Index
Page numbers followed by t indicate tables and f indicate figures. Pages numbers followed by n and a number indicate the note number in the chapter endnotes.
A
Aberhart government (1935-1943), 46–47, 282–283
Aberhart Memorial Sanitorium, 44
Aboriginal Peoples of Alberta: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Alberta Government), 193–194
Aboriginal Policy Framework (Alberta), 198t
abortions and abortion law, 146
Abrey, Jacen, 220, 221, 222, 223
Action on Smoking & Health, 152, 268, 270–272, 388
An Act Respecting Smoking in Public Places, 269
Act to Provide for the Organization and Administration of Civil Defence and Disaster, 324
addiction prevention and care, 52, 220–222, 224
An Administrative History of the Government of Alberta, 1905>–2005 (Provincial Archives of Alberta), 94
advocates and advocacy: cancer organizations, 251, 271–272; harm reduction, 385–386; Indigenous Peoples, 376–377; in Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 299; violence protection and support, 377–378, 382; women’s organizations, 76, 288n12. See also Alberta Public Health Association; seat belt legislation; tobacco control
air pollution regulations, 119, 244, 245t, 246–248
Air Quality Act (Bill 209), 249t, 250–251
Alberta: economy and leadership, 340–341; environmental policy milestones, 245t; health expenditures, 9–10; non-profit sector in, 139, 140–142, 145; Provincial Laboratory, 115, 118, 164, 273; provision of insured services, 202; relationship with Indigenous Peoples, 196t, 197–199t. See also public health governance; throne speeches; specific acts; specific premierships
Alberta Cancer Prevention Legacy Act, 354
Alberta Emergency Alert, 328–329
Alberta Emergency Management Agency, 324, 329, 330, 332
Alberta Federation of Métis Settlements Association, 197t
Alberta First Nations Information Governance Centre, 219; Indigenous Health Indicators, 193
Alberta Health. See Department of Health
Alberta Health Services: and Blood Tribe Department of Health, 220–221; establishment and organization, 109t, 112t, 128, 169, 324; Health Link, 375; Indigenous Health Transformational Roadmap, 201; maternal and child health programs, 305–306, 314–315; and Slave Lake wildfire, 329
Alberta Health Worker (Alberta Public Health Association), 146
Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, 355, 379
Alberta Historical Resources Foundation, xiii, 153, 391
Alberta Hospital Association, 63
Alberta Indian Health Care Commission (AIHCC), 197t
Alberta Interagency Council on Smoking and Health, 150, 271
Alberta Medical Association, 117, 271
Alberta NGO Council, 331
Alberta Pharmaceutical Association Act, 118
Alberta Public Health Association, 137–156, 371; governance, 142, 371; incorporation, 138; membership trends, 150, 151t; non-profit sector, 138–142; overview, 137–138, 154; resolution trends, 142–144, 155–156; 1940s, 144–145; 1950s, 145–146; 1960s, 146–147; 1970s, 147–148; 1980s, 148–150, 272; 1990s, 150–152; 2000 to present, 152–154
Alberta Safety Council, 76
Alberta Seniors Benefit, 351–352
Alberta’s First Nations consultation guidelines on land management and resource development (Alberta Government), 198t
Alberta Teachers’ Association, 285–286
Alberta Union of Public Employees, 285
Alberta Women’s Bureau, 140
alcohol and drug abuse/dependence: Department of Health services, 121; First Nations programs, 197t; in throne speeches, 44, 49, 52, 53
Alexander First Nation (kipohtakaw), 205, 206
Alook, Andy, 216
Alook, Angele, 400
Anderson, Wayne, 249t
Applied Public Health Chairs program, 168–169
Arcand, Ella, 204, 205, 206, 207–208, 210–211
Assembly of First Nations, 197t, 213
Assembly of Treaty Chiefs in Alberta, 199t
Attrux, Laura Margaret, 368–369
B
Babiuk, Elke, 278f
Banff National Park, 241t, 243
Baragar, C. A., 71
Batiuk, John, 78
Bayliss, Nicholas, 101t
behaviour: in health promotion strategies and campaigns, 40–41, 52, 300, 301, 303, 313–314; vs. social determinants of health, 176–177, 393–394
Bella, Leslie, 346
Benevolent Societies Act (later Societies Act), 139
Berger, Lawrence, 309
Berger Report (Report of the Advisory Committee on Indian and Inuit Health Consultation), 197t
Betkowski, Nancy, 100t, 111t, 151, 272
Bigstone Cree Nation (Mistassini Nehewiyuk), 212–217
Bill of Rights (Alberta), 124
Blackfoot Nation (Niitsitapi), 218, 220, 223
Blair Report on mental health, 344t, 346–347
Blakeman, Laurie, 249t, 253, 352t, 354–355, 358
Blood Tribe (Kainai Nation), 217–222
Board of Industrial Relations, 283
boards of health, 113, 117, 119–120. See also Edmonton Board of Health; local boards of health; Provincial Board of Health
Bogle, Robert, 99t
Bonko, William, 249t
Bow, Malcolm Ross: career, 96–97t, 109t, 366; comments by, 3, 11–12, 70, 144–145, 302–303, 305, 343
Bowden Public School District, 312
Boyle McCauley Health Centre (Edmonton), 372
Braithwaite, Edward, 114
Brantford experiment on fluoridation, 274
Bringing the Spirit Home detoxification centre, 222
British Columbia GDP alternatives, 399
Brownlee goverment, 46
Buck, Walter A., 81
budgeting, 399
Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets (Kretzmann and McKnight), 214
Bureau of Public Welfare, 140, 343, 344t
Buse, Chris G., 240
C
Calgary: public health administration, 113, 118, 120, 122, 348; riot against Chinese immigrants, 22; smoking legislation, 270; water fluoridation, 276, 277–279, 379
Calgary Health Services, 277
Calgary Herald, 308
Calgary Regional Health Authority, 278–279, 379
Campus Alberta Health Outcomes and Public Health, 176, 180t
Canada: Department of Health, 7; emergency operations, 324; environmental policy, 243–244, 251; health expenditures, 9; immigration policy, 21–22, 23, 24; and Indigenous Peoples, 27–28, 194–195, 195–199t, 201–203, 207, 213; investments in supports, 120–121, 308, 399–400; non-profit sector, 138–139; research and education grants, 167; tobacco control legislation, 271; water fluoridation trial, 274
Canada Assistance Plan, 121, 126, 345
Canada Health and Social Transfer plan, 126
Canada’s Food Guide, 314
