Index

A

abandoned land, 12, 52, 69, 76, 87–88, 93–94, 100, 162, 164, 204, 223, 225–226, 228, 258

administration, 9–10, 14, 24, 26, 31, 37, 46, 50, 66, 68–69, 72, 74, 83, 87, 92–94, 96–97, 101, 154–155, 157, 161–165, 167, 172, 174, 180, 182, 186–188, 190–191, 197, 199, 233, 243–244, 247–250, 254–255

aforamento, 6, 58, 102, 165, 246, 254–255

African farmers, 46–48, 50–57, 61–62, 210

African land access, 41–42, 56–57

aftershock of the empire, 88, 99

Age of Discoveries, 263–265

agrarian relations, 42, 53, 57

agricultural production, 4, 11, 24, 26, 46–47, 61, 69, 81, 138, 155, 157, 179, 181, 197, 207, 223, 225, 227–228, 230, 234

agricultural projects, 15, 166

agricultural societies, sociedade, 61, 202, 206, 251, 253, 255

agriculture, 4–5, 13, 15, 44, 47, 50–52, 54–55, 57, 61–62, 83, 90–91, 110, 114, 128–129, 134, 138, 140, 155, 159, 161, 163, 165, 176, 199, 201, 204, 208, 210–211, 227–228, 230, 232–233, 243, 254, 275

aldeias, 55, 171, 270

alvará indígena, 6, 94, 165

ancestral beliefs, 119

ancestral land, 156, 213

Angola, 1–4, 6, 11, 17–18, 59, 62–72, 74–75, 78–81, 83–86, 153–154, 242, 246, 254, 261–262, 264, 282

authoritarianism, 90

B

BALADI—Federação Nacional dos Baldios, 92,

baldio, baldios, 12, 87–101, 103, 246, 253

Berlin Conference, 5, 199, 222, 249

border disputes, 248

Brazil, 1–4, 10, 12–14, 17–18, 23–24, 28–30, 33–35, 38–39, 68, 83, 127–130, 134, 139–142, 147–148, 226, 230, 232–233, 244, 246, 261, 264, 267–268, 271–273, 281

bureaucratic systems, 10, 26, 36, 91, 130

C

caboclos, 140, 147–148

capitalism, 2–3, 5, 37, 50, 83, 195, 208, 212, 227, 238, 253, 264

Carnation Revolution, 3, 91, 167

Carta de Lei (1901), 5–6, 58, 93

Casa de Ponte, 32, 34–36

cash crops, 4, 42, 62, 155, 195, 207, 222, 226, 230, 244

cassava, 63, 66–67, 83, 201

Catholicism, 6–7, 13, 107, 109–116, 118–122, 124, 126, 129, 148, 179, 247

Chief Mataka, 178, 182–188

chiefs, traditional authorities, 7, 9, 14, 50, 53, 55, 57, 63–64, 68–70, 72–74, 115, 117, 143, 148, 157, 161–162, 171–172, 174–176, 178–189, 191, 196–197, 222

Chimoio, 46–48, 50–51, 53–54, 60–62

citizens, citizenship, 6–7, 15, 75, 154, 165, 255

civilizing mission, 4, 6–7, 151, 153–154

Cóbuè Region, 14, 171–174, 176, 178–189, 191

coconut, 45, 48, 146, 161, 168, 195–196, 199–201, 203, 205–207, 212, 214–215

codification, 7, 13, 60

coffee, 73, 76, 83, 85, 103, 113, 131, 152, 155, 244–251, 254–256, 258

collectivism, 6, 13, 89–90, 93, 95, 101, 118, 132–133, 138–141, 148, 157, 204, 209, 211, 223, 244

colonatos, 42, 61–62

colonial officials, 44–45, 50, 108, 116–117, 246

Commission for Internal Colonization, 88, 90–91, 98–99

communal land, 12, 87–89, 92–94, 96, 98–102, 141, 144–145, 147, 149

communal ownership, 6, 12–14, 41, 53, 62, 87–102, 128, 141, 144–145, 147, 163, 165, 172, 189, 197, 204, 207, 222, 227, 244–245, 257

communities, 8–10, 12, 14, 64, 88–90, 92, 95–96, 98, 101–102, 109, 117, 140–141, 144, 147, 157, 162, 166, 172, 174–176, 182, 188–189, 197, 207–210, 212, 221, 223–224, 229, 235, 268, 273

