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Sole Survivor: Notes

Sole Survivor
Notes

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Half Title Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. In Memoriam
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. 1 Pińczów
  9. 2 Chmielnik
  10. 3 Łódź
  11. 4 Gniezno
  12. 5 Białystok
  13. 6 Litzmannstadt
  14. 7 Kulmhof
  15. 8 Pinnow Bei Reppen
  16. 9 Kreuzsee Bei Reppen
  17. 10 Eberswalde
  18. 11 Birkenau (Auschwitz II)
  19. 12 Monowitz (Auschwitz III)
  20. 13 Gleiwitz
  21. 14 Plattling
  22. 15 Traunstein
  23. 16 Modena, Adriatica and Trani
  24. 17 Epilogue
  25. Notes
  26. List of Illustrations
  27. Bibliography
  28. Index

Notes

Notes to chapter 1

  1. 1 Naomi Seidman, The Marriage Plot: Or, How Jews Fell in Love with Love, and with Literature (Stanford University Press, 2016), ch. 3: “Pride and Pedigree” and ch. 5: “In-Laws and Outlaws.”

  2. 2 Jacob Goldberg, “Jewish Marriage in 18th-Century Poland,” in Jews in Early Modern Poland (Polin v. 10), ed. G. Hundert (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1997), 3-6.

  3. 3 Jaroslaw Dulewicz, “Jews Living in Kielce Guberniya Border Towns, 1875-1877.” AVOTAYNU 35, no. 1 (2019), 333-36.

  4. 4 Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars (Schocken Books, 1977), 13.

  5. 5 Konstanty Gebert et al., “Field Guide to Jewish Łódź.” Taube Center for the Renewal of Jewish Life Foundation, 2017, 6.

  6. 6 Heller, On the Edge of Destruction, 6.

  7. 7 Heller, 16.

  8. 8 Hillel J. Kieval, Blood Inscriptions: Science, Modernity, and Ritual Murder at Europe’s Fin de Siècle (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022), intro., 1-7, ch. 1 “History and Place: Hometown, Local Knowledge, and National Politics,” and ch. 2 “Hungarian Beginnings,” especially 35-37, 43-44; Mary Gluck, The Invisible Jewish Budapest: Metropolitan Culture at the Fin de Siècle (University of Wisconsin Press, 2016), 40-44, especially 41, 44.

  9. 9 Heller, On the Edge of Destruction, 16.

  10. 10 N. M. Gelber, “History of Jews in Chmielnik,” in Kielce-Radom SIG Journal 5, no. 1 (2001): 73-90.

  11. 11 Gelber, “History of Jews in Chmielnik,” 73-90.

  12. 12 Rachel Grossbaum-Pasternak, “Pińczów,” translated by Jerry Tepperman, Pinkas HaKehillot Polen, Vol. VII (Yad Vashem, 1999) in Kielce-Radom SIG Journal 5, no. 1 (2001): 3-7.

  13. 13 Heller, On the Edge of Destruction, 29.

  14. 14 Gelber, “History of Jews in Chmielnik,” 73-90.

  15. 15 Guy Miron, “Between Poland and Hungary: The Process of Jewish Integration from a Comparative Perspective” and Theodore R. Weeks, “Jews and Poles, 1860-1914: Emancipation, Assimilation, Antisemitism” in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 31, Poland and Hungary: Jewish Realities Compared, eds. François Guesnet, Howard Lupovitch and Antony Polonsky (The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2019), 61-81 and 121-42, respectively.

Notes to chapter 2

  1. 1 N.M. Gelber, “History of Jews in Chmielnik,” Kielce-Radom SIG Journal 5, no. 1 (2001): 73-90.

  2. 2 Gelber, “History of Jews in Chmielnik,” 73-90.

  3. 3 Jewish Virtual Library, “Leather Industry and Trade” Encyclopedia Judaica, 2008, 1-4, accessed May 29, 2021, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/leather-industry-trade.

  4. 4 Gelber, “History of Jews in Chmielnik,” 73-90.

  5. 5 Stephen Lehnstaedt, “Occupation during and after the war (East Central Europe)” in The International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1), last updated January 8, 2017, accessed May 29, 2021, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/occupation_during_and_after_the_war_east_central_europe.

  6. 6 Omer Bartov, The Anatomy of Genocide (Simon & Schuster, 2018), 55.

