Index
A
Aboriginal. See Indigenous
ACbit (Chega! for Us association), 15, 44, 121–23, 314, 315
accountability. See impunity and accountability
Aceh, 7, 12, 17, 163, 164, 165, 167–84, 202, 203, 269, 311, 313, 314, 316, 317
Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding, 7, 17, 165, 172, 173, 175, 177, 183n24, 313, 317
Law for Governing of Aceh (LoGA), 168, 176, 183n24
Peace Reintegration Agency (BRA), 172, 176
Qanun (provincial legislation), 168, 169, 174
tsunami, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and, 165, 176
See also Bener Mariah, Aceh, Indonesia; Free Aceh Movement (GAM); Gayo people; militias: pro-Indonesia in Aceh; truth commission: Aceh (KKR)
Adat. See Indigenous traditions
African National Congress 29, 32
aid. See development
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
Aidit, D.N. 148
AJAR. See Asia Justice and Rights
Ajikwa River, 266
Alkatiri, Mari, 50, 51, 53, 95
Alomang, Yosepha, 4, 247
Ambarita, Banjir, 253
Ambon. See Maluku
amnesties, 28, 29, 53, 55, 67, 70, 168, 175, 288
Amnesty International, 55, 263
Amungme people, 247, 265, 311
Anglican Church, 19, 31, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 299, 301, 306
See also Ata, Father Sam; MacDonald, Bishop Mark; Mamakwa, Bishop Lydia; Tutu, Bishop Desmond
Annan, Kofi, 61n20
Ap, Arnold, 233, 234, 237–40, 243, 244, 245–47
APEC. See Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
apologies, 27, 64, 139, 140, 174, 223, 313, 320
Arafura Sea, 266
AraĂşjo, Fernando La Sama, 82, 88, 89, 90n8
AraĂşjo, Rui Maria de, 73, 74, 95
archives, 70, 73, 129, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 300, 301, 320, 321
Argentina, 321
ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR), 71, 73, 74, 121, 314, 315
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 64
Asian Development Bank, 94
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 97
Astra Agro Lestari, 189
Ata, Father Sam, 286, 290, 293
Augustine, Stephen, 310
Australia, 46, 47, 56, 64, 85, 94, 97, 101, 103, 113, 148, 276, 280, 282, 284, 321
B
Bakar batu (Papuan Indigenous feast), 218–20
Bali, 110, 132, 133, 140, 237
Barreto Soares, Abé, 1, 4
Belo, Bishop Carlos Ximenes, 110, 112, 113, 114
Benedict XVI, Pope, 114
Bener Mariah, Aceh, Indonesia, 167, 177, 178
Bennett, Carolyn, 307
Bere, Maternus, 45, 55, 59
Biak people, 235, 241, 242, 243
Black Brothers (musical group), 247
Bougainville, 281, 291n4
BRA. See Aceh: Peace Reintegration Agency
Brazil, 101, 102
Bridie, David, 245, 253
Briere, Elaine, 110
Buddhism, 214
Burma, 284, 315
Busby, Scott, 262
Bush, George W., 57, 267, 268
business networks and corporations, 3–4, 19, 87, 88, 133, 134, 137, 213, 227, 264, 269, 270, 306, 311
C
Cambodia, 6, 13, 110
Canada, 63, 64, 65, 113, 287, 299–307
Department of Indian Affairs, 305, 307
Indian Act, 300
Indonesia, policy towards, 307
Timor-Leste, policy towards, 64, 74, 94, 109, 307
Residential schools system, 9, 20, 65, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 318
truth and reconciliation, global involvement, 307
See also Bennett, Carolyn; Canada-Asia Working Group; Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace; Canadian International Development Agency; Harper, Stephen; Iacobucci, Frank; KAIROS; National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (Canada); Scott, Duncan Campbell; Shortliffe, Glen; Sinclair, Murray; truth commission: Canada (TRC); Wilson-Raybould, Jody
Canada-Asia Working Group, 63
Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace, 10, 15, 109, 110, 112, 114
Canadian International Development Agency, 65
Caritas Australia, 113
Carouso, James, 262
cassette tapes, 239–40
Catholic Church, 15, 43, 47, 109–15, 214, 215, 281, 282, 283, 284, 301, 316
