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The American Western in Canadian Literature: Works Consulted

The American Western in Canadian Literature
Works Consulted
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table of contents
  1. Contents
  2. Acknowledgements
  3. Introduction
  4. Scaling and Spacing the Genre
  5. Tom King’s John Wayne
  6. The Northwestern Cross
  7. From Law to Outlaw
  8. CanLit’s Postmodern Westerns
  9. Degeneration through Violence
  10. Conclusion
  11. Works Reproduced in Part
  12. Works Consulted
  13. Index

Works Consulted

Abel, Jordan. Injun. Talonbooks, 2016.

———. “Jordan Abel and Renée Saklikar in Conversation: Accumulation as a Political Act.” Interview with Daniel Zomparelli. Lemon Hound, 7 Mar. 2014, https://lemonhound.com/2014/03/07/accumulation-as-a-political-act-in-conversation-with-jordan-abel-and-renee-saklikar/.

———. “Seven Questions for Jordan Abel.” Interview with rob mclennan. Touch the Donkey, Blogspot, 24 Sept. 2015, http://touchthedonkey.blogspot.ca/2015/09/ttd-supplement-36-seven-questions-for.html.

———. Un/inhabited. Project Space/Talonbooks, 2014.

Acree, William G. Jr. “A Mythical Gaucho and the Making of Modern Popular Culture.” Introduction to The Gaucho Juan Moreira: True Crime in Nineteenth-Century Argentina, by Eduardo Guttiérrez, Hackett, 2014, pp. ix–xxxiv.

Adamson, Gil. The Outlander. Anansi, 2007.

———. “Re: [the title of The Outlander.]” Email interview. Conducted by Joel Deshaye, 17 Aug. 2020.

———. Ridgerunner. Anansi, 2020.

Alexie, Sherman. The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. Grove Atlantic Press, 2013.

Allan, Luke. Blue Pete, Half Breed: A Story of the Cowboy West. McClelland and Stewart, 1921.

Allen, Chadwick. Trans-Indigenous: Methodologies for Global Native Literary Studies. U of Minnesota P, 2012.

Altman, Rick. Film/Genre. British Film Institute, 1999.

———. “A Semantic/Syntactic Approach to Film Genre.” Cinema Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, 1984, pp. 6–18.

Altman, Robert. McCabe & Mrs. Miller. Perf. Warren Beatty and Julie Christie. Warner Bros., 1971.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, 1983.

Anderson, Paul Thomas. There Will Be Blood. Perf. Daniel Day-Lewis. Paramount, 2007.

Andrews, Jennifer, and Priscilla L. Walton. “Rethinking Canadian and American Nationality: Indigeneity and the 49th Parallel in Thomas King.” American Literary History, vol. 18, no. 3, 2006, pp. 600–17.

Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Oxford UP, 1997.

Armstrong, Bob. “Writing into the Sunset: In the Saddle with Canadian Novelists.” Literary Review of Canada, June 2021, https://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/2021/06/writing-into-the-sunset/.

Arnold, Gary. “Unlikely ‘Outland.’ ” The Washington Post, 23 May 1981, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/05/23/unlikely-outland/c8996007-0975-47c2-b61e-80f63a7a502c/.

Atwood, Margaret. “Backdrop Addresses Cowboy.” 1968. Selected Poems: 1965–1975. Houghton, 1976.

———. Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Anansi, 1972.

Audiard, Jacques. The Sisters Brothers. Annapurna Pictures, 2018.

Babiak, Peter. “Icons and Subversion in the Westerns of Clint Eastwood.” CineAction, vol. 59, 2002, pp. 62–8.

Baker, Richard G. “ ‘Nothing But Hill and Hollow’: The Canadian Border as American Frontier in the Hollywood Northern.” Comparative American Studies, vol. 13, nos. 1–2, 2015, pp. 107–21.

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Barnett, LeRoy. “Ghastly Harvest: Montana’s Trade in Buffalo Bones.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, vol. 25, no. 3, 1975, pp. 2–3.

Barnholden, Michael. “Introduction.” Gabriel Dumont Speaks, translated by Michael Barnholden. Talonbooks, 2009, pp. 11–36.

Barrera, Jorge. “Author Joseph Boyden’s Shape-Shifting Indigenous Identity.” APTN National News, 23 Dec. 2016, http://aptnnews.ca/2016/12/23/author-joseph-boydens-shape-shifting-indigenous-identity/.

Bartlett, Brian. Ringing Here & There: A Nature Calendar. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 2014.

Barwin, Gary. Nothing the Same, Everything Haunted: The Ballad of Motl the Cowboy. Penguin, 2021.