  7. 7 Paul Hanebrink, A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism (Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2018), 46-62.

  8. 8 Konstanty Gebert et. al., “Field Guide to Jewish Łódź.” Taube Center for the Renewal of Jewish Life Foundation, 2017,” 15.

  9. 9 Gebert, et al. “Field Guide to Jewish Łódź,” 15.

  10. 10 Melinda Watt, “Nineteenth Century European Textile Production,” Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2004, accessed May 29. 2021, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/txtn/hd_txtn.htm.

  11. 11 Watt, “Nineteenth Century European Textile Production,” 1-8.

  12. 12 Marek Kępa, “Łódź: A City Built on Peaceful Co-Existence,” Culture.pl, accessed May 29, 2021, https://culture.pl/en/article/lodz-a-city-built-on-peaceful-co-existence, 1-15.

  13. 13 Piotr Machlański, The Piotrkowska Trail (City of Łódź, 2011), 7.

  14. 14 Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi. Certificate of residency prepared during the German occupation of Lodz.

Notes to chapter 3

  1. 1 Małgorzata Hanzl, “Urban Structure as a Repository of Social Content – the Case Study of the Lodz ‘Jewish District’” Real Corp Tagungsband (2012):, section 5.3.2.

  2. 2 “Classic Aesthetic Qualities as a Transfiguration Potential” (University of Łódź, 2015), 15, accessed May 28, 2021, https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/waterfront/article/view/18691.

  3. 3 Stephen Lehnstaedt, “Occupation during and after the war (East Central Europe)” in The International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1), accessed May 28. 2021 https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/occupation_during_and_after_the_war_east_central_europe.

  4. 4 Lehnstaedt, “Occupation during and after the war,” 7-15; Robert Moses Shapiro, “Jewish Communal Autonomy in Poland: Lodz, 1914-1939,” Shofar 7, No.1 (1988), http://www.jstor.com/stable/42941255.

  5. 5 Lehnstaedt, “Occupation during and after the war.”

  6. 6 Marcos Silber, “Jews, Poles, and Germans in Łódź during The Great War: Hegemony via acknowledgment and/or negation of multiple cultures,” in Beyond the Trenches: The Social and Cultural Impact of the Great War, eds Elżbieta Katarzyna Dzikowska, Agata G. Handley and Piotr Zawilski (Peter Lang, 2018), 219-48.

  7. 7 Shapiro, “Jewish Communal Autonomy in Poland: Lodz,” 25-35.

  8. 8 Shapiro, 25-35.

  9. 9 Warren Blatt, “Kielce and Radom Gubernias – Geographic History,” originally in Kielce-Radom SIG Journal, 8. Accessed 6 September 2020. https://www.jewishgen.org/krsig/articles/GeographicHistory.html.

  10. 10 Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Lodz, 1-7.

  11. 11 Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Lodz.

  12. 12 Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe.

  13. 13 Celia Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the two World Wars (Columbia University Press, 1977), 238-39.

  14. 14 Heller, On the Edge of Destruction, 239-240.

  15. 15 Formal death certificate entry no. 559, issued April 8, 1932.

  16. 16 JewishGen, “JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry – Piotrkow,” accessed April 14, 2020, https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/cemetery/.

Notes to chapter 4

  1. 1 John Radzilowski, “Invasion of Poland,” World War II Database, 1-9, accessed August 31, 2021, https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=28.

  2. 2 James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes, Hitler’s Mein Kampf in Britain and America: A Publishing History 1930–39 (Cambridge University Press, 1980).

  3. 3 “Adolf Hitler,” Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 1-2, accessed August 31, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/print/article/267992.

  4. 4 Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann,The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 (Cambridge University Press, 1991).

  5. 5 “Daily Express Report on Kristallnacht, November 11, 1938,” Facing History and Ourselves, accessed August 31, 2021, https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/text/daily-express-report-kristallnacht-november-11-1938.

  6. 6 Joanna Dobrowolska, “A Complicated Peace: Nationalism and Antisemitism in Interwar Poland.” (MA thesis, Utah State University, 2018), 9, https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7103.

  7. 7 “Jewish Soldiers Testify on Anti-Semitism in Polish Army; Court-martial Continues” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 20, 1944, 1, accessed August 31, 2021, https://www.jta.org/1944/04/20/archive/jewish-soldiers-testify-on-anti-semitism-in-polish-army-court-martial-continues.