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 124
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 242t, 244
Canadian Institute for Health Information, 9–10
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 168–169, 171, 180t
Canadian Journal of Public Health, 3, 192, 366, 407–428
Canadian National Railway, 114, 325–326
Canadian Public Health Association: awards, 367, 372, 373, 375, 376; on core elements of public health, 5, 322; on ecological determinants of health, 260–261; on equity, 29
“Canadian Public Health Under Siege” (Potvin), 8
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, 328–329
Canadian Union of Public Employees, 285
cancer: in leading causes of death, 65, 66, 70; policy attention, 44, 50, 53, 121, 354; reduction efforts, 78; registry, 63, 74; research on water fluoridation, 277–278
Cancer Treatment and Prevention Act, 73
Cao, Wayne, 310
carbon levy, 243t, 249t, 254–258
cardiovascular illnesses, 45
care facilities, 211
Carney, Bill, 119; Public Health: People Caring for People, 3
Carstairs, Catherine, 277
Castaldi, C.R., 274
Centre for Health Promotion Studies (University of Alberta), 167, 180t, 376, 387
A Century of Public Health Services in Alberta (Reichwein), 3
charity and charitable organizations, 119, 139, 257, 258, 341
Charity and Relief Branch, 120
chief medical officer of health. See medical officers of health (MOH)
Child and Family Services authorities, 141
childcare programs, 357–358, 399
children: compulsory medical inspections, 109t; health defined for, 302; and mothers’ allowances, 307–308; parental leave and health outcomes, 309–310
Children’s Protection Act, 139
Child Transportation Safety Act, 81
Child Welfare and Mothers’ Allowance Branch, 120, 343, 344t
child welfare clinics, 303–306
Chinese immigrants, 22–23, 281
Christenson, Susan, 221
chronic disease prevention, 52
Chrysler Corporation, 76
Church, John, 126
cities and communities. See Calgary; Edmonton; Lethbridge; municipalities
Citizens Plus (aka Red Paper, Indian Association of Alberta), 196t, 203
Clark, Elizabeth, 24
Clarke, C. K., 25
Clarke, G., 274
Clean Air Act, 244
climate change: adaptation vs. mitigation, 260–261; historical milestones, 241–243t; and Industrial Revolution, 243; in legislature debates, 248–259, 260, 392; public discourse on disasters, 332, 335; in public health context, 240, 395
Climate Change and Emissions Management Act, 249t, 251–254
climate justice, 240
Climate Leadership Implementation Act, 249t, 254–259
coal miners and mining, 280, 281, 321
Coggon, John: What Makes Health Public?, 21
Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada (Romanow Report), 198t
communicable diseases: controls and treatment, 109t, 372–373; as leading causes of death, 65–70, 71–73; in Public Health Act, 63, 117; in throne speeches, 39–40, 49, 52–53
Communicable Diseases Regulation, 63
community: in cancer prevention, 78; in emergency responses, 330–331; in health promotion strategy, 299; in preventive social services, 349, 350. See also First Nation community experiences
Community Health Representatives program: accreditation and deployment, 208–210; concept and development, 197t, 204–205, 206–207; Ella Arcand’s reflections on, 210–211
Community Health Sciences (University of Calgary), 165, 166, 171, 173, 180t
community health services, 350
Community Medicine specialty, 165, 180t
Comparative Agendas coding scheme, 34
comprehensive school health approach, 314–315, 379
Constitution Act (1982), 197t
construction workers, 281, 285
contact tracing, 80
Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation party, 282
corporate sponsorships, 271
Corriveau, Andre, 101t
Council on Education for Public Health, 169, 170
COVID-19 pandemic, 6, 93–94, 286–287, 309, 393, 396–397, 399, 402
Cross, Wallace Warren, 96–97t, 144, 145, 275, 276
D
data collection and analysis, 394
Dawson, Angus, 20
deaths. See diseases and deaths
Declaration on Promotion and Prevention, 400
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 198t, 199t
deinstitutionalization movement, 346
Dental Association Act, 118
dental health and services, 70, 215–217, 273, 399
Department of Agriculture (1905-1917), 62–63, 95t, 114–115, 117, 324
Department of Community & Occupational Health (1986-1989), 99–100t, 344t, 351
Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, 199t
Department of Education, 312–313
Department of Environment (Alberta), 245t, 246–247, 259–260
Department of Environment (Canada), 244
Department of Family and Social Services, 351
Department of Health (1967-1971, 1989-2000, 2012-2014, 2017-2019): annual reports, 351; jurisdictions with Welfare, 146–147; leadership and administration, 98t, 100–101t, 101–102t, 301–302, 344t; and school curricula, 312–313
Department of Health Act, 345–346, 351
Department of Health (Canada), 7
Department of Health & Seniors (2015-2016), 102t
Department of Health & Social Development (1971-1975), 98t, 110t, 343, 344t, 345–349
Department of Health and Welfare (Canada). See Department of National Health and Welfare
Department of Health & Wellness (2000-2012), 101t, 301–302, 355, 356
Department of Hospitals and Medical Care, 344t, 349–350, 351
Department of Indian Affairs (Canada), 202
Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs (Canada), 199t
Department of Indigenous Services Canada, 199t
Department of Labour, 353
Department of Municipal Affairs (1918-1919), 95t, 116, 324, 334
Department of National Health and Welfare (Canada), 27–28, 196t, 202, 207, 274
Department of Neglected Children, 70
Department of Provincial Secretary (1918), 95t, 116
Department of Public Health (1919-1967): annual reports, 11, 304; disease branches, 68; drug distributions, 72; establishment and organization, 7, 40, 63, 117–118, 120–121, 259, 307, 343, 344t; eugenics program, 19, 20; historical accounts, 3; and immigrants, 23–24; leadership, 95–98t; mental health, 70; nutrition division, 74; and school curricula, 313; in throne speeches, 38; on tuberculosis in Indigenous population, 28; water fluorine and tooth decay research, 273