See also Belo, Bishop Carlos Ximenes; Benedict XVI, Pope; Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace; Caritas Australia; Catholic Youth Association (Papua); Costa Lopes, Martinho da; Domingo, Father; Erminia, Sister; Francis, Pope; Geve, Father Augustine; Indonesian Bishops Conference (KWI); Madeira, Father Hilario; Nascimiento, Bishop Basilio do; Silva, Bishop Ricardo da; Quevedo, Cardinal Orlando; Roche, Father Jim; Smith, Bishop Adrian; Vatican II reforms
Catholic Youth Association (Papua), 216
CAVR. See truth commission: Timor-Leste
censorship, 88, 131, 237, 238
Central Highlands Legal Advocacy and Human Rights Network (Papuan NGO), 216
Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 74
Centro Nacional Chega! Timor-Leste, 14, 74, 314, 315
Chega! See truth commission: Timor-Leste
Chega! for Us. See ACbit
children, 89, 96, 120, 216, 243, 250, 253, 275, 282, 290, 293, 300
China, 16, 43, 98, 270
foreign ministry, 148, 149
Indonesia, involvement in, 129, 146, 149–51
Timor-Leste, aid to 94, 101–4
Christianity, 15, 17, 31, 165, 185, 188, 214, 215, 217, 275, 276, 283, 316
See also Anglican Church; Catholic Church; Dutch Reformed Church; Evangelical Church of Indonesia (GIDI); Indonesian Bishops Conference (KWI); KAIROS; Presbyterian Church; Seventh Day Adventists; Solomon Islands Christian Association; United Church (Canada); South Sea Evangelical Church; United Church (Solomon Islands)
Church of Melanesia. See Anglican Church
CIA. See United States: Central Intelligence Agency
civil society, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 43, 44, 111, 112, 113, 123, 128, 138, 141, 163, 164, 165, 173, 179, 207, 210, 217, 227, 263, 270, 275, 276, 309, 314–15, 316, 319, 321
clandestinity, 43, 80–89, 320
definition of, 80–1
class analysis, 186–89, 192–96
Clinton, Bill, 55, 57, 268
Clinton, Hillary, 103
CNRT. See National Council of Timorese Resistance (resistance coalition); National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (political party)
Cohen, Leonard, 4, 63
Cold War, 147, 148–51, 152, 187
Colombia, 73
colonialism and colonization, 7, 14, 15, 42, 43, 48, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 100, 164, 186, 201, 202, 234, 235, 236, 249, 252, 302, 304, 307, 311, 317, 318, 320
Comarca. See monuments and museums
See also truth commission: Timor-Leste
Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR). See truth commission: Timor-Leste
Commission on Truth and Friendship. See truth commission: Timor-Leste and Indonesia bilateral
Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries, 97
Conference of the New Emerging Forces (CONEFO), 150
Congresso Nacional de Reconstrução de Timor (CNRT), See National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction
Conselho Nacional de ResistĂŞncia Timorense (CNRT), See National Council of Timorese Resistance
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 84, 120
corruption, 47, 53, 80, 85, 87, 88, 99, 114, 210, 269
corporations. See business networks and corporations.
Costa Lopes, Martinho da, 111
Costa Rica, 72
Crowshoe, Reg, 311
CTF. See truth commission: Timor-Leste and Indonesia bilateral
Cuba, 97
D
Darul Islam, 164
Democratic party (Timor-Leste), 103
See also AraĂşjo, Fernando
democratization, 87, 99, 102, 114, 163, 267, 268, 269, 313
development, 14, 16, 70, 71, 82, 93–108, 120, 187, 203, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 226, 243, 264, 305, 311, 312
See also Canadian International Development Agency; development models; g7+ forum; HIVOS (Dutch development agency); Pacific Development Forum; United Nations: Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations: Special Development Goals
Development and Peace. See Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace
development models
Chinese, 14, 101–4
Western, 14, 100
dialogue, 8, 9, 19, 83, 87, 112, 141, 201, 202, 215, 275, 317
Dili, Timor-Leste, 4, 5, 15, 45, 49, 51, 65, 98, 101, 103, 110, 111, 268
Domingo, Father, 110
Dutch Reformed Church, 31, 236
E
economic rights. See human rights: economic, social, and cultural
