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Grassroots Governance: Chiefs in Africa and the Afro-Caribbean: Index

Grassroots Governance: Chiefs in Africa and the Afro-Caribbean
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“Index” in “Grassroots Governance: Chiefs in Africa and the Afro-Caribbean”

INDEX

  • Abolition of Racially-Based Land Measures Bill, 197
  • Accompong, 230, 232, 236
  • Adabre, Donald, 50
  • Adu, A. L., 53–54
  • Adusei, Richard, 63
  • African Advisory Council, 251
  • African National Congress (ANC), 178, 182, 193, 195, 203, 205, 214, 277
    • chiefship as obsolete, 131
    • land and local government reform, 199
    • rivalry with IFP, 22
    • support for progressive traditional authorities, 196
  • Agyeman, Nana Fredua, 8
  • AIDS, 25, 45, 115, 269
  • Akan democracy, 54–55, 240
  • Akan folktales, 56–57
  • Akuoko, Kwaku, 50
  • Albasini, Joaõ, 129
  • Amakhosi (appointed chiefs), 267–68, 270, 276–77, 284 See also inkosi; chiefs
  • Ampem II, Agyewodin Nana Adu, 55
  • ANC. See African National Congress (ANC)
  • Annan, Kofi, 33
  • apartheid, 138, 175, 190, 193
    • appointment of chiefs, 178
    • attempt to control traditional leaders, 19
    • Betterment Plan, 128, 189, 191
  • Arhin, Kwame, 33, 41
  • aristocrats, 2–3
  • Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
  • Asafo, 55, 240
  • Asante, 9, 87, 103
    • culture, re-evaluation of, 47
    • political structure, 33
  • Asantehene, 20, 32, 41, 45–46, 50, 60, 98–99, 231
  • Ashanti Administration Ordinance 1902, 103
  • Ashanti Ordinance 1935, 104
  • Ashanti Protectorate and the Northern Territories, 95, 103
  • Ashanti Regional House of Chiefs, 47
  • Ashun, Percy, 43
  • Assembly of First Nations, 26
  • Association of Commonwealthe Universities (ACU), 47
  • Association of Regional Councils in Kwazulu-Natal, 283
  • Atta, Osabarima Kwasi, 43
  • authochthony, 138, 141
  • Ayeni, Victor, 296
  • Ba, Amadou Hampâté, 36
  • BaFokeng people, 187
  • Balandir, Georges, 39
  • Bambaras, 36
  • Bantu Administration Act, 190
  • Bantu Authorities Act, 124, 141, 178–79, 193, 208–9
    • chiefs as bureaucrats, 142
    • power to depose and appoint chiefs, 191
  • Basotho, 147, 163, 168
    • inalienable right to residential sites, 164
    • usufruct rights, 156
  • Basotho National Party (BNP), 154, 165
    • abolished local government, 158
    • democracy and, 155–56
    • party of chiefs and Catholics, 155
    • strategy to undermine the BCP, 156
  • Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), 157
    • commoners and Protestantism, 155
    • established senate (principle chiefs), 157
    • re-establishment of local government, 158–60
  • Basutoland Crown Protectorate, 149
  • Battestini, Simon, 57
  • BCP. See Basutoland Congress Party (BCP)
  • Bechuanaland Protectorate, 252
  • best practice, 2, 291
  • Betterment Plan, 128, 189, 191
  • Bhunga, 184, 190
    • elected candidates, 188
  • Biyela, B. B., 22, 264
  • Black diaspora, 37
  • Blair, Tony, 9
  • BNP. See Basotho National Party (BNP)
  • Boafo II, Barima Asiedu, 45
  • Boatema–Afrakoma II, Nana, 60–61
  • Boer Republics, 182, 185–87
  • Bond of 1844, 87, 96
  • Botswana, 21, 23, 249–62
    • chiefs’ conflict with central government, 253–54
    • representative local government introduced, 252
    • rural courts administered by traditional leaders, 110
    • steps to strengthen chietainship, 255
  • Botswana Democratic Party
    • reliance on support of traditional leaders, 253
  • Botswana House of Chiefs, 2, 21–22, 289
    • authority to advise government, 25
    • women members, 26
  • Botswana National Front, 253
  • Britain
    • monarchy, 9
    • mother of democracy, 7
  • British colonial state. See colonial state
  • British House of Lords, 9, 155, 255; as British House of Chiefs, 9
  • British Togoland, 95
  • Brong-Ahafo Region, 101
  • Brong-Ahafo Regional House of Chiefs, 50
  • burials, 102
  • Bush, George W.