Department of Public Welfare, 120, 146–147, 324, 343
Department of Social Services & Community Health (1975-1986), 98–99t, 343, 344t, 349–351
Department of Welfare. See Department of Public Welfare
detoxification centres, 221–222
Diachuk, Bill, 99t
Diefenbaker High School (Calgary), 277
disabilities facilities, 44
disaster response and recovery, 321–335; events and losses, 323t; floods, 333–334; forms and contexts, 321; ministerial administration, 324; process effectiveness, 334–335; as public health function, 322; tornados, 327–328; train collisions, 325–327; wildfires, 329–333
diseases and deaths: classification system, 66; non-communicable, 70; reporting processes, 62–63; resolutions of Alberta Public Health Association, 143, 149–150; trends, 65t. See also communicable diseases
district health nurses, 366, 368–369. See also public health nurses and nursing
Doan, Clifford, 78
doctors. See medical officers of health (MOH); physicians
Dominion Health Grants, 145
drugs: antibiotics distribution, 72, 80; commissions against abuse, 49; harm reduction advocacy, 385–386; opioid crisis, 219–220, 223, 384, 385–386; Salk vaccine trials, 73; vs. traditional methods of healing, 211
drug users: depictions of Chinese immigrants as, 23
du Maurier (tobacco company), 271
Dutton, Daniel, 11
E
economic supports, 306–308. See also social assistance programs; welfare
economy: and carbon levy, 257; downturns, 140, 284–285, 340; and quality of life/lifestyle, 253, 254; and reliance on non-profits, 140; and well-being, 149, 279–281, 286–287, 398–399; World War I era, 281–282, 306
ecosystems as determinant of health, 322, 395
Edmonton: Black Friday tornado, 327–328, 329, 375; health administration, 113–114, 118; smoking and tobacco control legislation, 268–270; waste management, 381; water fluoridation, 276
Edmonton Academy of Medicine, 117
Edmonton Board of Health, 70, 120, 342, 344t, 371, 372, 384
The Edmonton Bulletin, 23
Edmonton Dental Society, 117
Edmonton School Board, 312
education: Community Health Representatives training, 208, 210; community partnerships, 223; and health equity, 124; Indigenous Health Care careers program, 377; junior high health curricula, 312–314; public health training schools and grants, 38, 47. See also schools; university education programs
emergency alert systems, 328–329
emergency management: administration, 324; lessons learned, 330–331, 332–334
emergency preparedness, 322
emissions reductions, 244, 253
employment insurance program, 308, 309
employment/unemployment, 282, 308, 348
engineers (municipal), 114, 116, 122
English poor laws, 341
entomology, 121
environmental policy: in Alberta Public Health Association focus, 146; eras in Canada, 243–244; milestone events, 241–243t; on pollution, 245–248; separation from public health, 259–260
Environment Conservation Authority, 245t, 248
environments: early immigrants’ jobs, 280–281; for health promotion and protection, 239–240, 299
Epp, Jake, 271
equity: debates, 257–258, 260; in Ottawa Charter for Health Policy, 299. See also inequalities and inequities
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 341–342
Esquao Awards, 377
eugenics programs, 19, 20, 24–26, 71, 118
evacuations, 329–330, 332, 333
Evans, Iris, 101t
Ever Active Schools, 315
F
Factory Act, 282
Famuyide, Temitayo, 297
Fanning Binder, Anne, 27, 377–378
Farm Women’s Union of Alberta (formerly United Farm Women of Alberta), 25–26, 76, 117
farmworkers and farming, 281, 283
Federal Government Indian Health Policy (Government of Canada), 196t
Fee, Elizabeth, 164
Final Report of the Legislative Commission on Medical Health Services (Hoadley), 110t
Finkel, Alvin, 247; Working People in Alberta: A History, 280
fires. See wildfires
First Nation Chiefs of Alberta, 203
First Nation community experiences, 191–226; Alberta map, 225f; Community Health Representative program, 204–211; historical overview, 193–199; Kottakinoona Awaahkapiiyaawa “Bringing the Spirits Home,” 217–224; Métis settlements and communities map, 226f; Mistassini Nehewiyuk (Bigstone) experience, 212–217; and Residential School System, 199–200; Treaty Right to Health, 201–204; Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 191–193
First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB), 199t, 202, 203, 211
First Nations Information Governance Centre, 216
First Nations – MSB Alberta Region Envelope Co-Management Agreement, 198t
fluoridation. See water fluoridation
fluoride supplement program (Calgary), 276, 277
food handling and service establishment, 144
food safety and reporting, 63, 181t
Foothills health unit, 119
Fort Edmonton, 113
Fort McMurray wildfire and evacuation, 332, 385
Foster, Jason, 285
Framework for Reform: Report of the Premier’s Advisory Council on Health (Mazankowski), 112t
Francescutti, Louis Hugo, 166, 382–383
Frank Slide, 321
Friesen, Brent, 278
funds and funding: for emergency recovery, 331; federal transfers, 126; Klein government cuts, 126–128, 140–142; non-insured health benefits and treaty obligations, 203–204; per capita, 9–10; and tobacco-related morbidity, 271
G
Galabuzi, Grace-Edward, 21
Gall, Grant, 172
Galt mine (Lethbridge), 281
Gariépy, Wilfrid, 95t
garment industry, 283
Gereluk, Winston, 284
Getty government (1985-1992): policy reforms, 285; public service funding, 126, 127; reliance on non-profits, 140; response to Rainbow report, 111t; seat belt legislation, 82; throne speeches, 49, 53
Ghali, Bill, 173
Giles, Wayne, 173
Gill, John, 63
Gleason, Mona Lee, 313
Gloeckler, Wally, 269
Goldblatt, Ann, 301
Goldsand, George, 377
Gotfried, Richard, 249t
Greenfield government (1921-1925), 46
Green Party of Canada, 244
Grekul, Jana, 19
Greyhound bus lines, 214
Grey Nuns, 139
Grimsrud, Karen M., 100–101t, 102t, 384–385
Group Against Smokers’ Pollution, 268–270, 388
Guyon, Ak’ingabe, 8
H
Hagen, Les, 268, 271, 272–274, 387–388
Haines-Saah, Rebecca, 21
Hancock, Dave, 101t, 352t, 357–358
Harper government, 198t, 199t, 243t, 244
Harrison, Trevor, 141
Hawe, Penny, 171
Hawthorn, Harry B.: A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies, 196t