East Nusa Tenggara. See Nusa Tenggara Timur
East Timor. See Timor-Leste
East Timor Alert Network, 63, 110
education, 74, 93, 96, 98, 113, 120, 207, 211, 267, 290, 307, 320
elders, 67, 242, 310–11
Eluay, Theys, 252
environment, 18, 203, 206, 225–26, 227, 245, 254, 265–66, 269, 303, 310, 311, 316
Erminia, Sister, 55
Eritrea, 89
“ethnic” conflicts, 7, 17, 166, 185, 186, 187, 196, 223, 276, 282, 283, 288, 291n1, 295
European Union, 94
Evangelical Church of Indonesia (GIDI), 221–22, 223
exhumation, 289, 290, 294, 295
F
Falintil. See Timor-Leste: army
Fals, Iwan, 237
Fiji, 276, 281, 282, 285, 294
Ford, Gerald, 46
forests, 193, 225, 264, 265, 302
France, 64, 101, 148, 318
Francis, Pope, 114, 178
Free Aceh Movement (GAM), 7, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177
Free Papua Movement (OPM), 205, 208
Freeport (mining company), 247, 265–66, 269, 311
forgiveness, 25, 26, 32, 35, 179, 285, 319, 322
Fretilin (Timorese political party), 49, 50, 51, 66, 103
See also Alkatiri, Mari
G
g7+ forum, 97
Gadjah Mada University, 140, 141
GAM. See Free Aceh Movement
Gandhi, Mohandas, 234
Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO), 150
Gates, Robert, 59
Gayo people, 177–79
genocide, 6, 46, 53, 56, 60n3, 233, 254, 262, 267, 300, 305, 318, 321
Germany, 94, 148
Geve, Father Augustine, 281
GIDI. See Evangelical Church of Indonesia
Goethe Institute, 151
Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 275, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 293, 295, 311
Guadalcanal Liberation Front, 281, 282
Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army. See Isatabu Freedom Movement
See also Keke, Harold
Guinea-Bissau, 97
GusmĂŁo, Kay Rala Xanana, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61n11, 66, 82, 95
Guterres, Eurico, 57
Guterres, Isabel, 319
Guterres Lopes, Aniceto, 319
H
Habibie, B.J., 128, 137, 214
Haiti, 97
Haiti, Badrodin, 195
Harper, Stephen, 114
healing, 5, 15, 24, 27, 115, 129, 173, 215, 275, 295, 302, 304, 305, 309, 312, 314, 317, 318, 320
health, 93, 96–97, 98, 114, 120, 141, 207, 264, 267, 290
Hinduism, 214
historical narratives, 6, 8, 9, 10–11, 12, 13, 20, 23, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 68–69, 71, 74, 128, 134–35, 146, 147, 170, 171, 173, 179, 196, 202, 203, 204, 207–10, 212, 214, 237, 304–5, 309, 313, 316–18, 320–21
history, 122, 123, 139, 206, 215, 302, 317
oral, 146
HIV/AIDS, 202, 207, 209, 216
HIVOS (Dutch development agency), 121
Honduras, 268
Honelama, Papua, Indonesia, 216–20, 223
Honiara, Solomon Islands, 276, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 312
Hughes, Jen, 2
human rights, 10, 11, 13, 29, 30, 33, 35, 44, 54, 60, 68, 69, 72, 84, 100, 102, 117–20, 140, 146, 172, 174, 202, 203, 206, 210, 212, 213, 215, 223, 224, 225, 226, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 275, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 295, 319, 320
crimes against humanity, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 70, 118
culture of, 73
economic, social, and cultural rights, 33, 70, 118, 119, 311–12, 318
massacres and mass violence, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 41, 42, 44, 45, 58, 60n3, 69, 127, 133, 134, 148, 152, 262, 263, 268, 321
torture, 4, 69, 132, 133, 168, 213, 265, 275, 282, 284, 285, 288, 290, 295
See also ACbit; Amnesty International; Asia Justice and Rights; Human Rights Watch; TAPOL (Indonesian human rights campaign); United Nations: High Commissioner for Human Rights
Human Rights Watch, 263
I
Iacobucci, Frank, 301
impunity and accountability, 13, 44, 46, 53, 57, 59, 60, 70, 71, 85, 168, 174, 206, 269, 312, 314, 316, 319, 320
Inco, 189, 193
India, 86, 101, 102, 150
Indigenous peoples, 9, 10, 20, 31, 177–79, 212, 216, 220, 222, 224, 227, 263, 279, 302, 303, 305–7, 310, 315
Indigenous rights, 4, 204, 316
Indigenous traditions, 3, 18, 165, 169, 170, 219, 223, 275, 283, 294, 309, 310.