  8. 8 Waldemar Rezmer, “Inter-religious relations in the Polish Armed Forces, 1918-1939,” Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 236 (2016): 374-78, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816316901?via%3Dihub.

  9. 9 Marek Kornat, “Choosing not to Choose in 1939: Poland’s Assessment of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.” The International History Review 31, no. 4 (2009): 771-97, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647041.

  10. 10 Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 (McFarland & Company, 1998).

  11. 11 John Radzilowski, “Invasion of Poland,” World War II Database, https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=28, 1-9.

  12. 12 Thomas Jentz, Panzertruppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany’s Tank Force 1933–1942 (vol. 1) (Schiffer, 1996).

  13. 13 Waloter M. Drzewieniecki, “The Polish Army on the Eve of World War II,” The Polish Review 26, no.3 (1981): 54-64, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777834.

  14. 14 Timothy Snyder, Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning (Tim Duggan Books, 2015), 49-52.

  15. 15 Snyder, Black Earth, 52-57, 70-74.

  16. 16 Maciej Korkuć, The Fighting Republic of Poland: 1939-1945 (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2019), 23.

  17. 17 Robert Forczyk, Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939 (Bloomsbury, 2019).

  18. 18 Major Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939). (Department of the Army pamphlet, 1956), 6.

  19. 19 Stanley S. Seidner, “Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz: Rydz and the Defence of Poland” (PhD Diss., St. John’s University, New York, 1978), 11.

  20. 20 Radzilowski, “Invasion of Poland.”

  21. 21 Radzilowski.

  22. 22 Radzilowski.

  23. 23 Morris Wirth et al. “Lodz” – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Volume I (transl. Pinkas Hakehillot Polin), The Jews of Lodz in the Second World War, 1, accessed August 31, 2021, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol1_00001.html#TOC.

  24. 24 Wirth, The Jews of Lodz in the Second World War.

  25. 25 Korkuć, The Fighting Republic of Poland, 29. Shmuel Krakowski, The Fate of Jewish Prisoners of War in the September 1939 Campaign. Yad Vashem. Radzilowski, “Invasion of Poland,” 3.

Notes to chapter 5

  1. 1 Morris Wirth et al., “Lodz” – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Vol. I (trans. Pinkas Hakehillot Polin), The Jews of Lodz in the Second World War, 1, accessed March 14, 2021, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol1_00001.html#TOC.

  2. 2 Major Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939) (Department of the Army pamphlet, 1956), 118.

  3. 3 Maciej Korkuć, The Fighting Republic of Poland: 1939-1945 (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2019), 19.

  4. 4 M.B., “The German-Soviet Partition of Poland.” Bulletin of International News 16, no. 20 (October 7, 1939): 8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25642577.

  5. 5 Yosef Litvak, “The Plight of Refugees from the German-Occupied Territories,” in The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939-1941, ed. K. Sword (Palgrave Macmillan, 1991), 57.

  6. 6 “Nazis drive more thousands into Lithuanian border area; victims stripped, left to freeze” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 19, 1939, 1.

  7. 7 Sara Bender, The Jews of Białystok during World War II and the Holocaust (Brandeis University Press, 2008), 52.

  8. 8 Bender, The Jews of Białystok, 50.

  9. 9 David Grodner, “In Soviet Poland and Lithuania,” Contemporary Jewish Record 4 (1939): 141.

  10. 10 Bender, The Jews of Białystok, 54.

  11. 11 Ben-Cion Pinchuk, “Jewish Refugees in Soviet Poland 1939-1941.” Jewish Social Studies 40, no. 2 (1978): 145, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467001.

  12. 12 Grodner, “In Soviet Poland and Lithuania,” 140.

Notes to chapter 6

  1. 1 Morris Wirth et al. “Lodz” – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Vol. I (trans. Pinkas Hakehillot Polin), The Jews of Lodz in the Second World War, 1, accessed March 17, 2021, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol1_00001.html#TOC.

  2. 2 Wirth, “Lodz.”

  3. 3 Gordon J. Horwitz, Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City (The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2008), 25.

  4. 4 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 3.

  5. 5 Wirth, “Lodz.”

  6. 6 Lucjan Dobroszycki, The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto (Vail-Ballou Press, 1984), Introduction, xliv.