health: conflations with health care, 355–356, 392, 400–401; definitions, 61, 299
health care policy and programs, 39, 50
Health Co-Management agreement, 203
health education in schools, 312–315
health equity, 339–340, 394–395. See also inequalities and inequities
Health Equity through Intersectoral Action (World Health Organization), 359
health field concept, 5, 233n116
Health for All Albertans (Alberta Public Health Association), 152
Health Goals for Alberta: A Progress Report (Alberta Government), 151
health impact assessments, 355–356
health-in-all-policies approach, 310, 335, 340, 351, 358, 359, 392, 398
Health Insurance Act (1935), 110t, 120, 140
Health Link, 375
health outcomes and social spending, 10–12
health policy. See health-in-all-policies approach; healthy public policy
Health Professions Act, 216–217
health promotion: lifestyle drift, 123; movements, 122; in reports and recommendations, 112t; research and education programs, 167; resolutions of Alberta Public Health Association, 143–144, 147–148. See also maternal and child health promotion; Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
Health Promotion and Protection Directorate (later Health Promotion Branch), 301
health protection: and climate change debates, 255–258; resolutions of Alberta Public Health Association, 143, 149; scope and priorities, 239–240, 260–261
Health Quality Council of Alberta, 355–356
health records, 120
health regions: establishment, 126; legislation, 125, 152, 275t, 279; proposals and implementations, 110t, 111t, 112t; reforms, 151–152. See also health districts
Health Sciences Council, 167
health services: remote communites, 215–216; reorientation to health promotion, 299, 305–306
Health Unit Association of Alberta, 3, 124–125, 152
health units: in Alberta Public Health Association resolutions, 146–147; board replacements, 126; establishment of, 109t, 119, 121, 366, 369; health promotion approaches, 301; in throne speeches, 39, 45, 47, 49, 53
Health Units of Alberta (Shartner), 3
healthy public policy: defined, 306; examples, 315–316, 351–352; opposition to, 395–396; in Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 299; parental leaves as, 309–310; professional courage for, 381; and social determinants of health, 340
Healy, Bonnie, 219
Herard, J.A. Denis, 344t, 352t
Hidden Arguments: Political Ideology and Disease Prevention Policy (Tesh), 5
Hill, William H., 120, 144, 274
Hillcrest mine disaster, 321
Hincks, Clarence, 25
Hinshaw, Deena, 102t
Hinton train collision, 325–327, 334
Hoadley, George, 96t; Final Report of the Legislative Commission on Medical Health Services, 110t, 140
Hoffman, Sarah, 102t
Ho Lem, George, 77
Horne, Fred, 101–102t, 352t, 356
hospitals: cuts and closures, 127; expenditures, 9–10; “Indian,” 27–28; “isolation,” 109t; in throne speeches, 40, 44, 48; user fees proposal, 81
Hospitals Ordinance, 118
Howell, James, 114, 270, 371–372
human rights and protections, 82, 123–124, 195, 300, 376
hygiene: concepts of, 22, 23, 24; mental, 25–26
Hyndman, Lou: The Rainbow report: Our Vision for Health, by the Premier’s Commission on Future Health Care for Albertans, 111t
I
immigrants: attitudes toward, 21–24, 304; eugenics targets, 26; job environments, 280–281; refugee services, 375
immunization: programs, 372–373, 385; record-keeping and reporting, 125; resolutions of Alberta Public Health Association, 150; school board participation, 120; in throne speeches, 49, 52–53
Impact Assessment Agency of Canada, 244
incomes: guaranteed annual income trial, 148; minimum wages, 282, 283, 285, 286; public sector, 285–286; World War I era, 281–282
Indian Act, 194–195, 195t, 197t, 199t
Indian Association of Alberta: Citizens Plus (Red Paper), 196t, 203
Indian Health Policy (Government of Canada), 197t, 203, 210–211
Indian Hospitals, 27–28, 229n38
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, 198t
Indigenous Health Care careers program, 377
Indigenous Health Indicators (Alberta First Nations Information Governance Centre), 193
Indigenous Health Transformational Roadmap (Alberta Health Services), 201
Indigenous Peoples: advocates, 376–377; brief history, 191–192, 193–200; in colonial health care structure, 201–204, 300; as eugenics targets, 26; and Ever Active Schools, 315; global movements, 378–379; sovereignty, 400; and tuberculosis, 27–28, 377; and western approaches to illness, 211. See also First Nation community experiences
Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 281
industrial hazards and diseases, 39
industrial health, 121
Industrial Revolution and climate change, 243
inequalities and inequities: access to health services, 110t, 303; disaster vulnerabilities, 334; economic, 3, 280, 282, 283, 309; in Indigenous populations, 27–28, 224, 300; resolutions of Alberta Public Health Association, 149; smokers’ incomes, 268; structural drivers, 239
infant mortality, 303f, 307–308, 309
infectious disease control, 45, 68, 118
influenza epidemic (1918-1919), 39–40, 67–68, 116, 164, 306
infrastructure: data, 394; technology systems, 328–329, 335; in throne speeches, 44–45, 47–48, 53
injury prevention, 143, 149–150, 166, 382–383
inspectors and inspections, 23–24, 45, 109t, 116, 240, 307
Institute of Population and Public Health, 168, 171, 180t
insurance, 40, 48, 49, 73, 74f, 120, 121, 140
insured services, 111t
International Conference on Health Promotion, 300
Irving, L.E.W., 95t
J
Jean, Brian, 249t
Jenkins, R.B., 96t
Johnson, LeRoy, 310
Johnson, Shanthi, 170
Jones, Catherine M., 299
Junior High School Curriculum Guides, 312–314
Juzwishin, Donald W.M., 1, 93, 267, 321, 365
K
Kainai Nation (historically Blood Tribe), 113, 217–224
Kainayssini (guiding principles), 113, 217, 218
Kaler, Amy, 307
Kelm, Mary Ellen, 27
Kenney government (2019-2022), 259
kipohtakaw (Alexander First Nation), 205, 206
Klein, Ralph, 249t, 251, 252–253, 270, 352t
Klein government (1992-2006): environmental bills, 251, 252–253; and income inequality, 353–354; public spending cuts, 126–128, 140–141, 169, 285–286; and Rainbow report, 111t; throne speeches, 39, 40–41, 50, 53; tobacco control legislation, 272
