Index

Page numbers followed by f refer to figures and those followed by n refer to notes, with note number.

A

Achacachi, 5, 181, 254

Achamoco peasant center, 145, 181

acllas, 25

agrarian conflict

pre-revolutionary conflict in Ayopaya and Ucureña, 39–46 and 47–53

peasant unions, 45, 47, 51

access to hacienda land, 50

rural schools, 49

agrarian cooperatives, 61, 70, 71, 83, 115, 120, 122–23, 165, 274, 278–279

agrarian question, 68

agrarian reform

colonial, 27–29

precolonial, 24–25

republican, 32

agrarian revolution, 11, 66, 78, 83–85, 87, 91, 111–112, 243, 271, 273–274

agregado, 30, 54

Aguirre Gainsborg, José, 36

Aiquile, 65, 126, 298n7–8

Álvarez Plata, Vicente, 176, 181

Alliance for Progress, 173, 188, 196, 200

Ana Rancho, 48–51, 71, 256

Anaya, Ricardo, 36

anticommunist rhetoric, 45, 64, 67, 77, 87, 92, 105, 132, 138–139, 144, 146, 149, 152, 172, 188–189, 195–196, 201, 203, 212, 222, 275

anticommunist doctrines

Catholic Church doctrine, 67

national security doctrine, 188

military nationalistic doctrine, 224

See also Cold War

Arce, Washington, 119, 298n7

Arias, Gregorio, 207f4.7

Arispe, Andrés, 83

Arispe, Fortunato, 191f4.4

Arque, 37, 62–64, 126, 130–133, 142, 147, 262, 298n7–8

arrimante, 30, 54, 79, 233

Arze, José Antonio, 36, 49

Arze Quiroga, Gabriel, 117, 150–151, 207, 293n7

Arze Loureiro, Eduardo, 49, 51, 124

authority

access to land and, 233

images of, 13, 16

patriarchy and, 231, 233, 249, 265

Ayala Mercado, Ernesto, 124

ayllu-comunarios movement, 133–136

Ayopaya, 11, 37, 39–46, 52, 55, 60, 62–63, 75, 105, 130, 132

B

Barrientos Mamani, Zenón, 151–152, 153f3.7

Barrientos Ortuño, René, 13, 171, 173, 196, 200f4.6

assassination attempt, 205

coup d’état, 207–208

memorandum of mutual understanding and, 201

peasant-military pact, 205

vice-presidential candidate, 197, 199, 204, 207

Bella Vista headquarters, 95f2.5

See also militiamen

Bolívar, Simón, 32

Burgoa, Rómulo, 201

Bush, Germán, 36, 51

Bustamante, Luis, 98f2.6

C

cacique, 3, 5

cacique apoderado, 19, 54

cacique campesino, 8, 12–13, 173, 211, 224, 239, 276, 280

cacique sindical, 254

caja de comunidad, 28, 290n14

Calatayud, Alejo, 31

Calvimontes, Leónidas, 50

Campero, 62, 64–65, 132, 146

campesino

as an ethnic group, 8, 59, 130, 172, 215, 254–255, 265

as an identity, 1, 10, 13, 16, 20, 47, 116, 228–230, 231, 251, 260, 263, 264–265, 277–281

as a social class, 17, 59, 211, 256, 265, 267, 270–271, 282

on political experience, 16, 257–263, 265, 271–276

on power relations with vecinos, 12, 59, 113, 115–117, 128, 148–155, 169–170, 172, 210, 253, 265, 271, 283

