Index

9/11. See September 11, 2001

49^th Parallel: crossing of, 125, 127, 132, 230, 236, 244, 338, 350, 351; meaning of, 98–120, 134, 174, 245, 393; perceived sameness along, 130, 352, 365n22; perspective from north of, 2, 4, 91, 92, 232, 366n41

Abbot, Edith, 274

Addonizio, Hugh, 188

Adelman, Jeremy, 113, 120n65, 133–4

Administrative Procedure Act (U.S., 1946), 396

African Americans: as voters, 251–2, 288, 289–90, 295; in Texas, 4, 139n22, 177, 345, 385–6; naming conventions for, 7–8; obstacles to voting, 295, 298–9, 303; post–secondary degree statistics for, 266; violence against, 175–6, 177–8, 179n4, 183–4, 252–3, 254–5, 256–8. See also gun violence (U.S.), against African Americans; Black Lives Matter Movement (U.S.); racial segregation (U.S.)

Alabama National Guard, mobilized against civil rights protestors, 295

Alaska, 145–69; American purchase of, 100, 145; author’s time in, 94–95; Indigenous dialects in, 146–8, 150; Indigenous social status in, 149; land claims strategy in, 96n5; men’s houses in, 150, 166n18; natural resources of, 148–9; Norwegians in, 151, 153–4, 158, 163; oomaliks in, 149, 159, 160, 161, 164; reindeer industry in, 146, 150–69

Alawieh, Rasha, 405, 410

Albers, Gretchen, 375, 376

Alliance for Texas History, 396, 413n5, 416n25

All That Glitters: Class, Conflict and Community in Cripple Creek (Jameson), 13, 377

Anthony, Susan B., 292, 293, 300, 307n18

Antioch College (OH), 18, 184–5, 200–201n20, 265, 272, 275, 377

Antisarlook family, 160–1. See also Alaska

American Historical Association (AHA), 63n5, 96n1, 115n7, 263, 270, 391; and Louise Tilly, 279, 380; statements on policies of second Trump administration, 394–6, 401, 403–4

American whiskey traders, 105–6, 113, 130

Ammons, Elias, 205, 314

Anderson, Benedict, 122–3

Andrés, Benny, Jr., 373, 376

Anzaldúa, Gloria, 113, 133, 344, 362

Archer, Carol, 374–5, 376

Armitage, Susan, 13, 24–25, 39, 128, 372, 376, 397

Aron, Stephen, 113, 120n65, 133–4

Associated Press, 401

Austen, Jane, 278

Azure, Marguerite, 352, 354, 355, 360

Bardwick, Judith, 274

Barnes, James, 26, 32, 33

Beaudoin, Azilda, 241, 244, 245–6, 248n32

Beck, Glenn, 322–3

Belgarde, Margaret (Marquerite) Dufort: biographical detail and homestead of, 237, 238, 244–5, 247n17, 248n32, 366n32; move from Red River to Pembina, 350–2, 354, 355, 360; name of, 365n28

Belknap, Kit, 55

Bell, Sherman, 69, 70, 83n9

Berard, Bob, 377

Biden, Joe, 259fn3, 303

Bierce, Ambrose, 45

Billington, Ray Allen, 105

Bingaman, Jeff, 287

Bingham, George Caleb, 46–47

Birzer, Dedra, 373, 376

Blackfoot Confederacy, 9, 132, 134

Black Lives Matter Movement (U.S.), 176, 179n4, 204n64. See also African Americans

Bloor, Ella Reeve, 320

Blow, Charles, 324

Bodnar, John, 214

Bolton, Herbert Eugene, 103–4, 116n21, 125

Boone, Daniel, 46, 47fig2.1, 62

Bordeaux, James, 49

borders and borderlands, definition of each, 113–4, 123–4, 126–7, 132, 133–34, 135, 337. See also Canada–U.S. border and borderlands; Mexico–U.S. border and borderlands

Boundary Commission (CAN–U.S.), 98–99, 115n5, 393. See also 49^th Parallel

Boyd, Mary, 238–9, 242, 245

Boyd, Sarah, 239, 246

Boynton, Amelia, 294, 298

Bozeman, John and Catherine, 35

Brevig, Tollef, 153–4, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162

British Columbia (CAN): extension of border, 99, 131, 393; as a geographical region, 100–101, 104; historians, 103, 264; fur trade in, 355

Bromfield, Tiffany L., 254–255

Brooke, Edward, 183, 195–6

Brown, H. Rap, 182, 193. See also Civil Rights Movement (U.S.)

Brown, Jennifer, 133

Brown University, 405, 407, 410, 418n40

Buffalo Bird Woman. See Mahidiweash; Wilson, Gilbert L.

Bulger, Eddie, 80. See also Doran/Welch/Chapman family

Burns, James, 69, 70

Bush, Abigail, 292

Bush, George W., 2, 216, 220–1

butter: American legislation protecting women’s markets for, 59; butter churns, 45, 46, 63n1; Canadian legislation protecting women’s markets for, 355–6; frontier, 45–46, 54, 55, 60–61, 62, 355, 361; Indigenous women’s sale of, 59, 355; men during the Gold Rush, made by, 33, 59; production of on the Oregon Trail, 55; women’s domestic and commercialized production of, 32, 35, 55–56, 57–58, 62, 355

Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, 125

Calgary, city of: social landscape of, 15–16, 45, 95, 127, 128, 131, 383–5; during and after September 11, 2001, 91–93. See also University of Calgary

Calgary Herald, The (CAN), 17, 130, 131, 263, 281

California Gold Rush, 5, 13, 18, 23–43; background of miners, 25–8, 53; women in, 30–31, 32, 34, 35–37; Chinese men in, 27–28, 30–31, 38, 59, 41n17: Cornish men in, 28–30, 37–38; food in, 33–35; masculinity in, 31–34; sex ratios in, 24–25, 30, 32; separation of couples, 35–37; social life in, 32, 34–35