    • legitimacy, 7
  • Busia, K. A., 53
  • Business Day, 274
  • Butha Buthe, 149
  • Buthelezi, Chief, 197, 205, 214, 271
  • Butler, Lt. Gen. William, 183
  • Calgary Institute for the Humanities, University of Calgary, 27, 119
  • Canada, 25
    • Assembly of First Nations, 26
    • democracy, 7
    • elected women chiefs, 26
    • lessons from Africa’s Houses of Chiefs, 10, 23
    • monarch, 9
    • self-governance (indigenous peoples), 23, 28n
    • Third House of Parliament, 23
  • Cape. See Eastern Cape Province
  • Cauvin, Jean, 56
  • Cemeteries Ordinance, 103
  • Césaire, Aimé, 37
  • Chamba, Paramount Chief, 4
  • Charles Town, 232
  • Chief Native Commissioners, 129
  • “Chief-State Relations in Ghana” (Ray), 42
  • chiefs, 5, 10, 84, 124, 178. See also chieftaincy; traditional authorities; traditional leaders;
    • African past, 127, 130, 137
    • under apartheid (see under traditional authorities)
    • appointed, 176–78, 267–68, 276–77, 284
    • authority, 53, 124, 147
    • as autochthonous, 141
    • as autonomous, 138–39, 141
    • at centre (hub), 154
    • cultural role, 3, 23, 59, 129, 135
    • deposing, 182–83, 191, 214, 253–54
    • destoolment, 95
    • development (See under traditional authorities)
    • domination over women and juniors, 136
    • duties, 54
    • election by community elders and councillors, 124
    • enstoolment and/or enskinning, 46
    • as father figure, 63, 93, 130, 150
    • female chiefs, 161
    • impeachment, 55, 95
    • as intermediaries, 43, 51
    • kinship model (See under chieftaincy)
    • as law-giver and judge, 59, 63, 128, 130
    • leadership in mobilizing public opinion, 261
    • link, people and gods, 63
    • as mediators in conflicts, 43
    • military leader, 59, 63, 128
    • need for reconceptualization, 18
    • “non-political” power, 18, 125
    • official functions, 46, 58
    • opinion leaders, 45
    • oppression, 128
    • as outdated forms of authority, 146
    • passin, 264–285
    • patrilineal model of authority, 149
    • as pejorative term, 178
    • as personal leader, 150
    • prestige and popularity, 185
    • public morality, 17
    • rallying points of resestance to colonialism, 3
    • relationship with people, 147, 152, 179–80, 182, 192
    • stigma attached to term, 2
    • traditional authority in tribal membership, 253
    • unpopular, 57
    • usufructory rights, 164
    • variety amongst, 134
    • various images, 34
    • voting, 282
    • as warrior, 53, 130
    • wealth, 53
    • Whites as, 129
    • Zulu, 22, passim 264–285
  • Chiefs’ Ordinance 1904, 97–98
  • chiefship. See chieftaincy
  • chieftaincy, 9, 33, 41–42, 58, 84, 124, 188, 235, 251, 268. See also chiefs; traditional authorities
    • advisory role, 126
    • as African tyranny, 126
    • an anomaly, 131
    • under apartheid (See under traditional authorities)
    • assertion of local autonomy, 127
    • bureaucratization, 125, 141, 156
    • compatibility with democratic local governance (See democratic structures)
    • constitutionalization (See under traditional authorities)
    • contemporary needs, 163
    • as different stages of political evolution, 126
    • dynastic model, 147
    • focus for ethnic and local identity, 136, 148
    • future of, 64
    • gender inequality, 161
    • guarantee of, 101
    • hereditary base, 147, 156, 232
    • hierarchical structure, 147, 150
    • historical precedents, 163
    • as hub of wheel, 148, 154
    • influence of colonial and post-colonial state, 10, 87–88, 99–100, 113, 146, 149, 152, 154, 166
    • as irrelevant, 128
    • kinship model, 150–53, 161
    • land and livestock as key issues, 163
    • legitimacy (See under traditional authorities)
    • link to both people and land, 129
    • under military governments, 157
    • neo-African system of, 232
    • popular support for, 169
    • re-emergence, 142
    • re-evaluation, 47
    • research in, 13
    • respect for, 61
    • similarity to NGO, 135–36
    • as undemocratic, 146, 157
  • Chieftaincy Act 1961, 99
  • Chieftaincy Act 1971, 100, 109, 111
  • Chieftaincy (Amendment) Act 1963, 99
  • Chieftaincy (Amendment) law 1985, 101
  • Chieftaincy (Membership of Regional Houses of Chiefs) (Amendment) Instrument, 101
  • Chieftainship Act (Botswana), 253
  • Chieftainship Act of 1968, 155–56
  • Chieftainship Act of 1978 (Kingdom of Lesotho), 154, 158
  • Christaller, J. G., 53
  • Churcher, Christine, 43
  • circumsion schools, 135–36
  • Civic Associations, 194
  • class, 71, 154
  • clenched fist, 175–76, 194
  • CLGF. See Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF)
  • Codesa. See Conference for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)
  • College of Chiefs, 157
  • colonial encounter, 179–84
  • colonial state, 3, 5, 9–10, 17, 19, 21, 28n, 83–121, 235, 251
    • Africa’s legacy of, 19, 175
    • attempt to erase pre-colonial past, 37
    • attempts to transform chiefs into functionaries, 146
    • co-opting legitimacy of traditional leaders, 113
    • direct control over traditional leaders, 98
    • exploitation, 179, 181