See also peasantry

Campos, Jorge, 140, 176, 181–182

Canelas, Demetrio, 59

Carrasco, Miguel, 46, 47f1.2

Casilla, Román, 191f4.4

Cassab, Alfredo, 193

Castro, Fidel, 69f2.1, 90, 172, 188

Castro, Juvenal, 263f5.6

Catholic Church

agrarian reform commission and, 293n4

anticommunist doctrine and, 67

Catholic agrarian unions, 61, 67

revolutionary change and, 58

Central Obrera Boliviana (COB), 58, 70, 73, 77, 83, 119, 137, 197, 202, 272, 274

foundation, 57

North American hostages and, 202

Central Obrera Departamental (COD), 193, 215

political support to Cliza, 185, 188–189

Central Obrera Boliviana de Unidad Revolucionaria (COBUR), 202

Central Sindical Campesina del Valle, 81, 86

Centro de Acción Charcas, 149

Centro Rural de la Provincia Campero, 64

Chaco War, 227, 264

campesino identity and, 38, 47, 230

ethnicity in the army, 35

war veterans, 11, 48, 55, 143, 184

Chacón, Emilio, 74–75, 83, 85, 96

Champa Guerra, 5, 12, 15–16, 95, 172, 181–187, 201, 208, 223–224, 231, 237, 243–244, 248, 257, 259–261, 264–265

ambush to candidate Víctor Paz, 182

initial confrontation, 180

Miguel Veizaga’s arrests, 184, 199

military presence, 187, 197

Mulofalda massacre, 184

pacification commission (Santivañez), 186f4.3, 187

peasant leaders’ assassinations, 193, 195, 196, 199

1960 presidential election result, 183

president Paz political ambivalence, 191, 195

Ucureña attacks to Cliza town, 142–144, 185–186, 193

Ucureña threats to blockade Cochabamba city, 88, 139, 184, 193

vice-president Juan Lechín’s support to Cliza, 185–186, 192

Chávez, Julián, 186f4.3, 187, 190–191, 193

Chávez Ortiz, Ñuflo, 61, 68, 69f2.1, 77, 93f2.4, 125f3.2

short bio, 68

on his polemic with landlords, 70

on the agrarian reform process, 124, 293n4

on peasant political economy, 68–70, 92, 104

on POR’s political attacks, 70

on radical peasant leadership, 87–91

political control commission and, 142

renounce the vice-presidency, 142, 164

vice-presidential candidate, 137, 139, 179

chicha, 31, 54, 72, 106, 156, 166, 227, 237, 241, 244–249, 261, 264

chichería, 15, 129, 139, 229, 230, 233, 241, 245, 246f5.5, 247, 269

Choroma peasant federation, 115, 117, 149, 150, 152–153, 155–156, 158

cholo, 2, 5, 30–31, 54, 241, 252–253, 255, 265, 269

Civic Action, 173, 188, 196, 275

Cliza, 48

pre-revolutionary conflict and, 48–53

peasant unions in, 49, 51–52, 66, 71

See also haciendas (Santa Clara), Champa Guerra, and Revolutionary conflict and Cliza

Cold War, 3, 5, 12, 172, 187–188, 216, 224, 265, 275, 282, 285

Colomi rebellion, 76–77, 91, 112

colono, 1, 11, 19, 33, 35, 37–38, 40, 48–52, 55, 66, 71, 77, 79–80, 92, 119, 130, 140, 174, 233, 270, 273