Calof, Rachel, 16, 57–8, 60, 62, 65n51, 65n52, 127. See also women homesteaders in North Dakota

Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, 315, 317, 318. See also Calumet miners’ strike (MI, 1913–1914)

Calumet copper miners’ strike (MI, 1913–1914): Citizens’ Alliance in, 315, 317, 318; comparisons to striking coal miners, 315–6; demands of miners, 315; ethnic backgrounds of miners in, 315–6; general violence of, 316–7; outcome of, 318; Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in, 315, 317. See also Italian Hall tragedy

Campbell, Edgar Omer, 155–6

Canada–U.S. border and borderlands, 3,91–93, 93, 100, 103, 110, 124, 128, 130, 131, 174; fentanyl traffic across, 393–4; Milk River, 98–99; tariffs, 393, 411–2. See also 49^th Parallel; Métis; women homesteaders in North Dakota

Canada and U.S. comparisons: dollars, distance, temperature, and measures of volume, 339; in hockey, 339; in knowledge of general North American history, 126; in outcomes for Indigenous peoples during and after newcomer settlement, 112; in spelling, 8, 339; numbers of women homesteaders, 235–6; of newcomer settlement land policy, 348–50; perception of violence in the historic Canada and U.S. Wests by George F. G. Stanley, 105–6; Thanksgiving celebrations, 384

Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT), travel advisory issued by, 410–1

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), 15, 19–20n5, 251, 261–2

Canadian Historical Association, 5, 105

Canadian Pacific Railway, 106, 110

Cannon, Elizabeth, 267. See also University of Calgary

Capehart, Jonathan, 323–4

Careless, J. M. S., 101, 104

Carleton University, 374

Carkin, Theona, 56

Carter, Sarah, 91, 93–94, 112, 113, 122–3, 129, 133, 246, 346

Case, Clifford, P., 186

Cavanaugh, Catherine, 13, 128

CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), 17, 139–40n28, 263

Celucci, Paul, 131

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 325, 333n64

Chapman, Kathleen Welch, 54–5, 64n33, 74–6, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82–3. See also Doran/Welch/Chapman family

Chapman, Tracey, 124

Chase, John, 207. See also Colorado National Guard

Chicago Women’s Trade Union League, 316

Chinese Exclusion Act (U.S., 1882), 28, 31, 41n31, 59, 77, 137n11

Chippewa: “full-blood Chippewa,” 351; Pembina Chippewa, 232, 244, 355, 351–2, 367n44; Turtle Mountain Reservation (ND), 244, 348, 351, 353, 366n36; naming of, 366n30

Chopin, Kate, 273, 345

Cinco de Mayo, 126

Cinderella narrative, 252–256, 358. See also Turner, Frederick Jackson; Wilder, Laura Ingalls; Wilson, Gilbert L.

Civil Rights Movement (U.S.), 177, 178, 181, 184–5, 195, 204n72, 256–7; after Selma, 293–5, 298–9; erosion of gains from, 253–4; Loving v. Virginia (U.S., 1967), 298; Selma protests, 252, 259n11, 287. See also King, Martin Luther, Jr.; Selma voting rights campaign (U.S., 1965); Voting Rights Act (U.S., 1965)

Clark, Jim, 293–4, 305. See also Selma voting rights campaign (U.S., 1965)

class formation, 27, 29, 30–31, 37–38, 216, 276

Cleveland, Marion Beaton, 240, 241, 245–6

Clifford, James, 304

Clinton, Hillary, 199n2, 299, 301–2

CNN (Cable News Network), 92, 128, 130

Coalition for Western Women’s History, 337, 372, 397

Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&I), 206, 209, 223, 313, 316. See also Rockefeller, John D., Jr.

Colorado Humanities Program, 320, 397, 414n13. See also National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) (U.S., 1965)

Colorado Labor Wars (1903–1904), 18, 67, 72–3, 82–3, 251. See also Cripple Creek district miners’ strike (CO, 1893–1894); Cripple Creek district miners’ strike (CO, 1903–1904)

Colorado National Guard, mobilized in miners’ strikes, 68, 69, 83, 173, 205, 205–6, 207, 314, 320

Columbia University, 405, 406, 407

Comparative Studies in Society and History (journal), 264

Conklin, Nancy Faires, 274

Cook, Ramsay, 108–9

Cornell University, 262, 407, 418n40

Costa family, 205–6, 210, 212, 221, 223, 224n1, 314, 323. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

COVID-19, 92, 142n51, 340, 383, 391–2

Cree, 113, 120n65, 244, 350

Creighton, Donald, 107

Cripple Creek district miners’ strike (CO, 1893–1894): achievements of, 67–8; Bull Hill, 54, 74–5, 86n37; labor’s power following, 68, 77–78; start of gold mining in region, 67. See also Western Federation of Miners (WFM)

Cripple Creek district miners’ strike (CO, 1903–1904): Citizens’ Alliance in, 69, 70, 82; demands of, 68, 207; duration of, 69, 78; impact of defeat, 81; miners’ defeat in, 54–5; Mine Owners’ Association (MOA) in, 69, 70, 72, 80, 82; outcome of, 68, 70–1, 73; remembering, 13, 71–4, 81, 82–3; scabs in, 54; start and spread of, 68–9; strategies of miners in, 68–9; violence in, 68–71, 82. See also Western Federation of Miners (WFM)

Cronon, William, 355

Cumberland Gap, 46, 47fig2.1, 48, 62

Dakota Incident (film), 107–8

Darwinism, 156

Daughters of Bilitis, 296–7, 301, 304

Davis, Jordan, murder of 252–3, 312, 318, 323, 328n4; remembering, 256, 257–8, 321, 322, 327. See also McBath, Lucia (Lucy)