  7. 7 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 15-24.

  8. 8 Morris Wirth et al. “Lodz” – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, 2. A New Community Authority – the Judenrat.

  9. 9 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 15; Benjamin Kujawski, “My Long Road to Freedom” (chap. 7) in Memoirs of Holocaust Survivors in Canada, vol. 23, eds. Mervin Butovsky and Kurt Jonassohn. Published by the Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies. https://sites.concordia.ca/memoirs-holocaust-survivors-canada/memoirs/kujawski/benjamin_kujawski_04.htm.

  10. 10 Karel Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto.” After the Battle, 179 (2018): 4.

  11. 11 Alan Adelson, and Robert Lapides, eds. Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege (Viking, 1989), 55-57.

  12. 12 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 46.

  13. 13 Adelson and Lapides, Lodz Ghetto, 33.

  14. 14 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 49.

  15. 15 The addresses were retrieved from the Ghetto administration’s registrations lists. A total of nine people resided in the Litmanovitches’ apartment once Tova, Yossel and their son moved in.

  16. 16 By comparison, Hong Kong, one of the most crowded places on earth, has around 7,000 inhabitants per square kilometre, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK.

  17. 17 Adelson, and Lapides, Lodz Ghetto, 41.

  18. 18 Wirth, “Lodz” – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Living Conditions After the Establishment of the Ghetto, and the Jewish Administrations Efforts to Better Them.

  19. 19 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 144.

  20. 20 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 10.

  21. 21 Dobroszycki, The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 49.

  22. 22 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 66

  23. 23 Protocol number 176, issued on June 24, 1941, in the presence of two witnesses.

  24. 24 Death certificate. The identity of the deceased was confirmed by witness Zelman Klajner.

Notes to chapter 7

  1. 1 The Judenrat prepared a monthly record called Todesfalle Litzmannstadt Ghetto that listed the number and causes of deaths.

  2. 2 Karel Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto.” After the Battle, 179 (2018): 16.

  3. 3 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 16.

  4. 4 Henry Oster and Dexter Ford, The Kindness of the Hangman: Even in Hell, there is Hope (Higgins Bay Press, 2014), 47.

  5. 5 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 17.

  6. 6 Gordon J. Horwitz, Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City (The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2008), 119.

  7. 7 Oster and Ford, The Kindness of the Hangman, 69

  8. 8 Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides, eds., Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege (Viking, 1989), 100.

  9. 9 Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942 (University of Nebraska Press, 2007).

  10. 10 David Cesarani, Eichmann: His Life and Crimes (Vintage Books, 2005).

  11. 11 Patrick Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler’s First Death Camp (University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 32.

  12. 12 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 99.

  13. 13 Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (Vintage Books, 2002).

  14. 14 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust, Prologue/The Killing Operation.

  15. 15 Paul R. Bartrop, “Gas Vans” in The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection, eds. Paul R. Bartrop and Michael Dickerman (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 234-35.

  16. 16 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust.

  17. 17 Andrzej Grzegorczyk and Piotr Wąsowicz, Kulmhof Death Camp in Chełmno-on-Ner: A Guide to a Place of Remembrance (Muzeum Kulmhof, 2015), 19.

  18. 18 Grzegorczyk and Wąsowicz, Kulmhof Death Camp, 20.

  19. 19 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust, 54.

  20. 20 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 18.

  21. 21 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 151.

  22. 22 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 19.

  23. 23 Göran Rosenberg, A Brief Stop on the Road from Auschwitz: A Memoir, trans. Sarah Death (Other Press, 2017), 60.

  24. 24 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust, 73.

  25. 25 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 168.

  26. 26 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 15.

  27. 27 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 192-231; Rosenberg, A Brief Stop on the Road from Auschwitz, 61.

  28. 28 Oster and Ford, The Kindness of the Hangman, 69.

  29. 29 List of applications for exemptions each containing several documents is available.

  30. 30 Ghetto records show that the apartment was given to another family.

  31. 31 “Yad Vashem Deportations Catalogue,” Yad Vashem, accessed June 5, 2021, https://www.yadvashem.org/research/research-projects/deportations/online-catalog.html.