See also Bakar batu (Papuan Indigenous feast)
Indonesia, 6, 7, 11, 16, 41, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 59, 64, 70, 71, 73, 85, 98, 105, 127–271, 299, 301, 306, 309, 311, 312, 316, 317, 319, 321
ad-hoc human rights court, 57
army (TNI), 57, 59, 70, 94, 110, 127, 128, 129, 132, 136, 139, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 163, 164, 166, 167, 173, 174, 177, 178, 185, 190, 191, 192, 202, 206, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 220, 222, 223, 229n17, 243, 261, 265, 269, 270, 321
coup and mass violence (1965), 12, 13, 16, 73, 127–54, 163, 167, 170, 186, 196, 304, 316
decentralization, 163, 208, 212, 213
economic crisis (1998), 187
education system, 74, 179
migration and transmigration within Indonesia, 177, 188, 193–94, 195, 208, 209, 210, 262, 267 (See also Javanese settlers outside Java)
Ministry of culture and human development, 141
Ministry of home affairs, 221
Military operations zones, 164, 210
National Human Rights Commission (Komnas-HAM), 139, 141, 146, 182n16, 222
National Police (PNI), 174, 190, 191, 192, 195, 206, 212, 213, 218, 222, 223, 265
Territorial integrity 163, 208
See also Aidit, D.N.; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; Darul Islam; Evangelical Church of Indonesia (GIDI); Habibie, B.J.; Indonesia East Timor Program; Indonesian Bishops Conference (KWI); Indonesian Communist Party (PKI); Indonesian National Institute of Sciences (LIPI); Jemaah Islamiyah; Kalimantan (Borneo); Kopassus; Laskar Jihad; Laskar Jundullah; Murtopo, Ali; militias: pro-Indonesia; militias: pro-Indonesia in Timor-Leste; militias: Sulawesi; Mujahidin Indonesia Timur; Nahdatul Ulama; Nusa Tenggara Timur; Pancasila; Palu; Poso; September 30 Movement; Suharto; Sukarno; Sukarnoputri, Megawati; Sulawesi; Surakarta (Solo); TAPOL (Indonesian human rights campaign); Thukul, Wiji; United States: Indonesia; United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO); Untung; Wahid, Abdurrahman; Wanandi, Jusuf; Wibowo, Sarwo Edhie; Wiranto; Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang
Indonesia East Timor Program, 63
Indonesian Bishops Conference (KWI), 111, 112
Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 7, 16, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 155, 196
Indonesian National Institute of Sciences (LIPI), 215
inequality, 33, 85, 88, 114, 166, 193, 302
International Center for Transitional Justice, 44, 122, 314
International Coalition for Papua, 263
International Court of Justice, 98
international criminal tribunals, 6, 13, 26, 42, 57, 299, 321
Timor-Leste, proposed, 54, 55–56, 57, 59
International People’s Tribunal, 140
internet, 19, 71, 84, 221, 253, 275, 287, 289, 290, 304
ISIS. See Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Islam, 7, 17, 137, 164, 165, 178, 194, 195, 209, 214, 220, 221, 283, 316
See also Darul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS); Jemaah Islamiyah; Laskar Jihad; Laskar Jundullah; Nahdatul Ulama; Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 185, 195
Isatabu Freedom Movement (Solomon Islands militia), 280, 281, 282, 283, 289
See also Keke, Harold
J
Jakarta, 114, 128, 132, 148, 150, 151, 212, 267
Japan, 49, 94, 236, 276
Java, 132, 133, 141, 186, 237
Javanese settlers outside Java, 177, 178, 179, 193, 227.
Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia, 222
Jayawijaya Women’s Voice Foundation, 216
Jemaah Islamiyah, 185, 190, 191, 194, 195
justice
reparative, 320 (See also apologies; reparations)
restorative, 5, 6, 26–27, 29, 32, 35, 53, 320 (See also truth and reconciliation commissions
retributive, 5, 6, 25, 26–27, 35, 42, 320, 321 (See also international criminal tribunals)
rule of law, 46, 47, 56, 60, 100, 102, 118
K
KAIROS (Canadian ecumenical justice coalition), 10, 305
Kalimantan (Borneo), 164, 187, 264
Kamoro people, 265
Kanaky/New Caledonia 276, 281
Kapissa, Sam, 244
Karma, Filep, 242, 244
Karubaga, Papua, Indonesia, 221–24
Kastom. See Indigenous traditions
Kejoa, Geoge, 294
Keke, Harold, 281, 282, 283
Kemakeza, Allan, 281
Kissinger, Henry, 46
Kohen, Arnold, 113
Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi. See truth commission: Aceh
Komnas-HAM. See Indonesia: National Human Rights Commission
Kondologit, Edo 233, 250, 253–54