colonaje, 35

Comando Departamental del MNR (CDM), 86, 96, 119

country vs city and, 139, 142–143, 145–146

MNR’s right-wing power scheme and, 62, 90, 118, 176, 137–139

“old militants” group and, 207

“progressive landlords” and, 147

military coup and, 204

political control and, 141–142, 182

Comando Provincial del MNR (CPM), 64–65, 118–119, 152

Comité Pro-Cochabamba, 108, 213

comunario, 9, 11, 19, 20, 37–38, 40–46, 54–55, 77, 115–116, 126, 130–136, 272

Consejo Nacional de Reforma Agraria (CNRA), 139

contribuciones, 32

Colque, Encarnación, 83, 88, 92

curaca, 26–35, 38, 53–55, 131, 215, 239, 290n14

D

de la Vega Alvarado, Joséph, 28

de Ondegardo, Polo, 27, 29, 290n11

de Orellana, Francisco, 27

de Silva, Hernando, 27

de Sucre, Antonio José, 32

de Toledo, Francisco, 27

de Viedma, Francisco, 31

Delgadillo, Francisco, 48

Duran, Miguel, 98f2.6

E

Echeverría, Walter, 134f3.4

El Morro peasant center (Sacaba), 146, 175, 178, 185, 194, 198, 205

El Mundo newspaper

political orientation, 173–174

El Pueblo newspaper

political orientation, 117

encomiendas, 26–27, 29

entrismo, 84

Encinas, Enrique, 177f4.2, 189, 194f4.5, 199, 200–201, 216, 222

short bio, 177

murder attempt to, 200

special tribunal and, 177

Escobar, Narciso, 195, 308n42

Ex-vinculación Law, 32

F

Falange Socialista Boliviana (FSB), 183

coup attempts and, 96–97, 117

foundation, 36

urban unrest and, 179

Federación Rural de Cochabamba (FRC)

agrarian policies and, 103–104

agrarian revolution and, 109–111

Colomi rebellion and, 76

ideological positions and, 72, 148

opposition to social change and, 58

peasant education and, 50

Federación Sindical Agraria Boliviana (FSAB), 109

Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Campesinos de Cochabamba (FSTCC), 58, 96, 124, 130, 133–137, 140, 178, 272,