Bazin, André. “The Western, or the American Film Par Excellence” and “The Evolution of the Western.” 1956. What Is Cinema?, translated and edited by Hugh Gray. U of California P, 1971, pp. 140–57.

Beaty, Bart. “High Treason: Canadian Nationalism and the Regulation of American Crime Comic Books.” Essays on Canadian Writing, no. 62, 1997, pp. 85–107.

Bechtel, Greg. “The Word for World Is Story: Syncretic Fantasy as Healing Ritual in Thomas King’s Green Grass, Running Water.” Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, vol. 19, no. 2, 2008, pp. 204–22.

Beebee, Thomas O. The Ideology of Genre: A Comparative Study of Generic Instability. Pennsylvania State UP, 1994.

Bélanger, Damien-Claude. “L’antiaméricanisme et l’antimodernisme dans le discours de la droite intellectuelle du Canada, 1891–1945.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française, vol. 61, nos. 3–4, 2008, pp. 501–30.

Bellah, James Warner. “Mission with No Record.” The Saturday Evening Post, 27 Sept. 1947, pp. 31–1, 138–44.

Bentley, D. M. R. “The Mower and the Boneless Acrobat: Notes on the Stances of Baseland and Hinterland in Canadian Poetry.” Studies in Canadian Literature, vol. 8, no. 1, 1983, pp. 5–48.

———. “Rummagings, 5: Northrop Frye’s ‘Garrison Mentality.’ ” Canadian Poetry, no. 58, 2006, pp. 5–9.

Berlin, Isaiah. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” 1958. Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford UP, 1969, p. 118–72.

Berton, Pierre. Hollywood’s Canada: The Americanization of Our National Image. McClelland and Stewart, 1975.

———. The Last Spike: The Great Railway, 1881–1885. McClelland and Stewart, 1971.

Betz, Virginia Marie. “On the History of the Mexican Charro: A Review Essay.” Journal of the Southwest, vol. 37, no. 3, 1995, pp. 510–17.

Black, Conrad. Rise to Greatness: The History of Canada from the Vikings to the Present. McClelland and Stewart, 2014.

Blaise, Clark. Time Lord: Sir Sandford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time. Vintage, 2000.

Bledstein, Burton J. “Frederick Jackson Turner: A Note on the Intellectual and the Professional.” The Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 54, no. 1, 1970, pp. 50–5.

Blondin, Jacques, Melissa Maya Falkenberg, and Marie Hélène Lebeau-Tascherea. Québec Western: Ville après Ville. Éditions les Malins, 2013.

Bloom, Clive. Cult Fiction: Popular Fiction and Pulp Theory. St. Martin’s, 1996.

Boddy, William. “ ‘Sixty Million Viewers Can’t Be Wrong’: The Rise and Fall of the Television Western.” Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western, edited by Edward Buscombe and Roberta E. Pearson, BFI, 1998, pp. 119–40.

Bold, Christine. “Did Indians Read Dime Novels? Re-Indigenising the Western at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.” New Directions in Popular Fiction: Genre, Distribution, Reproduction, edited by Ken Gelder, Palgrave, 2016, pp. 135–56.

———. The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924. Oxford UP, 2013.

———. “The Voice of the Fiction Factory in Dime and Pulp Westerns.” Journal of American Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, 1983, pp. 29–46.

Bowering, George. Caprice. Viking, 1987.

Boyd, Shelley. Garden Plots: Canadian Women Writers and Their Literary Gardens. McGill-Queen’s UP, 2013.

Boym, Svetlana. The Future of Nostalgia. Basic Books, 2001.

Bozak, Nadia. El Niño. Anansi, 2014.

Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman. Polity, 2013.

Braz, Albert. The False Traitor: Louis Riel in Canadian Culture. U of Toronto P, 2017.

Brégent-Heald, Dominique. Borderland Films: American Cinema, Mexico and Canada during the Progressive Era. U of Nebraska P, 2015.

———. “James Oliver Curwood: Advertising Canada across the Border.” Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 52, no. 3, 2018, pp. 691–717.

Breitbach, Julia. “Rewriting Genre Fiction: The DreadfulWater Mysteries.” Thomas King: Works and Impact, edited by Eva Gruber, Camden House, 2012, pp. 84–97.

Brim, Connie. Review of Whiskey Bullets: Cowboy and Indian Heritage Poems, by Garry Gottfriedson. BC Studies, no. 154, 2007, https://bcstudies.arts.ubc.ca/book_film_review/whiskey-bullets-cowboy-and-indian-heritage-poems/#content.