Kopassus, 48, 59, 60, 132, 139, 192, 265
Koreri millennial event, 235–36, 241, 242
KKR. See truth commission: Aceh
Kuwait, 101
KWI. See Indonesian Bishops Conference
L
land. See environment
land alienation, 188, 276, 279, 293, 311
La’o Hamutuk (Timorese NGO), 94
Laore, Carol, 289, 294
Laskar Jihad, 194
Laskar Jundullah, 194
Latief, Abdul, 132
Lautem, Timor-Leste, 54
Lilo, Gordon Darcy, 285, 286–87, 295
LIPI. See Indonesian National Institute of Sciences
Lobato, Rogerio, 51
LoGA. See Aceh: Law for Governing of Aceh
Lulik. See Indigenous traditions
M
MacDonald, Bishop Mark, 306
Macher, Sofia, 293
Madeira, Father Hilario, 2
Madraiwiwi, Ratu Joni, 294
Malaita, Solomon Islands, 19, 275, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 293
Malaitan Eagle Force, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 289
Malaysia, 150, 194, 262
Maluku, Indonesia (Moluccas), 163–64, 187
Mamakwa, Bishop Lydia, 306
Mao Zedong, 145, 149
Malino Accord, 190, 192, 194, 196
Mambor, Victor, 222
Manufandu, Angganeka, 234–36, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247, 248, 250, 251
Marcos, Ferdinand, 111, 113
Marques, Joni, 54
Masoka, Aristoteles, 252
massacres. See human rights: massacres and mass violence
media. See press
Melanesia, 6, 8, 11, 13, 18, 19, 275, 276, 296, 309
Melanesian Spearhead Group, 215, 276
memory and memorialization, 9, 12, 73, 74, 84, 127, 129, 135, 167, 173, 179, 238, 275, 302, 312, 313, 316, 317, 320
See also monuments and museums
militarized masculinities, 90n4, 91n9
militias
pro-Indonesia in Aceh 178
pro-Indonesia in Timor-Leste 2, 45, 48–49, 52, 54, 58, 67, 70
Solomon Islands 275, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283, 286, 288, 289 (See also Guadalcanal Liberation Front; Isatabu Freedom Movement; Malaitan Eagle Force)
Sulawesi, 185, 190, 191, 194–95, 196
Yugoslavia, 321
Millennium Development Goals. See United Nations: Special Development Goals
mining companies. See natural resources and extractive capitalism
Mofu, Eddy, 240
Montreal, 110
monuments and museums, 2
Archives and Museum of the Timorese Resistance, 81
Comarca, Dili, Timor-Leste, 4, 5, 64, 65, 66, 74
Liquica, Timor-Leste, 3
Museum Bergerak, Indonesia, 141
Suai, Timor-Leste, 2
Moro National Liberation Front, 83
Morocco, 316
mourning, 71, 84, 90n6, 251
Mpur people, 225–26
Mujahidin Indonesia Timur, 191, 192, 195
Murtopo, Ali, 74
music. See songs
Myanmar. See Burma
N
Nahdatul Ulama, 137, 139
Nascimiento, Bishop Basilio do, 110
National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (Canada), 304
National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), 50, 61n5, 103
See also GusmĂŁo, Kay Rala Xanana
National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT), 54, 55, 60n5
National Security Archive, 321
natural resources and extractive capitalism, 4, 164, 166, 189, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 226, 264, 279, 307, 311
Netherlands, 140, 164, 201, 208, 247, 318
New Caledonia. See Kanaky
New Guinea. See Papua
New Zealand, 282, 285
nickel mining. See Inco
Non-Aligned Movement, 150
non-governmental organizations. See civil society
“non-truth,” 204, 205, 206, 320
non-violence, 234, 248, 249
Norway, 96, 104, 264
Nusa Tenggara Timur, 141, 193
O
Obama, Barack, 267, 268, 321
Oecusse, Timor-Leste, 97, 104
official truths. See truths, official
oil, 47, 96, 97, 105, 264, 306, 307
OPM. See Free Papua Movement
P
Pacific Development Forum, 97
Pacific Islands Forum, 215, 276
Pacific Peoples’ Partnership, 10, 307
palm oil, 189, 264, 279
Pancasila, 132, 134
Palu, Indonesia, 190–91
Papua, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21n14, 86, 87, 163, 201–71, 275, 276, 281, 303, 310, 311, 316, 317
“act of free choice,” 202, 209
“development approach,” 201, 211, 212–13
independence aspirations, 7, 8, 201, 202, 203, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213–15, 242, 270
“security approach,” 201, 213, 270
separation of Papua and West Papua provinces, 18, 21–22n14, 201, 212
special autonomy, 8, 201, 202–3, 211–12, 214, 250, 267, 312, 317
