Index
A
Adriatica DP camp, 198
agriculture and farmland, 4, 13, 17, 23, 48, 64, 94–95, 103, 128–129, 172, 186
airplanes, 46, 48–50, 52, 123, 141, 174, 177, 182–183
Allies, 90, 111, 167–169, 177, 181–184, 188, 190
America and Americans, 184–185, 188, 190, 196, 198, 201–202
ammunition, 59, 118, 136–137, 140, 142, 162, 177
animals, 4, 12, 17, 25, 29, 46, 48–49, 79, 86, 101, 174
annexation, 50, 57, 59, 62, 72, 90, 93, 116, 135, 169
anti-Semitism, 5–6, 14, 22, 32, 36, 42–43, 72, 139, 162, 193, 195–196
apartments, 24, 26–28, 33, 50–51, 56, 59, 67–68, 77–81, 85–86, 89–90, 100–101, 112, 136, 203, 206
Aron Hakodesh, 10
arts and music, 14–15, 36–37, 57, 65, 196, 206
Auschwitz, 99, 111–112, 145, 147, 149–150, 157, 159, 168–169, 174, 205–206
B
Babi Yar, 93
Bar Mitzvas, 38
barbed wire, 90, 118, 143, 146, 148, 157, 160, 169
barracks, 43, 50, 109, 111–112, 116, 118–119, 126–127, 130–133, 136–137, 147–148, 150, 152, 154–155, 157–159, 161, 163–164, 170, 174–175, 180–182, 196
Bałuty, 26–27, 29, 31–34, 37–38, 40, 43, 51, 54, 57, 69, 71, 76, 79–80, 86, 115, 126, 146, 151, 193
beards and sidelocks, 3, 8, 13, 38, 50, 60
beatings and assaults, 42, 50, 57, 61, 68, 71, 79, 96, 101–102, 112, 121, 127, 130, 132, 143, 146, 163, 182, 204
belongings, 13, 27, 48, 58, 61, 63–64, 77, 79, 89, 96, 100, 133, 148, 170–171, 173–174, 177, 199
Belzec, 149
Bergen Belsen, 199
Berlin, 72, 89, 92, 118, 124–125, 136, 164, 169
Białystok, 55, 60–61, 63–67, 92, 115, 130
bima, 15
Bimke, Israel Mose, 40
Bimke, Perla/Pnina “Pola” (née Frydman), 21, 27, 37, 39–40, 55, 71, 79, 85, 99, 113
Bimke, Sura Rojsza, 40
Bimke, Wolca, 55
Blitzkrieg, 46, 123, 140–141, 167
Bloody Thursday, 78
bombs and bombings, 47, 50, 54–55, 58, 64, 90, 177
borders, 42, 44, 47, 50, 52, 58, 61, 63–64, 123, 169, 179, 182, 193, 195
Bothmann, Hans, 109
Brest-Litovsk, 61
bricks, 7, 24, 30, 34, 82, 87, 135, 147–148, 154, 157, 162, 164, 171, 183
brutality, discussion of, 57–58, 78, 96–97, 99, 102, 104, 123, 127, 137, 139, 141, 143, 151, 160, 167, 169, 172, 180, 183–186, 189, 197, 208
Brzezińska Street (Sulzfelder), 29, 33, 79, 81, 100
Bug River, 61
buildings, 1, 10, 15, 17, 24–30, 33–34, 54, 58–59, 61, 66–69, 77, 79–80, 82–83, 87, 90, 94–96, 100, 102–103, 105, 111, 116, 135–138, 140, 147–149, 151, 157, 159–160, 162, 167, 171, 174, 179–181, 183, 189, 197, 200
Bulgaria, 145
Bund, 31
bureaucrats, 50
business and businesses, 2–3, 7–9, 12–14, 18–21, 23, 26, 30–31, 56–57, 59, 128, 193, 198, 201
C
camp “economy”, 165
camps, 52, 72, 74, 91, 95, 112, 119–121, 124–125, 127–129, 131, 135, 139, 145, 153, 159, 168–169, 173–174, 179, 181, 184, 191–192, 195–201, 206
carts, 21, 29, 35, 48–49, 77, 79, 87, 91, 171, 174, 204
cavalry, 46
children, babies, and toddlers, 1–4, 12, 14, 17, 23, 27–28, 32–40, 44, 46, 48–49, 51, 54, 57, 59–61, 63–64, 66, 71, 73, 77, 79, 83–88, 90–91, 93, 96–103, 105, 109, 112, 115–116, 138–139, 143, 146, 148–150, 152, 155, 159, 174, 190, 192–193, 196–199, 203–204