Broad, Graham. A Small Price to Pay: Consumer Culture on the Canadian Home Front, 1939–1945. U of British Columbia P, 2013.

Brode, Douglas. Dream West: Politics and Religion in Cowboy Movies. Texas UP, 2013.

Brown, Kirby. “Citizenship, Land, and Law: Constitutional Criticism and John Milton Oskison’s Black Jack Davy.” Studies in American Indian Literatures, vol. 23, no. 4, 2011, pp. 77–115.

Brown, Wendy. “American Nightmare: Neoliberalism, Neoconservatism, and De-democratization.” Political Theory, vol. 34, no. 6, 2006, pp. 690–714.

“Buffalo Bones Being Loaded onto a CPR Freight Train in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, c. 1885.” NA-4967-10. Glenbow Museum, Calgary, 5 Oct. 2014.

Burns, John. Review of The Last Crossing, by Guy Vanderhaeghe. Quill & Quire, n.d., https://quillandquire.com/review/the-last-crossing/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2021.

Buscombe, Edward. Stagecoach. BFI, 1992.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. Routledge, 1990.

Butts, Edward. “North-West Mounted Police.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 6 Dec. 2016, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-mounted-police.

Calder, Alison. “The Importance of Place: Or, Why We’re Not Post-Prairie.” Place and Replace: Essays on Western Canada, edited by Esyllt W. Jones, Adele Perry, and Leah Morton, U of Manitoba P, 2013, pp. 169–78.

———. “Reassessing Prairie Realism.” A Sense of Place: Re-evaluating Regionalism in Canadian and American Writing, edited by Christian Riegel and Herb Wyile, U of Alberta P, 1998, pp. 51–60.

———. “Unsettling the West: Nation and Genre in Guy Vanderhaeghe’s The Englishman’s Boy.” Studies in Canadian Literature, vol. 25, no. 2, 2000, pp. 96–107.

———. “Why Shoot the Gopher? Reading the Politics of a Prairie Icon.” West of Eden: Essays on Canadian Prairie Literature, edited by Sue Sorensen, CMU, 2008, pp. 243–59.

Calder, Alison, and Robert Wardhaugh. History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies. U of Manitoba P, 2005.

Campagna, Jeff, and Matthew Campagna. Six Reasons Why. Perf. Daniel Wooster, Christopher Harrison, and Mads Koudal. THINKFilm, 2008.

Campbell, Collin. “Ugly Boys in the Canadian Western: Landscapes of Desire and Indigeneity in William Lacey Amy’s Blue Pete, Half-Breed.” ACCUTE Conference, 29 May 2018, U of Regina.

Campbell, Maria and Nicola Campbell. “Responding to Truth and Reconciliation through Indigenous Literatures: A Conversation between Maria Campbell and Nicola Campbell.” Indigenous Literary Studies Association conference, 4 June 2019, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Campbell, Neil. Post-Westerns: Cinema, Region, West. U of Nebraska P, 2013.

Cangiano, Mimmo. “Against Postmodernism: Paolo Sorrentino and the Search for Authenticity.” Journal of Italian Cinema and Media Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, 2019, p. 339–49.

Caple, Natalee. In Calamity’s Wake. HarperCollins, 2013.

Carrera, Isabel. “Caprice and No Fixed Address: Playing with Gender and Genre.” Kunapipi: Journal of Postcolonial Writing and Culture, vol. 16, no. 1, 1994, pp. 432–9.

Cassar, Jon. Forsaken. Entertainment One, 2015.

Cawelti, John G. “Chinatown and Generic Transformation in Recent American Films.” 1978. Film Genre Reader III, edited by Barry Keith Grant, U of Texas P, 2003, pp. 498–511.

———. The Six-Gun Mystique Sequel. Bowling Green State U Popular P, 1999.

CBS News. [John Wayne Visits Harvard University.] CBS, 15 Jan. 1974.

Certeau, Michel de. The Practice of Everyday Life. U of California P, 1984.

Charles, Ron. “Patrick deWitt’s ‘The Sisters Brothers’ Wins Governor General’s Award in Canada.” The Washington Post, 16 Nov. 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/arts-post/post/patrick-dewitts-the-sisters-brothers-wins-governor-generals-award-in-canada/2011/11/15/gIQArjMARN_blog.html.

Chester, Blanca. “Western Fictions in Welch’s Fools Crow: Languages of Landscape and Culture.” Telling the Stories: Essays on American Indian Literatures & Cultures, edited by Elizabeth Hoffman Nelson and Malcolm A. Nelson, Peter Lang, 2001, 93–108.

Chirica, Irina. “Masculinity in the Western Genre.” Romanian Journal of Artistic Creativity, vol. 6, no. 4, 2018, pp. 55–64.

