Index
A
A Samaritan State?, 1–2, 11, 14, 27, 94, 125, 138, 145, 164, 178, 246, 271–72, 288, 295, 334; contemporary relevance, 119, 311–12, 317–23, 325
Abbott, Douglas (Canadian politician), 33, 44, 73, 195
Afghanistan, 14, 272, 306, 314; as fragile state, 284; and Dahla Dam, 315
Africa 2000, 258
Africa: relations with, 1, 91, 190; and cold war, 155, 157, 233; as aid recipient, 5, 13–16, 136, 246, 273–75, 283, 285–86, 288, 335; and former French colonies, 145, 148, 202, 280; 293–94; in Mulroney era, 297–301; in Chrétien era, 301–6. See also Botswana; Biafra; Nigeria; Ethiopia
African Recovery Fund, 255
Alcan, 137
Allende, Salvador (Chilean politician), 149, 278
Alliance for Progress, 133, 135
Amagoalik, John (Inuit leader), 253
Angola, 262
Anstee, Margaret (UN aid advisor), 82
Argentina, 133, 146, 149
Asia: relations with, 1, 24, 55, 58; as aid recipient, 4–6, 8 13, 16, 24, 32–33, 35, 39, 44, 60, 62, 65, 73, 123, 146; and cold war, 60–61, 88, 91, 93, 105, 132, 194, 233, 275, 280, 286, 297, 335. See also India; Pakistan
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), 44, 113
Atomic power. See nuclear cooperation
Ault, Orville (Canadian public servant), 23, 54, 68; career, 65–66; dismissal, 67–68; plans for growth, 65–66
Axworthy, Lloyd (Canadian politician), 305
B
Baird, Irene (Canadian public servant), 56
Balkans, as aid recipient, 231
Ban Ki-Moon (UN Secretary-General), 261
Banerjee, P.K. (Indian diplomat), 37
Bangladesh, 106, 115, 117, 118, 230, 238
Barbour, David (Canadian photographer), 228, 231
Bartlett, David W. (Canadian public servant), 63, 64, 67
Batchelor, Sheila (CIDA employee), 172, 173
Belize, as aid recipient, 279
Bergbusch, Eric (Canadian diplomat), 152, 178
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (Pakistani politician), 108–10, 116
Biafra, 211, 247, 250
Bibeau, Marie-Claude (Canadian politician), 288, 324
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 23
Blaikie, Bill (Canadian politician), 257
Bolivia: as aid recipient, 82, 89, 283, 286; UN mission to, 77–81
Borg, Roberta (CIDA employee), 241n13
Botswana, 230, 235, 238, 239
Bow, Malcolm (Canadian diplomat), 154
Bramley, Mary (CIDA employee), 241, 241n17
Brazil, 126, 146, 149, 284; as aid recipient, 136, 150, 154
British West Indies, 65. See also Commonwealth Caribbean
Brook, Tom J. (Canadian trade commissioner), 23, 54, 68; career, 55–56
Brown, Ken (Canadian diplomat), 153–54
Bull, Fred (Canadian public servant), 58, 60
Burma, 4, 57, 65, 83; as recipient of technical assistance, 89
business sector: as beneficiary of aid, 8–9, 29, 41, 44, 123–34, 137–38, 151, 285–86, 302, 318, 322–24; and Ethiopian famine relief, 253; influence on aid policy, 271–72, 285, 319, 322–23; and Latin America, 149, 278; relations with CIDA, 149, 171, 210, 254, 288; as stakeholder, 192, 203, 207; view of aid recipients, 43. See also promotional state
C
Cadbury, George (Canadian economist), 83
Cadieux, Marcel (Canadian diplomat), 111, 153
Canada in the World, 302
Canadair, 130
Canadian Association for Latin America (CALA), 149
Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace (CCODP), 173
Canadian Commercial Corporation, 34
Canadian Congress of Labour, 86
Canadian Council for International Cooperation (CCIC), 13, 169–70, 207, 209, 302
Canadian Council of Churches, 152
Canadian Executive Service Overseas (CESO), 168
Canadian Institute of International Affairs (CIIA), 57
Canadian Institute of Public Affairs, 57