Chmielnik, 2–4, 6–8, 10, 13–20, 23, 26, 205
cities and urban environments, 7, 10, 14, 16, 20, 22–23, 25–27, 29–30, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 44, 47–48, 50–51, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 64–66, 68, 71–77, 80–81, 90, 92, 96, 115–116, 118, 123–124, 128, 135–136, 140, 168, 174, 181, 183, 187, 189, 193, 197–200, 203, 205–206
citizenship, 66
civic rights, 42
civilians, 47–48, 84, 91, 94, 124–125, 127, 137–139, 141, 145, 153, 163, 165, 167–168, 174, 181, 183, 185, 187–190
clothing, 3–4, 13–15, 18–20, 25–26, 28–30, 34–35, 37, 39, 43, 53, 55, 58, 63, 69, 71, 84, 87–88, 90–91, 96, 101, 109, 115, 138–139, 141, 148–149, 152–153, 155, 157, 163, 165, 170–173, 179, 182, 184–190, 201, 206
clothing items, 1, 4, 8, 13–14, 53, 60, 84–85, 87, 126, 130, 148, 153, 165, 178
cold conditions, 1, 4, 7, 9, 12, 28–29, 32, 56, 58, 60, 63–64, 66–67, 72, 77, 86, 90–91, 93, 96, 101–102, 115–116, 121, 124, 126, 128–130, 135, 140–142, 146, 155, 160, 162–165, 167, 170–173, 177–178, 182–183, 185, 204, 206, 208
Cologne, 89
community, 2–3, 7, 10, 15, 18, 22–24, 31, 39, 43, 57, 65, 69, 72–74, 87, 89, 92–94, 193–194, 199–200
concentration camps, 74, 111, 128, 139, 147, 168–169, 180–181, 189, 196-197
confiscation, 61, 71, 82, 95, 139, 146
cremation, 93, 95, 109, 149–151, 169, 181
crowd psychology, 6
crowding and overcrowding, 6, 25, 27, 29, 33–35, 40, 56, 58, 60, 63–65, 67, 69, 77, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 101–102, 107, 118, 126, 143, 145, 155, 174, 177–178, 181–182, 190
Cukier family, 10
customs, 23
D
Darmstadt, 118
death, 5, 10, 21, 38, 49, 51, 55, 57, 63–64, 66, 72, 77, 87–89, 91, 93, 105–109, 111–113, 123–129, 135, 139, 141, 145–146, 149–150, 155, 161–163, 165–166, 169, 172–175, 178–182, 184–185, 187, 189–190, 192, 199, 204–206, 208
death camps, 106, 111, 124–125, 128, 145, 205
Death Marches, 48, 54–55, 169, 172–174, 181, 184, 189, 192
decrees, 42, 51, 55, 57, 60, 64, 68, 81, 86, 142
deployments, 130
deportation, 22, 89, 95–101, 103–105, 109, 111–112, 125, 128, 146, 193, 199, 204–205
Diament family, 10
dignity, 42
disability, 57, 93, 96, 101, 132
disease and illness, 21, 32, 37–38, 41, 66, 72, 80–81, 89–91, 96, 100, 102, 130, 153, 161, 181, 191–192
disinfection, 77, 89, 105, 111, 152
displaced persons and DP camps, 191, 195–201
district clinics, 32
Dobra, 102
doctors, 38, 93, 116, 125, 132, 149, 165, 192
dogs, 1, 61, 96, 151, 186, 190
Dusseldorf, 89
Dywizja Pichoty Infantry Division, 44
E
Eastern Front, 44, 59, 130, 140, 167–168
Eberswalde, 135–137, 139, 145, 147–150, 152, 157, 159, 177, 183, 186
economic opportunities, 18, 22–24, 59, 116, 119, 198
economies, 5, 7, 20–23, 30–31, 41–42, 46, 64, 82, 84, 118, 124, 141, 165, 179, 193
Edelman family, 10
elderly people, 31–32, 48–49, 54, 63, 66, 77, 79, 101, 103, 109, 146, 174
employment, 30, 32, 39, 64, 66, 119
England, 47
escape, 14, 56, 60–61, 80–81, 91, 100, 108, 115–116, 121, 126, 132, 146, 151, 161, 172–173, 179, 185–186, 191–192