  32. 32 Łucja Pawlicka-Novak, “Archaeological Research in the Grounds of the Chełmno-on-Ner Extermination Center,” in The Extermination Center for Jews in Chełmno-on-Ner in the Light of the Latest Research Symposium Proceedings. (Yad Vashem and the District Museum in Konin, September 2004), 15.

  33. 33 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 151.

  34. 34 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 19.

  35. 35 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust, 68.

  36. 36 Montague, 69.

  37. 37 Grzegorczyk and Wąsowicz, Kulmhof Death Camp, 20.

  38. 38 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust, 36.

  39. 39 Montague, 80.

  40. 40 Montague, 141.

  41. 41 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 22.

  42. 42 Montague, Chelmno and the Holocaust, 154.

  43. 43 Montague, 168.

  44. 44 Margry, “The Lodz Ghetto,” 22.

  45. 45 Horwitz, Ghettostadt, 322.

Notes to chapter 8

  1. 1 Matthias Diefenbach and Michał Maćkowiak, Forced labor and motorways between Frankfurt (Oder) and Poznań, 1940-1945 (Frankfurt (Oder) – Poznań, 2017), 16, https://www.instytut.net/wp-content/uploads/dokumente/Reichsautobahn-Autostrada.pdf.

  2. 2 Diefenbach and Maćkowiak, Forced labor and motorways, 17.

  3. 3 Diefenbach and Maćkowiak, 82.

  4. 4 Diefenbach and Maćkowiak, 15.

  5. 5 Thomas Zeller, Driving Germany: The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930-1970, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Berghahn Books, 2007).

  6. 6 James D. Shand, “The Reichsautobahn: Symbol for the Third Reich,” Journal of Contemporary History 19, no. 2 (April 1984), https://www.jstor.org/stable/260592.

  7. 7 Werner Oswald, Deutsche Autos 1945-1990, Band 3, (Motorbuch Verlag Pietsch, 2001).

  8. 8 Richard J. Overy, “Cars, Roads, and Economic Recovery in Germany, 1932-1938,” in War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford University Press, 1994).

  9. 9 Wolf Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944, trans. Kathleen M. Dell’Orto (Cambridge University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006), 183.

  10. 10 Shand, “The Reichsautobahn,” 195.

  11. 11 Diefenbach and Maćkowiak, Forced labor and motorways, 5.

  12. 12 Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor under the Nazis, 196.

  13. 13 Gruner, 191.

  14. 14 David Stahel, Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s Defeat in the East (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

  15. 15 Robert Kirchubel, Operation Barbarossa: The German Invasion of Soviet Russia (Bloomsbury, 2013).

  16. 16 Lee Baker, The Second World War on the Eastern Front (Routledge, 2013).

  17. 17 Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor under the Nazis, 208.

Notes to chapter 9

  1. 1 Wolf Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944, trans. Kathleen M. Dell’Orto (Cambridge University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006), 210.

  2. 2 Chris McNab, The SS: 1923-1945 (Amber Books, 2009).

  3. 3 Timothy Snyder, Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning (Tim Duggan Books, 2015), 39-42, 178.

  4. 4 Daniel Blatman, The Death Marches: The Final Phase of the Nazi Genocide, trans. Chaya Galai (Harvard University Belknap Press, 2011), 27.

  5. 5 Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor under the Nazis, 209.

  6. 6 “The Battle for Moscow” in “Operation ‘Barbarossa’ and Germany’s Failure in the Soviet Union, Imperial War Museums, accessed September 8, 2021, https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/operation-barbarossa-and-germanys-failure-in-the-soviet-union, 12-23.

  7. 7 Matthias Diefenbach and Michał Maćkowiak, Forced Labor and Motorways between Frankfurt (Oder) and Poznań, 1940-1945, (Frankfurt (Oder) – Poznań, 2017), 18.

  8. 8 René Wolf, “Judgement in the Grey Zone: The Third Auschwitz (Kapo) Trial in Frankfurt 1968” Journal of Genocide Research 9, no. 4. (2007): 1-2, 10, https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520701644432.

Notes to chapter 10

  1. 1 Wolf Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944, trans. Kathleen M. Dell’Orto (Cambridge University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006), 222.

  2. 2 Information Report, Central Intelligence Agency, December 1955, 2.

  3. 3 Chaim’s Märkisches-Metallformwerk payroll number was 37609, as indicated on a list of recipients prepared by the factory.

