Index

A

Acción Democrática (AD) (Venezuela), 104, 108–110. See also Pérez, Carlos Andrés

Afro-Colombians, 324–325, 328–329, 331–333, 335, 339, 342

Agência Nacional de Petróleo (ANP) (Brazil), 258, 264

Agrarian Summit (Cumbre-Agraria), 334, 339–341

ALBA (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América), 3

Alberta Energy Company, 226

Alfonsín, Raúl, 275, 276

Alliance for Progress, 9

Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA), 126, 140

asphalt mining, 84, 88

B

Beaufort Sea oil field, 227, 230

Betancourt, Rómulo, 105, 108. See also Acción Democrática

Boeing Corporation, 154, 160

Bolsonaro, Jair, 3, 7

Boundary Waters Treaty, (1909) 127, 131. See also International Joint Commission

Bretton Woods system, 214, 224

British Controlled Oilfields Ltd. (BCO), 71, 80, 82

British-American Oil, 218

Bucareli agreements, 299–301

C

Calderón, Felipe, 303, 305

campesinos, 329–332, 339. See also ejidos

Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration. See National Energy Program

Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA), 212, 234. See also Canada-USA-Mexico Agreement; North American Free Trade Agreement

Canada-USA-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), 316. See also Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; North American Free Trade Agreement

Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), 218, 228

Canadian Ownership Account. See National Energy Program

Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc, 306, 308

Cárdenas, Lázaro, 9, 296, 301, 306

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 36–37

Carib Syndicate Ltd. (CS), 78, 80, 83

Caribbean Petroleum Company (CPC), 70–71, 76–77, 84–90

Carranza, Venustiano, 296–297

Carter, Jimmy, 152, 161, 163–164, 169, 174

Castro, Cipriano, 74

Chávez, Hugo, 2, 17, 101, 115–119

Chevron, 6, 35, 197, 214, 275, 303, 313. See also Texaco

climate change, 2–3. See also environmental impact

coal: in Brazil 245; in Canada 125, 127, 129–130, 133, 143; in Chile 8, 43–47, 51–53, 55–62; in Colombia 323, 326, 330, 334; in US 152, 158, 171

Cold War, 9, 119, 124, 133, 156

Colon Development Company (CDC), 70, 78–84, 87, 90

Conoco Inc., 118, 231. See also Phillips Petroleum Co.

Constitution of 1917 (Mexico), 3, 296–297, 299, 301–302, 317

Constitution of 1988 (Brazil), 252–253, 255, 263, 265

Constitution of 1991 (Colombia), 323, 324, 328–329, 331–332, 336

corporate social responsibility (CSR), 119, 324, 333, 336–338

Creole Petroleum Corp., 101, 105–112

D

Democratic Party (US), 162–163

deregulation of energy industry, 22, 23, 32, 36, 144, 174–175, 233, 274, 276–277, 286, 289

Díaz, Porfirio, 296, 309, 315

Dickey Dam, 9, 12, 151, 153–154, 164–172, 175

direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHI), 194, 201

Dome Petroleum, 220–221, 227–228, 231–233

Dormer, Cecil, 78–84

Duhalde, Eduardo, 33; 280

Dutch disease. See resource curse

E

Ecopetrol (Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos), 324, 326, 329

Eisenhower, Dwight, 137, 156, 221, 223

ejidos, 302, 309. See also campesinos

embargo, oil, 151, 154–155, 164–165, 175, 211, 223, 225–226, 246, 252. See also Middle East, conflict; OPEC

Endangered Species Act (1973), 152, 154–155, 160–164, 168–169, 173, 175. See also environmental impact; Environmental Protection Agency

ENARSA (Energía Argentina S.A.), 34, 282

energy as common good (ECG), 11–12, 24, 26–38, 124, 280, 316, 323, 326–327, 332, 340–342

energy as market good (EMG), 11, 25–26, 28, 30, 32–34, 38, 175, 276, 280, 324, 326–327, 332, 335, 342

energy as political good (EPG), 11,18, 22–24, 28–32, 38, 124, 280, 325–327, 332, 341

environmental impact: climate change 2, 3; in Argentina 3; in Brazil 254, 256; in Canada 12, 130, 139–144, 235; in Colombia 324, 327, 333, 336, 338–341; in Mexico 298, 307, 309–310; in Venezuela 7; in US 9, 12, 140–144, 151–175, 180. See also Endangered Species Act; Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 162