Dawes Act (U.S., 1887), 233, 348, 350, 366–7n42

Declaration of Independence (U.S.), 7, 288, 291

Denver Post (CO), 213

Detroit riot (1967), 182; demographics of rioters in, 193; Detroit riot (1943), 184; studied by National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968), 186, 201n22. See also National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968)

Deutsch, Sarah, 113, 133

Devils Lake Land Office: claims area of, 233–4, 348, 350–1, 365n22, 366–7n42; early operation, 174–5, 231, 236, 238, 242–3, 246n4, 247n10, 337, 364n17, 364–5n21; naming of 364n20. See Devils Lake region; women homesteaders in North Dakota

Devils Lake region (ND), 50–51, 57, 60, 240, 243, 246n4, 350, 353, 355; Devils Lake (now Spirit Lake) Sioux Reservation, 233–4, 348, 366–7n42. See also Devils Lake Land Office; women homesteaders in North Dakota

Devine, Heather, 248n32, 337

Diamond, Norma, 274

Dickie, Charles, 129

Diefenbaker, John, 16, 108

Directions West Conference (2012), 5. See also University of Calgary

dishwashing, women’s history as history of, 273–4, 277, 346, 356–7, 361

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI): second Trump Administration opposition to, 382–3, 396–404, 404–9; within the professoriate, 277–9, 280–1; within historical scholarship, 27, 108, 354–7, 397, 404

Dobbs v. Jackson (U.S., 2022), 253

DOGE (U.S., Department of Government Efficiency), 394–6, 413–4n5. See also Trump Administration, Second

domesticity: among Chinese men during the California Gold Rush, 30–31, 59; during California Gold Rush, 32–34; of women in the home, 8, 9–10n3, 50, 54, 59

domestic wage work (service work), 33–5, 53–54, 57, 355; prostitution, 31, 54

Dominion Lands Act (CAN, 1872), 235, 348–9, 350; comparison to Homestead Act (U.S., 1862), 233–6; Manitoba Act (CAN, 1870) and scrip, 366n41

Dorgan, Bryon, 131–2

Doran/Welch/Chapman family, 18, 64n33, 74–77, 78–81, 82–3, 86n39, 87n59. See also Bulger, Eddie; Chapman, Kathleen Welch; Pryor, Beulah; Wing, May McConaghy

Douglass, Frederick, 292

Dream Defenders, 324–5

Dunn, Michael, 312, 328n4

Earle, Alice Morse, 274

Edwards, John, 198

Eisenhower Foundation, 175, 196, 204n67

Ellis, Anne, 54, 55–56, 57

Ellison, Keith, 177–8

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 381

Equal Pay Act (U.S., 1963), 266

Erlenbach, Julius, 276

Esteban, 125

Farmers’ Alliance (U.S.), 59, 355

Fazekas, Margaret, 316

FBI (U.S., Federal Bureau of Investigation), 132, 185–6, 187, 325

Ferguson, Miriam (Ma), 345, 363n7

Ferris, Woodbridge, 315

Fisher, Robin, 112

Flexner, Eleanor, 300

Floyd, George, 176, 177, 179n6, 257. See also African Americans, violence against

Fluke, Sandra, 263, 275, 281, 283n3

Fogarty, Robert S. (Bob), 377–8, 383, 388n4

Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (ND), 50, 51, 353. See also Hidatsa; Mandan

Fort Vancouver, 355

Foster, James C., 85–86n35, 319

Francis, R. Douglas, 91

Frazier, Darnella, 177, 179n6. See also Floyd, George

Frideres, Jim, 268. See also University of Calgary

First Organic Act (AK, 1884), 96n5, 145, 165n3

Frontier Thesis. See Turner, Frederick Jackson

Fuller, Margaret, 273, 345, 381

Fulton, Sybrina, 256–8, 311–3, 314, 319, 322, 325, 326–7, 329n8. See also Martin, Trayvon; African Americans, violence against

Gadsden Purchase (U.S., 1853–1854), 99–100

Gage, Mathilda Joslyn, 300, 309n49

Gailfus, Elizabeth Winkler, 242–3, 245–6

Galveston (TX): author’s childhood in, 2–3, 3–4, 19n2, 125–6, 137n6, 139n22, 184, 363n8, 384, 385–6; Jews in, 16, 132, 138–9n21. See also Texas

Garber, Alan, 408, 409–10

Garcia, Matt, 135

Garver, Jennie Draper, 239, 240, 245

Gauthier, Eulalie and Arcade, 238–9, 244–5

Gay Liberation/Rights Movement (U.S.), 261, 288, 289, 296–8, 299, 300. See also Stonewall riot (U.S., 1969); same sex marriage; Obergefell v. Hodges (U.S., 2015)

Gaza campus protests. See Israel–Palestine conflict

gendered labor roles in U.S. West, 31–32, 38, 59, 353; separate gendered spheres, 34, 38, 53, 346, 355. See also domesticity

Ginsberg, David, 187, 194

Gitlin, Jay, 355

Goldberg, Hannah, 272, 273, 377

Granger, Gordon, 139n22, 386

Grew, Raymond, 264

Guangdong Province (CN), 27–28, 36, 39

Gulf of Mexico, 3, 385–6, 400, 415

Guthrie, Woody, 212–3, 319–20

Grange, The, 59, 355

Grass Valley (CA), 27, 28, 29, 30

Green, James (Jim), 174, 214, 216, 272

Greene, Julie, 213

Gregory, James, 184

gun violence (U.S.): against African Americans, 175–6, 254–7, 311–3, 325–6, 328–9n5, 329n6, 333n64; involving children, 254–5, 311–2, 322, 328–9n5, 329n6, 333n64

Haecker, Charles, 218, 220

Hall, Linda, 281

Hall, William H., 377

Handlin, Oscar, 121

Harper, Ida Husted, 309n49

Harris, Fred, 183, 187, 194, 195–6, 201n27, 203n60. See also National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968)