community land delimitation, 14, 171, 174, 176, 188–189

compartes, 92

concessions, concessão, concessões, 5–6, 8, 11, 15–17, 41, 44, 47–48, 50, 52–53, 58, 59, 61, 74, 93, 139, 199, 206–209, 211, 230, 234, 241–242, 247–248, 250, 252–256, 258–259, 274–275

confiscation, 16, 252, 256

conflict, 5, 10, 13–14, 23–24, 26–28, 33, 37, 47–48, 52, 130–131, 139, 146–147, 157, 164, 172, 175, 178, 181, 184, 186, 188–189, 197, 201, 204–206, 210, 212, 216–217, 220, 223, 229, 274, 283

copra, 15, 52, 195, 199–201, 203–205, 213, 216

Court of Appeal, 29, 33–34, 39, 96, 148

Crown land grants, 4, 10, 258

customary authorities, customary systems, 7–8, 12, 14, 18, 26, 41, 91, 94, 102, 109, 111, 118, 146, 164–165, 168, 172, 174–175, 186, 188–189, 207, 209, 212, 217, 219–220, 222–224, 235, 257, 274–275, 281

customary land, customary land rights, 7, 14, 94, 165, 172, 186, 188–189, 222, 235

customary law, 41, 209, 212, 222

customary tenure, 8, 18, 188–191

D

de Almeida, João, 68

de Matos, Norton, 69–71, 74, 76, 84

development, 2–4, 9–12, 14–16, 18, 23, 36, 42, 44, 46, 54–55, 58, 62, 68, 75, 81, 90, 96, 114, 116–117, 129–130, 147, 151–157, 159, 161–163, 165–167, 172, 176, 179, 188, 196, 207–212, 219–224, 226–230, 232, 249–250, 252, 257, 281–283

development plans, planos do fomento, 151–153, 155, 157, 163, 166

Diniz, João Ferreira, 71–72, 74, 85

displacement, 11, 42, 63, 65–66, 82, 87, 196, 216, 222, 228, 274

dispossession, 5, 8, 11, 15–16, 45, 96, 195, 241–242, 250, 256, 263, 274

Doctrine of Discovery, 3, 18

DUAT (Direito de uso e aproveitamento da terra), 209, 223–224, 229

Duque de Bragança, 74

Dutch/Netherlands (East) Indies, 7, 32, 117, 241–242, 244, 247

E

economic exploitation, 5–6, 8, 10, 88, 93

effective occupation, 15, 212, 249, 252, 265

elites, 8–10, 12, 14, 16, 156, 208, 245

empty land, 247, 258

enclosure, 100, 161, 165

encroachment, 44, 51, 147, 242, 245–246, 248

Estado Novo, 7, 14, 100, 151–152, 167, 261, 264

ethnicity, 86, 111, 113, 157, 159, 178, 201, 245, 250, 255–256

ethnography, 1, 9, 11, 14, 53, 59, 65, 108, 118, 122, 195, 276, 283

extractive practices, 2, 5, 213, 270–271, 274

F

feudal land relations, 3

feudalism, 2–4, 222, 242–246, 248, 252, 255–257, 259

fidalgos, 10, 24–25, 36, 39, 110–111

finta, tribute, 115–116, 160, 243–248, 257

first-comer narratives, 178, 180, 186–188

Flores, 1, 13, 17–18, 107–115, 117–118, 122–124

forced labour, 2–3, 7, 44, 47, 52, 59, 63, 65–66, 82, 146, 154, 183, 200–201, 215, 221, 227

forced relocation, 11, 64

foreign investments, 15, 207, 210

foreiros, 145, 147

formal land tenure system, 6, 12, 92

formalization of customary tenure, 14, 172, 189

FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique), 182–184, 204, 208–210, 215–216, 223, 227–228, 237, 275

G

gender, 11, 63–64, 66–67, 81–83, 133, 209, 216

geography, 1, 47–48, 63–64, 72, 81–83, 86, 110, 261, 263, 277

Goa, 2–3, 6, 18, 84, 243, 268, 278

Guedes de Brito, 29–36, 39

Guinea-Bissau, 3, 261

H

head tax, 7, 70, 72, 162, 255

health, 66, 73–74, 154–156

hierarchies, 10, 14, 16, 52, 172, 180–181, 186, 188–189

hybridity, 12–13, 108–109, 122

I

imperial debris, 2, 11, 16, 37, 87–88, 99

indigenato, 75, 154, 165

indigenous kingdoms, 248, 252, 257

indigenous land, 4, 12, 14–16, 241–242, 246, 248, 250–252, 254–256, 258, 268, 272, 274

