety Plans (Plano de Segurança de Barragem—PSBM) (Brazil), 160

• Mining Dams Observatory (OBM) (Brazil), 172–173

• Mining Matters (Canada), 166

• Minority World. See Global South

• Montmasson-Clair, G., 283, 288

• Mother Earth (Mother Nature), 301, 302

• Mount Mabu (Mozambique), 334

• Mozambique: carbon capture project, 319–320, 324–325; climate change mitigation strategies, 325; economy, 317; extreme weather events, 319; green extractivism, 317, 319, 331–332; machambas (small pieces of land), 325, 326–327, 328, 329, 330, 331; map of, 318f; REDD+ carbon-sequestration projects, 3, 320. See also Mabu, Zambézia province (Mozambique); Nhambita, Sofala province (Mozambique)

• Mpumalanga Province (South Africa): coal industry, resistance against, 284, 289–290; environmental effects of coal mining, 285–286; Just Transition (coal industry), 282; map of, 242f; participatory research, 291; social impacts of coal mining, 286

• multiplying vulnerability index, 50, 52

• Munnik, V., 284

• Mura people of Manaus (Amazonian Indigenous community), 307, 309–310

N

• Nakoda (First Nations, Canada), 1

• Nalule, V. R., 283

• Namadoi community (Mabu, Mozambique), 334

• Nangaze community (Mabu, Mozambique), 334, 335

• National Development Plan (South Africa), 281, 283

• National Environmental Policy (PNMA) (Brazil), 159

• National Information System on Dams (Brazil), 171, 174n7

• National Institute of Cartography (INC) (Brazil), 93n6

• National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) (Brazil), 141, 144

• National Mining Agency (Brazil), 160–161

• National Policy on Dam Security (Política Nacional de Segurança de Barragens PNSB) (Brazil), 160

• National Strategy for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change (Mozambique), 325

• National Strategy for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Mozambique), 325

• National Water Act (NWA) (1998) (South Africa), 245–246, 247, 248–249, 264

• National Water Policy (1997) (South Africa), 264

• National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) (Water Law) (Brazil), 159–160

• National Water Resources Strategy 2 (NWRS) (South Africa), 251–252, 263, 264

• Natives Land Act (1913) (South Africa), 244

• natural disasters: LICCI indicators, 34, 35f; risks, 31

• Nature: as a commodity, 211; rights of, 211–212; spiritual relationship with, 299–300

• Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP): defined, 118; soils’ role in delivering, 118–119, 118t

• Nêhiyawêwin (First Nations, Canada), 1

• New Mining Code (Brazil), 159, 161–162

• ngütram (traditional format of extended conversation), 213

• Ngwéi, Commune of (Cameroon). See Commune of Ngwéi (Cameroon)

• Nhambita, Sofala province (Mozambique): about, 325–326; action-oriented research, 322, 323f, 324; carbon capture project, 319–320, 324–325; climate justice, workshops on, 322, 323f, 324; exchange visits with Mabu, 324; food insecurity, 330–331; implications of REDD+ project, 327–329, 330–331, 332; map of, 318f; REDD+ (Sofala Community Carbon) project, 320, 325; top-down climate solutions, 332–333, 336; tree planting for carbon credits, 326–327

• Nigeria: farmers, effect of climate change on, 49, 58–59; focus group discussions (FGDs) with farmers, 50, 52, 53–54, 54f; National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), 60; training workshops with farmers, 52, 53, 53f, 54f, 55, 56f. See also Africa; farmers, smallholder (small-scale)

• Niitsitapi (First Nations, Canada), 1

• nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) emissions, 285

• Nvava community (Mabu, Mozambique), 334

• NWRS. See National Water Resources Strategy 2 (NWRS) (South Africa)