    • indirect rule, 99, 141, 176, 179, 183, 232, 252
    • legitimacy rooted in imperial power and racism, 5
    • recognition of traditional leaders in local governance, 95
    • recognition of traditional leaders’ legitimacy, 97
    • reserves, 183
  • Commission on Gender Equality, 272
  • Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF), 14, 289, 291, 295
  • Commonwealth Roundtable, 1995, 14
  • Communal Property Associations (CPA), 213, 215–16
  • Communal Property Associations Act 1996, 200
  • community councils, 159–60
  • community ownership, 293
  • community participation, 276
  • complementary sovereignty, 21, 238–44; See also divided sovereignty
  • compulsory unpaid labour, 103, 176
  • Conference for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), 196, 205
  • “Conference on the Contribution of Traditional Authority ...Strategies for Africa,” 13, 41
  • Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), 272
  • Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa. see Contralesa
  • Constitution of the Fourth Republic 1992, 42
  • Contralesa, 2, 124, 126, 134, 196, 205, 210, 212–14, 216–18, 271, 274
    • aims of, 129
    • critical in recognition of traditional leaders, 196
  • Convention People’s Party (CPP), 11, 88, 95, 104
  • Coon Come, Matthew, 26
  • council system, 184–85
  • Crothers, Charles, 17, 69
  • cultural renaissance, 34, 37
  • Currie, Melvin, 236
  • Customary Law, 42
  • customary laws, 102, 110
  • Dadié, Bernard, 37
  • Dadson, Frederika, 60
  • The Daily Graphic, 37–38, 45–46, 51
  • Daily News, 270, 272, 274
  • Dalindyebo, paramount Chief Buyelekhaya, 218
  • Dalindyebo, Sabata, 178, 193
  • Damas, Léon G., 37
  • de Klerk, F. W., 197
  • decentralization, 43, 296
  • decentralized despotism, 175–77
  • Demarcation Act, 1998, 266
  • Demarcation Board, 270–71
  • demarcation process, 264–65, 273–74, 277, 284
  • democracy, 5, 7, 10, 91, 104, 126, 129, 146, 155–57, 211, 220, 257, 273. See also elections
    • Akan system, 54–55, 240
    • ballot polls, 241, 244
    • concensus, 141, 239
    • Eurocentric notion of, 240
    • historical and cultural variations, 90
    • legitimacy from, 90
    • in local government and land, 159, 176, 185, 198, 203
  • democratic structures
    • and traditional leaders, 7, 10–11, 19, 73–74, 90, 104, 124, 146, 157, 175, 196, 206–7, 211, 215, 219, 257, 264–65, 271–72
  • Department of Land Affairs (DLA), 199–201, 209, 212, 215, 218
    • relationship with researchers, 218–19
  • Department of Native Affairs, 191
  • development, 17, 113, 115, 207, 276, 289
    • chiefs and, 22, 161
    • economic, 270, 279
    • local, 93, 208
    • rural, 269
    • and service delivery, 293
    • and traditional authorities, 11, 17, 170, 192, 293–94
  • Development Facilitation Act, 203
  • dictatorship, 63
  • Diop, David, 37
  • District Administration, 260–61
  • District and Town Councils, 257, 261
  • District Assemblies, 106
  • District Councils, 22, 184, 203, 252, 254, 257, 261, 264–68, 277, 283
    • as check to traditional authorities, 175
    • financing, 284
    • increased numbers, 273
    • lack of revenue base, 275
    • too remote from rural people, 220
  • District Development Committee (DDC), 165
    • chiefs participation, 259
  • divided legitimacy. See legitimacy, divided
  • divided sovereignty, 15, 17, 21, 28n, 84–121 passim, 238–45 passim. See also complementary sovereignty
  • DLA. See Department of Land Affairs (DLA)
  • Doma, 36
  • Donkoh, Wilhelmina, 60
  • donor agencies
    • on chiefs need for training, 161
    • criticism of land use, 156
  • Dubulingqanga, Chief, 216–18
    • legal action, 219
  • durbar grounds, 58
  • dyarchy, 88, 95, 99, 104
  • Eastern Cape Province, 174–222
    • Cape-Coast Municipal Assembly, 43
    • rural local government, 19, 187–88
  • ecological conservation, 293
  • education, 51, 115, 178, 192, 275
    • civic and community, 293
    • effect on view of chieftainship, 158
  • elections, 5, 70, 91, 159. See also democracy
    • chiefs, 160
    • franchise, 187, 190
    • local authorities, 159
    • rural local government, 159, 175, 185
    • in traditional leadership forums, 114
  • Electoral Commission, 112
  • Emmanuel, Akwasi, 61
  • environmental issues, 61, 115, 293
  • Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM), 14
  • female chiefs, 161. See also queenmothers
  • festivals, 46, 52, 58
  • Finkielkraut, Alain, 35
  • First Nations Governance Institute, 26
  • First Republic, 1960-66, 88
  • First-Time people, 233
  • folktales, 56–57
  • forest conservation, 102
  • Foucault. M., 88–89
  • Fourth Republic, 88, 106–7
    • guarantee of chieftaincy, 101–2
  • franchise, 187, 190
  • Free Press, 45
  • funerals, 46–47, 61, 111
  • Gando, 36
  • garrison politics, 240, 242
  • Gaseitsiwe, Chief
    • elected to parliament, 253
  • gender issues, 26, 51, 115, 137, 161
  • Ghana, 11, 17, 21, 23, 33–67, 84–121
    • Akan region, 230, 233, 240
    • partial reconciliation of state with traditional authorities, 241
    • policy of decentralization and local government, 43
    • rural local government, 33