  4. 4 Courtesy of Heidemarie Wawrzyn, a photo of the burning synagogue is shown at https://www.alamy.com/the-eberswalde-synagogue-in-berlin-germany-is-destroyed-during-the-anti-semitic-attacks-of-kristallnacht-november-9-10-1938-image235037276.html, accessed September 10, 2021. See www.jg-berlin.org/beitraege/details/juedische-spuren-in-eberswaldei23d-2007-11-01.html for its original.

  5. 5 See Heidemarie Wawrzyn, www.jg-berlin.org/beitraege/details/juedische-spuren-in-eberswaldei23d-2007-11-01.html, accessed 6 June 2021.

  6. 6 Morris Janowitz, “German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities,” American Journal of Sociology 52, no. 2 (September 1946): 141, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2770938.

  7. 7 Peter Fritzsche, “The Holocaust and the Knowledge of Murder,” The Journal of Modern History 80, no. 3 (September 2008): 611, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/589592.

  8. 8 “The Battle for Moscow” in “Operation ‘Barbarossa’ and Germany’s Failure in the Soviet Union,” Imperial War Museums, 12/30, accessed December 22, 2020, https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/operation-barbarossa-and-germanys-failure-in-the-soviet-union.

  9. 9 Raymond Limbach,“Battle of Stalingrad, World War II,” Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 1, accessed September 10, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Stalingrad.

  10. 10 “Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s Failure in the Soviet Union,” 14-30.

  11. 11 Doris Bergen, War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 153.

  12. 12 Bergen, War and Genocide, 15-30.

  13. 13 Adam Tooze, “No Room for Miracles: German Industrial Output during World War II Reassessed,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 31(2005): 461, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40186123.

  14. 14 Tooze, “No Room for Miracles,” 455.

Notes to chapter 11

  1. 1 Simone Gigliotti, The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Witnessing in the Holocaust (Berghahn Books, 2009), 20, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qd53n.8.

  2. 2 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “German Railways and the Holocaust,” The Holocaust Encyclopedia, 6-7, accessed January 8, 2021, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-railways-and-the-holocaust.

  3. 3 Simone Gigliotti, “Introduction: A Hidden Holocaust in Trains,” in Gigliotti, The Train Journey, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qd53n.5?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents; “Chapter 4: Immobilization in ‘Cattle Cars’” in Gigliotti, The Train Journey, 102, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qd53n.8.

  4. 4 History.com Editors, “Auschwitz,” A & E Television Networks, Last updated 27 January 2021, accessed 13 September 2021, https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/auschwitz, 3/7.

  5. 5 Sybille Steinbacher, Auschwitz: A History, trans. Shaun Whiteside (Ecco, 2005), 11.

  6. 6 Steinbacher, Auschwitz: A History, 22.

  7. 7 Steinbacher, 92-93. In Birkenau there were 174 barracks.

  8. 8 Section on Auschwitz and Buna/Monowitz, Wollheim Memorial, accessed September 13, 2021, www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/auschwitz_bunamonowitz, 1.

  9. 9 An extension of the train track into the camp’s interior was inaugurated in May 1944, to accommodate the arrivals of Jews from the former northeastern Hungarian borderlands such as Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Southern Slovakia, and Southern Maramureş, and soon after Jews from elsewhere in Hungarian-annexed Northern Transylvania, Trianon Hungary, and occupied Northern Serbia/Slovenian irredenta. For more information, see Vági, Zoltán, László Csősz, and Gábor Kádár, The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide (AltaMira Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013).

  10. 10 Steinbacher, Auschwitz: A History, 113.

  11. 11 Steinbacher, 134.

Notes to chapter 12

  1. 1 Chaim’s number in Monowitz was 11853.

  2. 2 Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity, trans. Stuart Woolf (Simon & Schuster, 1958), 32.

  3. 3 Thomas Hager, The Demon under the Microscope (Harmony Books, 2006).

  4. 4 Peter Hayes, Industry and Ideology: IB Farben in the Nazi Era (Cambridge University Press, 2001).

  5. 5 Paul R. Bartrop, “Zyklon B,” in The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection, Volume 1, eds. Paul Bartrop and Michael Dickerman (ABC-CLIO, 2018), 742-43.

  6. 6 Aleksander Lasik, “Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp,” in Auschwitz 1940-1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp, eds. Wacław Długoborski and Franciszek Piper (Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000).