exhaustion, 51, 65, 69, 79, 86–87, 89–90, 109, 125, 127, 130, 168, 175, 186
F
façades, 25, 29, 54, 59, 87, 136, 183, 189
factories, 20, 23–25, 29, 31, 39, 54, 59–60, 64, 74, 76, 116, 123–124, 136–138, 142, 165, 183
faith, 7, 10, 13–14, 31, 35, 64, 72, 181, 185, 196, 198
families and family relationships, 1–4, 8–10, 12–13, 15, 17, 20–23, 27, 30–32, 34–41, 43, 48–51, 53–60, 63–66, 68–69, 71, 77, 79–81, 83, 85–89, 91, 93–96, 98, 100–101, 112–113, 115–116, 118, 121–123, 125, 128, 137, 139, 143, 146, 148–151, 155, 173, 177, 185–187, 189–190, 192–199, 202–209
Fichtel Mountains, 179
fields, 4, 13, 23, 44, 48, 51, 53, 107, 135, 140–141, 147, 157, 171–172, 186
food and eating, 1–2, 4, 8–10, 12–13, 15, 17, 20, 26–27, 29, 33–35, 37–38, 43, 49, 52, 54–56, 60–61, 63, 65–66, 69, 74, 81–86, 89–91, 93, 95–96, 99, 101, 109, 115, 118–119, 121, 124, 126–130, 132, 136, 138–139, 142, 146, 148, 152, 155, 160–167, 170–173, 175, 178–183, 185–186, 189–193, 197–200, 206
food for work, 84
footwear, 18, 25, 29, 39, 53, 84–85, 126, 153, 163, 165, 179
forced labour and slave labour, 20, 23–25, 29, 31, 39, 51, 54, 59–60, 64, 74, 76, 83, 85, 91, 95, 99, 107–108, 111, 116, 119–120, 122–125, 128–129, 131, 136–139, 142, 147, 154, 159, 165, 167–168, 172, 174, 179, 182–183
forests, 4, 23, 48, 51–53, 67, 78, 80, 93–95, 102, 107–111, 116, 119–120, 123–124, 135–136, 139, 171, 185–187
formal recognition of Jews, 31
Frankfurt, 74, 89, 118–120, 124
Frankfurt an der Oder to Posen (Poznań), 120, 124
freedom, 5, 13, 32, 44, 50, 63, 89, 91, 102, 109, 128, 147, 159, 174, 180, 188–190, 201
friendship, 17, 20–22, 27, 29, 34, 39, 46, 57–58, 87, 133, 139, 157, 163, 166, 171, 173, 178, 186–187, 191, 193, 195–196, 198–199, 205
Frydman, Avram, 3–4, 8–9, 12–13, 15, 17–23, 25–32, 34–40, 43, 50–51, 54–56, 58–61, 71, 79, 86–89, 101
Frydman, Avram Chaim, 40
Frydman, Chaim, 32, 35, 38–61, 63–69, 71, 73, 83, 86, 115–116, 119–123, 125–127, 130–133, 135–140, 142–143, 145–155, 157–158, 160, 162–167, 170–175, 177–180, 182–190, 192–193, 195, 197–208
Frydman, Dina (née Piha), 199–203, 205, 207
Frydman, Hershel, 58–60, 63, 67, 69, 87, 194
Frydman, Lea, 32, 39, 54, 57, 71, 79, 86–87, 101, 112, 192
Frydman, Meir-Jonas, 32
Frydman, Mendel, 59–60, 194, 202
Frydman, Ruben, 32
Frydman, Szmul Lejb, 3–4, 8–10, 12–13, 15, 32, 99, 112–113
Frydman, Szmul-Yosef (elder), 32
Frydman, Szmul-Yosef (younger) “Yossel”, 32, 35, 38–40, 55–56, 58, 66, 71, 79, 85, 112, 122
Frydman, Tova (née Litmanowitcz), 39–40, 55–57, 79, 85
Frydman, Wolca (née Cukier), 10
Frydman, Wolca (née Ejbuszyc), 3
Frydman, Wolca (younger), 32
furniture and furnishings, 1, 12–13, 21, 26, 77, 79, 90, 101, 137
G
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 199
gassing and gas chambers, 93–94, 102, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 116, 123, 125, 139, 149–150, 159, 165, 169, 192
German army, 30, 41, 46, 50, 123, 141, 174