Chisholm, A. M. The Land of Strong Men. H. K. Fly Company, 1919.

Christie, Stuart. “Thomas King Meets Indigenous Convergent Media.” Thomas King: Works and Impact, edited by Eva Gruber, Camden House, 2012, pp. 67–83.

Clark, J. J. “The Slave Whisperer Rides the Frontier: Horseface Minstrelsy in the Western.” Animals and Agency: An Interdisciplinary Exploration, edited by Sarah McFarland and Ryan Hediger, Brill, 2009, pp. 157–80.

Clarke, Michael Tavel, and David Wittenberg. “Introduction.” Scale in Literature and Culture, edited by Michael Tavel Clarke and David Wittenberg, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 1–32.

Cody, H. A. The Frontiersman: A Tale of the Yukon. William Briggs, 1910.

———. The Long Patrol: A Tale of the Mounted Police. William Briggs, 1912.

———. Rod of the Lone Patrol. McClelland and Stewart, 1916.

Cohen, Esther. The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France. Brill, 1993.

Cohen, Margaret. “Narratology in the Archive of Literature.” Representations, no. 108, 2009, pp. 51–75.

Coleman, Daniel. White Civility: The Literary Project of English Canada. U of Toronto P, 2006.

Collin, Yvette Running Horse. The Relationship between Indigenous Peoples of the Americas and the Horse: Deconstructing a Eurocentric Myth. PhD dissertation, U Alaska Fairbanks, 2017.

Conway, Christopher. Heroes of the Borderlands: Mexican Westerns in Film, Comics, and Music. U of New Mexico P, 2019.

Cook, Pam. Screening the Past: Memory and Nostalgia in Cinema. Routledge, 2005.

Cooley, Dennis. “ ‘I Am Here on the Edge’: Modern Hero/Postmodern Poetics in The Collected Works of Billy the Kid.” Spider Blues: Essays on Michael Ondaatje, edited by Sam Solecki, Véhicule, 1985, pp. 211–39.

Connor, Ralph. Black Rock: A Tale of the Selkirks. Mershon, 1901.

———. Corporal Cameron of the North West Mounted Police: A Tale of the Macleod Trail. Westminster, 1912.

———. Postscript to Adventure: The Autobiography of Ralph Connor (Charles W. Gordon). Hodder and Stoughton, 1938.

Cooper, Catherine. The Western Home: Stories for Home on the Range. Pedlar, 2014.

Cooper, Courtney Ryley. Go North, Young Man! Little, Brown and Co., 1929.

Cordell, Sigrid Anderson, and Carrie Johnston. “Gender and the Cultural Preoccupations of the American West.” Studies in the Novel, vol. 49, no. 3, 2017, pp. 299–303.

Corkin, Stanley. “Cowboys and Free Markets: Post-WWII Westerns and U.S. Hegemony.” Cinema Journal, vol. 39, no. 3, 2000, pp. 66–91.

———. Realism and the Birth of the Modern United States: Cinema, Literature, and Culture. U of Georgia P, 1996.

“Cowboys for Trump,” 20 Aug. 2020, https://www.cowboysfortrump.org (no longer available to access at time of writing).

Cox, James H. “ ‘All This Water Imagery Must Mean Something’: Thomas King’s Revisions of Narratives of Domination and Conquest in Green Grass, Running Water.” American Indian Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 2, 2000, pp. 219–46.

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———. The Louis Riel Organ and Piano Company. Turnstone, 1985.

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———. When TISH Happens: The Unlikely Story of “Canada’s Most Influential Literary Magazine.” ECW Press, 2011.

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———. “Irving Layton’s Televised ‘Public Poetry’ and The Pierre Berton Show.” Canadian Poetry: Studies, Documents, Reviews, no. 73, 2013, pp. 32–53.

———. The Metaphor of Celebrity: Canadian Poetry and the Public, 1955–1980. U Toronto P, 2013.

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———. “Decline of the Pulps.” Library and Archives Canada, 2005, https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pulp/ (no longer available to access at time of writing).

———. “Tales from the Vault!: Canadian Pulp Fiction 1940–1952.” Library and Archives Canada, 2005, https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pulp/ (no longer available to access at time of writing).

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Eastwood, Clint. Pale Rider. Perf. Clint Eastwood, Michael Moriarty, and Carrie Snodgress. Warner Brothers, 1985.

Edwards, Justin D. “Going Native in Robert Kroetsch’s Gone Indian.” Studies in Canadian Literature, vol. 26, no. 1, 2001, pp. 84–97. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/docview/214495837?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=12378.