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 189; and aid to Africa, 14, 250, 254–55, 259, 294, 297, 300; and aid to Chile, 148–52; and aid to Colombia, 137–38; and aid to Cuba, 153–57; and aid to India, 117; and Latin America, 136, 147–49, 277, 282–83, 286; and aid to Pakistan, 117; budget cuts in the 1990s, 12, 213, 271, 298, 301–2; Business and Industry Program, 171; Communications Branch, 206; criticism for financial mismanagement at, 157, 164, 169, 182n25, 212, 255–56, 306; creation of, 7–8, 45, 103, 167–68, 206, 225, 311, 317; culture and identity, 14, 168–69, 213, 272, 294–97, 301, 303–4, 307; Democratic Development Fund for Guatemala, 282; Development Education Program, 207; Development Information Program, 231; Educational Institutions Program, 210; and embrace of structural adjustment programs, 12, 271–72; Global Education Program, 305; Industrial Cooperation Program, 210, 322; Information Division, 206; International NGO Program, 176; Management for Change Program, 171; merger with Department of Foreign Affairs, 13–14, 271, 287, 293, 305, 317–18; NGO Division, 164, 168–70, 172, 174–76, 210, 335; and programming for women, 173; Public Affairs Branch, 226; Public Participation Program, 13, 177–78, 305; relations with civil society, 9–10, 13, 206–13, 271–72, 282, 300, 304–5, 307; relations with CUSO, 169, 170, 172, 178, 207, 211; relations with the Department of External Affairs/Foreign Affairs, 167–68, 173–75, 282, 295, 300, 305; relations with Department of Trade and Commerce, 9, 13; relations with NGOs, 9, 168–70, 172–74, 178, 207, 210–11, 287, 296, 311; Special Programs Branch (CIDA), 9, 164, 168, 178, 255. See also International Development Photo Library; Margaret Catley-Carlson; Michel Dupuy; Paul Gérin-Lajoie; Marcel Massé; Lewis Perinbam; Maurice Strong
Canadian International Development Board (CIDB), 173, 176, 178
Canadian International Resources Development Institute, 324
Canadian national identity: and aid projects, 10, 37, 39, 59, 70n29, 83, 189–90, 192, 198, 199, 201, 205–6, 213, 273, 276; and citizenship, 258; and Commonwealth, 197, 297; and the role of photographs, 240
Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise, 289
Canadian University Services Overseas (CUSO), 1, 154, 157, 209; origins, 166, 168–69, 203, 335; relations with CIDA, 169, 170, 172, 178, 207, 211; returned volunteers, 172
Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), 128–29
CARE, 171
Caribbean: relations with, 1, 145; aid for, 5, 123–24, 146, 174–75, 202, 275. See also British West Indies
CARICOM, 285
Castro, Fidel (Cuban revolutionary and politician), 152, 154, 156, 277
Catley-Carlson, Margaret (Canadian public servant), 11, 169
Cavell, R. G “Nik” (Canadian public servant), 5, 23, 34, 37, 54, 66, 68, 189, 272, 335; early career, 56–59, 61; expansion ambitions, 64–65; management style, 62, 84; nomination to Sri Lanka, 65; public relations skills, 196; relations with Department of External Affairs, 62–63; views on aid, 60
Centennial International Development Program, 168, 203
Central America, relations with, 13; as aid recipient, 136, 272, 280; and cold war crises in, 279; trade agreement with, 285
Ceylon. See Sri Lanka
Champagne, François-Philippe (Canadian politician), 289
Chile, 9, 133, 278, 335; and 1973 coup, 104, 278; as aid recipient, 146, 149–52, 155, 157–58, 176, 278; free trade with, 283
China, People’s Republic, 13, 194; and aid to Pakistan 111–12; war with India, 109–10, 112
Chrétien, Jean (Canadian prime minister): and aid budget cuts, 13, 271, 297, 302–3; on Ethiopian famine, 247–48; and G-8 Action Plan, 306; and interest in Latin America, 282–84, 288
Christian Action for Development in the Caribbean (CADEC), 174
churches in Canada, 1, 12, 173, 174–75, 178, 192, 335; and Latin America 152, 276, 278; as pressure group, 84, 211, 247, 249, 253; relations with CIDA, 13, 207, 209. See also Canadian Council of Churches; Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America; Inter-Church Fund for International Development; Taskforce on Churches and Corporate Responsibility
Churchill, Gordon (Canadian politician), 66, 67
Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform (C-FAR), 212
CITY TV, 252
Civil Service Commission, 56, 60, 66
