Index
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A
Aboriginal communities and newcomer relations, 17–18, 220–21, 223, 228n45
Aboriginal customs, appropriation of, 17, 248–49, 258n81
Aboriginal people of Yukon
disruptions, 206, 208–9, 216–17
negotiations and adaptations, 202, 218, 220–22, 223, 227n41
activism
American influences, 82–83
credibility of, 29–30, 49–50, 57, 80, 95
finding allies in, 72–73
street theatre used in, 46–47
activism projects
against herbicide use, 29–30, 47–50, 91–97
against land development, 45–47
against uranium mining, 85–90
on forest management, 71–72
Adkin, Laurie, 55
Agnew, Eleanor, 260
Agricultural Land Commission, 62
agriculture. See farming
air pollution, 135, 136
Alaska Conservation Society, 226n23
Alfred, Monty, 213
alternative energy forms. See renewable energy
Alternatives for Community and Environment (ACE), 39
American immigrant politics, 81, 82–83, 84–85, 98
Anderson, Cheryl, 243
Annex neighbourhood, 7, 104
Another Newsletter, 109, 110, 123n18
appeal boards, 29–30, 49–50, 93, 95, 100n35
appropriate technologies, 13, 19, 21, 136
“appropriate technology” movement, 153, 155, 170n2, 172n20
aquaculture, 166
aquaponics, 156, 169, 176n84
Argenta, BC
herbicide protests, 92–93
homebirthing families, 242, 245
Quaker community, 84
Ark bioshelter, 158, 163, 164
goals, 158–59
government interest in, 16, 159–62, 260
opening ceremony, 153–54, 167–68
outcomes, 10, 154–56, 165–70
public interest in, 162–65
Armstrong, Dan, 64
Armstrong, Pat, 229, 234, 241, 242
Arnold, Vanessa, 266, 267, 269, 270, 276
Arrow articles, 72
art in birth quilts, 246–47
Attic Insulation (company), 112
B
back-to-the-land movement
in historical record, 182–83, 194–95
surveys, 10
as utopian, 5
values and philosophies, 4, 6, 19–20, 31, 56, 179, 190, 233
back-to-the-landers
departure of, 261, 275–76
education levels of, 13, 30, 32, 60, 229, 233, 284n76
environmental credentials of, 31
recreating the imagined past, 234, 246
Bailey, Paul, 45–46
Bardati, Darren, 73
Barrett government, 19, 46, 62
“Basic Organic Greenhouse Gardening” project, 190
Baum, Gregory, 11
BC Hydro, 33, 47–48, 92–93
BC. See British Columbia (BC)
Beauchemin, Paul, 49
Belasco, Warren, 236
Bell, Ilene, 246
Bennett (Bill) government, 46
Bennett (W. A. C.) government, 31–32
Benston, Margaret, 183
Bergmark, David, 165
bicycles and bicycling. See urban cycling
Bicyclist’s Manifesto, 133, 135, 140, 145
birth quilts, 246–47
BIXI system, 127
Blessing Way rituals, 247–49
Bloodoff, Peter, Jr., 61, 65
blue box program, 103–4, 116–19, 122n1, 125n54, 125n58
Bohlen, Jim, 49, 51n6
Bowman, Jim, 18
Bradford, Bill, 189
Brand, Stewart, 136, 158, 170n2
Braun, John, 61, 73
Braunstein, Peter, 3
Breines, Wini, 81, 198n37
British Columbia (BC). See also Islands Trust
community engagement policies, 62–63, 73
environmental politics, 97
land regulations, 19, 45–47
pesticide permissions, 48, 92–95
response to SVCFMP proposal, 71
road decisions, 42
rural governance, 31–32
on uranium mining, 79–80, 86, 88–89
British Columbia Recycling Council, 115
Brown, Dona L., 260
Brown, Hilary and Harrison, 14
Bunge, William, 110, 123n23
Burian, Rudy and Yvonne, 206–8, 213
Burke, Mary-Lynn, 87
Bush, Camille, 237, 243
businesses. See also Is Five Foundation (IFF)
Sunshine Coast projects, 192
C
Campbell government, 153, 160–61, 170
Campos, Leslie, 240
Canada. See also government funding programs
energy crisis responses, 159, 160
First Nations negotiations, 218
immigration legislation, 82
intelligence gathering, 15
northern development, 205–6, 214, 215, 217
recycling support, 114
renewable energy support, 161–62, 169–70
Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, 88
Canadian Council on Social Development survey, 10
Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden project, 114–15
Canadian Land Inventory, 64
Caniell, Richard, 92
Carleton County commune, 12–13
cars in society, 135–37
Castlegar herbicide permits, 96
Cavers, Matt
biographical highlights, ix
chapter by, 14, 15, 179–99
celebrations, 247–49, 273
Centre for Resource Recovery (CRR), 114
CFB Borden recycling project, 114–15, 124n40
Charlie, Bob, 213
Cheekye-Dunsmuir transmission line, 47–48
Chickadee Lake land use proposals, 39–41
childbirth, 230–31, 250. See also homebirths
children of back to the land movement
in adulthood, 275–80
fitting in, 267–71
in homesteader community, 272–75
obtaining stories of, 259–60, 261–62
relocation and housing, 262–65
work and play, 265–67, 284n65
CICC (Coalition of Intentional Cooperative Communities), 18
Citizens on Cycles. See Monde à bicyclette, Le (MAB)
Civic Party administration, 128, 130, 141, 147
civil disobedience, 87–90, 94, 99n15
Clearwater, 99n15
Coalition of Intentional Cooperative Communities (CICC), 18
Coast Family Society, 192, 193
Coast News articles, 183–84, 185, 187–88
Coates, Colin M.