Esso. See Exxon

expropriation of oil producers: in Argentina, 273–274, 287–289; in Mexico, 10, 100, 105, 296, 301. See also deregulation; nationalization; privatization

Exxon: in Argentina 275; in Canada 212; in Guyana 203; in US 196; in Venezuela, 12, 69, 71, 79–80, 89, 99, 101–113, 114–119. See also Mobil; Imperial Oil

F

FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), 325

Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina, 34, 280

firewood, 7, 47, 50–54, 61–62, 129, 133

First World War, 46, 53, 55–56, 69, 76, 127, 181

foreign direct investment (FDI), 23, 25, 32, 36, 213, 221, 329–330

Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA), 225, 230, 234

Fox, Vicente, 303, 305

Frondizi, Arturo, 274–275

Furbish lousewort, 151, 154, 168–169, 173

G

Gallagher, Jack, 220, 227–228, 233

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 215, 223

General Asphalt Company (GAC), 70, 80, 86–88

Geophysical Analysis Group (GAG), 189–190

Geophysical Research Corporation (GRC), 182, 186

Geophysical Service Inc. (GSI), 182–183, 186, 188, 190–193, 196–197, 200, 204. See also Texas Instruments

Gil Borges, Esteban, 78–79, 81–82, 86

Global Positioning System (GPS), 199

Gómez, Juan Vicente, 67–68, 73, 75–90, 102–104–106, 295

Gómez, Juancho, 73, 75, 80, 82, 84–85, 88, 90

Great Depression, 10, 55–57, 62, 68, 211

Gulf Oil, 69, 111, 295

H

Halliburton, 197–198, 200

Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (HEPCO). See Ontario Hydro

Hydroelectricity, 7, 35, 129; in Argentina 34; in Brazil 35–36; in Chile 8–9, 43, 47, 55, 58–62; in Canada 5–6, 8–9, 12, 123–144; in Colombia 324; in Mexico 128; in Brazil 130; in US 9, 12, 125, 127–133, 141–144, 151–158, 164, 169–170, 172

I

IBM, 191, 193

Imperial Oil (Canada), 211, 212, 214–216, 218. See also Exxon

imperialism, 125, 130, 144, 328

import substitution industrialization (ISI), 8, 10, 22, 32, 35, 246, 251–252, 258, 274, 327, 342. See also resource nationalism

Indigenous peoples: Cofán 6; consent for resource development, 2, 7, 130, 332–335, 337, 340–341; Colombian, 324–325, 328–342; Fort McKay First Nation (Cree, Dene, and Métis), 7; Hunkpapa Lakota, 6; Motilone, 71; Sihasapa Lakota, 6; Yanktonai Dakota, 7. See also ONIC; United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo, 260

International Bank of Settlements, 328

International Joint Commission, 123, 127, 134. See also Boundary Waters Treaty

International Labour Organization, 7, 331–332, 335

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 214, 328

K

Kirchner, Néstor, 33, 280, 285

L

Lagoven. See Creole Petroleum Corp.

Lake St. Lawrence, 137–140

Leduc oil strike, 216–217

Liberal Party (Canada), 126, 132, 234

Lincoln School Dam, 170, 172

López Obrador, Andrés Manuel, 1, 304–306, 308, 316. See also Morena

Lost Villages, 139–140

Lougheed, Peter, 225, 231

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 3, 36–37

M

Mackenzie King, William Lyon, 127, 217

Maduro, Nicolás, 2–3

Malthusian trap. See resource curse

Manning, Ernest, 217, 219, 223

Maraven. See Shell Oil in Venezuela

McColl-Frontenac Oil Co. See Texaco

McGoodwin, Preston, 79, 82–83, 85–86, 90

Menem, Carlos, 32, 277, 279

Meneven. See Gulf Oil

Middle East: oil producers, 35, 69, 109, 114, 152, 211, 220, 224; conflict, 60, 164, 170, 221–222, 228. See also embargo, oil; OPEC