  7. 7 By 1944 the total number of prisoners who passed through Monowitz reached thirty-five thousand of which twenty-five thousand died. Sybille Steinbacher, Auschwitz: A History, trans. Shaun Whiteside (Ecco, 2005), 51.

  8. 8 Steinbacher, Auschwitz: A History, 57.

  9. 9 Wollheim Memorial. Section on hygiene in Auschwitz and Buna/Monowitz, accessed September 16, 2021, www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/hygiene, 1/3.

  10. 10 Wollheim Memorial. Section on nutrition in Auschwitz and Buna/Monowitz, accessed September 16, 2021, www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/ernaehrung_en, 1/2.

  11. 11 Wollheim Memorial. Section on daily routine in Auschwitz and Buna/Monowitz, accessed September 16, 2021, www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/tagesablauf_en, 1/2.

  12. 12 Wollheim Memorial. Section on nutrition in Auschwitz and Buna/Monowitz, accessed September 16, 2021, www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/ernaehrung_en, 1/2.

Notes to chapter 13

  1. 1 Daniel Blatman, The Death Marches: The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide, trans. Chaya Galai (Harvard University, Belknap Press, 2011), 73-74.

  2. 2 History.com Editors. “The Italian Campaign,” A & E Television Networks, last updated June 7, 2019, accessed September 16, 2021, https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/italian-campaign, 3-5.

  3. 3 Ken Ford and Steven J. Zaloga, Overlord: The D-Day Landings (Osprey, 2009).

  4. 4 Yehuda Bauer, “The Death-Marches, January-May 1945” Modern Judaism 3, no. 1 (February 1983): 2, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396164.

  5. 5 Bauer, “The Death-Marches,” 5.

  6. 6 Blatman, The Death Marches, 74.

  7. 7 Blatman, 89.

  8. 8 Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity, trans. Stuart Woolf (Simon & Schuster, 1958), 156.

  9. 9 Blatman, The Death Marches, 87.

  10. 10 The route taken by each group and the stops’ locations varied. Most of the marchers who left Monowitz, however, passed along the places that were indicated in this account: “The Death Marches,” Sub Camps of Auschwitz, accessed September 17, 2021, https://subcamps-auschwitz.org/death-marches/, 4-6.

  11. 11 Nobel Prize-winner and Southern Maramureş native Elie Wiesel and his father Shlomo walked together on one of the death marches from Monowitz.

  12. 12 Christopher J. Ailsby, The Third Reich Day by Day (Zenith, 2001).

  13. 13 Thomas Buergenthal, “Remembering the Auschwitz Death March” Human Rights Quarterly 18, no. 4 (November 1996): 874.

  14. 14 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Death Marches,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, 1-7, accessed September 17, 2021, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/death-marches.

  15. 15 Chaim Lewkowicz. “Interview (20319),” interview by Nir Cohen, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, October 1, 1996, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel. Accessed June 6, 2021.

Notes to chapter 14

  1. 1 Daniel Blatman, The Death Marches: The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide, trans. Chaya Galai (Harvard University, Belknap Press, 2011), 99.

  2. 2 Jörg Skriebeleit, “Flossenbürg Main Camp,” in Flossenbürg: Flossenbürg Concentration Camp and its Subcamps [in German], eds. Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (C.H. Beck, 2007).

  3. 3 Paul Jaskot, The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor, and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy (Routledge, 2002).

  4. 4 Nikolaus Wachsmann, KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (Macmillan, 2015).

  5. 5 Ulrich Fritz, “Flossenbürg Subcamp System” in Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, ed. Geoffrey P. Megargee, trans. Stephen Pallavicini (Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2009).

  6. 6 Chaim’s assigned entry number in Flossenburg was 47332 as per his original registration card.

  7. 7 Blatman, The Death Marches, 131.

  8. 8 Blatman, 131.

  9. 9 Michael Levitin, “Shadow Places: A Journalist’s Rediscovery Breaks the Long Silence in Bavaria” Tikkun Magazine, August 5, 2005, accessed September 20, 2021, https://www.michaellevitin.com/jewishissues/shadow-places, 1-15.

  10. 10 Levitin, “Shadow Places,” 2-15.

  11. 11 Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, Vol. 1: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA), (Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2009), 653.