biographical highlights, ix
chapter by, 1–25
Commission on Resources and Environment (CORE), 73
Communauto car sharing service, 147
Commune de la Plaine, La, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20
Commune des plateaux de l’Anse-Saint-Jean, La, 11
communes. See also back to the land movement
associations, 18–19
as model for institutions, 157
values and experiences, 7, 10–12, 12–13
community engagement and organizing. See also Monde à bicyclette, Le (MAB)
Denman Rag and Bone, 33–35, 36, 37–39, 51
First Nations, 218, 220–22
Genelle protest, 86–90
Kitchener blue box program, 118–19
Kootenay birthing families, 242–43, 245–49
Montreal cycling, 131–34
Slocan Valley, 57–58, 59, 62–64, 71–72
Sunshine Coast, 193
Toronto recycling, 107
West Kootenays anti-herbicide campaigns, 57, 59, 62–63
Yukon Conservation Society, 213–16, 222–23
Community Resource Boards Act, 62
composting, 125n48
conservation. See also Slocan Valley Community Forest Management Project (SVCFMP); Yukon Conservation Society (YCS)
communal living goals, 19
consulting services in, 114
First Nations perspective, 219
consumerism, 4, 5, 110, 114, 267
Copeland, Grant, 92
Corbeil, Marc, 7, 13, 18
CORE (Commission on Resources and Environment), 73
counterculture
antecedents, 14–15
development and expressions of, 3–5
influences on modern culture, 20–21
as mainstream rural, 278–80
youth vs. Aboriginal, 201–2, 209–10, 222–23
CP Rail, 94–95, 96, 97
Critical Mass rides, 146
Crowe Road Commune, 191–92
Cruice, Fred, 183–84
cycling. See urban cycling
Cyclists’ Internationale, 140
cyclo-dramas, 128, 141–44
Cyclo Nord-Sud, 147
D
Dalgleish, Ken, 188
Davies, Megan J.
biographical highlights, ix
chapter by, 12, 229–58
Dawson region, Yukon, 204, 207–8, 218, 220–22
DEL Equipment Ltd., 113
Deloria, Philip, 17
DeMarco, Carolyn, 237, 238, 242
Denman Island, BC. See also Gulf Islands
Chickadee Lake proposals, 39–41
ecologies, 30–31, 33, 51n3
Graham Lake subdivision, 45–47
herbicide proposals, 29–30, 47–48, 48–50
population, 52n15, 52n17
road maintenance, 41–43
tourism, 43–45
Denman Islanders
community engagement, 33–35, 36–37, 42
land management discussions, 37–38, 39–41, 45–47
on nude swimming, 11
populations, 32–33
on road decisions, 41–42, 43
on tourism, 43–45
Denman Rag and Bone, 33–35, 36, 37–39, 51. See also Denman Island, BC
Department of Indian Affairs (DIA), 218, 221
Detroit Geographical Expedition Institute, 110
development. See economic development; land use; resource development; sustainable living
DIA (Department of Indian Affairs), 218, 221
Dick-Read, Grantly, 243
die-ins, 143–44
Diefenbaker government, 206
Diggers, 144
Doherty, Margaret and Barney, 274
Don River pollution, 16
Douglas, John, 1
Doukhobors, 14, 56, 59, 60–61, 65, 84
Dowlin, John, 133
Doyle, Michael William, 3
draft resisters, 3, 14, 17, 82, 84, 179, 233
Drapeau administration, 130, 141. See also Civic Party administration
drug culture, 5, 59–60, 197n28
Drushka, Ken, 185–86
Dunsmore, Leslie, 29, 49–50
Durham SustainAbility (company), 120
Durie, Robert, 160
E
Earth Day (1970), 9
East York recycling, 112–13
ecologies
Ark bioshelter, 158–59, 165–66, 169
and economics, 8, 55–56, 57
rebuilding of Yukon, 214–16, 218–22, 223
self-sufficient systems, 21, 157–58
of small islands, 30–31
vision for forests, 65, 68–71, 73–74
economic development
and environmental scholarship, 55–56
of forests, 56–57, 58, 63–64, 73–74
economic systems
of Kootenay midwifery, 245–46
Sunshine Coast small-scale, 192
economies
Prince Edward Island, 160–61
of self-sufficient living, 10–11, 15–16, 20
West Kootenays, 12, 84
Yukon, 205–10
ecotourism, 74, 214, 215
Edell, Laura, 264, 274, 276
Egan, Michael, 6
Egmont commune, 192
Ehrlich, Lynda, 215
Elliot Lake uranium miners, 85
Ellis, Toni, 111–12, 120–21
energy alternatives. See renewable energy
energy conservation, 19, 109, 169
energy crisis responses, 153, 159, 160–61, 169
Energy Days conference, 161
energy-equity relationship, 137–38
Environment Canada