Knowlton, Harry, 274
Kotani, Nancy, 301
Kottakinoona Awaahkapiiyaawa, “Bringing the Spirits Home”: The Blood Tribe Addiction Framework (Blood Tribe Department of Health), 217–218, 221
Kowalski, Kenneth R., 82
KPMG reports on emergency response management, 330–331, 332–333
Krahn, Harvey, 19
Kulig, Judith, 167
Kurbegović, Erna, 19
Kyoto Protocol (1997), 242t, 244, 251–252, 253, 381
L
Labonté, Ronald, 21
laboratories, 47, 74, 115, 118, 164, 273
labour organization and activism, 281–284, 285–286, 287, 353
Lac-Megantic rail disaster, 326, 335
Lagace, Naithan, 203
Laidlaw, W.C., 23, 95t, 96t, 118; Report of the Provincial Board of Health, 64
Laing, Lory, 170
Lakeside Packing Plant, 286
Lalonde, Marc: A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, 77, 122, 147, 166, 214, 299, 349
Lawrence, Paul, 76
legal authority, 93–94, 124, 357
LeSage, Edward, 122
Lethbridge: Galt mine, 281; mobile medical units, 222; opioid crisis, 219
Lethbridge College, 223
Liberal governments, 307
Liepert, Ron, 101t
lifestyles: drift, 123, 176; healthy, 147–148, 253; in throne speeches, 40–41
literacy, 152
Liu, Qian, 309
local boards of health: membership in, 116, 122, 393; replacement, 126; and school boards, 120
Lougheed government (1971-1985): economic and social policy, 285; environmental policy, 247, 248; on health and social policy amalgamation, 347–348; labour legislation, 284; public health reforms, 122, 123–125, 165; reliance on non-profits, 140; throne speeches, 45, 49
Love, Ed, 166
Low, David, 172
lung health campaigns, 271–272, 377–378
Lux, Maureen, 202
M
Macdonald, Mrs. Clyde, 117
MacKay, Alexander G., 95t, 117, 118
MacLean, H.R. (dentist), 274
MacLean, R.R. (director of mental health), 145
Mandel, Stephen, 102t
Manning, Ernest, 76
Manning government (1943-1968): labour legislation, 283; relationship with non-profits, 145; throne speeches, 38–39, 40, 47–48, 54, 394
Many Grey Horses, Rebecca, 220–221
Mar, Gary, 101t, 153, 249t, 252, 272
Market and Health Committee (Calgary), 113
Marriage Ordinance, 118
Marrie, Tom, 170
Marshall, Duncan, 95t
Mason, Brian, 249t
maternal and child health promotion, 222, 223, 297–316, 366; addiction programs, 222, 223; alignment with Ottawa Charter, 298–300; health promotion services, 300–302; mothers’ allowances and parental leaves, 306–310; policy framework, 297–298, 315–316; preventive health services, 302–306, 366; school curricula and programs, 311–315
Mazankowski, Don: Framework for Reform: Report of the Premier’s Advisory Council on Health, 112t
McArthur, Helen G., 144
McCallum, Malcolm G., 98t
McClellan Shirley A.M., 100t
McCuaig, Katherine, 26
McKeown, Thomas, 166
McLaren, Lindsay, 1, 33, 61, 93, 137, 163, 169, 191, 239, 267, 339, 391; Public Health Advocacy: Lessons Learned from the History of the Alberta Public Health Association, 3
medical care: conflation with public health, 6, 163, 392, 400–401; prepaid services, 48
medical laboratory reporting, 74
medical officers of health (MOH): activities and responsibilities, 62–63, 109t, 114; authority and independence, 8, 93–94, 381, 393; local, 116, 118, 122; provincial appointees, 95–102t; in Public Health Act, 114–115, 119, 124, 125; public presence, 396
Medical Profession Act, 118
Medical Services Branch (Canada), 196t, 198t, 202, 207, 213
medicine: vs. prevention, 4; and public health education, 164–165
medicine chest clause, 201, 205–206
Medicine Hat College, 223
Meilicke, Carl, 165
Memorandum of Understanding for First Nations Education in Alberta, 199t
“mental deficiency,” 19, 23, 25–26
mental health: administration, 70–71, 121, 145; Blair Report, 346–347; community care, 349; in throne speeches, 44, 53
Métis peoples, 195t, 196t, 200, 213, 226f, 376
Métis Settlements Act, 198t
midwifery services, 369
milk packaging, 144
milk pasteurization legislation, 119, 124, 148
Millennium Project (Alberta Public Health Association), 126, 152–153
Miller, Douglas, 348
Ministry of Family and Social Services, 141–142. See also Department of Family and Social Services
Ministry of Health & Wellness, 153. See also Department of Health & Wellness (2000-2012)
Ministry of Human Services, 344t, 357–358
Ministry of Sustainable Resources Development, 330
Mistassini Nehewiyuk (Bigstone Cree Nation), 212–217
MNP reports on emergency response management, 333–334
mobile units: dental programs, 49; travelling clinics, 44, 47, 53, 91n104, 222, 305
Moore, Marvin E., 81
moral orientation, 357
mothers: allowances, 306–308; health and mortality, 109t, 302–303, 305; parental leaves, 310. See also maternal and child health promotion
Mothers’ Allowance Act (1919), 139, 307
motor vehicles, 75, 253. See also seat belt legislation
Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 244
mottled tooth enamel, 273
Muir, James, 283
Mulroney government, 271
municipal engineers, 114, 116, 122
Municipal Government Act, 275t, 279
Municipal Hospitals Act, 116, 118
municipalities: and preventive social programs, 346; in public health governance, 116, 119–120; and public health legislation, 119, 148; and water fluoridation, 276–277. See also Calgary; Edmonton; Lethbridge
Murphy, Emily, 23
Musgreave, Eric, 269
N
National Energy Program, 248
National Indian Brotherhood, 196t
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, 199t, 377
natural resources: and quality of life, 247. See also resource extraction
Naylor, David: Naylor Report, 168, 181t
NDP government. See Notley government
neoliberal policies, 125–126, 129, 141, 239, 280, 284–285, 395, 402
A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians Report (Lalonde), 5, 77, 122, 147, 166, 214, 299, 349
New Zealand well-being budget, 399
Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Nation), 218, 220, 223
Nixon, Jason, 249t
non-insured health benefits, 198t, 203–204, 213–215
non-profit organizations: characteristics, 137, 138–139, 154; services, 139–142, 347–348. See also Alberta Public Health Association; charity and charitable organizations