civil society: in aid recipient countries, 11, 282; in Canada, 9, 10, 11, 14–13, 23, 24, 146, 288; influence on aid policy, 9, 15, 104, 146, 191, 193, 211, 271–72, 274, 283, 287; interest in Latin America, 13–14, 104, 276, 278–80; relations with CIDA, 103, 169–70, 282, 296, 299, 300–301, 304, 307; renewed interest in, under Justin Trudeau, 16, 274
Clark, Joe (Canadian prime minister): and Ethiopian famine relief, 245–48, 250, 254, 256
Claxton, Brooke (Canadian politician), 57, 73
Clay, Lucius (American general), 200
Cockburn, Bruce (Canadian entertainer), 281
Cold War: and aid, 12, 16, 33, 60–1, 74, 95, 275, 233; in Asia, 118, 194–95; in Bolivia 78; end of, 282; and Ethiopian famine relief, 253, 261; as factor in aid to Cuba, 152–53; as influence on aid to Colombia, 125; in Latin America, 276, 279; and Pakistan, 106–8; and technical assistance at UN, 83
Coldwell, M. J. (Canadian politician), 83
Cole, C. V. (Canadian diplomat), 111
Colombia, 8, 9, 104, 147, 150, 272, 273, 279, 286; and Howe’s goodwill trade mission in 1953, 125–29; and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 133–39; and sale of jet fighters in 1956, 129–32; and trade agreement, 285
Colombo Conference of Commonwealth Foreign Ministers, 1950, 54, 194
Colombo Group, of Canadian Government, 66
Colombo Plan (for Co-operative Economic Development), 3, 4, 10, 23–24, 28, 34, 59, 75, 123, 194, 334; Canadian contribution to, 29, 31–33, 37–38, 56, 58–59, 62–65, 73–74, 94, 195–96, 198, 275; and Canadian identity, 189, 198; and cold war, 93, 105, 194–95, 334; impact on Canadian business, 44–45, 47; influence on Canadian aid, 41, 45–46; as high modernism, 29; technical assistance, 39, 41, 112
Colombo Plan Consultative Committee, 33, 34
Comité de Solidarité Québec-Chili, 152
Commission on International Development (UN), 7, 94
Commonwealth (British), 2–3, 14, 32–33, 47, 56, 73–74, 130, 132, 297, 300; as Canadian aid priority, 4, 23–25, 28, 35, 45, 123, 145–46, 194, 197–201, 213, 275–76, 288, 301; and Canadian identity, 10, 31, 35, 58, 83, 297; and Pakistan, 113, 117–18
Commonwealth Caribbean, 123–24. See also British West Indies
Commonwealth Economic and Trade Conference, 1958, 190
corporate social responsibility, 178, 289, 323
Costa Rica, 147, 283
Couillard, Louis (Canadian diplomat), 63
counterpart funds, 42, 112
Cuba, 9, 133; as aid recipient under Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 152–58, 277
Currie Lauchlin (American economist), 128
D
Daniel, Howard (UN expert), 56
Davidson, Paul (Canadian public servant), 166
decolonisation, 5, 27, 33, 65, 95, 118, 194–95, 233, 275
democracy promotion, 282, 313
Department of Defence Production, 130
Department of External Affairs, 5, 8, 75, 195, 212; and aid for Chile 151; and aid for Cuba, 152–55; and Colombia, 125, 130, 132; and Colombo Plan, 32, 37, 73, 193, 195, 197, 201; and creation of External Aid Office, 66–68; and Ethiopian famine relief, 250; and Pakistan, 111–12, 116–17; relations with Cavell, 58, 62–64; relations with CIDA, 167, 173–78, 205; relations with Department of Trade and Commerce, 33, 53, 55–56, 65, 67–68, 311. See also Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development; Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade; Global Affairs Canada
Department of Finance, 67, 73, 151; as policy maker, 295, 300
Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD), 293
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 282, 286, 300; and merger with CIDA, 13–14, 271, 287, 293, 305, 317–18; as policy-maker, 295; relations with CIDA, 295, 305
Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce: and Chile, 152 and CIDA, 173, 178. See also Department of Trade and Commerce
Department of National Defence: as policy-maker, 295