    • stance on chieftaincy, 41
    • transformed survival of traditional authority, 19
    • women in local governance, 26
  • Ghana National House of Chiefs, 2
    • authority to advise government, 25. See also House of Chiefs system
  • Ghanaian Chronicle, 45
  • Ghanaian press, 34, 37
  • The Ghanian Chronicle, 37–38
  • Glen Grey Act, 188–89, 194
    • liability of forfeiture, 184
  • globalization, 127, 296
    • hidden dangers, 34–35
  • Gold Coast, 95–96, 98, 230
  • Gold Coast Native Jurisdiction Ordinance 1883, 96
  • Golden Stool of Asante, 46, 49
  • governance, 15, 26, 102, 114, 234, 275, 289
    • definition, 9
    • nature of, 113
    • pre-colonial, 19
    • re-Africanization of, 234
  • government
    • definition, 9
    • nature of, 113
  • grassroots, 92, 187
  • Gwadiso, Chief, 213, 216
  • Hailey, Lord, 96–97
  • Hammond-Tooke, W. D., 125, 185, 193
  • Hamnett, I., 150, 152
    • on kinship model, 151
    • placing system, 151
  • Harare Declaration, 296
  • health, 115
  • heredity, 147, 156, 232
    • African tradition of hereditary leaders, 183
    • break with during colonial period, 177
    • monarchs, 7, 9
  • Hermansberg Mission Society v. Commissioner of Native Affairs and Darius Mogale, 181, 185
  • HIV-AIDS, 8, 25, 45, 115, 269
  • Holomisa, Patekile, 125, 129, 216–17
  • House of Chiefs system, 17, 84, 88, 94, 101, 106–7, 109, 112, 208, 212
    • comparisons with systems in Canada, United Kingdom, 291
    • conflict resolution, 25
    • funding for, 107
    • lessons for Canada and others, 23, 26
    • as model, 26
    • National House of Chiefs, 2, 11, 13, 45, 109–10, 114
    • principles underlying, 23, 25
    • as recognition and mark of respect, 255
    • social customs, 110–11
  • House of First Peoples, 23
  • House of Lords in Great Britain, 9, 155, 255
  • House of Traditional Leaders, 2, 114–15, 206, 210, 271, 274, 281
    • functions, 282
  • House of Traditional Leaders in Bishop, 212, 214, 217
  • House of Traditional Leaders in the Eastern Cape, 212, 217–18
  • Hughes, Langston, 37
  • human rights, 34, 124, 129–30, 219, 295
  • Hut tax, 251
  • IASIA, ii, iii, iv, vii–ix, 13–15
  • IDRC. See also International Development Research Centre of Canada
  • IFP. See Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
  • immunization campaigns, 47
  • inculturation, 58
  • Independent on Saturday, 271
  • indirect rule, 99, 141, 176, 179, 183, 232, 252
    • failure in Jamaica, 235
  • Induna, 124, 135–36, 144n, 276
  • Ingonyama Board, 281
  • Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 22, 196–97, 205, 212, 270–71, 275, 277
    • support for traditional authorities, 195
  • Inkosi, 277. See also amakosi; chiefs
  • Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, 13
  • integral state, 238
  • Integrated Development Plan, 277
  • International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA), ii, iii, iv, vii–ix, 13, 15
  • International Development Research Centre of Canada. See also IDRC; 13, 27, 64, 67, 116, 143, 163, 223, 262
  • International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 85
  • international trends, 296
  • Jamaica, 19, 228–47. See also Maroons
    • jural corporateness, 230–32, 236–37
    • legal pluralism, 232–33
  • job opportunities, 278–79
  • Jonathan, Chief Leabua, 154
  • The Just King - The Story of Osei Tutu Kwame Asibe Bonsu, 60
  • kgotla, 115, 252, 257, 289
  • Khaketla, B., 155
  • Khama, Sir Seretse, 253
  • Kindah tree, 230–32
  • Kingdom of KwaZulu, 282
  • kings, 2–3, 84, 98, 148, 155, 268, 281–82
    • Asantehene, 41, 45–46, 50, 60, 98–99, 231
    • conversion to Christianity and Islam, 50
    • converted to chiefs, 10, 87
    • exiled, 11
    • military role, 60
    • role in contemporary South Africa, 124
    • Zulu, 22, 128
  • Kromanti culture, 230, 237
  • Kronama, Obaapanyin Yaa, 12
  • Kufuor, President John, 86, 108
  • Kumasi Public Health Board Ordinance, 103
  • Kwanaloga, 283
  • Kwarteng, Nana Serwaah, 61
  • KwaZulu-Natal, 22, 128, 271, 273, 275
    • lack of resources, 265
    • neglected during apartheid area, 268
    • rural local government structures, 264
    • viable local government, 278
    • war, 195
  • KwaZulu-Natal House of Traditional Authorities, 212
  • labour tax, 184
  • land, communal, 181, 189, 200–202
  • land, tribal, 134, 217, 254, 271
  • Land Act of 1979 (Kingdom of Lesotho), 156, 164
  • land administration, 156, 197, 202
  • land allocation, 22, 160, 194, 254, 281
  • Land Boards, 257–58, 261
    • allocation of tribal land, 254
    • relationship with traditional leaders, 259
  • Land Committees, 164
  • land ownership, 70, 181, 212–13, 278, 280
    • ambiguity surrounding, 180
    • complexities, 181
    • Deed of Grant, 280
    • legal entity, 212–13, 216
    • registration, 183
    • separated from governance, 200
    • title deeds, 280
  • land purchase and sale, 183–84, 186–87, 279
  • land reform program, 174, 269
  • Land Regulations 1980 (Kingdom of Lesotho), 164
  • Land Rights Bill
    • implications for traditional authorities, 202
  • land tax, 278
  • land tenure, 19, 161, 184, 189, 199, 212, 279