See also Alomang, Yosepha; Ap, Arnold; Biak people; Catholic Youth Association (Papua); Central Highlands Legal Advocacy and Human Rights Network (Papuan NGO); Eluay, Theys; Free Papua Movement (OPM); Freeport (mining company); International Coalition for Papua; Kamoro people; Kapissa, Sam; Karubaga, Papua, Indonesia; Kondologit, Edo; Koreri millennial event; Manufandu, Angganeka; Masoka, Aristoteles; Melanesia; Mofu, Eddy; Mpur people; Papua New Guinea; Papua Original (musical group); Papua Peace Network; Papuan National Congress; Tebey, Neles; Telek, George; Wenda, Benny; United Liberation Movement of West Papua; West Papua National Committee
Papua New Guinea, 276, 281, 282
Papua Original (musical group), 253
Papua Peace Network, 215
Papuan National Congress, 213
peace, culture of, 15, 24, 72, 115, 214–15
See also non-violence
peacebuilding, 67, 72, 87, 99–104, 109–15
peacekeeping 42, 103, 105
perpetrators 13, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44, 48, 57, 58, 61n20, 67, 68, 71, 119, 146, 151, 168, 170, 171, 178, 191, 193, 194, 217, 218, 227, 290, 295, 301, 302, 304, 312, 313, 318, 319, 320
Peru 285, 294
Philippines, 15, 83, 98, 111, 113, 194, 284
See also Marcos, Ferdinand; Moro National Liberation Front; Quevedo, Cardinal Orlando
phases of truth-seeking, 11, 12, 129, 164, 165, 170, 203, 314, 316
PKI. See Indonesian Communist Party
PNI. See Indonesia: National Police
Pogo, Ellison, 284
Poso, Indonesia, 164, 165, 166, 185–98, 203, 311
political prisoners, 4, 17, 89n1, 112, 136, 138, 155–60, 168, 251
Portugal, 49, 85, 94, 97, 98
poverty, 14, 89, 98, 114, 119, 120, 187, 192–96, 202, 211, 213, 233, 318
Presbyterian Church, 301
press, 47, 80, 87, 88, 249, 252–53, 262, 263
prisoners. See political prisoners
propaganda, 74, 84, 85, 132, 135, 146
psychology, 82, 87
PT PN XIV (Indonesian corporation), 189, 193, 194
Q
Qaeda, al, 185, 191, 194
Quevedo, Cardinal Orlando, 113
R
racism, 227, 233, 243, 302
radio, 129
Ramos Horta, José, 52, 53, 54, 95
RAMSI. See Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
reconciliation, 9, 14, 17, 18, 23–36, 53, 54, 55, 59, 71, 84, 105, 111, 112, 138, 164, 172, 173, 180, 196, 204, 269, 285, 287, 293, 302, 309, 311, 316, 319, 322
attitudes of Christian churches, 31, 301
business and, 306, 311
community reconciliation ceremonies, 67, 169–70, 310, 313
education and, 10, 68, 71, 72, 73, 113, 122, 123, 171, 173, 179, 305
Indigenous and non-Western models, 25, 33, 34, 66–67, 169, 170, 206, 207, 219, 224–26, 227–28, 288, 289, 304, 310, 311
international aspects of, 42, 56–60, 64–66, 129, 153, 203, 206, 321–22
state-sponsored forms, 130, 166, 185, 190, 207, 210–12, 216–24, 310, 319
women and, 2, 10, 19, 69, 121, 184n40, 275, 276, 294–96
Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), 276, 282, 285, 288
Reinado, Alfredo, 51, 52
Reis, Filomena dos, 2
remembrance. See memory
reparations, 29, 65, 70, 73, 118–19, 170, 172, 174, 175–77, 180, 316, 320, 321
repertoires of violence, 48, 49
reserve army of labour, 186, 189, 193, 194
Riwu, Marinus, 193, 194
Roche, Father Jim, 2
Rodrigues, Roque, 51
Roma (musicians), 237
Ruak, Taur Matan, 101
rule of law. See justice: rule of law
Russia, 101, 102
Rwanda, 6, 13
S
Salsinha, GastĂŁo, 52
Samoa, 282
Santoso, 191, 192, 195
scholars, role of, 88–89, 90n4
Scott, Duncan Campbell, 305
September 30 Movement, 132, 136, 137
Seventh Day Adventists, 283, 284
sexual violence. See violence against women
Shortliffe, Glen, 64
Sierra Leone, 6
silence, 16, 19, 59, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 88, 127, 128, 129, 136, 139, 172, 266, 313, 319
Silva, Bishop Ricardo da, 110
Silva, Dominggus da, 193
Simanjuntak, Lina, 250
Sinatra, Frank, 252
Sinar Mas, 189
Sinclair, Murray, 10, 22n15
Singapore, 95, 100, 194
National University of, 138
SITRC. See truth commission: Solomon Islands
Smith, Bishop Adrian, 282
social movements. See civil society
socialization, 9, 12, 20, 44, 71, 121–23, 138, 171, 180, 277, 306, 314, 315
Soepardjo, 132
Sogovare, Manasseh, 280, 287, 289, 291n3
Solomon Islands, 8, 11, 13, 72, 275–96, 311, 312, 315, 316
independence, 8, 279
Ministry of National Unity, Peace and Reconciliation, 289, 294
parliament, 282, 285, 286, 288, 290, 294
Royal Solomon Islands Police Force, 280, 281, 296
Townsville Peace Agreement, 281, 282, 284, 285, 287, 288
See also Guadalcanal; Guadalcanal Liberation Front; Isatabu Freedom Movement (Solomon Islands militia); Laore, Carol; Lilo, Gordon Darcy; Malaita; Malaitan Eagle Force; militias: Solomon Islands; Pogo, Ellison; Seventh Day Adventists; South Sea Evangelical Church; Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands; Solomon Islands Christian Association; Sogovare, Manasseh; truth commission: Solomon Islands; Ulufa’alu, Bartholemew