and Ark bioshelter, 160, 161, 168
multi-material recycling project, 114–15
recycling technology funding, 113
environmental appeal boards, 29–30, 49–50, 93, 95
environmentalism
of back to the land movement, 6, 10–11, 31, 37, 191–92, 263, 271
vs. economy and state, 55–56, 57, 59
Greenpeace, 3–4
late twentieth century, 8–9, 81, 82–83
and recycling, 107, 109–10, 114
technologies, 156–59, 169–70
of urban cycling, 129, 138
in West Kootenays, 80–81, 83, 91–97, 97–98
Yukon, 210–16, 222–23
Evans, Bonnie, 64
Evans, Conrad (Corky), 61–62, 63–64, 65, 69, 71, 75n16
Eweson, Ave, 92
F
farming
Ark bioshelter experiment, 156, 159, 166, 169
environmental approaches, 7, 10–11
in forest management ecology, 68, 70, 73
Opportunities for Youth grants for, 191–92
as therapy, 7
Farr, Lisa, 236, 241, 245
La Fédération québécoise de cyclotourisme, 130, 145
Feldhammer, Louis, 183
feminism
in the community, 35, 273
of homebirthing, 234, 242, 249
ideology against cars, 136
Festival of Awareness (1984), 247–48
Findlay, Rick, 114
First Hunt, 221–22
First Nations and newcomer relations, 17–18, 220–21, 223, 288n45
fish and fishing, 68, 166, 220
flea markets, 109, 113
food preparation and production, 191, 192, 236, 262, 263
forest management
British Columbia policy, 62–63, 73
pesticide use in, 92–94
sustainable model, 73–74
SVCFMP proposal, 56–58, 65–70, 91–92
Frank, Arthur, 241
Fraser, Dave, 48
French immersion schooling, 283n39
Frutkin, Mark, 10, 11–12
Fulks, Wayne, 184
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 157, 158, 173n23
G
Garbage Fest, 77, 116
Gaskin, Ina May, 243, 251n5
Gaye, Marvin, 9
GCCAC (Genelle Concerned Citizens Action Committee), 86
gendered roles division, 18, 235, 236, 273–74
Genelle, BC, 79, 86–90
Genelle Concerned Citizens Action Committee (GCCAC), 86
“Genelle Three” arrest, 79–80, 88, 89–90
Georgia Strait land advertisement, 183
Gerberding, Tim, 202–4, 220
Gibbs, Eryn and Keiran, 268, 278
Gibsons communes, 14, 183, 184, 193
Gill, Ray, 69
gleaning, 191–92
Goodbrand, Grant, 104
Goodman, Paul and Percival, 136
Gould, Rebecca Kneale, 190
government
as anti-environmental, 55–56
autonomy from, 6
involvement welcomed, 57
government funding programs
Ark bioshelter, 155, 159–62, 168
for forest management studies, 56, 61, 62, 91
grant award procedures, 108, 184–85
importance to counterculture survival, 15–16
public opinion on, 59–60, 187–90
for recycling, 107, 113
for renewable energy research, 161
for summer employment, 179–81, 190–93
for urban cycling, 134
Yukon conservation, 215
government initiatives on civic engagement, 57, 59, 62–63
Graham Lake subdivision, 45–47
Grant, Cora, 213
green architecture movement, 156, 169
greenhouses, 164, 166, 169, 190
Greenpeace, 3–4, 9, 16, 82
Gregg, John S., 185, 192
Grove, Richard, 30
guerilla lane-painting, 141–42
guerilla theatre. See theatre
Guest, Dennis, 113
Gulf Islands. See also Denman Island, BC
coalitions, 47–48
ecology, 30–31
immigration and habitation of, 31–32, 83, 182
H
Harcourt government, 73
Hare, F. Kenneth, 9
Harrop-Procter Community Co-op, 73–74
health alternatives, 234–35, 237, 240, 241
health concerns
cars, 135
herbicides, 47, 49, 91, 92–97
mainstream medicine, 230, 231, 237, 240
uranium exploration, 80, 86
healthy lifestyles
creating homespaces for, 234
cycling in, 129
newsletters about, 109
physical labour for, 1, 7
Hellman, Eric, 115–16, 117–19
Henderson, Stuart, 4, 19, 104
Henry, Percy, 209
Herbicide Appeal Board Hearing, 29–30, 49–50
herbicides, 47, 48–49, 91, 92–97
hippies. See also back-to-the-landers; children of back to the land movement; migrations; neighbours and newcomers
descriptions, 3–4, 265
Holm, Harlene, 46, 49
Holt, Diane, 242
homebirths
experiences, 229, 234–36, 237–38
legal risks of, 232
preparation for, 241–45, 257n64
spirituality in, 247
women’s motives for, 230–31, 234, 239–40, 240–41, 249–50
homesteading
land use, 3, 5–6, 19, 84, 182–83, 203
setting up, 204, 225n15, 260, 262–65, 275
work of, 191–92, 220