Harvard University, 103; conflict with second Trump Administration, 407–9, 418n40; perception of antisemitism on campus, 409–10

Hayden, Carla, 398–9

Hayes, Frank, 209, 211, 212–3

Haywood, W. D. (Big Bill), 70, 87n64

Heaton, Herbert, 109

Hegseth, Pete, 399, 401, 416n23. See also Trump Administration, Second

Heilbrun, Carolyn, 46, 47, 48, 63n3, 198, 338, 344, 347, 358

Heinrich, Martin, 398

Henry, Alexander, 350

Hickenlooper, John, 320

Hidatsa, 50–2, 64n16, 353–4, 355, 358, 359, 367n44, 367n45. See also Mahidiweash; Fort Berthold Reservation

High Noon (film), 107–8, 118n41

Hiller, Abiah Warren, 36–37

Hillsdale College (MI), 373

Hirsch, Susan E., 276

Hockney, Ann, 241–2, 245–6

Hogue, Michel, 113, 120n65, 248n32, 337, 374, 376

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 319

Homestead Act (U.S., 1862), 56, 229, 233, 234–5, 235, 348, 350; comparison to Dominion Lands Act (CAN, 1872), 233–6

Hoover, J. Edgar, 187

Howard University, 324

How to Have Intercourse Without Getting Screwed (pamphlet), 275

Hudson’s Bay Company, 155

Huffaker, Lucy, 222

Hunt, Jane, 290–1, 300–301

Huntkahitawin, 49–50

Hurricane Katrina, 197, 412

Hurtado, Albert, 133

Immigration Act (U.S., 1917), 122, 136n7

Imperial Oil-Lincoln McKay Chair in American Studies, 1, 3, 4–5, 13, 17, 18–19, 125, 371, 383, 391; Chair’s Lectures, 5–7, 13, 18, 93–94, 173-4, 177, 251-3, 337, 340, 371, 380, 391. See also University of Calgary

Impoundment Control Act (U.S., 1974), 396

Indian Act (CAN, 1876), 365n25

Indigenous Peoples: diseases among, 38, 51, 152–3, 158, 163, 353, 354; graves of children, 255; in Alaska, 5, 94–95, 145–69 (See also Alaska); in the Calgary area, 9, 95; in the Frontier Thesis, 48; Miwok women, 38; naming conventions for, 7–8, 64n16, 119n55, 146, 165n1, 165n4, 165n6, 168n72, 366n30, 367n45; women’s commercial production, 58–59; women in the fur trade, 49, 53, 55, 113, 245, 346, 355, 397. See also Mahidiweash; Métis

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 67, 316

Innis, Harold, 61, 102–4, 105, 106, 107, 110–1, 116n18, 130

International Emergency Economic Powers Act (U.S., 1977), 394

Italian Hall tragedy, 208, 316–23; aftermath, 317–9; death of children and death count, 317, 321, 331n31; remembering, 319, 320, 321–2, 323 See also Calumet copper miners’ strike (MI, 1913)

Irish immigrants, 15–16, 18, 25, 27, 38, 56, 60, 74, 127, 139n26, 352–3

Ise, Rosa (Rosie), 57, 60

Israel–Palestine conflict: Hamas attack (October 7, 2023), 404; protests on campuses, 404–10, commentary from Jewish organizations, 417n31. See also Jews

Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 252, 294. See also Civil Rights Movement (U.S.)

Jackson, Sheldon, 145–6, 149–52, 154, 155, 157, 163. See also Alaska

Jacobs, Jane, 399

Jacobs, Rick, 405. See also Jews

Jacoby, Robin, 275

Jews: American Jewish Committee (AJC) and antisemitism on campus, 409, 418n43; as settlers, 16, 106, 125–6, 235; author’s family, 4, 114, 121, 122, 124, 133, 136n1, 137n5, 137n6, 271; impact of Israel–Palestine conflict on American universities, 404–10; racial ethnic label of, 9n2; in Texas and the South, 138–9n21, 184; opinions on Israel–Palestine conflict, 417n31. See also Calof, Rachel; Israel–Palestine conflict

Johnson, Lyndon B., 173, 181, 182–3, 195, 201n27, 203n60, 252, 257, 259-60n11, 294–5

Johnson, Susan Lee, 40, 135

Joldersma, Hermina, 268, 269

Jones, Mary Harris (Mother Jones), 211–2, 221, 316, 322

Journal of American History, 124

Juneteenth, 126, 139n22, 385–6

Kanipe, Mildred, 56

Kaunonen, Gary, 320

Kelly, Jerry, 78, 87n56

Kelly, Wayne, 268

Kennedy, John F., 266, 290, 371, 412

Kennedy, Robert, 197, 290

Kerner, Otto, 173, 183, 186–7. See also National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968)

Kerner Commission. See National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968)

Kerner Report. See National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968)

Khalil, Mahmoud, 405–6

Kilbuck, John Henry, 153, 156

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 181, 195, 197, 203n60, 256, 290, 293–4, 301

King, William Lyon Mackenzie, 127, 139n27, 209, 210, 221, 318

Kittredge, Ellen, 154

Kittson, Norman, 350, 366n31

Knights of Labor, 73, 207

Knights of St. John, 76

Kwiatkowski, Susan, 373, 376

Labor and Working Class History Association (LAWCHA), 5, 174, 213, 214–5, 216, 220, 321, 396, 413–4n5, 414n12, 416n25