Solomon Islands Christian Association, 275–76, 284, 295, 314
Solomon Islands Truth and Reconciliation Commission. See truth commission: Solomon Islands
songs, 18, 178, 183n39, 203, 233–54
South Africa, 101, 102, 285
See also truth commission: South Africa; Tutu, Bishop Desmond
South Korea, 100, 101, 284
See also truth commission: South Korea
South Sea Evangelical Church, 283, 284
Soviet Union, 16, 146, 149, 153, 195
Sri Lanka, 284
stories, 12, 33, 180, 250, 304, 305, 309, 318, 320–21
Suai, Timor-Leste 2, 45, 98
suffering, 29, 117, 127, 153, 172, 249, 316, 320
Suharto, 7, 16, 46, 59, 64, 74, 111, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 142, 145, 147, 149, 152, 153, 186, 212, 234, 265, 267, 269, 270
fall of, 46, 128, 133, 187, 202
Sukarno, 7, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 237
Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 128, 137, 250, 252
Sulawesi, 8, 17, 141, 164, 188, 195
See also militias: Sulawesi; Poso
Sumatra, 132, 140, 264
Surakarta (Solo), Indonesia, 128, 138, 140
T
Taiwan, 73, 100, 103
Tanah Papua. See Papua
TAPOL (Indonesian human rights campaign), 17
Tebey, Neles, 222, 225
Telek, George, 253
Thailand, 101, 194
theatre of the oppressed, 250
Thukul, Wiji, 4, 131, 142, 142n1
Tibet, 103
Tibo, Fabianus, 193
Timika, Papua, Indonesia, 266
Timor-Leste, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 41–123, 127, 163, 173, 202, 267, 268, 269, 285, 299, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 318, 320, 321
army (Falintil), 49, 50, 51, 83
Chinese community, in 98–99
election (2017), 95
famine (1970s), 64, 69
foreign advisers, in 85, 86, 88, 94
independence referendum and ensuing violence, 41, 45, 47, 56, 95, 112
Indonesian invasion (1975), 41, 64, 73
judiciary, 58, 118
Ministry of Education, 72
Ministry of Finance, 84
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 72
Ministry of Social Solidarity, 121, 122
National Parliament, 44, 66, 71, 96, 99, 117, 118, 315
petroleum fund, 96
police, 49, 51, 52
political crisis (2006), 48, 50–52, 56, 94, 95, 105, 115
Prime Minister’s office, 99, 122
restoration of independence (2002), 6, 93, 95
strategic development plan, 95–96
veterans (ex-guerrillas), 48, 49, 51, 52, 68, 71, 81, 82, 87, 89
women in, 96
See also Alkatiri, Mari; Araújo, Fernando La Sama; Araújo, Rui Maria de; Barreto Soares, Abé; Belo, Bishop Carlos Ximenes; Bere, Maternus; clandestinity; Costa Lopes, Martinho da; Democratic party (Timor-Leste); East Timor Alert Network; Fretilin (Timorese political party); Gusmão, Kay Rala Xanana; Guterres, Eurico; Guterres, Isabel; Guterres Lopes, Aniceto; international criminal tribunals: Timor-Leste, proposed; La’o Hamutuk (Timorese NGO); Lobato, Rogerio; Marques, Joni; militias: pro-Indonesia in Timor-Leste; Nascimiento, Bishop Basilio do; National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction; Oecusse, Timor-Leste; Ramos Horta, José; Reinado, Alfredo; Reis, Filomena dos; repertoires of violence; Rodrigues, Roque; Ruak, Taur Matan; Silva, Bishop Ricardo da; Suai, Timor-Leste; truth commission: Timor-Leste; United Nations: administration in Timor-Leste; United Nations: commission of experts on Timor-Leste; United Nations: serious crimes process in Timor-Leste; United States: Timor-Leste involvement; UDT (Timorese political party); Viqueque, Timor-Leste
TNI. See Indonesia: army
Tonga, 282
torture. See human rights: torture
transparency, 86, 96, 172, 218
trauma, 43, 115, 119, 127, 282, 294
TRC Canada. See truth commission: Canada
TRC South Africa. See truth commission: South Africa
truth and reconciliation commissions, 4, 11, 23–36, 172–74, 309–24
follow-up institutions, 4, 8, 11, 44, 72, 73, 74, 123, 275, 313
permanence, 171–72, 180, 313
public hearings, 28–29, 32, 33, 67, 285, 288, 295, 300, 305
truth commission,
Aceh (KKR), 7, 9, 164, 165, 168–84, 310, 313–14, 315
Canada (TRC), 5, 9, 10, 20, 65, 165, 299–306, 309, 310, 318
El Salvador, 299
Germany, 5, 318
Guatemala, 299, 317, 321
Haiti, 299
historical, 151, 317, 318
Indonesia, proposed, 128–29, 137, 139, 163, 312, 321.
possible scope, 151–53.