Department of Trade and Commerce, 5, 6, 34, 45, 54, 62, 103, 126, 151; and Colombia, 126, 129–30; and Economic and Technical Assistance Branch, 66, 67; and External Aid Office, 67–68, 103, 311; International Economic and Technical Cooperation Division, 5, 58, 66, 68; relations with CIDA, 173, 210; relations with Department of External Affairs, 33, 53, 55–56, 65, 67–68, 311; and Technical Cooperation Service, 87, 94. See also Ault, Orville; Brooke, T.J.; Bull, Fred; Cavell, R.G.; Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce; International Economic and Technical Cooperation Division
Development Education Animateur Programme (DEAP), 207, 209, 211
development education, 305
development planning, 88
Diefenbaker, John G. (Canadian prime minister), 6, 45, 65, 196; and aid for Pakistan 106–8; and relations with Perinbam, 166
Dominican Republic, 285
Douglas, Tommy (Canadian politician), 83
Dupuy, Michel (Canadian public servant), 9
E
Eberts, Christopher (Canadian diplomat), 109
Ecuador, 150
Edwards, Jim (Canadian politician), 249
Eggleton, Art (Canadian politician), 252
Egypt, 228
El Salvador, 151, 279, 280
Emergency Coordinator for African Relief, 250
English, John (Canadian public servant), 67, 68
environment, 286
Eritrea, 257
Ethiopia, 11, 190, 231; famine relief in the 1980s, 245–67, 271, 334
Export Development Canada, 318, 322
Export Development Corporation (EDC), 151–52, 155
Exports Credits Insurance Corporation, 135
External Aid Office (EAO), 6, 7, 45, 103; creation of, 53, 67–68, 103, 311; and CUSO, 203; and photography in, 225; transformation into CIDA, 7–8, 45, 103, 167–68, 206, 225, 311, 317. See also Herb Moran
F
Fantino, Julian (Canadian politician), 318–19
FinDev Canada: creation of, 322
food aid: as a weapon, 259, 261. See also Canadian Wheat Board; wheat
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 92
For Whose Benefit? (Winegard Report), 11, 297, 302
Ford, Robert (Canadian diplomat), 55
Foreign Policy for Canadians, 8, 134, 136, 147, 205–6, 210, 276
Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), 287
fragile states, 283, 284
Francophonie (La): as aid recipient, 14, 202, 297
G
Garrett, Nancy (CUSO volunteer), 166
GATT-Fly, 178, 211
Gedolf, Bob (British entertainer), 260
Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (Canadian public servant), 7, 9, 148, 154, 167, 176; interest in Latin America, 277
Germany, 319
Ghana, 66, 299
Glazebrook, George (Canadian diplomat and historian), 66
Global Affairs Canada, 231, 293, 320; and International Assistance Review, 320-23
Global Market Action Plan, 319
Gode, Ethiopia, 252
Godfrey, John (Canadian politician), 251
Goldschlag, Klaus (Canadian diplomat), 153
Gomez, Laureano (Colombia politician), 129
Gordon, Walter (Canadian politician), 200
Grandy, J. F. (Canadian diplomat), 134
Green, Howard (Canadian politician), 67
Gregg, Allan (Canadian pollster), 249
gross domestic product: aid as percentage of, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 202, 265n63, 298, 303, 306, 322
Guatemala, 147, 151, 279, 280
Guelph African Relief Network (GAFRN), 252, 253
Guyana, 283, 299
Gwyn, Sandra (Canadian journalist), 164
H
Haiti, 16, 123, 173, 212, 273, 280, 284; electoral importance, 284; as failed state, 283, 287
Harper, Stephen (Canadian prime minister), 13, 14, 16, 34, 138, 284; and instrumentalization of aid, 274, 286; interest in Latin America, 285, 287, 306; merger of DFAIT and CIDA, 293, 318; and record on aid, 312, 325
Head, Ivan (Canadian public servant), 212
Heasman, George (Canadian diplomat), 54
Heeney, Arnold (Canadian public servant), 55
Hellyer, Paul (Canadian politician), 155
Herbert, W. H. (Canadian cultural activist), 57
Herman, Lloyd (UN expert), 93
Higgins, Benjamin (Canadian development economist), 6
high modernism, 28, 29, 46–47
Hobart, J. T. (Canadian public servant), 64
Holmes, John (Canadian diplomat), 56
Honduras, 279, 280, 283; country of focus, 286; and trade agreement, 285
Howe, C. D. (Canadian politician), 34, 58, 76, 154, 212; goodwill trade mission to Colombia, 124–29; sale of jet fighters to Colombia, 130–31