  12. 12 Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, Vol. 1, 653.

  13. 13 Blatman, The Death Marches.

  14. 14 W. Mossa, “Evacuation: CC. Flossenbuerg and the Kommandos Regensburg, Plattling, Ganacker and Hersbruck,” Arolsen Archives (April 1953), 1.

  15. 15 Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, Vol. 1, 654.

  16. 16 William Markowitz, “Interview (1866),” interview by Gloria May, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, April 4, 1995, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

  17. 17 Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, Vol. 1, 654

Notes to chapter 15

  1. 1 Traunstein Local Government, “Traunstein Town History,” Town History Timeline. Accessed on May 28, 2014.

  2. 2 Geoffrey P. Megargee, ed. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945. Vol. 1: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA) (Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2009), 552.

  3. 3 Daniel Blatman, The Death Marches: The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide, trans. Chaya Galai (Harvard University: Belknap Press, 2011), 152.

  4. 4 Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945. Vol. 1, 552.

  5. 5 The building on Brzezińska Street Number 32/34 where the Frydmans lived had been demolished. By some accounts, during the winter months of the Ghetto’s existence the wood was used as a heating source.

  6. 6 Shimon Redlich, Life in Transit: Jews in Postwar Lodz, 1945-1950 (Academic Studies Press, 2010), 31.

  7. 7 Rachel E. Gross. “Kielce: The Post-Holocaust Pogrom that Poland is Still Fighting Over,” Smithsonian Magazine (January 2018), accessed September 20, 2021, https://smithsonianmag.com/history/kielce-post-Holocaust-pogrom-poland-still-fighting-over-180967681/, 3-7.

  8. 8 David Engel, “Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1944-1946,” Yad Vashem Studies 26 (1998): https://wwv.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203128.pdf.

  9. 9 Simon Berthon and Joanna Potts, Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin (Da Capo Press, 2007).

  10. 10 Mendel Frydman’s two sons and their families, as well as Hershel Frydman and his family, perished.

  11. 11 David Margolick, “Lodz Ghetto Survivors Recall a Vanished World,” The New York Times, August 13, 1984, section 1.

Notes to chapter 16

  1. 1 William Leibner, ed., “Italian DP Camps,” Chapter VI in Mass Migration Yizkor Book, JewishGen: The Global Home for Jewish Genealogy, updated June 27, 2019 by JH, accessed September 21, 2021, https://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/MassMigration/mas160.html, 2-21.

  2. 2 “Mayer Mermelstein Memoir (2000.64), (Jewish Refugees in the UNRRA Camps in Italy. Self-Published Report, July 1947, Bari, Italy),” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, DC, accessed September 21, 2021, 4, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn500034#?rsc=138357&cv=0&c=0&m=0&s=0&xywh=-1569%2C-193%2C5864%2C3842.

  3. 3 “Displaced Persons Camp – Umbrella Project,” Geni, accessed September 21,2021, https://www.geni.com/projects/Displaced-Persons-Camp-Umbrella-Project/11095, 1/7.

  4. 4 “JDC in the Displaced Persons (DP) Camps (1945-1957),” JDC Archives, last updated August 26, 2019, accessed September 21, 2021, 1, https://archives.jdc.org/topic-guides/jdc-in-the-displaced-persons-dp-camps-1945-1957/.

  5. 5 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “The Harrison Report”, Holocaust Encyclopedia, last updated January 25, 2021, accessed September 21, 2021, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-harrison-report, 4/6.

  6. 6 “JDC in the Displaced Persons (DP) Camps (1945-1957),” 1.

  7. 7 Silvia Salvatici, “Between National and International Mandates: Displaced Persons and Refugees in Postwar Italy,” Journal of Contemporary History 49, no.3 (July 2014): 3, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43697323.

  8. 8 “Mayer Mermelstein Memoir,” 5.

  9. 9 Yoram Barak and Henry Szor, “Lifelong posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from aging Holocaust survivors,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2, no.1 (March 2000): 3-7, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181591/.

  10. 10 Hizikia M. Franco, The Jewish Martyrs of Rhodes and Cos, trans. Joseph Franco (HarperCollins, 1994), 3/7.

  11. 11 “Mayer Mermelstein Memoir,” 10.

  12. 12 “Mayer Mermelstein memoir,” 6-7, accessed July 16, 2023.

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