Non-Smokers Health Act, 271, 272
notifiable disease reporting, 63, 68
Notley, Rachel, 249t
Notley government (2015-2019), 50, 128, 254–259, 286, 301–302
nurses and nursing: education, 145–146, 164, 373–374; in remote communities, 368–369; in throne speeches, 47; Victorian Order of Nurses, 140. See also public health nurses and nursing
nursing homes, 48
Nursing Homes Act, 49
nutrition, 74, 121, 305, 314, 379, 380
Nykiforuk, Candace, 169
O
obesity/overweightness, 314, 380
O’Brien, Gerald V., 25
O’Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, 171
O’Brien Institute for Public Health, 153, 173
occupational health, 148
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 284
Odynak, Dave, 19
oil and gas industry, 245t, 246, 247–248, 283, 284, 286
opioid crisis, 219–220, 223, 384, 385
O’Reilly, Bob, 172
Ostermann, Connie, 99t
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: conceptualization of health, 5, 122, 302, 305, 306, 397; critique of, 300; development and principles, 297–300; influence of, 166
outcome-based services, 357
P
Palmer, Roger, 170
pan-Alberta public health coalition, 172–173, 175–176, 181t, 182f
Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, 244
Pannekoek, Frits, 259
Paproski, Kenneth, 347
Paris agreement, 244
Partners in Health: the government of Alberta’s response to the Premier’s Commission on the Future Health Care of Albertans (Betkowski), 111t
patient information, 39
Pattison, Chris: Report of the Inquiry into Systems of State Medicine, 109t
Pearson government, 121
Pembina Institute, 252
penicillin, 72
Penner Report (Report of the Special Committee on Indian Self-Government), 197t
pension programs, 121
Perdue, Elva M., 74
personal development and skills, 299, 304, 313–314
pet ownership, 333
pharmaceutical systems, 41
Phillips, G. Barry, 212, 213–217
physicians: compensation, 41, 74; in public health leadership, 113, 117
plebiscites, 148, 275t, 276–279
policy announcements and debates. See symbolic policy discourse; throne speeches
Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (Stone), 5–6
poliomyelitis, 39, 44, 47, 70, 73, 74f
Poliomyelitis Sufferers Act, 70
pollution. See air pollution regulations; water pollution and waterworks regulations
Ponoka Provincial Mental Hospital, 44, 367
poor laws, 341
population health trends, 61–82; data sources, 61–63; overview, 64–66, 82–83; 1910 to 1922, 66–68; 1923 to 1940, 68–71; 1941 to 1959, 71–74; 1960 to 1977, 75–78; 1985 to 2015, 78–82
populations: smokers, 268; vulnerable, 257–258. See also Indigenous Peoples; Métis Peoples; public in public health; seniors
Portage College (Lac La Biche), 208, 210
Porter, Dorothy, 5
poverty relief, 139–140, 341–343
power: inequities, 281, 283; and priorities, 5–6
Prentice government (2014-2015), 344t, 352t, 358
prevention: primary and secondary, 53–54, 267, 287; in reports and recommendations, 110t; in throne speeches, 45, 47, 50–55, 394
Prevention of Youth Tobacco Use Act, 272
Preventive Health Services report, 344t, 345–346
preventive policy mobilizations, 267–287; community water fluordination, 273–279; primary and secondary activities, 267, 287; tobacco control, 268–273; workers’ health, 279–287
preventive services for mothers and children, 302–306
preventive social service programs, 344t, 346, 350–351
private sector supports and services, 111t, 112t, 124, 347–348, 349
The Promoter (Alberta Public Health Association), 149
Protocol Agreement on Government to Government Relations (Alberta), 199t
Provincial Archives of Alberta: An Administrative History of the Government of Alberta, 1905–2005, 94
Provincial Board of Health, 114, 115–116, 123, 349, 393
Provincial Emergency Social Services Framework, 332
Provincial Laboratory (ProvLab), 115, 118, 164, 273
provincial medical officers of health. See medical officers of health (MOH)
Pryce, Catherine, 277
psychosocial response to disaster, 333
public health: contours and functions, 4–6, 7, 94, 142, 397–399; definitions, 1, 192–193, 323; expenditures, 9–12; historical accounts and analyses, 2–4, 33; leadership, 365–366; perspectives, 1–2, 6–7, 8, 401–403; societal sectors in, 137; surveillance, 63, 80; in throne speeches, 45–49, 54–55; workforces in, 38, 143, 144, 145–146, 147, 168, 181t. See also Alberta Public Health Association; Public Health Act; public health education; public health governance
Public Health: People Caring for People (Carney), 3
Public Health Act: communicable and notifiable diseases, 40, 63, 93–94; historical overview, 7–8, 114, 115–116, 117, 119–120, 122–125, 392–393; milk pasteurization, 148; pollution, 245–247; regulations on unvaccinated pupils, 297–298, 311–312; in throne speeches, 49–50, 53; water fluoridation, 274–277
Public Health Advisory and Appeals Board, 123, 125
Public Health Advocacy: Lessons Learned from the History of the Alberta Public Health Association (McLaren, Lucyk, and Stahnisch), 3
Public Health Agency of Canada, 142, 168, 177, 181t, 279–280, 384–385
Public Health and Preventive Medicine residency program, 166
public health education, 38, 47, 163–182, 208, 210; Community Health Representatives training, 208, 210; critical perspective, 176–178; current programs overview, 163, 179t; inflection point, 168–169; state of public health discourse, 163; timeline of key events, 180–181t; 1905 to 1970s, 38, 47, 164–166; 1970s to 2000, 166–167; 2000s growth and expansion, 169–175. See also pan-Alberta public health coalition
public health governance, 93–129, 300–302; alignment with Ottawa Charter, 300–302; chronological overview, 82, 95–102t; commissions, task forces, and reports overview, 108, 109–112t; cross-jurisdictional patterns, 128–129; divisions and branches, 103–107t; early foundations, 113–114; value of studying, 93–94; 1905 to 1918, 114–116; 1919 to 1929, 117–118; 1930 to 1970, 119–121; 1970s to 1980s, 122–125; 1990s to present, 125–128
Public Health in Alberta: A Proposal for Action (Alberta Public Health Association), 153
Public Health in Alberta: Showcasing our Past; Creating our Future (Millennium Project, Alberta Public Health Association), 126, 152–153