human rights, 324–25, 335; in Central America, 280, 282; in Chile, 150–52; in Cuba, 155–58; as influence on aid, 9, 146, 149, 178, 274, 278, 282, 285–86, 302; as factor in Ethiopian famine relief, 255–56; in Haiti, 173; in Saudi Arabia, 324–25
humane internationalism, 9, 170, 176, 249, 273, 297, 301, 313, 333
humanitarianism: as motive for aid, 8–9, 23, 31, 33, 60, 104, 116, 125, 134, 138, 165, 178, 196, 199, 231–32, 252, 280, 312
I
India, 4, 8, 24, 27–52, 60, 64, 75, 196, 271; and Colombo Plan aid, 36–41; and development planning, 35–36; and food aid, 38, 41–42; Kundah hydro-eclectic project, 44; and nuclear cooperation, 38, 41, 42, 43–44, 110; Mayurakshi Dam (Canada Dam), 39, 43, 44; as military aid recipient, 109, 112, 315; and modernization, 28–31; and origins of Colombo Plan aid, 31–35; and Umtru Dam, 37, 44; and World Bank consortium, 42
Indian National Congress, 36
Indigenous peoples, 30, 37, 76, 78, 333. See also Inuit
Indonesia, 13, 65, 79, 83
Inter Pares, 172, 287
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 124, 133, 137, 146, 147, 148, 150, 152; Canadian contribution to, 275, 278, 282
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 147
Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America, 278
Inter-Church Fund for International Development, 178
International Development Association, 103
International Development Photo Library (Photothèque), (CIDA) 223-40; history, 225–31; contents, 232–35; significance, 236–39, 336
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 7, 136–37, 209
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 12, 271, 272, 282, 296, 298
Inuit, 244n45, 253
Iraq, 314; as failed state, 284
Israel, 66
J
James, Susan (Canadian activist), 252
Jamieson, Don (Canadian politician), 157
Japan, 57, 75–76, 134, 165
Jewitt, Pauline (Canadian politician), 247
Johnson, Lyndon Baines (American president), 133
K
KAIROS, 13, 287
Kashmir, 106, 110
Keenleyside, Hugh (Canadian public servant), 5, 23, 28; 56, 74, 272, 334; early career, 75–76; as head of TAA, 82–83; growth of development diplomacy, 87–93; and origins of technical assistance, 75–77; relations with Canada, 84–87; and UN mission to Bolivia, 77–82
Kennedy, John F. (American president), 7, 103, 133, 199–200
Khan, Agha Muhammad Yahya (Pakistani general and politician), 117
Khan, Mohammad Ayub (Pakistani general and politician), 108, 110, 115
Kidd, Roby (Canadian activist), 203
King, W. L. Mackenzie (Canadian prime minister), 83
Kiwanis Club, 249
Kruger, 137
L
Landry, Monique (Canadian politician), 300
Latin America, 13, 82, 136; as aid recipient, 5, 8, 14, 104, 124–39, 145–58, 202, 277, 278–80, 283–84, 335; cold war in, 276; contours of aid, 272; and dependency theorists, 30; early history of aid relations, 275–78; and Justin Trudeau’s priorities, 288; politicization of aid relations, 279–81; regional role in, 281–84; Stephen Harper era, 284–87. See also Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Cuba
Latin American Working Group, 149, 178, 278, 335
LeMoyne, Roger (Canadian photographer), 231, 239
LePan, Douglas (Canadian diplomat), 66, 67
Lewis, Sir Arthur (Saint Lucian economist), 175
Lewis, Stephen (Canadian politician), 261
Libya, 314
Lie, Trygve (UN Secretary General), 75, 93; and “Point Six” aid, 75
Lloyd, Woodrow (Canadian politician), 83
M
MacDonald, David (Canadian politician), 250–51; in Ethiopia, 257–58, 262
MacDonald, Dawn (Canadian activist), 252
MacDonald, John (Canadian public servant), 63
Macdonnell, R. M. (Canadian diplomat), 61
MacEachen, Allan (Canadian politician), 280
MacGuigan, Mark (Canadian politician), 157
MacKinnon, J. A. (Canadian politician), 124
Maione, Romeo (CIDA employee), 172–73
Malawi, 262
Marchand, Blaine (CIDA employee), 241n2
Martin, Paul, Sr. (Canadian politician), 109, 114, 201, 202
Martin, Paul, Jr. (Canadian politician): as finance minister, 14, 302–3; as prime minister, 283, 288, 318