Germany and Germans, 22, 24–25, 29–32, 41–44, 46–48, 50–56, 58, 60–61, 63–64, 67–69, 72–74, 76–78, 80–85, 89–91, 93, 95–97, 101, 111–112, 115–116, 118–119, 122–126, 128, 130, 132, 135–136, 138–142, 145, 147–149, 157, 159, 162–163, 166–172, 174, 177, 182, 184–186, 188–190, 192–193, 195, 197
Geyer, Ludwik, 24
Ghetto’s Order Police, 91
Gleiwitz, 167, 174–175, 177, 179, 181, 206
Gmach, Abram Icchok, 122
Gmach, Malca “Manya” (née Frydman), 17, 20, 27, 35, 37–40, 55, 71, 79, 85, 101, 122
Gmach, Mojsze, 40
Gmach, Rywka, 55
Goebbels, Joseph, 139
goodbyes, 21, 53, 58, 101, 194
Göring, Hermann, 92
gravedigging, 95
graves and burials, 20, 31, 38, 63, 76, 87–88, 93–95, 110–111, 136, 168, 179, 183
Greece, 159
Greiser, Arthur, 72, 92, 94, 111, 119
Grossman, Henryk, 24
Grynszpan, Herschel, 42
H
Hachsharot, 196
Haffurtin, Ele, 151
Halbashah, 87
Hamburg, 89
hangings, 57, 91, 121, 160–161, 180
Harrison, Earl, 196
Haskala, 14
Hassidim, 14
heavy military equipment, 58
Hebrew, 10, 14, 21, 35–36, 196
Herzl, Theodor, 31
Heydrich, Reinhard, 92
Himmler, Heinrich, 92, 111, 127–128, 147, 159, 161, 168–169, 184
Hitler, Adolf, 41–42, 44, 46–48, 50–51, 81, 92, 118, 123, 128, 138–142, 167–169, 174, 182–184
hoarding, 138
holidays and celebrations, 9, 15, 17, 21, 34, 38–40, 71, 86, 191, 207
hospitals, 32, 38, 47, 52, 58, 94, 99, 109, 191–192
Höss, Rudolf, 147
households, 27, 32, 35, 39, 77, 86, 112, 157, 177
I
identification documents, 61, 86, 189
illiteracy, 16
imprisonment, 52, 57–58, 69, 73, 81–82, 91, 111, 147, 154–155, 166, 168, 184
Industrial Revolution, 23
industry, 7, 17, 20, 23, 25, 30, 32, 36, 55, 64, 128, 131, 154, 180
infirmaries, 157, 165, 170–171, 180, 182, 192, 199
injuries, 47, 125, 132, 141–142, 163, 166
intelligentsia, 14, 46, 92, 147
interest-free loan associations, 32
invasions, 44, 55, 63, 72–73, 78, 91, 93, 123, 129, 167–168
Israel Defence Force, 203
J
Judenrat, 57, 69, 72, 79, 81–84, 89, 100–101, 116, 119, 121
Jutrzenka, Emanujel, 8
Jutrzenka, Itzek, 8
Jutrzenka, Joseph, 8
Jutrzenka, Moshe Aron, 3, 7–10, 12–13, 15–18
Jutrzenka, Rachla, 3–4, 8–9, 12–13, 15, 17, 20–23, 26–27, 29, 32, 34–40, 43, 50–51, 55, 69, 79, 85–87, 100–102, 112, 192
Jutrzenka, Ryfka (née Novak), 3, 8–9, 12–13, 15
Jutrzenka, Samuel, 8
K
Kane, Chaya “Hela” (née Frydman), 21–22, 27, 37, 39, 55, 69, 71, 79, 112, 122, 133
Kapos, 112, 132, 155, 163, 181, 183
Kielce, 1–2, 4, 6–7, 18, 22, 193
killing centres, 168–169, 189, 204
killing squads and units, 94
killings, 90–94, 102, 109, 111–112, 128, 139, 147, 149–151, 159, 168–169, 172, 182, 186, 189, 192–193, 204, 206–207
Koegel, Max, 182
Kreuzsee Bei Reppen, 125–127, 129, 131, 135, 138–139, 160, 165, 182–183, 204, 208
Kreuzsee camp, 125–129, 131–132, 135, 138–139, 160, 165, 182–183, 204, 208
Kriminalpolizei (Kripo), 82–83, 92
Kulmhof, 89, 94–95, 98–99, 102, 105–106, 108–109, 111–112, 125, 147, 149–150, 193
L
“L’Chaim”, 4
labour and labourers, 30–32, 52, 64, 69, 74, 83, 85, 91, 95, 99–100, 107–108, 111, 118–123, 125, 127–129, 131–132, 136–137, 139, 142, 145, 147, 153–154, 158–159, 162, 167–169, 172, 174, 179–180, 182, 192, 197, 204