Public Health Nurses Act, 118
public health nurses and nursing: activities, 24, 146, 303–305; training, 38, 164; workforce and organization, 46, 47, 110t, 116, 144
public in public health, 19–29, 61, 123–124, 329, 331, 333, 334; in disasters, 329, 331, 333, 334; equitable treatment of, 29; and eugenics movement, 24–26; immigrants, 21–24; inclusion and exclusion, 20–21, 26, 61; Indigenous Peoples and tuberculosis, 27–28; Leilani Muir, 19–20; patients’ rights, 123–124
public places and smoking legislation, 269, 270, 271, 288n12
public policy and social determinants of health, 339–341. See also health-in-all-policies; healthy public policy
Public Safety Canada, 333
public sector employees, 285–286
Public Service Employee Relations Act, 284
Q
R
radiation hazard regulations, 47
Railway Safety Act review report, 326
The Rainbow report: Our Vision for Health, by the Premier’s Commission on Future Health Care for Albertans (Hyndman), 111t, 301
Raine, Kim D., 167, 169, 386–387
Raphael, Dennis: Social Determinants of Health, 21
Red Crow College, 223
Redford, Alison, 352t
Redford government (2011-2014), 50, 356
Red Paper (Citizens Plus, Indian Association of Alberta), 196t, 203
refugee services, 375
regional health authorities. see health regions
Regional Health Authorities Act (1994), 125, 152, 275t, 279
Registered Nurses Act, 118
Reichwein, Baldwin, 140, 341, 342, 348; A Century of Public Health Services in Alberta, 3
Reid, Richard G., 96t
remote communities: medical transporation, 213–214; nursing services, 47, 368–369
reporting on diseases, illnesses, and deaths, 62–64, 125
Report of the Advisory Committee on Indian and Inuit Health Consultation (Berger Report), 197t
Report of the Inquiry into Systems of State Medicine (Pattison and White), 109t
Report of the Provincial Board of Health (Laidlaw), 64
Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 198t
Report of the Special Committee on Indian Self-Government (Penner Report), 197t
Report of the Special Legislative and Lay Committee Inquiring into Preventive Health Services in the Province of Alberta (Somerville), 40, 110t
Research Council of Alberta, 275
research programs, 168–169, 173
residential schools, 191–192, 195t, 198t, 199–200, 235n144
resource extraction, 114, 244, 245t, 246, 247
restaurants and smoking legislation, 270
Revell, D.G., 115
risk factor epidemiology, 52
Roberts, Barbara, 24
Robinson Vollman, Ardene, 167, 172, 173
Rock, Melanie, 21
Rockefeller Foundation, 119, 121, 129, 164
Rodney, Dave, 250t, 256, 352t, 356
Rogers Pass avalanche, 321
Romanow Report (Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada), 198t
Rose, Patrick Blair, 98t
Ross, J. Donovan, 97–98t, 276, 368
Rossin-Slater, Maya, 309
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 282
Royal North-West Mounted Police, 114, 281, 282
Rutherford government (1905-1910), 46
Rutty, Christopher, 70; This is Public Health: A Canadian History, 3–4
S
Salk vaccine trials, 73
sanitation, 116, 121, 144, 239
Santamaria-Plaza, Cristina, 239
Saskatchewan Board of Health, 113
Saskatchewan laboratory sharing, 115
Sawridge First Nation, 331
Schartner, Adelaide, 372; Health Units of Alberta, 3
School of Public Health (University of Alberta), 168, 169–171, 181t, 376
schools: classroom activities, 223, 277; comprehensive school health, 314–315; First Nations operation, 196t; health curricula, 312–314; medical inspections and immunizations, 311–312; residential, 191–192, 195t, 198t, 199–200, 235n144; school boards, 120, 312. See also education
Scott, Duncan Campbell, 200
seat belt legislation, 75–78, 81–82, 395
seniors, 44, 121, 211, 351–352, 382
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome pandemic, 168, 180, 181t
Sexual Sterilization Act (Alberta), 19–20, 25, 118, 366, 394
Shah, Nayan, 22
Shandro, Tyler, 102t
Short Stay Maternity Program, 375
Shredding the Public Interest (Taft), 127
Simmons, Helen, 147
Sinclair, Niigaanwewidam James, 203
Skans, Oskar N., 309
Skinner, Daniel, 176
Slater, Dennis, 239
Slave Lake: district nursing, 368; wildfire, 329–331, 335
Smith, Edward Stuart Orford, 370–371
Smoke-free Places (Tobacco Reduction) Amendment Act, 272–273
smoking and tobacco control, 150, 152
Smorang, Jackie, 277
social assistance programs: concerns about abuse, 348; and health program administration, 146–147, 342–343; in history, 120–121, 341–342; non-profit delivery, 140–142; workfare, 126. See also preventive social service programs
social cohesion, 335
Social Credit (SC) governments: labour legislation, 282–284; social policy and services, 343, 345, 346; and universal health insurance, 120; water fluoridation, 275. See also Manning government; Strom government
social democracy, 402
social determinants of health: and disaster vulnerability, 334; early childhood, 302; and human intervention, 166; in Ottawa Charter, 122; political and economic factors, 4–5, 224, 256–257, 260, 280, 282; in public health education, 176–178; and public policy, 339–341, 349–351; and public spending, 10–12; resolutions of Alberta Public Health Association, 144, 148, 149, 153; and Social Policy Framework, 356–359; speeches and debates, 40, 352–356
Social Determinants of Health (Raphael), 21
social justice: vs. market justice, 258; and Notley government, 128; and public health, 5, 394–395; in Social Policy Framework, 357, 358; in Truth and Reconciliation Calls to Action, 193
social movements, 146
social policy and services administration, 146–147, 339–360; in Alberta Public Health Association resolutions, 146–147; early years, 342–343; milestone events, 344t; overview, 339–341, 359–360, 392; Social Policy Framework, 356–359; societal responses to poverty and need, 341–342; 1970s and 1980s, 342, 345–351; 1990s to 2010s, 351–356
Societies Act, 139
Somerville, Ashbury, 3, 97–98t, 367; Report of the Special Legislative and Lay Committee Inquiring into Preventive Health Services in the Province of Alberta, 110t
Speaker, Raymond, 348
Spirit of Healing initiative, 211
sports promotion, 378
Stachenko, Sylvie, 170
