Notes
Notes to Prologue
1 From François-René de Chateaubriand, Memoires d’outre-tombe (Paris: Garnier, 1998), 1541, “Je me suis rencontré entre les deux siécles comme au confluent de deux fleuves. J’ai plongé dans leur eaux troublées, m’éloignant à regret du vieux rivage où j’étais né, et nageant avec espérance vers la rive inconnue . . .” English translation by the author.
2 William Wordsworth, “The Prelude,” in William Wordsworth, ed. Stephen Gill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 475.
3 Charles Taylor, Hegel and Modern Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 119.
Notes to chapter 1
1 Leonard Cohen, “Democracy,” in The Future (New York: Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, 1992).
2 Please see Prologue, xi.
3 Mulroney, Brian, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2007), 829–30.
4 Daily Gulf reports, Government of Canada, National Archives (RG 25) Vol. 13184, File 57-12-8-1.
5 Daily Gulf reports.
6 Ann L. Hibbard and T.A. Keenleyside, “The Press and the Persian Gulf Crisis; The Canadian Angle,” Canadian Journal of Communication 20, no.2 (1995): para. 5, https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.1995v20n2a869.
7 Major Jean Morin and Lieutenant-Commander Richard H. Gimblett, Operation Friction, The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf 1990–1991 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997), 169–170. The officers were Captain Stephen Hill and Major David Kendall.
8 Daily Gulf Reports, op. cit. The report cites as its reference The Globe and Mail.
9 Canadian diplomat Michel Têtu. Of course, in 1991 President Bush did not pursue this line to its conclusion, eschewing the overthrow of Saddam Hussein after Kuwait’s sovereignty had been secured. His son, George W. Bush did follow through 13 years later by waging the second Gulf War.
10 John Karlsrud, “For the greater good?: ‘Good States’ turning UN peacekeeping towards counter-terrorism,” International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis (March 19, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020119834725.
Notes to chapter 2
1 The provision ensuring that Canada supplies to the US market in times of shortage has never been invoked. In recent years, the Canadian petroleum industry has faced the opposite problem. Access has been impeded by US regulatory measures often imposed for environmental reasons. The assertion that the FTA just reflected the IEA agreement was more than debatable. It’s a cooperative agreement among 17 member countries and provides for no enforcement provisions.
2 Michael Hart, Bill Dymond, and Colin Robertson, Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US Free Trade Negotiations (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994), 344.
3 Prominent members of the team were Frances Phillips, a former Financial Post reporter and a capable Spanish speaker after an assignment in Mexico; Trina Oviedo, a Venezuelan-Canadian still completing her undergraduate degree and later political first secretary in Canada’s embassy to Congo; Rosemarie Boyle, an ex CBC journalist who would later become executive assistant to Bank of Canada Governor Stephen Poloz; and Jacqueline Bogden, a bright and enthusiastic officer also then completing her undergraduate degree. She subsequently became a senior executive in the Canadian public service, rising in recent years to assistant deputy minister at Health Canada where she oversaw the passage of legislation legalizing marijuana and headed a task force on the COVID-19 pandemic. Providing overall executive direction to our team was Christine Desloges, director of the Department’s trade communications division and later Canada’s ambassador to Vietnam. Paul Giroux, her deputy director, gave logistical support, and later left the government for more lucrative private sector opportunities.
4 Global Affairs Canada, Foreign Trade – Treaties and Agreements – Free Trade Agreements – Canada-USA-Mexico – Third Party Relations (37-3-4-2-4).
5 Global Affairs Canada, Report of the Zacatecas negotiations, November 1991.; Global Affairs Canada Free Trade Agreements – Canada-USA-Mexico.
6 External Affairs and International Trade Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement: An Overview and Description, 1992, identifier b2442516E, CA1 EA 92N51 ENG, accessed July 18, 2022, http://gac.canadiana.ca/view/ooe.b2442516E/170?r=0&s=1. The background package may be found at the above link, courtesy of the Global Affairs Canada library – a more polished package that included a trilaterally-agreed summary was released a week later.
7 The speech was given as part of the Ambassador Speaker Series hosted by the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University. It was delivered in the Senate Board Room of Robertson Hall.
Notes to chapter 3
1 The Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities headed by retired judge John Gomery confirmed that funds set aside to raise awareness of federal programs in Quebec were diverted to the benefit of several Liberal Party operatives.
2 Question Period briefing note, BCD 0038.
3 “Gomery Phase One Report: Who is Responsible? Communication Agencies: Principals, Contracts and Interactions,” CBC, November 1, 2005, 66, https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/groupaction/gomeryreport_phaseone.html.
4 Lloyd Axworthy as cited by Andre Lui in Why Canada Cares: Human Rights and Foreign Policy in Theory and Practice (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012), 71.
5 See Bob Bergen, Scattering Chaff: Canadian Air Power and Censorship during the Kosovo War (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2019).