Eggleston, Wilfrid. The Frontier and Canadian Letters. Ryerson P, 1957.

Ellingson, Chloë. “Riding the Tshiuetin.” The Walrus, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 54–61.

Elliott, Alicia. “CanLit Is a Raging Dumpster Fire.” Open Book, 7 Sept. 2017, http://open-book.ca/Columnists/CanLit-is-a-Raging-Dumpster-Fire.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Emerson’s Nature—Origin, Growth, Meaning, edited by Merton M. Sealts Jr. and Alfred R. Ferguson. Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1969.

Eneas, Brian. “Sask. First Nation Announces Discovery of 751 Unmarked Graves Near Former Residential School.” CBC News, 24 June 2021, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/cowessess-marieval-indian-residential-school-news-1.6078375.

Erdrich, Louise. “Dear John Wayne.” 1984. Original Fire: Selected and New Poems. Harper Perennial, 2003.

Evans, David H. “True West and Lying Marks: The Englishman’s Boy, Blood Meridian, and the Paradox of the Revisionist Western.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language, vol. 55, no. 4, 2013, pp. 406–33.

Eyre, Chris. Smoke Signals. Perf. Adam Beach, Evan Adams, Gary Farmer, Irene Bedard. Miramax, 1998.

Fagan, Kristina, and Sam McKegney. “Circling the Question of Nationalism in Native Canadian Literature and its Study.” Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas, vol. 41, no. 1, 2008, pp. 31–42.

Falconer, Rachel. “Crossover Literature.” International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature, edited by Peter Hunt, Routledge, 2004, pp. 556–75.

Farrow, John. Hondo. Perf. John Wayne. Paramount, 1953.

Fee, Margery. Literary Land Claims: The “Indian Land Question” from Pontiac’s War to Attawapiskat. Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2015.

———. “Romantic Nationalism and the Image of Native People in Contemporary English-Canadian Literature.” The Native in Literature, edited by Thomas King, Cheryl Calver, and Helen Roy, ECW, 1987, pp. 15–33.

Fehrle, Johannes. Revisionist Westerns in Canadian and U.S. American Literature. PhD dissertation, University of Freiberg, 2012.

Ferrara, Alessandro. Reflective Authenticity: Rethinking the Project of Modernity. Routledge, 1998.

Fisher, Jaimey. “In the Horror Mode? Weimar Flashbacks and Generic Hybridity in 1950s West German Cinema.” New German Critique, no. 126, 2015, pp. 91–114.

FitzMaurice, Kevin. “Transgressing the Boundaries of Native Studies: Traces of ‘White Paper’ Policy in Academic Patterns of Indigenization.” Canadian Journal of Native Studies, vol. 31, no. 2, 2011, pp. 63–76 .

Flaherty, Kathleen. “Tom King and the Dead Dog Café.” Thomas King: Works and Impact, edited by Eva Gruber, Camden House, 2012, pp. 312–13.

Fludernik, Monika. “Genres, Text Types, or Discourse Modes? Narrative Modalities and Generic Categorization.” Style, vol. 34, no. 2, 2000, pp. 274–92.

Foucault, Michel. “Of Other Spaces,” translated by Jay Miskowiec. Diacritics, vol. 16, no. 1, 1986, pp. 22–7.

Francis, Daniel. The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian in Canadian Culture. Arsenal Pulp Press, 1992.

Frankiewicz, Shane Joseph Willis. Revisionism and the Subversive Cowboy in the Classic Western: Challenging the Definitions and Boundaries of the American Western 388Literary Genre of the 19th and Early 20th Century. PhD dissertation, University of Freiburg, 2017.

Frayling, Christopher. “Europeans.” The BFI Companion to the Western, edited by Edward Buscombe, Atheneum, 1988, pp. 118–20.

French, Warren. “The Cowboy in the Dime Novel.” The University of Texas Studies in English, no. 30, 1951, pp. 219–34.

Frow, John. Genre: The New Critical Idiom. Routledge, 2006.

Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957.

———. “Conclusion to a Literary History of Canada.” The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination. Anansi, 1971, pp. 213–51.

Furlong, Dayle. Saltwater Cowboys. Dundurn Press, 2015.

Gaberscek, Carlo. “Zapata Westerns: The Short Life of a Subgenre (1966–1972).” Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe, vol. 29, nos. 2–3, 2008, pp. 45–58.

Gaines, Jane Marie, and Charlotte Cornelia Herzog. “The Fantasy of Authenticity in Western Costume.” Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western, edited by Edward Buscombe and Roberta E. Pearson, BFI, 1998, pp. 172–81.

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