Martin, Nigel (CIDA employee), 172
Massé, Marcel (Canadian public servant), 12, 14, 295; and structural adjustment programs, 271, 298–99; views of Lewis Perinbam, 164, 179
MATCH International, 173
Mayhew, Robert (Canadian politician), 73
McAlister, Elizabeth (CIDA employee), 172
McCaughey, C. E. (Canadian diplomat), 43, 116
McDougall, Barbara (Canadian politician), 300
Mehta, Dilip (Canadian photographer), 231, 238
Mexico, 147
Miles for Millions Walkathon, 168, 203
military aid: for India, 109, 112, 315
Mills, David (Canadian public servant), 64
missionaries: as early aid workers, 13, 62, 88, 171, 207, 232, 277, 279
modernization theory, 4, 6, 9, 15, 29, 78, 35–6, 89–90, 125–26, 134, 147, 334
Moran, Herb (Canadian public servant), 6, 45, 68, 103, 203; biographical sketch, 53–54
Mozambique, 262
Mulroney, Brian (Canadian prime minister), 11, 12, 13–14; and Ethiopian famine relief, 245–46, 250, 253, 262; ideology of, 280; interest in Latin America, 281, 287–88
Multilateralism: as theme in Canada’s aid policy, 6, 8, 45, 117, 173, 202; in Ethiopia, 254, 261; in Latin America, 125, 133–37, 146, 151, 275, 278; at United Nations, 3–5, 65–66, 74–75, 79, 84, 94, 103
Mutual Aid, 32, 34
Myanmar. See Burma
N
National Advisory Committee on Development Education, 13
Nehru, Jawaharlal (Indian prime minister), 29, 34, 42; and non-alignment, 106, 109, 115, 116; and modernity, 36
Nicaragua, 239, 279–81, 283
Nigeria, 211, 239, 247
Nixon, Richard (American president), 150
non-governmental organizations, 9, 16, 12, 13, 84, 88, 147; and aid delivery, 280; as critics, 287; in Latin America, 279–80, 286; as pressure groups, 192, 247; relations with CIDA, 9, 168–70, 172–74, 178, 207, 210–11, 287, 296, 311; as stakeholders, 203, 207, 211, 336
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 130, 189
North-South Institute, 287
Northern Lights (Canadian entertainers), 190, 248
nuclear cooperation: with India, 38, 41, 43–44, 111, 113, 114; with Pakistan, 8, 110–14, 118
O
Oda, Bev (Canadian politician), 13, 261, 286, 319
Official Development Assistance Accountability Act, 2008, 11, 286, 323
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 202, 302, 319
Organization of American States (OAS), 148, 275, 278, 281; and democracy promotion, 282
Ouellet, André (Canadian politician), 302
Overcoming Forty Years of Failure, 306
Overseas Institute of Canada, 203
Oxfam, 172, 178, 281, 287
P
Pakistan, 4, 8, 64, 75, 104, 105–20, 314–15; origins of Canadian aid to, 32, 105–6; and nuclear cooperation, 8, 44, 110–15, 118; tensions with India, 106, 108–10, 113–14; value of aid, 111–12, 115–16. See also Warsak hydro-electric and irrigation project
Pan American Health Organization, 147
Panama, 285
Paris Principles on Aid Effectiveness, 317
Partners in Development, 7, 94
Pearson, Lester B. (Canadian politician): as foreign minister from 1948-57, 31, 32, 33, 44, 56, 58, 73, 132; as prime minister from 1963-68, 109, 114, 115, 133, 146, 167, 237; and support for Colombo Plan, 195, 201; and TAA, 86, 93; as UN commissioner, 7, 94
Perinbam, Lewis (Canadian public servant), 9, 54, 104, 189, 272, 335; biographical sketch, 163–69; and humane internationalism, 176–78; and International NGO Program, 176; managerial style, 172; and NGO Division, 169–72, 174–75, 207; relations with Department of External Affairs, 173–76; and women, 173
Peru, 136, 147, 154, 280, 286; and trade agreement, 285
Peterson, David (Canadian politician), 252
Philippines, 229
Pinilla, Rojas (Colombian general), 129, 132
Pinochet, Augusto (Chilean dictator), 150, 152, 278
Plumptre, Wynne (Canadian public servant), 56, 57, 66, 73
Posgate, Dale (CIDA employee), 172
Pratt, Cranford (Canadian political scientist), 2, 15, 124, 170, 193, 249, 300, 305, 313
Pratt, Frank (Canadian public servant), 64
Privy Council Office, 66
promotional state, 113, 123–24, 129, 139, 189