Indigenous populations, 4, 6, 10, 24, 73, 85, 109, 165, 200

indigenous rulers, 242, 245–246, 253, 258, 267

indirect rule, 9, 65, 82, 113, 245–248

individual property rights, 41, 44, 50–51, 54, 132

individualization, 6, 90, 98, 259

Indonesia, 94, 114, 118, 157, 162–163, 167, 169, 175, 234, 257, 282–283

infrastructure, 3, 10–11, 44, 47, 63–64, 71, 82, 91, 102, 155, 166, 203, 210, 216, 220, 225, 228, 232, 234, 254

Inhambane, 45–48, 51, 53, 59, 84, 214

J

Java, 5, 109, 244–245, 248, 256–257

Junta de Investigações Científicas das Colónias, later do Ultramar (JIC/JIU), 153–154, 215

K

Kalandula, 74

kin-based political institutions, 174, 179, 181–182, 186, 188

kingship, 114, 116, 121

L

labour, 2–4, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 42, 44–48, 50–52, 54, 56–67, 71–73, 75, 82, 85, 107, 127–128, 144–146, 154, 156, 159, 167, 183, 195, 199–201, 203–204, 206, 212–215, 222, 228, 230, 232, 234, 241–242, 250–251, 254–255, 266, 283

land alienation, 46, 213, 246, 251–252, 254, 256

land allocation, 8, 44, 112, 140, 156–157, 162, 199, 210, 246

land appropriation, 3–4, 12, 92, 127–128, 131, 138–140, 146–147, 253, 264, 275

land concessions, 5–6, 8, 11, 15–17, 41, 44, 47–48, 50, 52–53, 74, 93–94, 102, 129, 139–140, 144, 165, 199, 206–209, 211, 230, 234–235, 241–242, 247–248, 250, 252–256, 258–259, 274–275

land conflicts, 130–131, 147, 217

land dispossession, 5, 241–242, 274

land governance, 1–2, 8–9, 12–15, 17, 166, 172, 174, 178, 180, 188–189, 196, 207, 212, 219–220, 222, 224, 227, 234–235, 263, 268, 275, 282–283

land grabbing, 83, 141, 147, 236, 264–265, 267–268

Land Law, 12, 14–16, 41–42, 44, 46, 50–51, 53–54, 58, 59, 88, 94, 96–97, 102–103, 129–130, 139, 144, 166, 171–172, 174–176, 178, 189, 191, 200, 206–210, 219, 221–223, 229, 233, 235, 255, 257

land ownership, 4, 8, 12, 14–15, 23, 35, 96, 128–129, 131, 141, 143, 166, 181, 184, 201, 210, 243, 268, 272

land policy, 1, 5, 8, 10, 13–18, 42, 47–48, 88, 174, 207, 222–224, 241–243, 248–249, 255–256

land possession, 128, 174, 217, 274

land registration, 13, 131, 143, 169, 171, 223, 249–250, 252, 255

land rights, 7–8, 11–13, 15, 17, 23, 26–28, 87–88, 90–96, 98–99, 102, 165, 172, 174–175, 188, 190–191, 209, 217, 221–222, 224, 229–230, 242, 269, 281

land tenure, 5–6, 8, 12, 42, 44, 61, 92–93, 148, 166, 169, 172, 174, 196, 199, 208–209, 219, 222, 281

land title, land titling, 7, 25–26, 41, 50, 54, 165, 172, 176, 217, 249

land use rights, 93, 207, 209, 222–223, 235

landlords, 23, 25, 52, 110, 267

Larantuka, 107, 109–120, 122, 124, 126

large-scale agriculture, 210

large-scale land acquisitions, 191, 219–220, 236

legacy, legacies, 1, 8, 10–11, 13, 16, 19, 23, 62, 64, 81, 87, 96–98, 107–108, 112–113, 117, 121–122, 152, 166, 196, 207, 222, 241, 257, 261–265, 273–277