Ministry of Mines and Energy (Brazil), 37

Mobil, 115–116, 192, 194, 197. See also Exxon

Morales, Evo, 5, 7, 17

Morena (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) (Mexico), 306–308, 310. See also López Obrador, Andrés Manuel

Moreno, Lenín, 3

Mosquera, Bernardino, 76, 85

Mulroney, Brian, 233

Muskie, Edmund, 164, 169–170

N

National Development Bank (Brazil) (BNDES), 259, 261, 263–264

National Energy Board (NEB) (Canada), 223–225

National Energy Fund (Argentina), 276

National Energy Program (NEP) (Canada), 212, 228–234

National Oil Policy (NOP) (Canada), 223–224

nationalization of energy, 29, 211; in Argentina, 11, 273–274; in Bolivia, 5; in Brazil, 216; in Canada, 9; 228, 232–233; in Venezuela, 101, 106, 108–115, 119, 152, 216, 226. See also deregulation; expropriation; privatization

natural gas: in Argentina, 284, 288; in Bolivia, 5; in Brazil, 253; in Canada, 211, 213–216, 230, 234; in Chile, 43, 55, 60, 62; in Colombia, 326; in Mexico, 303–306, 310, 316; in Venezuela, 100, 110

New Deal, 9, 155

New Democratic Party (Alberta), 3

Niagara Falls: as scenery, 124–125, 127, 134, 136, 142; hydroelectric projects, 123–126, 131–132, 134, 140–142, 144

Nixon, Richard, 152, 224–226

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 11, 296, 302, 315–316. See also Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Canada-USA-Mexico Agreement

North Venezuelan Petroleum Company (NVPC), 82

O

Obama, Barack, 7, 310

Obregón, Álvaro, 297–299, 301

Occidental Petroleum, 334

ONIC (Organización Nacional Indigena de Colombia), 334. See also Indigenous peoples: Colombia

Ontario Hydro (formerly HEPCO), 9, 126–127, 131, 134, 139–140

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 101, 108, 114, 118, 225, 231–232. See also embargo, oil; Middle East

Operation Car Wash, 3, 8

Orinoco basin oil fields, 100, 114–115, 117–118

P

Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) (Mexico), 303, 305, 307–310

Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) (Mexico), 304–310

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) (Mexico), 303, 305, 307–310

PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela), 101, 111, 113, 115–117, 226, 230

Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos), 11, 230, 301, 303–317; corruption, 304–305, 308–309; reforms, 307–311

Peña Nieto, Enrique, 3, 305–306, 308–310, 313

Pequiven, 116

Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 109–111, 114–116. See also Acción Democrática

Perón, Juan, 274; Peronism 274, 280

Petrobras (Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.), 3, 5, 7–8, 11, 35–37, 101, 195, 202, 245–254, 258–264, 276, 284, 304, 311; Campos Basin oil fields, 35, 195, 252, 256; corruption, 260–261; pre-salt deposits, 3, 11, 202, 243, 249, 254–255, 259–260, 263–265, 317; Santos basin, 37, 202, 204

Petro-Canada, 4, 226, 230–231, 234

Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD), 220

Petroleum Gas and Revenue Tax (PGRT). See National Energy Program

Petroleum Incentives Payments (PIP). See National Energy Program

Phillips Petroleum Co., 197. See also Conoco Inc.

pipelines, 3, 20, 25, 27, 30, 33, 70, 217, 220, 253, 259–260, 323–326; Dakota Access, 7; in Colombia, 323; Interprovincial, 219, 223; Keystone XL, 126; Trans-Andean, 284; Trans Mountain, 219, 221–223