    • under British and Boer rule, 182
    • communal ownership, 201
    • individual freehold, 201
    • permission to occupy, 188–89, 197–98, 200
    • reform, 19, 174, 199, 209, 211, 215
    • security, 198
    • traditional authorities role, 175
  • land values, 25
  • landscape
    • faith in, 140
  • Laws of Lerotholi, 156
    • colonial influence, 150
    • missionaries, 150
  • legal pluralism, 17, 232–33, 237, 247n
  • legitimacy, 9, 42, 141, 146, 243, 264
    • American presidents, 7, 29n
    • from ancestry or from popular support, 70
    • based on democracy, 91
    • based on nationalist struggle, 91
    • chiefs, 9, 124–25, 146, 234–35
    • citizen withdrawal of, 9
    • colonial roots, 89–90
    • cooption of, 113
    • cultural, 93
    • customary law and usage, 102
    • different bases of, 90
    • differently rooted, 3, 5, 17–18, 22, 25, 41, 93
    • divided, 5, 15, 17, 28n, 41–42, 83–121
      • passim, 234–35
    • history and religion as basis, 42
    • from popular support, 180
    • post-colonial roots, 5, 9, 17–19, 90
    • pre-colonial roots, 9, 15, 17–19, 25, 84, 113, 233
    • of self-governance, 233
    • state recognition, 234
    • of traditional leaders, 14, 97–98, 103, 106, 113
  • Lekhanya, Major General, 157
  • Lesotho, 18
    • Basotho, 147, 156, 163–64, 168
    • chieftaincy in, 146–71
    • government intervention seen to favour wealthy, 167
    • government regulation on use of grazing land, 167
    • intelligentsia, 158
    • intrusion of colonial settlers, 149–50
    • land allocation, 160, 163–64, 166
    • livestock economy, 163, 166–67
    • placing system, 151
    • rich vs. poor stockholders, 167–68
    • traditional and modern governments evolving together, 146
  • Lesotho Evangelical Church, 163
  • Lesotho National Livestock Task Force, 168
  • liberal welfare state, 34
  • local government, 19, 85, 87, 89, 93, 159, 175, 184, 200, 264
    • budgetary constraints, 210, 220
    • and chieftaincy, 43, 135
    • demarcation process, 264–66, 270–71, 273–74, 277, 284
    • elected representation, 176, 187
    • financing, 94, 278–79
    • legislation, 160
    • reform, 174, 213
    • restructuring, 161
    • traditional authorities role, 10, 13, 22, 99, 103, 175
  • Local Government Act, 105, 160, 204
  • localism, 130
  • Lugard, Frederick, 126, 141
  • Luthuli, Albert, 193
  • Malele, Chief, 131
  • Malingoaneng, 153
  • Maloka, T. A., 207
  • Mamdani, Mahmood, 126, 175–76, 194, 221–22
  • Mandela, Nelson, 124, 193
  • Manuh, Takyiwaa, 61
  • Marcel Mauss Conference of the Société des Africanistes, 39
  • Maroons, 19–21. See also Jamaica
    • as anti-colonial tribes, 233
    • cultural uniqueness, 229
    • dynamic organization, 229
    • fidelity to African cultural principles, 229
    • freedom struggle, 237
    • jural corporateness, 230–32
    • law, 237
    • neo-African identity, 230
    • peace treaty, 232, 236–37
    • pressure to integrate into national state, 238–39
    • resistance against British, 228
    • self-governance, 244
    • sovereignty, 233, 235
    • symbolic landscape of meanings, 230
    • tradition of self-determination, 233
    • West African structures, 244
  • marronage, 228
  • Masego, Chief George, 132, 134
  • mass mobilization, 194, 196
  • Matanzima, Chief Ngangomblaba, 213
  • Matanzima, K. D., 193
  • Mbambazela, Mr., 216–17
  • Mbeki, Goven, 178, 184, 187, 190–91, 193, 196
  • Mbeki, Thabo, 213
    • on traditional leaders, 271
  • McCaskie, Tom C., 231
  • Meyer, Roelf, 214
  • migrant workers, 195
  • Millennium SYMONS Award, 48
  • mining industry, 163
  • The Mirror, 37–38, 45
  • missionaries, 150, 163, 178, 183, 186, 192
  • modern nation state. See post-colonial state
  • Mokhehle, Ntsu, 155, 157
  • Mokhotlong, 149
  • Moletele, Chief, 132–33
  • monarchy, 2, 7, 97
  • Moore Town, 232
  • morena. See chiefs; chieftaincy
  • Moshoeshoe I, King of Lesotho, 147, 149–50
    • as founder of dynasty, 151
    • kinship, 153
  • Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho, 155
  • Mtshali, Lionel, 271, 274
  • Municipal Council Ordinance 1953, 104
  • Municipal Demarcation Board, 282
  • Municipal Structures Act, 266–67, 274
  • Municipal Structures Second Amendment Bill, 272
  • Natal, 182
  • Natal Mercury, 274
  • National and Regional Houses of Chiefs tasks, 42
  • National Council of Traditional Leaders, 114–15, 206, 212
  • National House of Chiefs, 2, 11, 13, 45, 109–10, 114
    • advisory body to state, 109
    • codification of rules of succession, 110
    • determination on chieftaincy questions, 112
    • entrenched in 1992 constitution of Fourth Republic, 109
    • evaluation of traditional social practice, 110
    • forums for public debate, 111
    • National Register of Chiefs, 100, 111
    • public education, 111
  • National Liberation Council (NLC), 88, 105
    • withdrew recognition from chiefs, 100
  • National Party, 178, 190, 197, 205, 214
  • National Redemption Council (NRC), 88
  • Native Administration Act, 188
  • Native Administration Ordinance for the Gold Coast Colony 1927, 97, 102–3, 107
  • Native Administration Proclamation, 252