labour camps, 52, 91, 95, 127–129, 139, 153, 168, 179, 192, 197
Lake Chiemsee, 190
Lake Długie, 126
Latvia and Latvians, 25, 93, 170
leather and tanning, 3, 18–21, 25, 60
Leipzig, 20
liberation, 112, 168, 184, 186, 193, 196, 199, 206
liquidation of the Ghettos, 89, 92, 109, 111–112
Lithuania, 61
Litzmannstadt, 71, 73, 75–76, 78, 81–82, 84, 89–99, 101–103, 105, 109, 111–112, 115–116, 118–119, 121, 125–127, 129–130, 139, 143, 147, 150, 171
livelihoods, 51
living conditions, 2, 66, 79, 83, 89, 91, 95, 121, 162, 171, 196
loans, 23
Łódź, 22–36, 38–43, 49–50, 52–61, 63–64, 66–68, 71–74, 76, 81, 87, 112, 115, 135, 151, 193–194, 197
Łódź Ghetto, 73–74, 76, 78, 91–93, 97–99, 102, 105, 109, 111, 125, 129, 150
Łódź’s textile industry, 25, 32
luggage, 13, 58, 61, 68–69, 96, 100–102, 115, 146, 148, 177
Luxembourg, 89
M
manual labour, 121
manufacturing, 18, 24, 30–31, 51, 59, 85, 136, 140
marches, 48–51, 54, 60, 67, 77–79, 96–97, 100–103, 105, 112, 135–136, 143, 148–149, 155, 157, 161, 163, 169–175, 177, 179, 181–185, 187, 189, 198–199, 204–206
markets and market days, 4, 7, 10, 17, 19, 21–22, 29–31, 35, 58, 128, 136, 162, 189
Märkisches-Metallformwerk, 136–138, 140, 142
marriage and weddings, 2–3, 8, 12–16, 18, 22, 39–40, 51, 57, 71, 79, 86–87, 100–101, 121, 198–199
Marxism, 42
massacres and mass killings, 93, 110–111, 128, 179, 190
matzoth, 69
medical examination, 41, 93, 111, 116, 125, 131-132, 149, 166
medicine, 81
Mein Kampf (My Struggle), 42
men, 1–5, 8, 12–15, 17–18, 22, 26, 28–29, 34, 37, 39, 43, 46, 48, 50–53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 66–69, 73, 80, 82–83, 86–87, 93–94, 102, 105, 112, 115–116, 118–119, 121–128, 130–133, 135, 137–139, 141–143, 145–149, 151–155, 157, 159, 163, 169–173, 175, 178, 183–186, 188–190, 192–193, 197–199, 205
Mengele, Josef, 149
mental asylums and hospitals, 31, 94
mental health and trauma, 31, 42, 79, 87, 91, 94, 100, 118, 131–132, 197, 203
mezuzah, 1
migration and migrants, 4–5, 20, 23, 25, 29, 39, 115
militaries, 22, 32, 41, 43–44, 46, 54, 58, 68, 92, 115, 118, 123, 135, 140–141, 145, 162, 167–168, 182, 191, 196–197, 199, 204, 206
militias, 170
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 44, 60
money, 3, 5, 43, 57, 61, 67–68, 82–83, 101, 143, 198–199, 201
money lending, 5
Montreal, 207
Mordeche Gabos Street, 29
morning, 15, 26, 35, 37, 43–44, 47, 52–53, 58–60, 63, 65, 67, 69, 87, 96, 98, 101–103, 116, 126, 131, 142–143, 146–147, 157, 161, 163, 165, 170–171, 174–175, 182–183, 185, 191, 204
Moscow, 44, 118, 124, 130, 140
murder, 42, 64, 91–92, 111, 128, 150, 193, 195
MV Kedma, 202
N
Najberg, Chaim, 10
Nazism and Nazis, 41–42, 50–51, 54, 57–58, 62, 64, 68, 71–74, 77, 82, 84–85, 89–94, 102, 109, 111, 116, 118, 121, 123, 125–128, 131, 135, 139, 141–143, 145, 147, 160, 168–170, 177, 179, 182, 184–187, 189–190, 195–196, 198–199, 204
neighbourhood, 27, 34, 54, 79, 139, 203