Power Authority of the State of New York (PASNY), 131, 134, 136, 140

Pré-Sal Petróleo S.A. (PPSA), 258, 264

privatization of energy industry, 30, 33, 144, 233–234, 252–253, 261, 273–279, 286, 289, 301, 324, 326, 329, 337. See also deregulation; expropriation; nationalization

profit-sharing, 101, 254–255, 258, 264

Progressive Conservative Party: Alberta, 3; Canada, 223, 228, 233

protectionism, 221, 224–225, 243

R

rail transport, 51, 53, 61, 132, 139, 175, 217, 312

Reagan, Ronald, 170–172, 175, 233

regulation of energy industry, 4, 11, 13, 19–20–23, 25–29, 34, 36; in Brazil, 260, 264; in Canada, 126, 218, 228, 230, 233; in Colombia, 336–342; in Mexico, 298; in US, 154, 162–164, 171, 174–175, 180; in Venezuela, 74, 76

rents and rent-seeking, 3, 11, 19–20, 26–32, 38, 130, 225, 244–245, 254–255, 264, 281, 298, 324. See also royalties; taxes and duties

Repsol, 34–35, 274, 279, 283–285, 287–289, 317

Republican Party (US), 169, 221, 316

resource curse, 2, 8, 51, 53, 100, 129, 243–244

resource nationalism, 3, 5, 8, 12, 17–24, 29, 31, 37, 124, 179; in Brazil, 245–246; in Canada, 124, 143–144, 224; in Colombia, 325; in Mexico, 296; in Venezuela, 99, 108–110, 114, 116–117. See also import substitution industrialization

Roosevelt, Franklin, 9, 131–132, 155

Rousseff, Dilma, 3, 37

royalties, 5, 19, 25–31, 103–105, 115–117, 221, 254–258, 264, 277, 297–298, 326. See also rents and rent-seeking; taxes and duties

S

Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 302, 306

Santos, Juan Manuel, 333

Schlumberger, 197–198, 200, 204

Second World War, 10, 55, 70, 106, 108, 119, 132–134, 183, 190, 211, 213

seismology, 181, 218; refraction, 181, 183–184; digital analysis, 188–195; three-dimensional, 195–201; AVO analysis, 201–202; FWI, 202

Shell Oil (Royal Dutch/Shell Group): in Argentina, 275; in Canada, 215; in Mexico, 71, 316; in US, 71, 194, 199; in Venezuela, 67–74, 78–79, 82, 86–87, 89–90, 111, 295

snail darter, 154, 161, 163–164, 173

Social Credit Party (Alberta), 217–218

St. Laurent, Louis, 132–133, 217

St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, 123–124, 126, 131–133, 136–144; displacement by, 137–142

Standard Oil of California. See Chevron

Standard Oil of New Jersey. See Exxon; Imperial Oil

steam power, 43–45, 51, 53, 56, 61, 158,

subsalt oil deposits, 201–202

subsidies, 156; to industry, 20, 25–30, 33–35, 227–228, 277, 326; to state, 110

Sun Oil Co. (Sunoco), 80

Syncrude, 227

taxes and duties, 10, 19–38; in Argentina, 277, 281–282, 286; in Canada, 127–128, 212, 215, 220–221, 224–234; in Colombia, 326–327, 337; in Mexico 297–301, 310; in Venezuela, 77–84, 89, 103–107, 112–117. See also rents and rent-seeking; royalties

Tellico Dam, 151, 153–155, 157–164, 168, 172–173, 175

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 9, 154–161, 165, 172

Texaco, 6, 192, 197, 212, 303. See also Chevron

Texas Instruments (TI), 190–192; TIAC, 192. See also Geophysical Service Inc.

Torres, Gumersindo, 77–79, 81–83

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 212, 225, 227–228, 231, 233–234

U

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 337. See also Indigenous peoples

US Army Corps of Engineers, 134, 151, 154, 164, 166–169, 172

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 161–162

V

Vargas, Getúlio, 245

VEB Company, 84–90

Venezuelan Oil Concessions Ltd. (VOC), 71, 74–76, 80, 82–84

Vía Campesina, 335

Villegas Pulido, Guillermo Tell, 79, 82, 84

W

Wartime Oils Ltd., 213

Western Canadian Petroleum Association. See Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), 211, 216, 221, 225–227

Western Geophysical Company, 183, 186–187, 193, 200, 204

World Bank, 214, 328

WTO (World Trade Organization), 328, 333

Y

YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales), 3, 5, 33–35, 273–289, 317; Comodoro Rivadavia oil fields, 274; Vaca Muerta oil field, 3. See also Kirchner, Nestor; Repsol