Hope, Jack, 209, 210
Hopwood, W. A., 40
Hornby Island, BC, 14, 32, 47–48
Houghton, John, 192
Hughes, Barry Conn, 159
human body
attitudes towards, 11–12, 20, 234
celebrated in childbirth, 237–38
control of one’s own, 241, 250
human-environment interactions. See also forest management
cars vs. bicycles, 136, 138
homebirths and midwifery in, 231
technology as mediator in, 157
in Western and Aboriginal cultures, 201–2, 222–23
in Yukon wilderness, 206, 211
Hunter, Robert, 3
hunting, 71, 208–9, 217, 221–22
I
IFF. See Is Five Foundation (IFF)
Illich, Ivan, 137
immigration. See also migrations
legislation, 2
IMR. See Institute of Man and Resources (IMR)
Innis-Taylor, Alan, 203, 204, 214, 224n3
Institute of Man and Resources (IMR), 156, 161, 165, 168, 176n68, 260
integrated resource management, 57–58, 65–70, 73–74
Is Five Foundation (IFF)
consulting spin-offs, 114–16
entrepreneurialism of, 104, 119–20
founding, 103, 106–7
funding, 12, 108, 113
projects, 109–10
recycling programs, 107, 112–13
volunteer experiences, 111–12
Isaacs, Colin, 119
Isaacson, Walter, 13
Isbister, Marcus, 42, 45
island ecologies, 30
Islands Trust, 32, 38, 41, 42, 44–45, 46, 48, 53n27
J
Jacob, Jeffrey, 260
Janovicek, Nancy
biographical highlights, ix
chapter by, 12, 55–77, 234
Johnson, Lady Bird, 8
Johnson, Michael, 109
Josephson, Bruce, 89
K
Katz, Ahmon and Sam, 264, 266, 267, 269, 271, 275, 276–77
KCAP (Kootenay Citizens for Alternatives to Pesticides), 93, 94, 96
Keck, Jennifer, 184
Kelly, Kel, 47
Kennedy, Des
background, 35
on Denman Island concerns, 37–38, 42–43, 43–45, 48
on Denman Rag and Bone launch, 33
on Herbicide Appeal Board Hearing, 29–30, 50
on nude swimming as flash point, 11
Kirk, Andrew, 154
Kirk, Doras, 43–44
Kitchener blue box program, 117–19
Kitsilano neighbourhood, 9
Klassen, Pamela, 247
Kluane National Park, 214, 217
KNSG (Kootenay Nuclear Study Group), 85–88
Koleszar, Aaron, 267–68, 269
Kootenay-Boundary Resource Management Plan, 73
Kootenay Citizens for Alternatives to Pesticides (KCAP), 93, 94, 96
Kootenay Forest Products, 72
Kootenay Nuclear Study Group (KNSG), 85–88
Kootenays. See also homebirths; Slocan Valley Community Forest Management Project (SVCFMP); West Kootenays
birthing family culture, 240–41, 245–49
immigration and settlement in, 14, 17, 80–81, 233
prenatal clinics, 242–43
Kostash, Myrna, 18, 236
Kremler, Ellie, 240, 245
L
Lacey, Monica, 272
Lafrance, Sylvie, 239
Laidlaw Waste Systems Ltd., 104, 117–19, 125n52
Lamare, Barry and Sally, 6, 90
Lamaze, Fernand, 243
Lammers, John, 211–14
Land and Resource Management Planning (LRMP), 73
land use. See also Slocan Valley Community Forest Management Project (SVCFMP)
Gulf Islands concerns, 31–32, 37–38, 45–47
homesteading, 3, 5–6, 19, 84, 182–83, 203
regulations, 19, 208–9, 213, 214, 217
squatting, 18, 204, 222
Lang, Raven, 243, 249, 258n81
Lang, Tom, 49
Lasqueti Island, BC, 14, 47–48
Laurel’s Kitchen and Earth Market Cook Book, 236
LEAP (Local Employment Assistance Program), 56, 61, 62, 75n17, 91
Lee, Brent, 88
Lees, David, 164
legal breaches and risks, 18, 87–90, 94, 141–44, 232
Legal Front Commune, 186, 192
Lemke-Santangelo, Gretchen, 236
Les Séguin (folk group), 9
Linnea farm, 19
LIP (Local Initiatives Program), 15, 108, 113, 123n16, 134
Little House on the Prairie, 13, 264–65
Living the Good Life: How to Live Sanely and Simply in a Troubled World (Nearing and Nearing), 10
Local Employment Assistance Program (LEAP), 56, 61, 62, 91
Local Initiatives Program (LIP), 15, 108, 113, 134
local residents. See neighbours and newcomers
Lockstead, Don, 48
logging
concerns, 31, 37–38, 63
in Kootenay economy, 57, 91
sustainable model, 73–74
SVCMFP recommendations, 58, 64, 65, 68–71
Lorimer, Jim, 46
Lost Whole Moose Catalogue, The, 207
Lovins, Amory, 171n8, 173n29, 174n40
LRMP (Land and Resource Management Planning), 73
Ludolph, Nyle, 116–19
Lustig, Jeff, 82
M
MAB. See Monde à bicyclette, Le (MAB)
MacDonald, Alec, 274
Macdonald, Gregg, 185, 186