legal language, 11–12, 87–88, 98

legal opportunities, 219–220, 224–225, 229–230, 233–235, 237

legal status, 7, 11, 89

Lei de Terras, 222, 237

Li, Tania Murray, 2, 8–9, 16–17, 23, 100, 141, 175, 263, 283

liurai, 7, 157, 161–163, 169, 242–243, 245

livelihoods, 53, 56, 74, 81, 91–92, 98–99, 156, 196, 203, 207, 213, 219, 281–283

lusofonia, 261, 277

Lusotropicalism, 154

M

Macau, 2, 109, 257–259

Madal, 15, 195–196, 200–207, 212–217, 220

maize, 15, 45, 47, 51–52, 59, 112, 155, 201, 232

Malacca, 2

Malanje, 63–64, 65, 68–69, 71, 74–77, 79

Manica, 44, 46–48, 50–56, 58, 59–62, 215, 253

maps, mapping, 7, 9, 11, 43–44, 48–49, 63, 65, 68, 75–76, 78–81, 86, 123, 131–132, 134, 137–138, 148, 158, 173, 176–177, 198, 202, 230–231

maritime, 263–268, 270–271, 277

Micaúne, 195–196, 199–207, 215

military, 24, 30–31, 65, 68–69, 73, 82–84, 114, 120, 143–144, 156, 163, 167, 182, 196–197, 243, 246–251, 253–255, 258–259, 283

mineral prospecting, 16, 28, 113, 256

mines, 2–3, 28, 33–34, 39, 46–47, 69, 72, 112, 129, 140, 196–197, 214, 222, 226–227, 232, 250

mining concessions, 250

Missão de Estudos Agronómicos do Ultramar (MEAU) / Mission for Overseas Agronomic Studies, 154–155, 157, 161, 163, 169

missionaries, 13, 58, 111, 113–117, 119, 122, 140, 179–181, 183, 186, 191

modernization, 14, 90, 128, 144, 151, 153, 220–221

Mozambican land law, 221

Mozambique, 1, 3–4, 6–7, 11, 14–15, 17–18, 37, 41–48, 50–53, 55–57, 58, 59, 61–62, 69, 81, 83, 86, 153–154, 171, 174–175, 179–180, 182–185, 195–196, 199–201, 203–208, 210–213, 215–217, 219–222, 225–227, 230–235, 237–238, 242, 246, 253–254, 261–262, 264, 268, 271, 275, 278, 281–282

Mozambique Company, 44, 46–47, 51–53, 55–57, 59, 199, 215, 222

myths, 116, 242, 262, 264–266, 275–276

N

national mythology, 264

nationalization, 91, 93, 98, 204, 216

native land holding, 5

native policy, 42, 58

native reserves, 11, 42, 45–47, 49–50, 53–54, 58–59

Nduna Minofo, 171–172, 178–182, 184–188, 190

Netherlands, the Dutch, 5, 7, 13, 16, 30, 101, 107–109, 111–115, 117, 119–120, 122, 124, 126, 211, 241–242, 244–245, 247–248, 250, 252, 256, 258

O

oil palm, xx, xvi, xxi, 283

overseas law, 252

P

pacification, 9, 241, 251–252

paternalism, 5–6, 11, 42, 56–57, 215, 242–246, 248, 252, 255–257

peasantry, 14, 25, 28, 83, 127–128, 139–140, 143–147, 156, 159, 176, 197, 209, 220, 223, 227–229, 232, 235, 244, 255, 259, 274

physiocracy, 89

plantations, plantation system, 2–3, 5, 9, 13, 14–16, 18, 46, 48, 67, 72, 76–77, 79, 113, 128, 138, 141, 142–144, 146, 154, 156, 161, 168, 195–196, 199, 200–201, 203–204, 206–208, 210–213, 215, 220, 225–227, 232, 234, 241–242, 246–247, 249–253, 255–258, 275, 283

political institutions, 171–172, 174, 179, 181–182, 186, 188–189

Portugal, 2–6, 10, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 23–26, 29–32, 34, 38, 41–42, 45, 57, 58, 61–62, 81, 83, 85–86, 87–94, 97–101, 110, 129, 142, 153–154, 180, 184, 197, 199, 201, 204, 208, 212, 215, 222, 242–243, 245, 248, 254, 259, 261–269, 271–273, 282–283

Portuguese colonial administration, 74, 97, 157, 180, 182, 188

Portuguese colonial legacy, 1, 87, 97, 215, 241, 274–276

Portuguese Crown, 3, 24, 26, 29, 139–140, 147, 196–197, 263

Portuguese empire, 2–3, 5–6, 8, 36–38, 81, 151, 262–263, 265, 267, 273, 275, 278, 281, 283