La Jornada (MX), 132

Lamar, Howard, 112, 355

Langdon, Emma, 71, 72

Lantis, Margaret, 146

Lavallee, Frizine, Sayer, 238–9, 240–1, 244, 245–6

Leavitt, Karoline, 398. See also Trump Administration, Second

Lee, Bob, 206

Lee, Ivy, 209, 318

Lee-Ashley, Matt, 218–9

Lenfest-Jameson, Barbara (and Stanley and Spencer), 389

Lenfest-Jameson, Daniel, 1, 384, 389

Lerner, Gerda, 47, 49, 59, 346, 359, 46, 363n12

Lewis, John, 252, 257, 259-60n11, 294, 295, 299, 303, 305

Lewis, Meriwhether and Clark, William, 127, 139n27, 346

Lightfoot, Gordon, 182, 195

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (U.S., 2009), 289, 305–6n5

Limbaugh, Rush, 263, 281, 283n3

Lincoln, Abraham, 386. See also United States Civil War and slavery

Lindgren, H. Elaine, 56, 232, 234, 242, 365n22

Lippiati, Gerald, 206, 316

Liuzzo, Viola, 295, 301

Loch-Drake, Cynthia, 374, 376

Lomen, Carl (and Lomen family), 158, 163

London School of Economics, 372

Lone Star (film), 98, 338, 343–4, 345, 360–1, 362n2, 369n70

Lopp, Thomas, 154–5, 157, 158, 167–8n45

Loretto Heights College (CO), 276

Louisiana Purchase (U.S., 1803), 99–100

Lower, Arthur R. M., 104

Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914): annual memorial, 205, 209, 210, 221; blame for, 209, 213, 216, 323; details of, 205–6, 313–4; campaign for National Historic Landmark status, 173, 213–21, 327; remembering, 173, 210, 211–3, 217, 222–3, 319–22, 389; deaths of children in, 205–6, 208, 210, 313, 314, 321–2, 323, 325, 327; legacy of, 208, 221–3; monument, 205, 210–1, 213, 215, 216, 221, 224n1, 226n25, 319; spelling of victims’ names, 224n1. See also Ludlow mining strike (CO, 1913–1914)

Ludlow mining strike (CO, 1913–1914): death rate of workers in Colorado coal mines, 208; ethnicity of miners, 207–8, 315; miners’ demands, 206–7, 313; reasons for strike, 208, 217, 313; start of strike, 206. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

Mahdawi, Mohsen, 406

Mahidiweash (Buffalo Bird Woman), 50–53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 337, 353–4, 357, 358–60, 367n45, 368n64; Goodbird, son of, 52, 358, 359–60; Henry Wolf Chief, brother of, 358; Magpie, husband of, 358–9, 368–9n64; naming conventions for, 52, 64n16, 367n45

Making Western Canada: Essays on European Colonization and Settlement (Cavanaugh/Mouat), 13, 111

Malintzin, 127, 139n27

Mandan, 51, 353, 368–9n64. See also Fort Berthold Reservation

Manifest Destiny, 16, 25, 100, 101

Marchetto, Sean, 374, 376

Marquette, Frye, 177, 295. See also Watts riot (1965)

Martin, Chester, 264

Martin, Tracy, 256, 312–3, 325, 329n8

Martin, Trayvon, 252-3, 256–8, 311–3, 318, 321–8, 329n8. See also African Americans, violence against

Marx, Gary, 185, 193, 194

Mattachine Society, 296–7, 299, 304

Matthews, Charlotte, 376–7

McBath, Lucia (Lucy), 256–8, 259n10, 259–60n11, 312, 314, 329n7. See also Davis, Jordan

McClelland, Thomas, 70

McClintock, Mary Ann, 290–1, 300–301

McGill University (CAN), 264

McGuire, Randall, 214, 215, 217

McIntyre, C. W., 351–2

McKinney, May, 375, 376

McManus, Sheila, 93–94

McSheffrey, Marion, 384

Meek, Joe, 50, 62, 63n15

Métis: 1885 Rebellion (CAN), 113, 248n32, 351, 362; in the fur trade, 49, 102, 113, 244; in North Dakota, 232, 244, 351–2; Red River settlement of, 232, 237, 245, 350; scrip in Canada, 366n41. See also women homesteaders in North Dakota

Mexico–U.S. border and borderlands, 3, 92, 98, 103, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 343; John Sayles’ definition of, 343; Mexican–American War (1848), 99–100, 140n30; tariffs, 393, 411; labor unions across, 139n26

Michigan National Guard, mobilized during miners’ strike, 315

Mines and Collieries Act (UK, 1842), 38

miners: children as, 28–9; in California, 23–43; in Cripple Creek (CO), 67–87; in Ludlow (CO), 173–4, 205–27, 313–23, 327; in Keweenaw Peninsula (MI), 208, 314–21, 322; women as, 28–29, 38, 43n61. See also mining

mining: accidents in, 53–54, 69, 80, 86n43, 329–30n10; child labor in, 28–29, 319; child participation in strikes, 321–2; “dead work,” 206–7, 313; diseases, 28, 322; domestic violence, 357, 361; gold/placer and quartz mining in California, 23–43; hard rock compared to coal, unions in, 207, 319; tools for, 29; types of, 25. See also miners

Mining History Association, 97, 214,

Minutemen (U.S., 21^st century), 132, 134

missionaries, 51, 353, 354, 355; in Alaska, 95, 146, 151–2, 153–7, 159, 160, 162, 164, 168n72

Mitchell, Juliet, 277–8

Mitchell, Yolanda T., 254–5

Montana State University, 375

Montreal, QC (CAN), 3, 114, 122, 124, 137n6

Moraga, Cherrie, 344

Morgan, William Ives, 26–27

Morrissey, Katherine, 355

Morton, W. L., 107

Mothers of East Los Angeles, 356

Mott, Lucretia, 290–1, 292, 302. See also Seneca Falls Convention (U.S., 1848)

Mouat, Jeremy, 2, 13, 93, 97–120

Mount Allison University, 373

Moyer, Charles, 70, 76, 317. See also Western Federation of Miners (WFM)