6 Pierre Martin and Michael Fortmaun, “Support for International Involvement in Canadian Public Opinion after the Cold War,” Canadian Military Journal 2, no. 2, (2000), www.journal.forces.gc.ca/Vo2/No3.
7 Rumyana Vakarelska, “UK to steer plutonium processing projects by year end,” Reuters Events – Nuclear, October 8, 2015, https://www.reutersevents.com/nuclear/waste-management/uk-steer-plutonium-processing-projects-year-end.
Notes to chapter 4
1 Edward Shevardnadze, “Soviet Union’s Foreign Policy,” interview by Pravda, June 26, 1990, https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/interview_with_edward_shevardnadze_on_the_soviet_union_s_foreign_policy_26_june_1990-en-680cef25-e267-420a-9bce-432704074e20.html.
2 Steven Lee Myers, “Suicide Bomber Kills 5 in Moscow Near Red Square,” New York Times, December 10, 2003, https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/10/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-in-moscow-near-red-square.html.
3 J. Hartog, Aruba: Short History (Aruba: Van Dorp, 1988), 74.
4 Accorded the principal responsibility to conduct Canada’s bilateral relations with a country without an embassy being on site.
5 Several government officials, including in ministerial offices, familiar with the meeting.
6 Karen Howlett, “No fly list ends beach vacation,” The Globe and Mail, January 7, 2006, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/no-fly-list-ends-beach-vacation/article701111/.
Notes to chapter 5
1 “Canadian Council Of Forest Ministers (CCFM): Preparing Forestry For The Next Century” Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat, September 20, 1999, https://scics.ca/en/product-produit/news-release-canadian-council-of-forest-ministers-ccfm-preparing-forestry-for-the-next-century/.
2 Elaine Feldman, “Some Lessons from the Last Softwood (Lumber IV) Dispute,” University of Calgary: The School of Public Policy Publications, Volume 10, no 24, October 2017.
3 Feldman, “Some Lessons from the Last Softwood (Lumber IV) Dispute.”
4 Charles Dickens, Bleak House (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 95.
5 Katie Hoover and Ian F. Ferguson, The 2006 US-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA); In Brief, Congressional Research Service, May 18, 2017, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R44851.pdf.
Notes to chapter 6
1 Cited in John Hilliker, Mary Halloran, and Greg Donaghy, Canada’s Department of External Affairs, Volume III, Innovation and Adaptation 1968–1984 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 196.
2 Donald Savoie, Whatever Happened to the Music Teacher? How Government Decides and Why (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 148.
3 Savoie, Whatever Happened to the Music Teacher?, 138.
4 Savoie, Whatever Happened to the Music Teacher?, 150.
5 Cultureenperil, “Culture en péril (version longue),” September 23, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3HVFsIQ5M4.
6 Paul Wells, The Longer I’m Prime Minister: Stephen Harper and Canada, 2006 (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2013), 169.
Notes to chapter 7
1 They had sought from within the ministry to project the view that the government was open to modifying the apartheid system. Jacobs had been in the South African embassy in Bonn in the late ’80s when black and “coloured” rugby players were brought in to participate in international contests in Germany. Although scorned by many anti-apartheid activists, these contests were signs that the apartheid regime was starting to soften some of the most rigid attitudes (that blacks and whites could not play on the same field was one of apartheid many excesses).
2 “Factsheet: South Africa’s crime statistics for 2016/17,” Africa Check, October 24, 2017, https://africacheck.org/factsheets/south-africas-crime-statistics-201617.
3 Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huntley, (2010) 375 F.T.R. 250 (FC), para. 8.
4 Huntley, para. 9.
5 Huntley, para. 15.
6 Huntley, para. 57.
7 Huntley, para. 156.
8 Huntley, para. 254.
9 E-mail between Russell Kaplan and the author.
10 Refugee Appeal Division, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 2016 CanLII 37544 (CA IRB); 2016-01-22; 6; Anonymous South African appellants in closed hearing seeking to overturn a negative ruling by the IRB, denying claims of persecution on the basis of race and political opinion.
11 E-mail interview with the author, April 6, 2018.
Notes to chapter 8
1 Promit Mukherjee, “Arms deal corruption trial against South African ex-President Zuma to start in May,” Thomson Reuters, February 23, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-zuma-idUSKBN2AN0W2.
2 Marianne Thamm, “Khwezi, the woman who accused Jacob Zuma of rape, dies,” The Guardian, October 10, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/10/khwezi-woman-accused-jacob-zuma-south-african-president-aids-activist-fezekile-ntsukela-kuzwayo.
3 BBC, “South African President Jacob Zuma ‘is a sex addict,’” Modern Ghana, February 2, 2010, https://www.modernghana.com/news/261780/south-africa-president-jacob-zuma-is-a-sex-addict.html.
4 Stephen Chan, Old Treacheries, New Deceits: Insights into Southern African Politics (Cape Town: Jonathan Bell Publishers, 2011), 250.
5 Mike De Souza, “Canada’s anti-Kyoto stance sours climate-change discussions in Durban,” Nunatsiaq News, July 20, 2022, https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674canadas_anti-kyoto_stance_sours_climate-change_discussions_in_durban/.