Protheroe, David (Canadian consultant), 165
public engagement: as aid priority, 302; and CIDA, 9–10, 13, 155, 167, 169, 177, 224, 226, 232, 234, 237, 271, 305; and criticism of foreign aid, 150–51, 155, 174, 205–13; and Diefenbaker, 197–200; with Ethiopian famine relief, 11, 246–55, 262; with Latin American issues, 276, 280; and Lester B. Pearson, 201–05; and St. Laurent, 193–97; and support for foreign aid; 1, 30, 37, 58, 86, 189, 213, 313; and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 205–13; and UN, 24, 84, 94. See also civil society; non-governmental organizations
R
Reagan, Ronald (American president), 259, 279, 280
Reid, Escott (Canadian diplomat), 54, 60, 203
Ritchie, A. E. “Ed” (Canadian diplomat), 62–63, 67; and aid to Cuba, 154–55
Roberts, James (Canadian businessman and public servant), 67
Robertson, Norman (Canadian diplomat), 67, 110
Robinson, H. Basil (Canadian diplomat), 108
Roche, Douglas (Canadian politician), 155, 157–58
Ronning, Chester (Canadian politician and diplomat), 44
Rosenthal, W. (Canadian public servant), 63
Rostow, Walt, (American economist) 6, 90
Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), 110, 131
Rwanda, 231, 235, 239
S
Somalia, 262
Saudi Arabia: arms sales to, 15, 324
Scott, Frank (Canadian scholar), 83
Second World War, 6, 54, 65, 76, 125, 189, 232; influence on postwar aid, 31, 36, 46, 194, 233
securitization, of aid, 306
Sharing our Future, 297
Sharp, Mitchell (Canadian politician): as trade official, 132; as secretary of state for external affairs from 1968-74, 117, 134, and aid to Cuba, 153, 154
Shastri, Lal Bahadur (Indian prime minister), 110
signature projects, 316. See also Afghanistan—Dahla Dam; India; Warsak hydro-electric project
Sims, David (Canadian public servant), 62
Sinclair, James (Canadian politician), 34
Šlezić, Lana (Canadian photographer), 231
Small, John (Canadian diplomat), 116, 117, 118
Smillie, Ian (Canadian development activist), 169
Smith, L. A. H. “Larry” (Canadian diplomat), 174–75, 176
Smith, Sidney (Canadian politician), 197
South America: See Latin America; individual country names
Southeast Asia, 65
Soviet Union: and aid to Afghanistan, 314; and aid to Pakistan, 111–12; and UN technical assistance, 91–92
Special Fund for Africa, 255
Special Joint Parliamentary Committee Reviewing Canadian Foreign Policy, 295, 302
Spender, Percy (Australian politician), 33
Spicer, Keith (Canadian public servant), 1–2, 14, 27, 39, 125, 138, 145
Sri Lanka, 4, 64–65, 75; Inginiyagala hydro-electric project, 44
St. Laurent, Louis (Canadian prime minister), 31–32, 65, 77, 126, 189; and approach to aid, 36–38, 54–55; and support for Colombo Plan, 73; on Keenleyside, 82; and on support for aid, 193–97, 209
Stackhouse, Reg (Canadian politician), 245
Stewart, Brian (Canadian journalist), 245, 247
Stewart, Ron (Canadian politician), 255
Strong, Maurice (Canadian public servant), 7, 44, 45, 167; recruitment of, 203; recruitment of Perinbam, 166, 179
structural adjustment programs, 12, 14, 282, 284, 298–300, 305
Stursberg, Peter (Canadian journalist), 82
Sudan, 262
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 15, 317, 323
Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), 7
T
Tanzania, 13, 301
Taskforce on Churches and Corporate Responsibility, 178
Taylor, D. R. (Canadian diplomat), 67
Taylor, Ken (Canadian public servant), 67
Teakles, John (Canadian diplomat), 43
technical assistance, 15, 103; as aid to Latin America, 133, 136–38, 147–48, 150–51, 153–55; as component of Canadian aid generally, 3–4, 6, 23, 39, 41, 58, 64, 68, 112, 118, 209; and Department of Trade and Commerce, 55–56, 62–64; and the UN, 7, 23–24, 28, 54, 75–99, 103. See also Colombo Plan; UN Technical Assistance Program
Technical Assistance Administration (TAA). See United Nations Technical Assistance Administration
Ten Days for World Development, 177, 209
Thatcher, Margaret (British prime minister), 259, 261