Murray, Patty, 132

My Brother’s Keeper initiative, 327

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 183, 189, 256,

Nash, Gerald D., 108

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968), 173, 181, 399; context of civil disorders, 183–4; establishment and work of, 182–3, 185–7; production and outcome of report, 175, 177–8, 183, 192–4, 195–6, 198–9, 200n10, 202n49, 203n56, 203n60, 204n64, 251; research sample for, 201n22; use of “ghetto” in documents of, 199n4

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (U.S.), 219, 230–1, 396–7; second Trump Administration threats to, 394–5, 398

National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) (U.S., 1965), 394–7; fellowships, 397; staff firings and funding terminations under second Trump Administration, 394, 395; response to DOGE’s personnel cuts, 396

U.S. National Guard: mobilized against gun violence protestors, 255; patrols along Canada–U.S. border, 132. See also Alabama National Guard, mobilized against civil rights protestors; Colorado National Guard, mobilized in miners’ strikes; Michigan National Guard, mobilized during miners’ strike; New Jersey National Guard, mobilized during 1967 riots

National Labor Relations Act (U.S., 1935), 217

NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 128, 294, 298

New Brunswick riot (NJ, 1967), 191–2, 198. See also New Jersey “chain” riots (1967)

New Western History, 17, 20n12, 61, 112–4, 119–20n60, 137–38n13, 362, 379

Nettel, John and Fred, 30

Nevada City (CA), 27, 28, 29, 34

Newark riot (NJ, 1967), 177, 182, 188–9, 192–3, 196–7, 201n24

New Jersey “chain” riots (1967), studied by National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968), 186, 187–188, 201n22. See also National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968); Newark riot; New Brunswick riot; Plainfield riot

New Jersey National Guard, mobilized during 1967 riots, 188, 189–90

New Mexico, 1, 3, 14, 15, 70, 132, 199n1, 208, 283n8, 393, 398; Pueblos, 95, 96n6. See also University of New Mexico

Newsweek (U.S.), 398

New York Times, 323, 324, 400

New York Tribune, 222

Nixon, Richard, 195

Nochlin, Linda, 274

Northwest College (WY), 375

North West Company, 350

Northwestern University, 407, 418n40

North West Mounted Police (NWMP), 105–6, 130. See also Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Obama, Barack, 173, 175, 181, 197–8, 199n2, 200n16, 220, 251, 287–288, 302, 304, 305, 325–6, 327, 340

Obergefell v. Hodges (U.S., 2015), 252, 303, 306n6. See also same sex marriage

O’Connor, Maggie, 56

Odall, Rodney, 33

Ohio State University, 272–3

Ojibwe. See Chippewa

Oleomargarine Act (U.S., 1886), 59, 355–6. See also butter

Olsdatter, Guri, 56

Olsen, Wallace, 153

One Step Over the Line: Toward a History of Women in the North American Wests (Jameson/McManus), 94

Open Range (film), 108

oral history, 18, 21n14, 57, 71, 72, 73, 86n37, 137n4, 211, 277–8, 327, 338, 357, 358, 378–9, 385, 386, 397

Orchard, Harry, 70–71, 82, 87n64

Oregon Treaty, 99–100, 393. See also 49^th Parallel; Boundary Commission (CAN–U.S.)

Organization of American Historians (OAH), 5, 93, 301, 396, 401, 413n5, 414n12

Owyhee Avalanche (ID), 29, 31, 37

Öztürk, Rumeysa, 405–6

Pacific Coast Branch – American Historical Association (PCB–AHA), 5–6, 94

Palmer, Alice Freeman, 264, 265

Palmer, Rhoda, 293

Palmieri, Victor, 185, 194, 203n55. See also National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (U.S., 1967–1968)

Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA), 356–7, 360, 362

Parks, Rosa, 195

Patterson-Black, Sheryll, 232, 246n5

Peabody, James H., 67, 68, 69, 76, 84n9, 207

Pedregon family, 205–6, 221–2, 223, 314, 323. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

PEN America, 398, 413n5, 414n17, 416n25

Petrucci, Frank, 327. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

Petrucci, Mary, 221–3, 313–4, 319, 322, 327; deaths of children, 205–6, 221–3, 224n1, 313–4, 323, 327. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

Pettibone, George, 70

Pierson, George, 104

Plainfield riot (NJ, 1967), 189–91, 198. See also New Jersey “chain” riots (1967)

Polk, James K., 393

Pomeroy, Earl, 108, 117n27

populism, 59, 68, 73, 77, 110, 111, 375

Princeton University, 176, 407, 418n40

private detective agencies, use of in mining strikes, 68, 82, 206, 315, 316, 318

Pryor, Beulah, 54, 357, 360, 361. See also Doran/Welch/Chapman family

Putrich, Steve, 316

Quillan, Kevin, 198, 199n3

racial ethnic, use of term, 7–8, 9n2, 19n2, 363n8, 369n70

racial segregation (U.S.), 4, 125, 175, 183, 184, 190, 195, 196, 198, 199n4, 275, 287, 293, 304, 345, 361, 386, 401, 404

Randall, Stephen, 198

Rapp, Rayna, 274

Rasmussen, Lorna, 13

Rastall, Benjamin McKie, 72

Reeb, James, 294

Reindeer Act (U.S., 1937), 164

Ressam, Ahmed, 130

Riel, Louis, 125. See also Métis

Rio Grande River, 3, 134

Robbins, William G., 111

Roberts, John (Chief Justice), 254

Roberts, John (miner), 29

Robertson, Henry, 83

Robeson, Paul, 113

Robin, Martin, 112

Robinson, Eugene, 324

Rubio, Marco, 395, 406

Rockefeller, Jay, 219, 220

Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 139n27, 206, 209–10, 213, 216, 221, 223, 313, 318, 319

Rocky Mountain News, The (CO), 206

Roe v. Wade (U.S., 1972), 252, 253

Rogers, Stan, 129

Rossland, BC (CAN), 18, 127

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 108–9, 130–1. See also North West Mounted Police

Rozas, David, 406

Rubin, Gayle, 274

Rushton, Mary J., 229–32, 234, 237, 241, 244, 245–6, 347–8, 350, 354, 355, 360

Sacagawea, 127, 139n27, 346

Sage, Walter, 104, 107, 117n24, 238, 247n19, 264

Salazar, Ken, 216, 218–20

Sam, Ah, 59, 60

Samek, Hana, 112

same sex marriage, 123–4, 125, 138n16, 252, 265, 283n8, 303–4; Proposition 8 (CA), 289; Defense of Marriage Act (U.S., 1996), 289. See also Obergefell v. Hodges (U.S., 2015); Gay Liberation/Rights Movement (U.S.)