Notes to chapter 9
1 Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2012).
2 Fred Khumalo, “Zuma’s Song,” Sunday Times, December 23, 2012, https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2012-12-23-zumas-song/. Not knowing isiZulu, I compared my notes with this Sunday Times account of the conference.
3 These words are paraphrased from Nelson Mandela’s famous autobiography Long Walk to Freedom (New York: Little Brown & Co., 1994).
4 That Mandela was suffering from dementia was confirmed to me by a diplomatic source who was particularly well-connected to the Mandela family.
5 Nick Thompson and Kim Norgaard, “Video of ailing Nelson Mandela prompts outrage in South Africa,” CNN, May 2, 2013, https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/30/world/africa/south-africa-mandela-video/index.html
6 Erin Conway-Smith, “The curious case of the death of Malawi’s president,” GlobalPost, March 20, 2013, https://theworld.org/stories/2013-03-20/curious-case-death-malawi-s-president. Malawi President Bingu wa Mutharika died suddenly in April 2012. To delay the appointment to the presidency of vice-president Joyce Banda, the president’s brother, who had ambitions to replace him, claimed he was still alive. In a rather elaborate ruse, the corpse – with medical equipment attached – was flown to a South African military base to be transported to a Pretoria hospital where he would supposedly receive treatment unavailable in Malawi. Although the South African pilot initially refused to transport the obviously lifeless body, the plane took off after the South African high commissioner was summoned to the airport by Malawian authorities. But after their arrival in South Africa, President Jacob Zuma refused to go along with the charade and announced Mutharika’s death two days after the fact. Despite Zuma’s role in lifting the shroud of mystery in the Malawi case, many South Africans – highly skeptical of Zuma and many of his ANC comrades – promoted the notion South African authorities were concocting their own Malawi caper.
7 President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged to the Zondo Commission’s Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector Including Organs of State that state procedures regarding the Russian nuclear deal were not followed by Jacob Zuma, his predecessor. “Commission of Inquiry into State Capture,” Part II, Volume 6, sections 235 and 244, pages 98 and 102, accessed July 18, 2022, www.statecapture.org.za.
8 The Zondo Commission “establish(ed) that . . . the extensive scheme of corruption and wrongdoing that afflicted public entities, government departments and other state agencies of South Africa (were present) during the period under review, notably, but not exclusively, at the instances of the Gupta enterprise.” “Commission of Inquiry into State Capture,” Part II, Vol. 6, sections 69 and 70, pages 32 and 33.
9 A detailed account of the corrupt tender process for Transet’s rail equipment is contained in the Zondo Commissions’s inquiry, “Commission of Inquiry into State Capture,” Part II, Volume 1: Transnet, 1–494.
Notes to chapter 10
1 The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2018 Edition (New York: The Economist Newspaper Ltd., 2017).
2 In the interest of privacy and to protect the identities of those involved, neither names nor specific details of these cases are divulged here.
3 As translated from French in my notes.
4 Although certainly the largest, Sherritt’s Ambatovy mine and refinery were not the only facilities in Madagascar with Canadian links. On the far southern tip of Madagascar at Fort Dauphin is QMM. Originally standing for Quebec Madagascar Mines and Minerals, the ilmenite mine was acquired by the British-Australian company, Rio Tinto, but some of its personnel continued to be Canadian. The ore, a combination of titanium and iron, comes from a surface deposit that is essentially scraped away and milled before being shipped to a refinery in Sorel, Quebec. QMM was also being caught by the regime’s efforts to generate more revenues.
5 In the subsequent election, archrivals Rajoelina and Ravalomanana finally confronted each other at the polls. Rajoelina emerged the victor, his transformation from militarily installed consul to elected president at last complete.
Notes to chapter 11
1 “Senador Quintana anuncia ‘retroexcavadora’ contra modelo neoliberal,” Emol Nacional, March 25, 2014, https://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/03/25/651676/nueva-mayoria-advierte-que-pasara-retroexcavadora.html.
2 In fact, this perspective was promoted by one of the advisors of Pinochet who sought to give his rule legitimacy. Jaime Guzmán was founder of Chile’s most right-wing political party, the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI). Guzmán was gunned down in an act of unalloyed political revenge by leftist assassins in the early days of the restored democracy.
3 “Empresarios le dicen a Bachelet en su cara que las reformas son el origen de la incertidumbre económica,” El Mostrador, November 6, 2014, https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2014/11/06/sofofa-cuestiona-reformas-del-gobierno-y-las-severas-criticas-al-rol-del-sector-privado/.
4 “Corte Suprema paraliza proyecto minero El Morro de Goldcorp,” La Tercera, October 7, 2014, https://www.latercera.com/noticia/corte-suprema-paraliza-proyecto-minero-el-morro-de-goldcorp/.
Note to Epilogue
1 Jean Chrétien, My Stories, My Times (New York: Penguin Random House, 2018), 59–60.