Ner River, 94
Netherlands, 145
Neustadt an der Waldnaab, 179
Nida River, 1
night, 1, 3–4, 12, 15, 17, 26, 30, 34, 42, 44, 47, 52–55, 59, 63–67, 74, 78–79, 82, 87, 90, 100–101, 104–105, 108, 131–133, 135, 137–138, 146, 163, 170, 172–174, 178–179, 186, 198, 204
non-aggression agreements, 41
Normandy, 168
O
Operation Barbarossa, 123, 141
Operation Overlord, 168
orphanages, 32, 73, 83, 98, 109
Oświęcim, 147
P
paths, 4, 84, 107, 126, 133, 148, 154, 181, 184, 206
Penitentiary Service, 203
Pińczów, 1–2, 4, 6, 8–13, 15, 17, 20–23, 25–27, 30–31, 87, 205
Pinnow Bei Reppen, 115–116, 121–122, 124–125, 127
Piotrkowska Street, 37
Piłsudski, Józef, 32
Plac Wolności (Freedom Square), 50
pogroms, 22
Pohl, Oswald, 128
Poland and Polish people, 1–2, 4–7, 10, 13–14, 22–23, 25–26, 29–32, 35–38, 41–53, 55–60, 62, 64, 66–67, 76–77, 80, 91–95, 101, 104, 116, 123, 138–139, 143, 145, 147–148, 151, 162–164, 167–168, 174, 189–190, 192–193, 195, 197, 206
police, 46, 50, 68, 77, 91, 102, 182, 186
Polish army, 41, 43, 47, 51–52, 147
Polish Jews, 13–14, 37, 42, 51, 101
Polish-Soviet/Polish-Bolshevik War, 46
Port of Haifa, 203
poverty, 14, 18, 20–21, 26–27, 31–32, 46, 65–66, 76, 79, 82, 85, 91, 115, 121, 130–131, 141, 160, 162, 171, 190, 196
Powiercie, 103
Poznań, 5, 41, 44, 94, 119–120
Poznański, Izrael Kalmanowicz, 24, 30–31, 54, 87
Poznański, Karol, 30
Poznański, Maurycy, 30
prayer, 10, 13, 15, 34–35, 43, 55, 60, 71–72, 87–88, 203
prayer book, 43
prayer scrolls, 10
priests, 147
prisoners, 52, 68–69, 71, 80, 83, 85, 94–95, 112, 116, 128–129, 131, 136, 149–150, 157, 159–163, 165–167, 169–174, 177–179, 181–186, 189–190, 196
prisoners of war, 52, 129, 131, 136, 149, 159, 168, 182
professional associations, 71
properties, 5, 39, 42, 50, 59–60, 139
Protection Squadron (SS Schutzstaffel), 127
pru urvu, 32
Prussia, 23
public life, 42
R
rabbinical texts, 36
racial policies and ideology, 46, 93, 127–128
radios and radio broadcasts, 50, 139, 174, 204
Red Army, 46, 52, 64, 66, 111–112, 123–124, 129, 140–141, 167–169, 171, 177, 181–182, 184, 190
refugees, 22, 42, 47–48, 50, 60–61, 63–64, 66–67, 190, 192, 195–197, 200–201
Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 145
Reichsautobahn, 117–120, 122–127, 130, 141
religious freedom, 5
Reppen train station, 133, 135
resettlement, 77–78, 89, 95–97, 99–100, 104, 111
resistance fighters, 147
restrictions, 5, 7, 25, 31, 42, 51, 71, 116, 146
retribution, 42, 50, 168, 185, 196
Reymont, Władysław, 25
Rhineland, 23
rifles, 43–44, 47, 51, 53, 68, 143, 170, 172, 185–186
riots against Jews, 193
rivers, 1, 47, 61, 94, 119, 140, 168
roads, 1, 4, 7, 13, 17, 21, 25, 34, 48–49, 51, 53, 55, 94, 96, 101–103, 107, 116, 118–119, 123, 125–126, 133, 135, 142–143, 148, 152, 157, 171–172, 185, 187, 192, 200
Romania and Romanians, 141, 145, 170, 196
Rosh Hashana, 34
routes, 7, 23, 51, 58, 81, 100, 117–122, 125, 146, 184, 187, 206
RSHA (Reich Security Main Office), 128
Rumbula, 93
Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 73–74, 82–84, 95, 97–99, 112, 193
Russia and Russians, 7, 17–18, 22, 25, 30, 52, 56, 58, 60, 64, 66–68, 71–72, 76–77, 115, 118, 123–124, 193
Rynek Square, 86
S
San River, 47
Sandomierz Region, 20
sanitation, hygiene, and washing, 27, 33, 77, 79, 81, 90–91, 116, 121, 126, 138, 146, 155, 157, 160–161, 164–165, 172, 178, 183, 191, 204, 206
Saxony, 23
Scheibler, Karol Wilhelm, 24
Schlosser (metal workers), 149
schools and education, 2, 14, 32, 35–39, 57–58, 71, 73, 90, 94, 183, 196, 204
Second Polish Republic, 32, 41
selection, 61, 95, 111, 125, 128, 131, 149, 151–152, 154, 165–166, 179–180, 192, 199, 208
settling, 5, 7, 10, 39, 56, 61, 195
shells and shelling, 47, 51–52, 55, 140, 142, 170
shelter, 50, 61, 63, 66, 203–204
Shoah, 203
shootings, 49, 51–52, 57–58, 63–64, 73–74, 78, 93, 100, 102, 108, 139, 170, 172, 179, 185–186
shops, 10, 17, 19, 24–25, 39, 56, 85, 87
shortages, 89, 93, 109, 119, 125, 128
Sicily, 168
Silberstein, Markus, 24
skilled labour, 20–21, 39, 44, 84–85, 142, 157, 159, 162, 164–166, 192, 196, 198, 204
sleeping conditions, 4, 29, 33, 37, 43, 50, 52–53, 55, 59, 63, 65–66, 86–87, 90, 101, 109, 111–112, 116, 118–119, 121, 126–127, 130–133, 136–137, 147–148, 150, 152, 154–155, 157–159, 161, 163–164, 170, 172–175, 178, 180–182, 185, 187, 190, 196
Sobibor, 149
socialism, 36
soldiers, 43–44, 46–49, 51–56, 58, 61, 67–69, 83, 91, 95–96, 130, 135, 141, 143, 145, 148, 168, 170–171, 179, 184–185, 188–189
Sonderkommando, 94–95, 102, 104, 109, 111, 150
Soviet Union and Soviets, 41, 44, 46, 52, 58, 60–63, 66–67, 93, 123, 129, 140–141, 149, 167, 182, 190, 193
Speer, Albert, 141
spring, 37, 43, 72, 91, 121, 123, 138, 167, 169, 171, 185, 190, 200
SS, 92–95, 100, 104, 108, 111, 126–133, 135, 137–139, 142–143, 145–146, 148–149, 151–152, 154, 159–163, 165, 167, 169–171, 174–175, 177–180, 182–185, 190, 192
SS Security Service (SD), 92, 94
St. Mary’s Assumption Church, 82–83
St. Oswald’s Church, 189
Star of David, 65, 67–69, 71, 87, 153
Stare Miasto, 76
starvation and malnourishment, 54, 65–66, 74, 85–87, 89–91, 93, 96, 109, 121, 123, 125, 127, 130–132, 139, 155, 167, 170–171, 175, 183, 186, 190, 192–193, 204
Stary Rynek, 29
sterilization, 93
stories, 5, 9, 55–57, 59, 193, 203–205
summer, 2, 13, 20–21, 43–44, 51, 89, 101, 109, 121, 128, 136, 138, 140, 143, 146–147, 167, 169, 172, 200, 206
Sundays, 56, 86, 121, 138, 164
surrender, 52–53, 56, 141, 169
survival, 5, 66, 84, 130–131, 143, 163, 166, 185, 194, 206
survivors, 54, 74, 181, 189–193, 195–199, 201, 205, 207
synagogues, 1, 7, 10–11, 13, 15, 17–20, 29, 34, 37–38, 42, 57, 65–66, 71, 87, 102–103, 139, 200, 203
T
T-4 Program, 93
Tachrichim, 87
Taharah, 87
tattoos, 153, 157, 188, 192, 195
taxes and levies, 2, 5, 17, 23, 31
Tcholent, 34
Tefillin, 60
Tel Aviv, 203
textiles and textile industry, 4, 17, 20, 22–25, 29–32, 39, 51, 54–56, 59, 64, 71, 83–85, 87
Towiański Street (Blechgasse), 79