    • formal recognition of tribal chiefs, 251
  • Native Affairs Act, 187
  • Native Authority (or clenched fist), 175–76
  • Native Authority Ordinances, 98, 103
  • Native Courts Proclamation, 252
  • Native Jurisdiction Ordinances, 96–97, 102–3, 107
  • Native Land Act 1936, 189
  • Native Representative Council, 190
  • Native State prisons, 102
  • Native Tribunal Proclamation, 252
  • Natives Land Act 1936, 188, 197
  • natural rulers, 2
  • Nault, Robert, 26
  • Négritude poets, 37
  • Neighbourhood Watch, 47
  • neo-colonialism, 17, 37
  • neo-traditional
    • as creation of colonial or post-colonial states, 3
  • NGOs, 43, 135
  • Ngwenyathi, Chief, 217
  • Nkrumah, Kwame, 11, 95, 101, 104–6, 234
    • control over traditional leaders, 99–100
    • electoral victory, 1951, 88
    • Local Government Ordinance, 107
  • Nkwankwaa of the Asante, 240
  • nobles, 2
  • Nonkonyana, Chief, 216–17
  • NP government, 196
  • Ntsebeza, Lungisile, 19, 173, 217
  • Numapau, Odeneho Oduro, 290
  • Obote, Milton, 11
  • Offori Atta, Osagefuo, 44, 288
  • Oguaa Traditional Council, 43
  • Okyenhene, King of Akyem Abuakwa, 8, 44, 288, 292. See also Offori Atta
  • oral tradition, 37, 52, 150
  • Orange Free State, 182
  • Osei Bonsu II, Daasebre, 62
  • Osei Tutu II, 6, 32, 41, 46–47
    • acclaimed as “the Millennium King,” 47
    • development of education, 48
    • education, 50
    • Golden Stool, 49–50
    • meeting with queen Elizabeth II, 49
  • Owusu, Opanin, 60
  • Owusu-Sarpong, Christiane, 15, 31
  • Pact Government, 188
  • parallel rule, 252
  • Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, 163
  • partial sovereignty, 233
  • partnership in local government, 289
  • patriarchal authority, 153, 163
  • Peires, J. B., 179–81
  • People’s Defence Committees, 105
  • permission to occupy (PTO), 188–89, 197–98, 280
  • Phondoland, 184–85
  • Pim Report of 1933, 149
  • The Pioneer, 38, 45, 47–48
  • plantocracy, 228, 233
  • PNDC. See Provisional National Defence Council
  • political and legal pluralism, 15, 34, 39–42
  • political decentralization, 296
  • poor communication, co-ordination and co-operation, 208–9, 220–21
  • post-apartheid South Africa, 199–225
    • conflicting constitutional principles, 19
    • district model, 203–5
    • efforts to retain and dismantle clenched fist, 176
    • land administration, 201
    • land tenure policy, 174, 199–202
    • local government policy, 201–2
    • recognition of unelected traditional authorities, 177, 195
    • traditional authorities in local government, 205–8
  • post-apartheid South-Africa
    • development and democratization, 19
  • post-colonial state, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17–19, 23, 25, 37, 41–42, 84–121, 235, 252–53
    • centralizing of local government, 105
    • influence of colonial state, 90
    • legitimacy based on government duly elected, 91
    • legitimacy rooted in struggle for independence and democracy, 5
  • Poto, Victor, 193
  • poverty, 269
  • power and authority
    • distinction, 233
  • praise-genre, 52
  • pre-colonial African past, 37
  • pre-colonial institutions, 234
  • pre-colonial state, 3, 5, 9, 15, 17, 21, 28n, 84–121 passim, 235, 251
    • subordinated or eliminated, 10, 235
  • Prempeh I, Asante king, 98
  • Provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders, 2, 114–15, 206, 282
  • Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), 88, 105–6
    • violent chieftaincy disputes, 101
  • PTO. See permission to occupy (PTO)
  • Public Services Commission, 112
  • queenmothers, 12, 45, 61, 84, 102, 109
    • moral leaders, 26
    • role of women, 60
  • Quinlan, Tim, 18, 145
  • racism, 5
  • radical pluralism, 237
  • Ramaema, Colonel, 157
  • Range Management Areas (RMAs), 168
  • Rastafari movement, 241
  • Rawlings, Fl. Lt. J. J., 41
  • Ray, Donald I., 17, 34, 41–42, 83, 241, 295
  • Reddy, Purshottama Sivanarian, 15, 22, 263
  • Regional Authorities, 269, 281–82
  • Regional Councils, 284
  • Regional Houses of Chiefs, 99, 101, 105–6, 109, 112, 114–15
  • Regional Police Committee, 106, 112
  • Regional Prisons Service Committee, 106, 112
  • Regulation of Development in Rural Areas Act, 208, 214
  • republicanism, 7, 9
  • reserves, 190
  • Residential Environmental Bill, 198
  • resurgent heritage, 15, 35–38, 46, 50
    • African Cultural Renaissance movement, 34
  • Rhodes, Cecil John, 184
  • royal courts, 58
  • royal funerals, 52
  • royal ideology, 179
  • royalty (Ubukhosi), 282, 284. See also amakhosi; chiefs
  • Rural Development Bill, 198
  • “Rural Local Governance and Traditional Leadership,” 15
  • rural populace
    • reliance on chiefs, 166
  • sacred horn of the Akan, 232
  • sacred texts
    • link between living and dead, 52
  • Sarpong, Nana Akuoko, 241, 244
  • Sarpong, Peter K., 58
  • scapegoats
    • appointed headmen as, 185
  • Scott’s Hall, 232
  • SDI. See Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI)
  • Sebotto, Kgosi Mosadi, 4
  • Second Republic (1969-72), 88
    • chiefs in local government, 105
    • intervention in traditional leadership status, 100