anti-peasant rhetoric and, 195

area of influence, 148

arms confiscations and, 98–99

civilizing projects and, 104, 166

conflicts with authorities, 138–139, 146, 148

Colomi rebellion and, 76–77

foundation, 46, 67, 73, 273

internal coup and reaction, 82–83, 87–88, 91

on internal conflicts, 81–82, 174, 176, 215, 222

on parallel organizations, 119, 182, 185, 189, 194, 199

radical political demands, 78

support for the army intervention and, 197, 201, 205, 207

forastero, 30, 54

Fortún, Armando, 192

Fortún, Federico, 88, 203–205

G

Galarza, Alejandro, 147, 151, 176, 182

Gamboa, Juan de Dios, 48

gente decente, 47

Grágeda, Hilarión, 40–46, 47f2.2

short bio, 40

Grigoriu Sánchez de Lozada, Raimundo, 293n4

Guamán, Jaime, 205

Guerra, Juan, 51–52

Guevara, Liborio, 192

Guevara Arze, Walter, 36, 82, 147, 169, 172, 174–176, 180–183

Guzmán, Enrique, 98f2.6

H

haciendas

Alcoholería, 107

Convento, 78–79, 96

Choro, 75f2.3

Huatuyu, 75

Illuri, 77

Llacma, 105

Ovejería, 294n15

Parte Libre, 40, 42

Paucarpata, 29

Santa Clara, 48, 50–52, 72, 78–79, 108, 174, 233, 273

San Ignacio, 92

Tucma, 123

Vacas, 78–79

Yayani, 40–45, 105

Herbas, Ángel María, 77

I

iconography, revolutionary, 121–122, 157, 165–169

Incas, 24–25

identity

ethnic, 154, 251, 264

fiscal, 7, 30, 54

social, 252, 271

illiteracy, 46, 235, 255

Indians

colonial, 27–31

republican, 19, 32–35

in the revolutionary era, 1–13, 35–46

Indian Day, 165, 168

Indian Question, 36, 103

indígena originario, 284

Inturias, Crisóstomo, 83, 92, 178, 213, 306n139

J

journalistic genres, 59

Juárez, Macedonio, 190, 191f4.4

K

Katarismo, 6

L

La Loma, 50–51

Larraín, Víctor, 207f4.7

Latifundia, 33, 37, 62, 70–71, 104, 111, 149

Lechín Oquendo, Juan, 57, 120f3.1

COB and, 83, 94, 123

FSTCC and, 78, 83, 124, 273

hunger strike, 206

“la dolce vita” and, 198

on his political ambivalence, 89, 198

peasant militias and, 203

POR and, 57

pre-revolutionary image, 39–46

radical peasants and, 83, 85, 87–89, 124, 172, 177, 189, 198, 222

support for Cliza and, 186, 190, 192, 212, 214, 275

Lechín vs Paz, 185, 195, 206

vice-presidential candidate, 179, 182, 194, 197, 202, 204

Lemoine, Joaquín, 136, 298n2

literature

revolutionary, 239

Lizarazu, Basilio, 199

López de Solíz, Luis, 28

López, Gregorio, 200f4.6

Lora, Guillermo, 89

Los Tiempos newspaper

political orientation, 59

M

Machuca, Santiago, 191f4.4

Mamani Álvarez, Antonio, 110–111

mayordomo, 38, 80, 107, 157–158

mestizo, 2–3, 6–8, 10–11, 16, 20, 29, 30–33, 281–282

biological, 2, 29–31

cultural, 2, 7, 30–31, 53, 227–228, 250, 269

discourse on, 101–102, 239, 250–257, 268–271, 280

mestizaje, 10–11, 30, 229, 250, 268–271

memory, 5–6, 9, 230–231, 240, 243, 251, 256, 261, 276, 283

military socialists, 35, 293n63

militiamen, 95, 178, 182–195, 205, 213, 256, 260

march to Santa Cruz, 179

march to San Pedro de Buena Vista, 149–151

march to the mines, 202–203

march to Uchu Uchu and Ramada, 134–135

Valle Alto, 152f3.6

Valle Bajo, 95f2.5, 98f2.6,

minifundio, 69, 104, 138

miner, 1, 30, 33, 34f1.1, 37, 53–5, 60, 119–121, 123–124, 144, 165, 172, 178, 198, 202–204, 210, 221–222, 228, 274, 278–279, 282

mineworker, 2, 12, 71, 270, 273

Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos (MAC)

15 May 1945 decree and, 63, 68, 74, 92, 109–110

agrarian policies and, 70, 79, 119,

rural unions and, 58, 61, 67,

social control and, 73

mit’a, precolonial, 24, 290n11

mita, 27–30, 53

mitimae, 24–26, 53

Mizque, 37, 62, 64–65, 75, 132, 146

Montaño, Carlos, 74–76, 83, 88–91, 96

Montaño, José, 120f3.1

Montenegro, Mario, 76

Moscoso, Demetrio (“Deny”), 152, 154

Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR)

agrarian policies, 36–37, 60–61, 66–71, 124

April 9, 1952 insurrection, 1, 57

Champa Guerra and, 181–188

electoral campaigns, 136–139, 172

factions, 115, 172–174

foundation, 36

“la maquinita” palace gang, 203–205

left-wing anti-peasant rhetoric, 88–89, 104, 112, 171

moralization campaign, 141–142

“Pax Revolucionaria” and, 119

peasants and, 5–9, 11–13, 117, 128, 144

peasant unions and, 57–58, 71–82, 171, 243, 96–99, 125, 145–148, 174–180

political control mechanisms, 62–66, 77, 82–96, 148–160

political parties and, 243, 202–208

power blocks, 118–119

presidential election results, 139–140, 183, 207

right-wing anti-peasant rhetoric, 88–89, 92, 102–103, 112, 116, 161–169

sexenio, 44, 46

the military and, 188–208

Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario Auténtico (MNRA), 183

Mulofalda massacre, 184–185, 213

Muñoz, Gabriel (“the Miner”), 40–44

N

National Indigenous Congress, 37, 40

Navarro, Gustavo Adolfo (“Tristán Marof”), 36

newspapers

fake news, 142

sensationalism, 64, 212

Núñez Vela, Edgar, 125f3.2

O

Ochoa, Leandro, 191f4.4

Olmos, Facundo, 185, 186f4.3, 187, 205, 216, 222

anti-military rhetoric, 198, 200

his murder, 200

political support to Lechín, 194, 198–199

special tribunal and, 177

Olmos, Gualberto, 176

P

Paredes, Benedicto, 153–155

Partido de Izquierda Revolucionario (PIR), 44

agrarian reform commission and, 70

agrarian reform project and, 37, 60

foundation, 36

peasants and, 42, 52, 60, 171, 213, 272–273

Partido Obrero Revolucionario (POR), 49, 57

agrarian radicalism and, 37, 57, 70–71, 74, 82–99

agrarian revolution and, 11, 112, 243, 272

foundation, 36

FSTCC and, 82–83

peasants and, 60–61, 171

peasant leaders purge and, 88–91, 96

See also entrismo

Partido Revolucionario Auténtico (PRA), 190

Partido Revolucionario de la Izquierda Nacional (PRIN), 204

Paz Estenssoro, Víctor, 36, 90, 137

ambivalent political position, 184, 191, 195

peasants and, 46, 77, 85, 132, 140–141, 171, 190, 202, 212–215, 223, 244, 260–261