MacEachern, Alan
biographical highlights, ix
chapter by, 16–17, 259–85
comments on, 156, 160
McGinnis, Jack, 105–6, 106–7, 108, 115, 120
McGregor, Herb, 88
McGuigan, Peter, 40
MacKay, Ken, 168
McKenzie, Judith I., 4
Mackenzie, Tom, 86
MacKinnon, Wayne, 160
McLarney, William (Bill), 156–57
McLuhan, Marshall, theories, 9
MacNeil, Jim, 167
MacPhail, Eddie, 274
MacPherson, Nancy, 215
McRobbie, George, 174n40
McWhirter, Duncan, 189
Mainmise, 136
Making the Scene (Henderson), 104
Malcolm Island, BC, 14
marijuana-growing suspicions, 187–88, 197n27, 199n49
maternalist culture, 235, 240, 242, 249, 250
May, Elaine Tyler, 235
MCM. See Montreal Citizens’ Movement (MCM)
media coverage
Ark bioshelter, 159–60, 162–63, 164–65
of back-to-the-landers, 1, 6, 183–84, 191, 192
Denman Island land development, 46, 46–47
of Montreal cycling advocacy, 133, 145, 146
Opportunities for Youth program, 189–90
street theatre protests, 16
Mende, Irma, 248
Merchant, Carolyn, 231
Metzger, George, 66–67, 68
Michael, Tim, 109
midwifery movement, 12, 230, 231
midwives
compensation, 245–46, 257n69
exclusion of, 251n3
government funding for, 16
legal risks, 232
practices, 237, 241–42, 242–45, 248
migrations, 2, 179
British Columbia, 31, 51, 58–59, 80–81, 82–85, 182, 233
Prince Edward Island, 260, 274–75
Yukon, 201–2, 222
Mills, Sean, 146
Milton-Park neighbourhood, 131
Mississauga blue box program, 119
Mitchell, Joni, 9
Mittman, Gregg, 231
Moncton recycling plant, 111
Monde à bicyclette, Le (MAB)
campaigns, 141–47
founding, 128, 131–34
ideologies, 135–41
Montreal
counterculture neighbourhoods, 131
cycling in, 12, 127–28, 129–30, 145–47
cyclo-dramas, 141–44
Montréal à Vélo, 146
Montreal Auto Shows, 135, 143
Montreal Bicycle Week (1975), 133–34
Montreal Citizens’ Movement (MCM), 131, 133, 134, 141
Montreal Gazette articles, 145, 146
Montreal Star articles, 189–90
Moosehide, Yukon, 220, 222
Morgan, Robert, 18, 185, 186, 189, 191–92
Morissette, Claire, 134, 138, 141, 142, 147
Morrison, Zoey
on back-to-the-land lifestyle, 263, 275, 279
on fitting in, 268, 271
on homesteader community, 273
on work and play, 265, 267
Mount Allison University recycling, 111
Mungall, Constance, 165
Murray, Ron, 116–17, 125n52
music, 9
N
NAG (Nonviolent Action Group), 93–94, 96
NAI (New Alchemy Institute), 155, 156–57
NASA designs for self-sufficient systems, 158
National Advisory Committee on Conservation and Renewable Energy, 169, 176n80
National Aeronautical Space Agency (NASA), 158
National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, 214, 226n28
nature
human relationship with, 1, 7, 83, 216, 223, 267
motifs in birth quilts, 246
reclaimed in homebirths, 231, 235, 239, 240, 241, 249–50
and technology interactions, 157
neighbours and newcomers, 14–15, 16–17
Denman Island, 11, 37, 39, 43–45, 51
First Nations relations, 17–18, 220–21, 223
Prince Edward Island, 267–71, 274–75
Slocan Valley, 57–58, 59, 60, 72
Sunshine Coast, 182, 183–84, 187–89, 193, 194–95
West Kootenays, 84, 89
Nelson protests, 96
Neufeld, David
biographical highlights, x
chapter by, 17, 201–28
New Alchemists
Ark Biosphere implementation, 165–68, 169–70
government interest in, 159–62
philosophy, 155, 171n8
public relations, 162–65
New Alchemy Institute (NAI), 155, 156–57
New Democratic Party
British Columbia, 19, 32, 46, 62–63, 73
Yukon, 216, 223
New Left politics, 9, 82–83, 157
New York Times articles, 189–90, 191, 192
newcomers. See neighbours and newcomers
Nielsen, Erik, 215
Nixon, Frank, 61
Nixon government, 9
non-violent resistance. See civil disobedience
Nonviolent Action Group (NAG), 93–94, 96
Northern Vision, 206
not-for-profit work, 121. See also Is Five Foundation (IFF)
nuclear contamination fears, 6, 85
nuclear disarmament movement, 79
nuclear power, 171n8
nudism, 11–12, 39, 59, 60, 234, 237–39, 253n18, 279
O
O’Brien, Frank, 188
Ochiltree commune, 6, 10, 18
O’Connor, Ryan
biographical highlights, x
chapter by, 10, 12, 103–25
chapter with, 259–85
Odum, Howard and Eugene, 157