Sandburg, Carl, 386–7

Schenck v. United States (1919), 310

Schiller, Lee Chambers, 274

Schlatter, Evelyn, 372–3, 376

Scott, Rick, 324–5

Selma voting rights campaign (U.S., 1965), 252, 259–6n11, 293–5, 303, 304; in relation to Seneca Falls and Stonewall, 251, 288–90, 298–9, 302–3, 304, 305. See also Civil Rights Movement (U.S.); Voting Rights Act (U.S., 1965)

Seneca County Courier (NY), 291

Seneca Falls Convention (U.S., 1848), 251, 290–3, 297–8, 300–302, 303; Declaration of Sentiments, 291–2, 293, 303; key abolitionist figures in, 290; in relation to Selma and Stonewall, 251, 288–90, 302–3, 304, 305. See also Women’s Rights Movement

September 11, 2001 (9/11), 91–93, 94, 129–32, 140n34, 199n2, 213, 290, 340–1

Shannon, Fred A., 104–5, 246–7n7

Sharp, Paul, 109–10, 111, 113, 114

Sheehan, Patricia, 191

Shelby County v. Holder (U.S., 2013), 253–4, 303, 306n6

Shellow, Robert, 185, 186, 194, 200n19, 200–201n20, 203n55, 399

Sheridan, Rose M., 352–3, 354, 355, 360, 367n43

Shields, Walter, 158

Shoemaker, Pauline, 58

Shogan, Colleen J., 395. See also National Archives and Records Administration (U.S.)

Sibley, Henry, 366n31

Sigurdson, Richard, 362, 388

Simmons, Tom and Laurie, 218, 227n43

Sinclair, Upton, 209, 217, 221, 319, 331n41

Sioux, 113, 352. See also Devils Lake region (ND), Devils Lake (now Spirit Lake) Sioux Reservation; Huntkahitawin; Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull, 104–5, 125. See also Sioux

Skinner, Constance Lindsay, 103

Sklar, Kathryn (Kitty), 273, 274, 277, 285n33, 377

Slotkin, Richard, 109

Small Legs, Edwin, 132

Smith, Donald, 117n27

Smith, Henry Nash, 107–8

Smith, John, 177, 188

Smithsonian Institution, 402–4; Ludlow monument in Save Outdoor Sculpture inventory of, 224n1; second Trump Administration criticism of, 402–4; professional historians’ defense of, 403–4

Smoot–Hawley Tariff (U.S., 1930), 393

Snyder, Frank, 205, 223, 224n1, 314, 321. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

Spangler, Jewel, 91

Stand Your Ground Law (FL, 2005), 311, 312, 324–5

Stanley, George F. G., 92, 105–7, 108, 109, 111, 117n27, 130

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 290–3, 300–301, 302, 307n18, 309n49. See also Seneca Falls Convention (U.S., 1848)

Stanton, Henry, 290, 292, 305

Staples Thesis. See Innis, Harold

Stearns, Almira Fay, 37. See also California Gold Rush

Steunenberg, Frank, 70–71, 87n64

Stewart, Pruitt Elinore, 56

Stewart, Thomas, 69

St. Lawrence Island (AK), 145, 146–7, 148, 149, 151, 155, 161–3, 165, 166n18

St. Lawrence River, 122, 124, 128

Stockton Independent, The (CA), 59

Stonewall riot (U.S., 1969), 252, 296–7, 299–300, 303–4, 400, 401; in relation to Seneca Falls and Selma, 251, 288–90, 297–8, 302–3, 304, 305. See also Gay Liberation/Rights Movement (U.S.)

South Dakota Historical Society Press, 373

Supreme Court (U.S.). See United States Supreme Court

Takpuk, 160–2. See also Alaska; oomalik

teaching: university, 267, 269, 380–1, 385, 388n3; as women’s wage work during newcomers’ settlement of the West, 35, 36, 37, 240, 353; author’s at University of Calgary, 2, 6, 13–14, 18, 129, 177, 338, 371 (See also University of Calgary); author’s at University of Michigan, 262; author’s career in, 276, 278, 376–8, 380, 381–3, 386, 391, 392; in Alaska, 145, 150, 154–5, 156 (See also Jackson, Sheldon); under second Trump Administration, 282–3, 391, 396–9, 410–1 (See also Trump Administration, Second); women university professors, 263–70, 272–4

Texas, 4, 125, 259n5, 306n6, 338, 343, 360–1, 393: annexation of, 99–100; War for Independence from Mexico, 126, 139n23, 345, 362. See also Jews; African Americans

Texas A&M University, 325

The Women’s West (Armitage/Jameson), 111, 372, 397

Thingvold, Anna, 56

Thompson, Charlotte Small, 127, 139n27, 346

Thompson, David, 127, 139n27, 346

Thompson, Leonard, 112

Thoreau, Henry David, 381

Thornton, Harrison R., 154, 155

Thrupp, Sylvia, 264–5, 273, 278, 280

Tijan, Alois, 316

Tikas, Louis, 205, 211–2, 215, 221, 223, 224n1, 314. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