Stahnisch, Frank W., 1, 163; Public Health Advocacy: Lessons Learned from the History of the Alberta Public Health Association, 3
Stanley, George D., 68
Starblanket, Gina, 400
state medicine, 109t, 110t, 120
“Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969” (White Paper), 196t, 203
Stelmach government (2006-2011), 50, 128, 272, 355–356
Steve Fonyo Cancer Prevention Program, 78
Stewart, Charles, 23
Stewart, Miriam, 167
Stewart government (1917-1921), 39–40, 46
Stone, Deborah: Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, 5–6
Strom government (1968-1971), 49, 247, 343, 344t
Sullivan, Sue C.: This is Public Health: A Canadian History, 3–4
A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies (Hawthorn), 196t
Suzuki, David, 272
Swann, David, 250t, 251, 254, 258, 352t, 356, 357–358, 380–381
symbolic policy discourse, 251, 252, 254
syphilis, 68
T
Taft, Kevin, 250t, 252; Shredding the Public Interest, 127
Tailfeathers, Esther, 221
Tanaka, Sakiko, 309
Taylor, Gordon, 76
technology systems, 328–329, 335
territiorial ordinances, 46, 113, 115
Tesh, Silvia Noble: Hidden Arguments: Political Ideology and Disease Prevention Policy, 5
This is Public Health: A Canadian History (Rutty and Sullivan), 3–4
Thompson, Graham, 128
throne speeches, 33–55, 82, 247, 251, 343, 358, 393–394; analysis methodology, 34–35, 36–37t; on environment, 247, 251; on health and social services, 343, 358–359; on health topics, 37–41; insights, 33, 54–55, 393–394; on prevention, 50–54, 82; on public health, 45–50; responses to, 358; on subtopics of health, 41–45
Thurston, Billie, 167
tobacco control, 150, 152, 268–273, 388
Tobacco Control Act, 272
Tobacco Products Control Act, 271
Tobacco Reduction Alliance, 150, 272
tooth decay and fluoridation, 273–274
traffic safety, 89n71
transportation: railway safety, 326–327; and remote communities, 213–214
Transport Canada, 326
Travelling Child Welfare Clinics, 305
treaties: Alberta map, 225f; signing and implementation, 7, 195t, 200; Treaty 6, 205–206; Treaty 7, 218–219; Treaty 8, 212–213; Treaty Right to Health, 201, 206
treatment facilities and services, 44–45, 53
Treatment Services Act, 40
Trudeau (Justin) government, 199t, 243t, 244, 399
Trudeau (Pierre Elliot) government, 203, 248, 271
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action, 191–193, 217, 223; on cultural genocide, 194; established, 198t; members, 379; report issued, 199t, 398
tuberculosis: administration, 121; hospitals, 44; leadership in, 368, 377–378; modes of exclusion, 26–28; statistics, 71
Tuberculosis Act (Alberta), 71, 366
Turner, Bob, 250t
U
Ukrainian immigrants, 24
unemployment insurance programs, 121
unions. See labour organization and activism
United Conservative Party government, 113, 128
United Farmers of Alberta governments, 307, 342–343
United Farm Women of Alberta. See Farm Women’s Union of Alberta
Université de Montréal, 164, 180t
University of Alberta: fluorine and tooth decay research, 273–274; nursing programs, 367, 369, 373–374; Provincial Laboratory, 115, 164; public health programs, 165, 166, 167, 179t, 180t, 383, 387; School of Public Health, 168, 169–171, 181t, 376
University of Alberta Hospital Foundation, 48
University of Calgary: health promotion centres, 167; public health programs, 165, 166, 171–173, 179t, 180t, 181t; veterinary programs, 169
University of Lethbridge: public health programs, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173–175, 179t, 180t, 181t; and School of Public Health, 172
University of Saskatchewan public health school, 170
University of Toronto: public health schools, 164, 170, 180t; water fluoridation research, 274
user fees, 81
V
vaccines and vaccinations, 73, 311–312, 371, 385
Velez Mendoza, Rogelio, 33, 61, 93, 137, 163, 191, 267, 297, 365
venereal diseases, 63, 68, 72, 80
Venereal Diseases Prevention Act, 116, 118
Venne, Muriel Stanley, 376–377
Verweij, Marcel, 20
Victorian Order of Nurses, 140
violence protections advocacy and support, 377, 382
Vital Statistics Act, 7, 62, 118
vital statistics reporting processes, 62–63
W
Walby, Sylvia, 402
Wales, Wellbeing of Future Generations legislation, 399
waste management, 381
water fluoridation, 119, 273–279, 395
water pollution and waterworks regulations, 119, 245–246
Waters, John, 99–100t, 101t, 372–373
Watson, Helen Griffith Wylie, 369–370
Weaselhead, Charles, 217, 218, 220, 223, 224
Webber, Neil, 99t
Weber, Barret, 141
Weingarten, Harvey, 171
Welch-Rose report (1915), 164, 180t
welfare, 339–342. See also social assistance programs
Welfare of Children Act (1925), 139–140
Wellbeing Economy Alliance, 398–399
Wellness Initiatives proposal, 354–355
Werry, Leonard, 347
Western Canada Medical Journal, 26
What Makes Health Public? (Coggon), 21
White, Fred: Report of the Inquiry into Systems of State Medicine, 109t
Whitelaw, Thomas H., 311
White Paper (Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy), 196t, 203
Why are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of Populations (Evans et al), 214
Wilson, Doug, 167, 169, 375–376
Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, 282
Winslow, Charles-Edward, 1, 4–5, 11
Winter Counts, 223
Wolfe, Ruth, 165
women: advocacy organizations, 76, 288n12; eugenics targets, 26; workers, 282, 283, 307
Wood Buffalo wildfire, 329, 331–333, 335
workers: and childcare, 357–358; disparities, 121, 353; early immigrants, 280–281; health and political economy, 279–287; in public health sector, 38, 143, 144, 145–146, 147, 168, 181t; World War I era, 281–282
“workfare,” 126
working conditions, 39, 239, 279–280, 299
Working People in Alberta: A History (Finkel), 280
Workmen’s Compensation Act (1908), 139
World Health Organization: Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 339–340, 397–398; 1946 Constitution, 5; definition of health, 61, 299; framework conventions and studies, 256, 272; Health Equity through Intersectoral Action, 359
Y
Yassi, Annalee, 177
Yellowhead Tribal Council, 206, 211
Young, Kue, 170
YWCA, 139
Z
Zander, Rudolph, 78
Zaozirny, John B., 81
Zwozdesky, Gene, 101t