Thomson, Murray (Canadian development activist), 170
Thurrott, Jack (Canadian diplomat), 56
Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, 178
Torrado, Osvaldo Dorticos (Cuban president), 154
trade unions: as aid stakeholders, 84, 175, 253; in recipient states, 78, 81
Treasury Board, 60
Treviranus, Barbara (Canadian refugee activist), 252
Trudeau, Justin (Canadian prime minister), 274, 288; and record on aid, 312, 324–25
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (Canadian prime minister), 7, 103, 115, 133, 237; and aid for Cuba, 152–58; and Ethiopian famine relief, 255; and foreign policy review, 8, 134, 136; and Latin America, 9, 145–52, 274, 276, 288; and Pakistan, 117; and trade diversification, 124
Truman, Harry S. (American president), 74, 95
Turner, John (Canadian prime minister), 257
U
Uganda, 173
Ukraine, 16
underdevelopment, 31, 35, 49fn28, 74, 79, 177, 192–93, 205, 207,
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union
United Kingdom, 89, 259, 271, 334; and aid contributions, 24, 31, 86, 94; and Overseas Development Institute, 319, 333; and relations with Canada, 1, 32, 134, 189; and sterling, 32, 33, 194–95
United Nations (UN), 1, 24–25, 54, 60, 73, 75, 109–10, 225, 322, 334; and aid programs, 3–5, 23–24, 55, 74, 136, 189; Canadian contributions to, 65; development decade, 28, 43, 103; Millennium Development Goals, 305; specialized agencies, 93–94; and technical assistance, 24, 64, 103. See also Keenleyside, Hugh
United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat), 225
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 103, 178
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 7, 23, 83, 103
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 166
United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance, 23, 28, 54
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), 3, 32
United Nations Technical Assistance Administration (TAA), 28; in Bolivia 74–75, 78, 82; Canadian contribution to, 84–87; experts by country, 89; and modernization theory, 89–90; and resident representatives, 82, 83, 91; and Soviet Union, 91–93; and UN specialized agencies, 92
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 7, 103, 279
United States, 59, 75, 128, 259, 276; Canadian relations with, 1, 12, 65, 86, 147, 189, 199–200, 276–77, 279–80, 282, 284; foreign aid, 7, 24, 31–33, 43, 55, 60, 84, 89, 91, 94, 106, 200; foreign policy, 13, 15, 31, 89, 91, 116, 333; and Latin America, 104, 129, 131–32, 134, 136, 145, 149–50, 153, 275–76, 279; and technical assistance, 74–75, 79, 84, 86, 91–93, 95
universities, 37, 84, 137, 201, 203, 251, 253, 324; as aid recipients, 150, 154, 324; as aid stakeholders, 175, 192, 207, 209–10. See also Canadian University Service Overseas; World University Service of Canada
Uruguay, 149
V
Venezuela, 147
W
Wanzell, Grant (CUSO volunteer), 170
Warsak hydro-electric and irrigation project, 61, 107, 112, 198, 314-15
Washington consensus. See structural adjustment programs
Weld, John (Canadian diplomat), 111, 114, 115
Wershof, Max (Canadian diplomat), 63
wheat: as aid, 41–42, 65, 114. See also Canadian Wheat Board
White, Nancy (Canadian entertainer), 281
Wilgress, Dana (Canadian diplomat), 32
Winegard, William (Canadian politician), 11, 297, 302
Winters, Robert (Canadian politician), 77
Women in Development (WID), 173
women, 11, 15, 16, 173, 231, 259, 302; Justin Trudeau and, 274, 288, 289, 320–24
World Bank, 5, 12, 65, 103, 166; and Aid India Consortium, 42, 45; and Bolivia 82; in Chile, 152; and Colombia 128, 135; and structural adjustment programs, 271, 272, 282, 296, 298
World Conference on Women (1995), 231
World Food Conference, 177
World Food Programme, 45, 262
World Health Organization (WHO), 92
World University Service of Canada (WUSC), 165, 166; and Ethiopian famine relief, 251–52
WWII. See Second World War
Y
Yemen, 324