political support to Cliza, 184

political support to Ucureña, 72, 185–186

1952 presidency, 57, 83, 116, 164–165

1960 candidacy and presidency, 147, 172, 174

1964 candidacy and presidency, 13, 173, 176–180, 185, 197–198, 201, 203–208, 274–275

Paz Torres, Hugo, 202

peasant congresses, departmental

first (June 1953), 96, 252

second (July 1954), 124, 125f3.2, 148

third (August 1956), 140

fourth (May 1959), 178

fifth (October 1962), 194

sixth (March 1963), 197

peasantry

economic autonomy and, 35, 227

ethnic identity and, 135, 154–155, 228, 251, 255, 265, 269

MNR left wing and, 37, 68, 89, 92–93, 224

MNR right wing and, 63–66, 116, 145, 160, 169, 181

political autonomy and, 64, 68, 161–162, 259–260, 282

political struggles and, 37–53, 57, 72, 78, 85–87, 172, 179

shifting power relations with vecinos and, 116, 128, 148–156, 209, 255, 265

social class and, 60–61, 211, 282

the military and, 219–220, 224, 265, 277

See also agrarian conflict

Peasant-Military Pact, 5, 6, 140, 173, 205, 225, 258, 262, 275

Pedrozo, Lorenzo, 199, 298n8, 308n41

pegujal, 51, 52, 75, 81, 86, 140

pegujalero, 51, 53

Pérez, Elizardo, 49, 293n61

piquero, 1, 11, 19, 32–33, 35, 38, 47–55, 67, 102, 227, 269–270

Pizarro, Gonzalo, 26

political discourse, 15, 113, 173–174, 284

press monopoly, 117, 160–161

peasant public discourse, 131–132, 223, 228

vecino public discourse, 143–144

See also journalistic genres

pongo, 157

pongueaje, 37, 51, 63–64, 67, 69, 101, 227

Potosi (northern), clash, 148–155

Q

Quillacollo peasant center, 177–178, 199–200

Quispe, Paulino (“Wilasaco”), 254

R

Ramos, Antonio, 40–41

Ramos Quevedo, Luís, 40

Reducciones, 27–30, 54, 269

Revolutionary conflict and Cliza

arms confiscation, 96–99

land distribution, 121

memorandum of mutual understanding, 201

peasant unions in, 79, 81, 148, 156, 172–173, 174–176, 180, 183, 185, 188–189

political murders in, 192–193, 195, 196, 199

public discourse and, 214–215

Ucureña attacks on, 142–144, 185–186, 193

“peace hug” with Ucureña, 190

“2nd of August” peasant central, 190, 192

“4th of July” peasant central, 190, 192

vecino politics, 118, 142, 210

See also Cliza and Champa Guerra

Revolutionary conflict and Ucureña

agrarian cooperatives and, 122–123

anticommunist rhetoric on, 92, 139

Central Sindical Campesina del Valle, 81

Cliza town sieges and, 80–81, 142–144, 184, 193

Cochabamba city blockades and, 88, 139, 184, 193

Federación Especial de Ucureña, 81, 146

inter-union pact and, 178

land distribution, 86, 107–108

memorandum of mutual understanding, 201

military political discourse and, 218–223

“peace hug” with Cliza, 190

peasant-military pact and, 205–206

Revolutionary conflict and Ucureña (continued)

peasant unions in, 66, 72, 124–125, 140, 142, 147–151, 156–158, 171, 172–173, 176–178, 185, 202–203