Latin America, 23, 66, 129, 299, 316
Mauritius, 318
Papua, proposed, 201, 203, 216, 226–28, 300, 312, 318
Sierra Leone, 299
Solomon Islands (SITRC), 9, 19, 165, 275, 276, 277, 285–90, 293–96, 300, 305, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 320
South Africa (TRC), 5, 12, 24, 28–36, 42, 66, 72, 165, 275, 276, 285, 294, 299, 301, 305, 316, 318
South Korea, 313
Timor-Leste (CAVR), 4, 9, 13, 14, 41, 42, 44, 55, 58, 59, 63–76, 84, 105, 114–15, 117, 118, 121–23, 169, 170, 171, 173, 299–300, 301, 304, 305, 310, 311, 313, 319, 320, 321, 322 (See also Centro Nacional Chega! Timor-Leste)
Timor-Leste and Indonesia bilateral (CTF), 6, 9, 13, 14, 54, 68–69, 70–71, 73, 127, 129, 315, 319, 321
truth-seeking, 9, 14, 16, 17, 26, 33, 67, 128, 138, 169, 170, 203, 215, 300, 314, 319, 320, 322
Western understandings, 23, 35, 171, 224, 309–10
truths, official, 7, 9, 16, 84, 135, 300, 312, 313, 317
Tunisia, 316
Tutu, Bishop Desmond, 31, 72, 276, 285, 294, 301, 318
U
UDT (Timorese political party), 66
Ulufa’alu, Bartholemew, 280, 282, 291n2
UN. See United Nations
UNDP. See United Nations: Development Programme
United Church (Canada), 301, 306
United Church (Solomon Islands), 284
United Kingdom, 46, 64, 101, 148, 152, 276, 318
United Liberation Movement of West Papua, 206, 215
United Nations, 13, 14, 47, 58, 59, 64, 70, 86, 87, 88, 103, 121, 150
administration in Timor-Leste, 41, 42, 43, 47, 52, 56–57, 58, 66, 93, 94, 95
commission of experts on Timor-Leste, 58–59
Development Programme (UNDP), 93, 213
High Commissioner for Human Rights, 59
serious crimes process in Timor-Leste, 58, 65, 181n6
Special Development Goals, 97, 119
UN Women, 120 (See also Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
United States 14, 16, 18, 57, 85, 97, 101, 103, 152, 279
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 148
Congress, 262, 263, 268
Department of State, 204, 261, 262
Indonesia involvement
coup (1965), 129, 145–46, 148–51
military ties with, 57, 59, 60, 261, 262, 265, 267–69, 270 (See also United States-Indonesia Society [USINDO])
Invasion of Iraq, 195
Papua involvement, 201, 203, 239, 252, 261–71
Timor-Leste involvement, 46, 56, 64, 94, 103, 321
See also Busby, Scott; Bush, George W.; Clinton, Bill; Clinton, Hillary; Ford, Gerald; Gates, Robert; Kissinger, Henry; Obama, Barack.
United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO), 263, 264
University of California, Los Angeles, 138
Untung, 132
US. See United States
usable past, 12
USINDO. See United States-Indonesia Society
Uzbekistan, 268
V
Vancouver, 64, 110
Vanuatu, 276, 281
Vatican II reforms, 112
victims, 28, 34, 35, 42, 63, 66–67, 68, 70, 71, 105, 118, 121, 128, 129, 133, 170, 173, 174, 175–77, 178, 187, 193, 196, 227, 275, 290, 304, 305, 314, 315, 318–19, 322
Vietnam, 98, 262, 268
Viqueque, Timor-Leste, 56
violence against women/sexual violence, 45, 69, 85, 120, 176–77, 179, 243, 275, 282, 285, 288, 290, 295
See also Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
W
Wahid, Abdurrahman, 128, 137, 139
Wamena. See Honelama, Papua, Indonesia
Wanandi, Jusuf, 74
Wanimbo, Edi, 221
“War on terror,” 8, 57, 59, 166, 191
Wenda, Benny, 245
West Papua. See Papua
West Papua National Committee, 205
White-Eye, Chief Leslee, 306
Wibowo, Sarwo Edhie, 132, 139
Widodo, Joko (Jokowi), 128, 140, 212, 213, 215, 222, 263, 269
Wiranto, 110
Wilson-Raybould, Jody, 307
women, 84, 89, 114, 176–77, 227, 275, 276, 290, 293, 294, 296, 306, 307, 315
political participation of, 96, 114
See also Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; Jayawijaya Women’s Voice Foundation; reconciliation: women and; Timor-Leste: women in; Violence against women/sexual violence; United Nations: UN Women
World Bank, 86, 94, 187
Y
Yogyakarta, 140, 141
YouTube, 240, 241
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 70, 128, 139
Yugoslavia, 6, 13, 150, 321
See also militias: Yugoslavia
Yusuf, Irwandi, 175