Portuguese overseas colonies, 88, 92

Portuguese Timor, 1, 5–7, 15, 18, 93–94, 152–154, 156, 159, 165, 167–169, 241–242, 246–251, 255–256

posseiro, posseiros, 25–28, 33, 130–131, 139

post-independence state, 12, 45, 64, 213, 222–223

prazo, prazo system, 3–4, 8, 18, 37, 196–202, 202, 222, 268, 270

private property, 4, 95, 102, 204, 206, 242, 254, 256

privatization, 90, 93, 100, 206, 208–210, 254

Q

quilombo, 13, 30, 38, 141–142, 147

R

race, racial, racialism, 7, 10, 16, 23, 32, 58, 74–75, 86, 109, 262

realengos, 145–146

regedor, 70, 74

régulo, 171–172, 174, 176–180, 182–185, 187–188, 190, 243, 245–246, 248–249, 251–252, 255, 257

rendas, 25, 28, 34–35

resettlement, 11, 42, 68, 73, 83, 156, 229

resilience of empire, 262

retribution, 242, 248–249

Ribeiro, Aquilino, 91

rice, 13–15, 48, 55, 112, 128, 152, 155–157, 159, 161–163, 165, 168, 200–201, 225–228

roads, 10–11, 48, 63–75, 78–85, 114, 129, 154–156, 183, 217

rubber, 214

S

Salazar, António de Oliveira, 7, 73, 90, 153, 167

São Tomé, 18, 253, 261

sea-centrism, sea-centric narrative, 263–266

seafaring, 111, 120, 263–265, 268, 270–271

seigneurs, 24–25, 39

seizure of land, 242, 248–249, 251, 254, 258

senhores de terra, 27–28, 31, 35–36, 39

sertão, 263, 265, 269–273, 278–279

sesmaria, 3, 8, 10, 13, 23–27, 29–39, 128–130, 136, 138–139, 141, 144–145, 148

sesmeiros, 26–30, 33, 35, 37, 129–130, 148

settler colonialism, 242, 263–264, 274, 278

settlers, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 25–27, 33, 35, 41, 44, 46–48, 50–53, 79, 109, 114, 129, 139, 154, 164, 197, 215, 222, 227, 272–273

Sikka, 107, 109, 111–113, 116, 118, 120–122, 124

slave trade, 2, 4–5, 13, 130, 199, 282

slavery, 2, 4–5, 13, 25, 28, 30, 33, 127–128, 130, 140–145, 147–148, 199, 274, 278, 281–282

smallholder agriculture, 11, 33–34, 41–42, 53, 55–57, 58, 83, 100, 131, 228, 234, 283

social differentiation, 11, 52–53, 56, 151, 172

social movements, 141, 220–221, 224, 282

socio-economic, socio-legal issues, 2, 5, 8, 10–14, 56, 87, 224, 281

Southeast Asia, 118–119, 281–283

soy, 15, 211, 232

spectacles, 66, 83

spice trade, 2

state domain, 254

Stoler, Ann, 16, 23, 108, 262

sugar, 2, 26, 46–48, 200, 206, 211, 241, 247

T

taxation, 14, 65–66, 69, 73, 82–85, 112, 115, 117, 165, 167, 183, 197, 217, 267

tea, 200, 244

terra, 3, 25–28, 31, 35–36, 39, 59, 85, 113, 130, 140–143, 145, 147, 176, 209, 222–223, 249, 263, 269–271, 278

terra de índio, 140

terra devoluta, 130

terras de preto, 141–143

terras de santo, 145

territorial histories, 180, 184–185, 188

Timor, Timor-Leste, East Timor, 1, 5–7, 11–14, 15–19, 87–88, 93–99, 102–103, 107, 109–112, 114–116, 120, 122, 124, 152–160, 162–167, 169, 241–251, 253–259, 261–262, 278, 282–283

Torrens title system, 249

traditional chiefs, 14, 172, 174–176, 178, 180, 185–186, 189, 197

twentieth century, 3, 5, 11, 42, 44, 46–47, 64, 68, 90, 97, 109, 114, 116, 122, 128, 143, 146, 182, 199, 223, 242, 250, 252, 256, 258, 264, 270, 282

U

uncultivated land, 89, 93–95, 101, 155, 162, 164, 269, 271

unproductive land, 129

unused land, 12, 88–89, 95, 98, 160, 246–247, 256