OFY. See Opportunities for Youth (OFY) program
oil crisis and cycling advocacy, 129
Old Crow First Nations, 221
Ontario environmental initiatives, 103, 104, 119
Ontario Paper Company, 115
Ontario Recycling Information Service (ORIS), 115, 125n45
Ontario Soft Drink Association (OSDA), 119
Opportunities for Youth (OFY) program, 15, 179–95, 197n27
funds, 179–81
grant award process, 184–85
projects, 190–93, 198n40, 198n47, 199n52
public perceptions, 187–90
oral history, 281n7
organic farming
Ark bioshelter research, 155, 169
projects, 10, 190
organizational forms
Is Five Foundation, 106–7
New Alchemy Institute, 156–57
Ottawa paper recycling, 111
P
Pacific Life Community (PLC), 87
Palumbo, Abra, 229, 236, 237, 245, 246, 248
Patch, Rosie, 270–71, 275
Pedini, Philip, 94–95
PEI. See Prince Edward Island (PEI)
Peninsula Times articles, 183, 187–88
Perry Ridge Water Users Association (PRWUA), 92
pesticides, 29, 47, 48–49, 91, 92–97
Peterson, Wallace, 14, 184, 187
Philadelphia Bicycle Coalition (PBC), 133, 139–40, 144
physical labour. See work on the land
Piercy, Wes, 39, 41
Pinsent, Celine, Chanda, and Miles
on back-to-the-land lifestyle, 263, 264–65, 266, 277–78
on fitting in, 268, 269, 270
on homesteader community, 273, 274–75
PLC (Pacific Life Community), 87
Ploss, Bob, 61
political cultures. See also prefigurative politics
British Columbian policies, 73
Denman Island, 34, 36–37, 39, 40–42, 45–47
Montreal, 141
Slocan Valley, 56, 72
Yukon, 216, 223
Pollution Probe, 24n49, 109–10, 111, 116, 119, 169
popular songs, 9
Port Huron Statement, 8
Poumon rose bike lane, 141–42
Powell River commune, 6
Pratt, Michael, 60
prefigurative politics, 81, 82–83, 84–85, 98, 190–91
Prem Rawat, followers of, 283n41
Prevost, Gilles Roger, 130
Prince Edward Island (PEI)
alternative energy interests, 160–62, 170
migration destination, 260–61
Prince Edward Islanders. See also children of back to the land movement
and Ark bioshelter, 162, 167–68
procreation ceremonies, 247–49
Project One Recycling, 107
Provos (Dutch counterculture group), 140, 144
psychological health, 1, 7
public bicycle systems, 127, 139–40
public sentiments
Ark bioshelter project, 162–65, 167–68
Monde à Bicyclette, Le (MAB), 145
Opportunities for Youth program, 181, 187–90
Yukon Conservation Society, 215–16
public transit
Montreal street theatre on, 142
proposals for, 139
publishing and publications
books and manuals, 207, 236, 243–44
Denman Rag and Bone, 33–35, 36, 37–39, 51
French language, 136
of Is Five Foundation, 109, 110, 111
newsletters, 19, 72, 134, 140
Q
Quakers, 9, 14, 35–36, 84
Quebec nationalism, 140–41
R
Raboy, Marc, 130, 131
Rainsford, Frank, 45
Ray, Barbara, 237, 244, 245, 248, 249–50
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police), 187–88
RCO (Recycling Council of Ontario), 115–16
RDCK (Regional District of Central Kootenay), 93, 94, 96
recycling
in 3Rs waste hierarchy, 110
blue box program, 103, 116–19, 122n1, 125n58
CFB Borden experiment, 114–15
collection technologies, 112–13
early attempts, 107, 111–12, 122n12
funding for, 16, 108
on homesteads, 191–92
information services, 115, 125n45
Recycling Council of Ontario (RCO), 115–16
Reddin, Andy, 267, 276
“reduce, reuse, recycle” waste hierarchy, 109–10
Regional District of Central Kootenay (RDCK), 93, 94, 96, 101n37
Reichian psychiatry in Therafields, 11
Reif, Rita, 192
renewable energy
Ark bioshelter, 155–56, 159–61
commune experiments, 19
government interests in, 169, 170, 260
solar energy, 123n18
wind energy, 176n68
Répertoire québécois des outils planétaires, Le, 13
residential school system, 217
resource development, 205–6, 207–8, 214–15
Resource Integration Systems Ltd. (RIS), 114–15, 119–21
Responsible Home-Centred Childbirth, 243–44
reuse projects, 109
revolution, 6, 10, 135, 138
RIS (Resource Integration Systems Ltd.), 114–15, 119–21
rituals and celebrations, 247–49, 273
Roberts Creek communes, 192, 193
Robinson, Danielle, 136
Rodgers, Kathleen