Till, Emmett, 177, 195, 322–3, 326, 327, 328, 332n55

Till-Mobley, Mamie, 322–3, 326, 327. See also Till, Emmett

Tilly, Louise A., 279, 282, 380

Timber Culture Act (U.S., 1873), 230, 246n2, 347–8, 364n18

Title IX of the U.S. Educational Amendments of 1972, 251, 261, 262–3, 282. See also women’s representation: in higher education

Torches Passed and Present Conference (2017), 9n1, 338, 371–6, 378, 379, 381, 386–7. See also University of Calgary

Townsend, Emery, 26, 34, 53

Townsend, Susanna, 26, 34–35, 53, 59

Trudeau, Justin, 411–2

Trump Administration, Second, 253, 258–9n3, 340, 382–3, 392–6, 397–410, 411–3; resistance from AHA and 42 other professional organizations, 394–6, 403–4, 413–4n5, 414n11, 416n25, 418n42 (See also Harvard University); banned words/phrases, 399, 400–401, 415n21, 415–6n22, 416n23; books banned from U.S. Naval Academy library by, 397–400; detention of foreign university students, 394, 405–7; firing Librarian of Congress, 398; firing National Archivist, 394, 395; firing staff of and cancelling funding for the National Endowment for the Humanities, 394, 395; opposition to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) programs, 382–3, 396–404, 404–9; tariffs against Canadian goods, 393–4, 411–3 (See also Canada–U.S. border and borderlands); images removed from government websites by, 401, 416n23; concerns about Smithsonian American Women’s History Museum, 402–3

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CAN), 340; Ludlow Centennial Commemoration Commission, compared to, 320

Tufts University, 406

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 45–66; Canadian border’s ill–fit to the theories of, 100–101; challenges to and reasons why, 17–18, 48, 61–2, 104–5, 111 (See also New Western History); comparison to Harold Innis, 102–3, 130; explanation of theories and assumptions of, 46–47, 48–49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60–1, 101–2, 110, 121, 123, 357–8; George F. G. Stanley’s views of, 105–7; how Laura Ingalls Wilder’s narrative fits theories of, 16–17

Turtle Mountain Reservation. See Chippewa

Twain, Mark, 23–24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 38, 39

United Farm Women of Alberta (UFWA), 355–6

United Mine Workers of America (UMWA): Ludlow strike, 78–79, 80–81, 173, 205–6, 210, 211–3, 215, 216, 217, 223–4, 226n26, 313–5, 318–9, 323; Western Federation of Miners (WFM), comparison to, 207, 315, 319; founded, 207; Women’s Auxiliary, 212–3

United States Civil War, 125–6, 177, 253, 261, 276, 292–3, 361, 386

United States Commission on Industrial Relations (1912), 209, 212, 217, 323

United States Constitution, 15, 69–70, 289, 394, 396; 1^st Amendment, 295, 319, 408; 11^th Amendment, 293; 13^th Amendment, 253; 14^th Amendment, 251, 252, 253, 293; 15^th Amendment, 251–2, 253, 293, 307n21; 19^th Amendment, 15, 251, 293, 306n7

United States Educational Amendments (1972), 251, 261, 262–3, 282. See also Title IX

United States Land Ordinance (1785), 234

United States Park Service, 174, 214–6, 218–9, 220, 221, 227n43, 300–301, 320, 321, 394–5, 400

United States Revolution, 99, 100. See also Declaration of Independence

United States Supreme Court, 138n16, 195, 252, 253–4, 258–9n3, 265, 287, 289, 293, 298, 303, 306n6, 319, 408

University of Calgary (CAN), 373, 374, 375: author’s community service via, 383; author’s invited lecture for English Department, 16–17, 20n9; author’s professional affiliations while at, 5–6, 414n12; author’s retirement from, 337, 338, 386, 371, 376; author’s colleagues at, 93–94, 97, 109, 263, 381–2, 397 (See also Carter, Sarah; Francis, R. Douglas; Smith, Donald; Spangler, Jewel); concentration of women in the Humanities, Arts and Education, at, 268–9; graduate programs and students at, 2, 13–14, 113, 266–70, 278, 281, 338, 371, 372–6; gender pay equity at, 263, 268–70, 388n3; maternity and parental leaves at, 269

University of Calgary Press, 8, 411

University of Chicago, 200n16, 264

University of Colorado, 18, 213, 272, 377

University of Denver, 372

University of Michigan, 94, 164, 185, 262, 264, 273–5, 277, 279, 300, 346, 377, 392, 407

University of Minnesota, 270

University of Nebraska, 374, 375

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 375

University of New Mexico, 1, 196, 276–7, 281; students at, 9n1, 13–14, 95, 338, 371, 372–6

University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 373

University of Pennsylvania, 276, 407, 418

University of Texas, San Antonio, 373

University of Toronto (CAN), 264, 275, 279

University of Victoria (CAN), 374

University of Virginia, 275–6, 282

University of Wisconsin, 72, 373, 374

University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, 276, 382

Unsettled Pasts Conference (2002), 5, 94. See also University of Calgary

Valdez family, 205–6, 222–3, 224n1, 314. See also Ludlow Massacre (CO, 1914)

Valeriani, Richard, 294, 298

Vance, J. D., 402–3

Van Kirk, Sylvia, 49, 113, 133, 397

Vargas, Zaragosa, 214

Varney, Jotham, 26, 33, 35

Varsanyi, Andrew, 242, 375, 376

Victor and Cripple Creek Daily Press, The (CO), 68, 71, 77–78

Victor Record, The (CO), 71

Vietnam War, 111, 195, 203n60, 377–8; anti-Vietnam War movement, 125, 204n72, 297, 379; Ludlow Massacre monument compared to Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial, 213

Voting Rights Act (U.S., 1965), 181, 252, 253–4, 259n4, 259–60n11, 288, 289, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 306n6, 306n8, 307n21. See also Selma voting rights campaign (U.S., 1965); Civil Rights Movement (U.S.)

Wallace, Jean, 268–9, 284n27

War of 1812, 99