public discourse and, 163, 165–169, 208–214

radical peasant cadre, 74–75, 84–88, 92–93

signing of the agrarian reform decree, 96, 108–109, 111

“troscobites,” 145–146

worker-peasant pact, 144

See also Ucureña and Champa Guerra

Revuelta, Antonio, 48, 51

Revuelta, Walter, 48, 79, 125f3.2, 147, 156–157, 193, 204

Rivas Antezana, Sinforoso, 34f1.1, 75f2.3, 93f2.4, 98f2.6, 129f3.1, 125f3.2, 126f3.3, 134f3.4, 153f3.7, 177f4.2, 186f4.3, 263f5.6

short bio, 273–274

accusations, 73, 83, 119, 140–141

CNRA and, 139

exile, 141

FSTCC and, 67, 73, 87, 91, 96, 124

peasant militia and, 95, 186

peasant unions and, 58

See also Juan Lechín and Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Campesinos de Cochabamba (FSTCC)

Rivas Ugalde, Eduardo, 176, 178, 201, 205

Rojas, José, 125f3.2, 153f3.7

short bio, 52

FSTCC and, 96, 119, 124

his arrest, 88

minister of peasant affairs, 178, 181, 208

MNR militancy, 90

MNR factions and, 143, 147, 193, 213, 222–223

northern Potosi conflict, 151, 155–157, 160

parliament and, 139–141

peasant unions conflicts and, 58, 66, 182, 189–191, 197, 273

presidential candidacy and, 195

radical leadership and, 74–75, 80–5, 92–93

the military and, 201

Ucureña union infighting and, 174–175, 214

Román, Emilio, 64–65

S

Salas, Toribio, 181, 194f4.5

San Isidro peasant union, 66

San Pedro de Buenavista, 115, 117, 149–159

San Román, Claudio, 201

Sánchez, Gustavo, 146, 194f4.5

Sánchez, Nemesio, 205

Sejas, Modesto, 83

Siles Zuazo, Hernán, 36, 68, 116, 165

hunger strikes, 141, 206

peasants and, 142, 171, 177–178, 244, 279

the military and, 206

Sindicato de Campesinos de Ucureña, 51

Sindicato de Agricultores y Educadores de Cliza, 51

Sipe Sipe, 26–28, 46, 67, 242f5.4, 272–273

Solíz, Jorge, 176, 190–195, 199, 201, 207f4.7, 306n139

Soriano Badani, Eduardo, 200f4.6, 201, 204

T

Tarata, 81, 97, 126, 145, 183, 216, 221, 256

Toro, David, 36, 49, 293n63

Tórrez, Mario, 123

Torrico, Narciso, 152, 154–155, 157

short bio, 150

his murder, 149

Torrico, Ramón, 180, 191f4.4, 192–193

Torrico, Víctor, 139–141, 164, 205

U

Ucureña

pre-revolutionary peasant unions, 49, 51–52

central school, 49–50

See also Revolutionary conflict and Ucureña

Únzaga de la Vega, Oscar, 36

Urey, Donato, 200–205

Urriolagoitia, Mamerto, 52

V

Valencia Vega, Alipio, 49

Vallejos, Agapito, 66, 90, 96–97, 99, 145, 182

Vargas, Francisco, 82

Vásquez, Mario, 191f4.4

Vásquez, Salvador, 126f3.3, 140, 186f4.3, 177, 187, 190, 195, 213, 263f5.6

short bio, 140

march to the mines and, 202–203

worker-peasant pact and, 144

Veizaga, Miguel, 175f4,1, 263f5.6

short bio, 174

alliance with Guevara, 175, 180, 214

exile, 199

parallel FSTCC, 182

peasant unions conflicts and, 186, 188–191

peasant and worker unions and, 182, 185, 188–189, 195

Ucureña union infighting and, 174–175, 214

Vera Tapia, Germán, 91, 118, 138, 293n7

Villarroel, Gualberto, 37, 40, 44, 63, 110, 293n54

W

women, 15–16, 25, 42–43, 165, 185, 230, 234–235, 236f5.2, 237, 238f5.3, 239, 242f5.4, 248–249, 278, 280–281

Y

Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), 36

yanacona, 25, 30, 53–54

Z

Zamorano, Aníbal, 293n7

Zannier, Víctor, 93f2.4

short bio, 90

arms confiscation, 97–99

peasant affairs coordinator, 90–94