towns, 1–5, 7, 9–10, 13–14, 17, 19–23, 25–26, 29, 35–36, 39, 44–45, 47, 50, 54–55, 61, 64, 74, 89, 93–94, 102, 116, 118, 126, 136, 139, 143, 146–147, 170, 172, 179, 182–185, 189–190, 200, 203, 205–206
trade, 7–10, 12, 17–19, 23, 29, 35, 59, 71, 82, 84–85, 90, 163
trains and train stations, 23, 25–27, 29, 46, 58, 60–61, 67–69, 89, 94–97, 99, 101–104, 111, 115–116, 121, 125, 127, 133, 135–136, 138, 140, 143, 145–150, 169, 177–179, 181–184, 195, 197–199, 201, 204, 207–208
Traunstein, 184, 187–193, 195, 197
trenches, 44, 46, 51, 93, 107–108, 111, 122, 140, 189
troops, 30, 46–48, 50–51, 53–54, 59, 118, 123–124, 129–130, 137, 141, 146, 167–168, 184
trucks, 25, 39, 43, 54, 100, 103–104, 111, 116, 126, 133, 147, 162, 188
Truman, Harry S., 196
Tuchola Forest, 53
U
Ukraine and Ukrainians, 22, 25, 46, 66, 93, 170
undressing, 63, 93, 105, 109, 111, 131–132, 149–150, 152, 179, 184, 208
uniforms, 43, 53, 84, 170, 182, 185, 189, 201
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 196
Upper Silesia, 174
V
vans, 94, 105, 107–109, 111, 125, 139, 193, 208
Ventzki, Werner, 72
victims, 93–95, 107–109, 149, 208
villages and villagers, 2, 4, 13, 21, 23, 29, 31, 52–53, 63, 94–95, 103–105, 109, 116, 120, 148–149, 157, 159, 170–173, 180, 183, 185–186
visas, 58, 94, 195–196, 198, 201
Vistula River, 168
Volga River, 140
Volkswagen, 118
voluntary migration, 4
W
wagons, 72, 85, 96, 101, 150, 165, 174, 182
Wannsee Conference, 92, 145, 149
war, 21–22, 30–32, 36, 41–47, 50–52, 55–56, 58–60, 63–64, 72–73, 76, 81, 83, 86, 91, 96, 111–112, 115–116, 123–124, 128–129, 131, 136–137, 139–142, 147, 149, 152, 154, 159, 164, 167–170, 174, 177, 182–185, 189–193, 195–196, 198, 202–203, 205
war effort, 124, 136, 167, 169, 177
Warsaw, 22, 51, 58–60, 64, 67–69, 87, 147, 194
Wartheland, 57, 69, 72, 89, 91–92, 94, 109, 111, 119, 125, 135, 147, 169
water, 27, 33, 58, 63, 90, 104, 122, 130, 136, 146, 161–162, 165, 172, 178, 191
wealth and prosperity, 2–3, 5, 7, 15, 20–23, 25–26, 28–29, 31–32, 36, 40, 50–51, 59, 82, 123, 136, 140
Wehrmacht, 84, 139, 141, 167–168
wells, 17
White Russia, 22
Wilno (Vilna), 61
windows, 1, 10, 25–26, 28, 30, 65, 79, 87, 91, 95–96, 103–104, 116, 132, 135, 143, 154, 162, 172, 183
Wiślicki, Chaim, 24
women, 1–3, 5, 8, 10, 12–15, 21–22, 29, 34–37, 39, 46, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65–66, 83, 85, 91, 102, 105, 112, 116, 128, 138–139, 142–143, 145, 148–152, 155, 169, 184, 186–187, 190, 192, 197–198, 205
work, 3, 15, 23, 25, 31, 40, 58, 69, 71, 74, 84–85, 87, 89, 92, 95, 98, 100, 104, 108, 111–113, 115–132, 135–140, 142–143, 147, 149, 157, 159–160, 162–163, 165–166, 169, 171, 180–181, 183, 192–193, 205, 208
workshops, 66, 76, 84–86, 89, 99–100, 109, 136
World War I, 21–22, 30, 32, 36, 41–42, 44, 81, 96, 116, 140, 147
Y
Yalta Conference, 193
Yiddish, 14, 29, 36–37, 59, 69, 126, 133, 149, 188, 196, 204
Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Memorial Day), 203
Yugoslavia, 169
Z
Zgierska Street, 27
Zigeuner-Lager, 90