  • secret powers, 142
  • Seepapitso IV, Chief, or Kgosi, 4, 254, 289
  • Sekhukhuni, Chief, 178
  • Sekonyela, Lelingoana, 153
  • Senghor, Léopold Sédhar, 37
  • Serafini, Shirley, 26
  • Setlhare, Chief, 132, 134
  • Sharma, Keshav, 21, 249
  • Shepstone, Theophilus, 129
  • Sherlock, Sir Philip, 243
  • Smuts, Jan, 126
  • social change, 289
  • social levelling through free education, 55
  • Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC), 27, 116
  • Solomon, Allavi, 38
  • Soma, 36
  • South Africa, 2, 23, 264–85. See also post-apartheid South Africa
  • South African Constitution
    • contradiction, 219
    • recognition of unelected traditional leadership, 175
  • South African Houses of Chiefs
    • authority to advise government, 25
  • South African Local Government Association (SALGA), 272, 283
  • South African Republic/Transvaal, 182
  • sovereignty, 5, 84–85, 87, 138, 233, 235
    • complementary, 21, 238–44 passim
    • differently rooted, 93
    • divided, 15, 17, 21, 28n, 42, 84–121, 228–44 passim, 235
    • internal struggles over, 41
    • post-colonial states, 100
    • shared, 88
    • western assumptions re, 234
  • Sovereignty, Legitimacy and Power in West African Societies, 41
  • Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI), 210, 215, 217–18
  • state. See also colonial state; post-colonial state; pre-colonial state
    • concepts of, 84–85
    • definition, 85
    • legitimacy claims, 96
  • The Statesman, 38
  • Stoeltje, Beverly, 61
  • Stone, Carl, 240
  • Stool and Skin Lands Committee, 109
  • Sunday Tribune, 272
  • support for small businesses, 270
  • Supreme Court, 101
  • Supreme Military Council (SMC), 88
  • “Symposium on Traditional Leadership and Local Government,” 14
  • TAARN. See Traditional Authority Applied Research Network (TAARN)
  • Tanzania, 11
  • Tapscott, C., 180, 182, 191
  • TCPA. See Tshezi Communal Property Association (TCPA)
  • Ten Women Achievers from the Ashanti Region of Ghana, 60
  • tenure. See land tenure
  • Tenure Research Core Group (TRCG), 199
  • Thaba Bosiu, 160
  • Thaba Tseka, 149
  • Third Republic, 88, 98, 105
    • chieftaincy guaranteed, 101–2
    • policy shift toward traditional authority, 101
  • Thomas, Glen, 213, 217
  • Thornton, Robert, 17–18, 123
  • TLCs. See Transitional Local Councils (TLC)
  • tourism, 270, 279
  • traditional authorities, 2–3, 5, 46, 84, 89, 97, 124, 127, 130, 177–79, 237, 275. See also chiefs; chieftaincy
    • abuse of power, 192
    • accountability, 19, 70, 179, 183
    • active politics, 234
    • administration of land, 10
    • age patterns of supporters, 75
    • under apartheid, 19, 99, 124, 127–28, 177–78, 190–91, 193–94, 213
    • appointment, 17, 183
    • authority, 22, 97, 192
    • autonomy, own source of, 96
    • Black Africans support, 75
    • changed by colonial state, 19, 87, 99
    • citizen withdrawal of legitimation, 9
    • citizens wish for, 7
    • collaborating on HIV-AIDS, 25
    • collaboration with local governments, 43, 294
    • complementarity of state and, 241
    • constitutionalized, 42, 124, 130, 206, 273
    • continuing existence in Britain, Canada, 7
    • continuing presence during colonial and post-colonial eras, 85
    • contributions to democratization, 11, 14
    • corruption, 42, 178, 191, 194, 198
    • culture, transmitters of, 93
    • culture rooted in pre-colonial, 93
    • current recognition (South Africa), 197
    • current South African law, 135
    • custodians of heritage and values, 51
    • decline in interest in, 11
    • decline in powers, functions and status, 260
    • and democracy (See democratic structures)
    • development, 11, 17, 22, 170, 192, 289, 293–94
    • discredited, 177, 194
    • education, 17, 72, 178, 192
    • education of supporters, 75
    • election, 17, 70, 73–76, 91
    • fathers and mothers of the people, 93
    • functions, 272
    • governance, 41, 289
    • government recognition, 274
    • grassroots support, 269
    • growing interest in, 14
    • images from interviews, 61–63
    • images of in Akan orature, 52–58
    • images of in recently published books, 58–60
    • important local functions, 18
    • important topic in other countries, 291
    • income, 73
    • Indian support, 75
    • intermediary between living and ancestors, 59
    • land administration, 174–75, 179, 200–201, 217, 272
    • land allocation, 19, 21–22, 187, 191–92
    • and Land Boards, 259
    • land reform, 198
    • land settlement, 166
    • land tenure, 175, 221
    • legitimacy, 9, 18, 96, 99, 124–25, 135, 179, 193, 195, 231
    • legitimacy from pre-colonial rooted culture, 92–93, 233
    • legitimacy from religion (ancestors), 92
    • legitimacy from state recognition or popular support, 125
    • legitimacy in post-colonial state, 91
    • legitimacy independent of state acts, 235
    • legitimacy pool of contemporary state, 91
    • legitimacy rooted outside colonial, 102
    • local governance, 9–10, 13, 19, 93–95, 102, 115, 156, 169
    • in local government, 9–10, 17–18, 22, 95, 99, 102, 104, 106–7, 114, 124, 146, 156, 175, 198, 205, 221, 252, 257, 281–82, 284