biographical highlights, x
chapter by, 12, 79–101, 234
comments on, 17, 56
Rodriguez, Henry, 191
Ross, Daniel
biographical highlights, x
chapter by, 12, 127–50
Roszak, Theodore, 154, 171n7
Rousseau, Aryana, 264, 266, 271, 272, 277
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 187–88
Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining (RCIUM), 89, 100n25
Rupp, Manfred, 33, 35–36, 40, 41–42
Ryan, Tom, 186
S
St. Lawrence River bicycle crossings, 130, 139, 142–43, 145
St. Louis Health Food Co-op, 131, 134
St. Pierre, Paul, 186, 187
Saks, Mike, 243
Sault St. Marie pesticide spill, 94
Scanlan, Tom, 110–11, 119
Schaller, Richard C. R. “The Troll,” 185–86, 188, 189, 192, 193
Schreiber, Tell, 61
Schumacher, E. F., 155, 157, 170n2, 171n8, 174n40
science, 154–55, 169–70
Science Council of Canada, 159
Sechelt communes, 183, 186, 190
self-sufficiency. See also sustainable living
approaches to, 6–7, 10–11, 19
and economic survival, 15–16, 20
sexual relationships, 11–12, 274
Shaffer, Marguerite, 239
Sideras, Ted, 14
Silent Spring (Rachel Carson), 8, 50, 95
Silverman, Robert, 131–33, 138, 140, 142, 143
Simmons, Terry Allen, 6, 280n1
Sinixt First Nation, 58, 65
Slocan Valley Community Forest Management Project (SVCFMP), 56–73
formation of, 60–62
outcome, 71–72, 91–92
process, 62, 63–64, 72–73
reports, 56–58, 59, 65–71, 76n27
Slocan Valley residents
in Kootenay Nuclear Study Group, 86–88
lobbying efforts, 71–72
newcomers vs. neighbours, 59–60
participation in SVCFMP, 56, 57–58, 60–62, 63–64, 72–73
populations, 58, 65, 229
watershed protection campaigns, 92–96
Slocan Valley Watershed Alliance (SVWA), 92, 93, 94, 96
“small is beautiful” development model, 153–54, 155, 159–61, 167–68, 169, 170, 171n8
Smyth, Laurel, 261
Snook, Glen, 46
Social Credit government, 31–32, 46
Société pour vaincre la pollution, La, 137
society
cars vs. bicycles in, 135–38, 146
energy-equity relationship, 137–38
importance of engaging, 170
improvement through technology, 157
as out of control, 7
Society Promoting Environmental Conservation (SPEC), 88, 97
Society to Overcome Pollution (STOP), 137
SPEC (Society Promoting Environmental Conservation), 88, 97
spirituality
in birthing and procreation, 247–49
in physical work, 1, 7
sport hunting, 71
Spry Point, Prince Edward Island, 153, 168
squatting, 18, 202, 204, 222
Stanley, Michael
on back-to-the-land lifestyle, 262, 264, 276
on fitting in, 268, 269, 270
on homesteader community, 273
on work and play, 266
state. See government
Stephenson, Derek, 110–11, 113–14, 118, 120
Stevenson, Pamela, 229, 235, 246
Stewardship Ontario, 103
STOP (Society to Overcome Pollution), 137
Strait of Georgia islands. See Gulf Islands
street theatre protests, 16, 46–47, 128, 133–34, 141–44
Students for a Democratic Society, 8
stumpage fees, 68, 71
Sugar Mountain Commune project, 191
Sunshine Coast
back-to-the-landers on, 182–83
definition, 195n8
media attention on, 189–90
OFY funded projects on, 180, 181–82, 190–93
RCMP narcotics sweeps on, 188
wilderness of, 5–6
Sunshine Coast Youth Communication and Employment Centre, 193
Superior Sanitation (company), 116–17
sustainable living
Ark bioshelter as response to, 153, 159, 165–66
technology for, 155–58, 169
Sutherland, Don, 60
Sutton, Gerald, 265
SVCFMP. See Slocan Valley Community Forest Management Project (SVCFMP)
SVWA (Slocan Valley Watershed Alliance), 92, 93, 94, 96, 100n34
T
Tampa, Florida, 105
Tanner, Liz, 242, 245
Taylor, Charlie, 213
Taylor, Eric, 88
Taylor, Paul, 119
technologies
advanced, 154–56, 157–59, 169–70
appropriate, 13, 19, 21, 136
Ark bioshelter, 165–67
use of medical, 230, 231, 243
Terrall, Jim, 86
theatre
facilitation techniques, 63
in street protests, 16, 46–47, 128, 133–34, 141–44
Therafields, 7, 11, 17, 104
Thompson, Colin, 185
Thomson, M. L., 61
Thoreau, Henry David, 5, 21, 260
Three Mile Island accident, 100n29
3Rs waste hierarchy, 109–10
Todd, John, 153, 154, 156–57, 160, 161–62, 162, 169, 174n40, 176n80
Todd, Nancy Jack, 154, 169
Toronto
inner city power analysis, 110–11
neighbourhoods and scene, 7, 19–20, 104, 109, 144
recycling, 107
Toronto City Cycling Committee (TCCC), 140
Toronto Geographical Expedition, 110–11
tourism
in diversified economies, 74, 214, 215
stress on environment from, 31, 43–45
trade systems, 192, 245–46
transient societies, 206, 207, 210, 214
trapping, 68, 71, 208–9
Triangle-Pacific (Tri-Pac), 62, 65, 72
Trident concern week, 85
Trident nuclear submarine base, 85, 87
Trim, Henry
biographical highlights, x
chapter by, 10, 13, 153–77
Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation, 209, 216, 218, 220–22, 227n35, 227n41
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 153, 154
Trudeau government
and Aboriginal self-government, 218
concerns about youth, 180
and New Alchemists, 160
Turner, Fred, 154
U
Union of BC Indian Chiefs, 97
United Nations
environmental award, 103
UN Habitat 1976 project, 161
University of South Florida, 105
uranium mining in BC, 79–80, 85, 88–89
urban cycling. See also Monde à bicyclette, Le (MAB)
international influences, 139–40
lobbies for infrastructure, 130
in Montreal culture, 127–28, 145–47
North American boom, 128–29
as solution to social problems, 137–38
street theatre advocacy, 141–44
urban farming, 169
urban reform, 136–37
V
Valhalla Provincial Park, 71, 92
Valhalla Range conservation, 57, 58, 70–71
Valhalla Wilderness Society (VWS), 92, 93
Valley Resource Society, 58, 71–72, 73
Vancouver Province articles, 189
Vancouver Sun articles, 187, 189
Vélo Québec, 145
vélorution, 128, 138–39, 140, 149n30
Verigin, Sam, 61
Vetrano, Susan, 242
Vietnam War
anxieties about, 3, 105
draft resistance, 82, 179, 233
references in protest campaigns, 94–95, 135
Vonnegut, Mark, 3, 5, 182, 233
VWS (Valhalla Wilderness Society), 92, 93
W
Walton, Harold, 40, 41, 42, 45, 53n33
War in the Woods, 55, 73, 97
Ward, Clea
on back-to-the-land lifestyle, 264, 265, 275, 277
on fitting in, 268, 269
on homesteader community, 272, 273, 274
Warner, Jim, 61, 73
Waste Diversion Ontario, 103
waste management, 19, 70, 169. See also recycling
water supply concerns
Denman Island, 30–31, 33, 40–41, 44, 49
West Kootenays, 86–90, 91, 92
Watson, Norman, 188
Weaver, Sharon
biographical highlights, x
chapter by, 13, 29–54, 58
Weldwood of Canada, 29, 33, 39–41, 48–50
Wells, Andy, 160, 167
Wendt, Pan, 268, 269
West Kootenays. See also Slocan Valley Community Forest Management Project (SVCFMP)
environmental activism in, 85–90, 91–97, 97–98
immigration and settlement of, 80–81, 83–84
planning and consultation, 73–74
uranium mining potential, 79, 85
Wheeler, Doug
comments about, 189, 197n33
comments by, 183, 187, 194, 198n35
Whole Earth Catalog, 10, 13, 157, 158, 243
wildlife access and protection, 58, 70–71, 208–9
Williams, Bob, 62–63, 71
Willis, Nancy, 165
Wilson, Jeremy, 62, 71, 73, 97
Winner, Langdon, 155
women. See also homebirths
birth quilts, 246–47
Blessing Way ritual, 247–49
home as central to, 235–36
newspaper contributions of, 34–35
work done by, 18, 236, 241–42, 273–74
Woodhouse, Keith M., 9
Work, Marvin, 14
work cultures. See also work on the land
Is Five Foundation, 106–7, 120–21
New Alchemy Institute, 156–57
work on the land
government funded, 15, 190–93
as healthful, 1, 7, 11
nature of, 4, 10–11, 12–13, 263, 265–66
supplemented by employment, 59
by women, 236, 241–42, 273–74
Y
Yates, Barbara, 188–89, 193
YCS. See Yukon Conservation Society (YCS)
Yorkville neighbourhood, 19–20, 104
youth alienation and rebellion, 15, 20, 180, 188
Yukon
conservation support, 215
countercultures of, 201–2, 211, 220–22, 223
economic development, 205–10, 226n27
highways, 224n4
land-use concerns, 213–14
political culture, 216, 223
society, 210
Yukon Conservation Society (YCS), 210, 213–16, 222–23, 226n25
Yukon First Nations, 218–20. See also Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation
Yukon Resource Council, 215
Z
Zelko, Frank, 4, 82
Zimbel, Matt, 262–63, 274
Ziner, Feenie, 5, 18