    • and local political dynamics, 266
    • own interests vs. interests of constituents, 71
    • partial sovereignty, 233
    • partisan politics, 17, 42, 74–76, 125, 154, 294
    • peacemakers, 60
    • perceived as delivering the vote, 70
    • political role, 71, 73–74, 76
    • post-colonial state attempt to control, 10, 19, 88, 99–100, 113, 146
    • powers, 18, 21, 53–55, 125–26, 131, 137, 142, 181, 185, 194, 271, 274
    • public debate about, 146
    • public stances, 74–76
    • recognition by post-colonial states, 17
    • relationship with followers, 71, 291
    • required to carry out all orders, 272
    • response to post-apartheid policies, 175
    • revival of interest in, 11
    • rural vs. industrial, 72–73
    • rural vs. urban, 75
    • salaries, 183, 193, 208, 252–53, 272
    • secret powers, 142
    • service delivery, 289
    • as significant form of authority in rural areas, 146
    • social change, 289
    • social role, 59
    • socio-economic characteristics, 17, 71–73, 178
    • sources of cultural pride, 3
    • sovereignty, 231
    • as spiritual leader, 63
    • usufruct rights, 137
  • Traditional Authority Applied Research Network (TAARN), 13–14, 41, 61, 62, 295
  • Traditional Councils, 109, 112
  • “Traditional Leadership and Local Governance in Social Policy in West and Southern Africa,” 13
  • traditional leadership structures capacity-building support, 293
  • training and infrastructural assistance, 293
  • traditional rulers, 45
    • legitimate moral and social leaders, 42
  • traditionalists (oral tradition)
    • as living memory of communitites, 36
  • transhumance system (Basotho), 168–69
  • Transitional Local Councils (TLCs), 203, 220
  • Transitional Local Government Act of 1993, 203
    • limited role for traditional authorities, 206
  • Transitional Representative Councils (TrepCs), 203, 205, 213, 220
    • composition and election, 204
  • Transitional Rural Councils (TRCs), 203
  • Transkei
    • independence, 197
    • as testing ground for local government, 187
  • Transvaal Location Commission, 184, 186
  • Treasury Proclamation, 252
  • Tribal Administration, 257, 261
  • Tribal Authorities, See traditional authorities
  • Tribal Authority Offices, 276–77
  • Tribal Councils, 252, 257
  • Tribal Land Act, 258
  • Tribal Treasuries, 251
  • tribes, 178
    • consent to be ruled, 129
    • recognition of chief as chief, 140
  • trokosi, 111
  • Tshezi case study, 174–75, 218
    • lessons, 220–21
    • role of commissioned research, 221
  • Tshezi communal area, 215–17, 219
  • Tshezi Communal Property Association (TCPA), 215–18
  • Ubukhosi, 282, 284. See also royalty; chiefs
  • Uganda
    • kingdoms abolished, 11
  • Uganda 1967 Constitution, 11
  • umbrella (kyinie)
    • of chiefs and queenmothers, 232
    • symbol of kingship, 231
  • UN, 124, 130
  • UN millennium summit, 33
  • Union of South Africa, 182, 187
  • United Democratic Front, 195
  • United Democratic Movement of Bantu Holomisa, 214
  • United States, 7
    • lessons from Africa’s Houses of Chiefs, 23
  • United States Senate, 255
  • United Transkeian Territories General Council (UTTGC), 184
  • Universal Bill of Human Rights, 124, 130, 219
  • Upgrading and Land Tenure Rights Act amendment, 200
  • Upgrading of Land Tenure Bill, 197–98
  • urban nouveau bourgeoisie, 131
  • usufruct rights, 156, 164
  • Valsan, E. H., 15
  • van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E. A. B., 41, 241
  • Village Development Committee (VDC)
    • elected residents, 165
    • villagers view of, 165
  • villages
    • kinship model of authority, 153
    • market economy, 163
    • modern nation state and, 164
  • violence, 5, 101
  • Wallis, Malcolm, 18, 145
  • Weber, Max, 135
  • The Weekend Statesman, 38
  • West Africa, 230
  • White Paper of Local government, 210–11
  • White Paper on Integrated Rural Development, 269
  • White Paper on Land Policy (South Africa), 200
  • White Paper on Land Reform (South Africa), 197
    • challenges to, 198
  • White Paper on Local Government, 203, 207
  • White Paper on Traditional Affairs development of, 208
  • White Paper on Traditional Leadership and Institutions, 271, 273
  • witch camp practices, 111
  • women, 111, 208
    • domination of, 128, 136
    • land tenure, 199
    • as percentage of traditional leaders, 72
    • progressive role models, 61
    • traditional local governance, 26
    • welfare of women and children, 294
  • Wool and Mohair Growers’ associations, 168
  • Worker’s Defence Committees, 105
  • World Bank, 47
  • Wright, Carl, 14, 22, 287
  • Wright, Richard, 37
  • youth, 128
    • authority over, 51
    • moral degradation, 51
    • and students, 195
  • Youth League, 195
  • Zimbabwean reforestation, 115
  • Zips, Werner, 19, 21, 41, 227
  • Zwelithini, King Goodwill, 128, 271
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Grassroots Governance
© 2003 D. I. Ray, P. S. Reddy, and the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA). All rights reserved.
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