Index
A
Allison, Susan, 13
Anderson, Barbara (Hunter)
Two White Oxen: A Perspective of Early Saskatoon, 1874–1905, 7n4, 23n15, 66–69, 95n32, 178–80, 196–97, 260–62, 268n20, 296n30, 341n15, 343–44
B
Back o’ Baffuf. See Magill, Katherine
Baldwin, Beulah
The Long Trail: The Story of a Pioneer Family, 17, 22, 35, 46, 74n26, 79–82, 88–91, 114n38, 119n40, 138n17, 150, 162–64, 180–82, 205n33, 252–55, 268n20, 283–85, 320n11, 324n12, 336n14, 364–65
Bannert, Sylvia
Rut Hog or Die, 23n15, 47n16, 114n38, 192n30, 255–56, 293–94, 374–80
Barefoot on the Prairie: Memories of Life on a Prairie Homestead. See Nelson, Ferne
Bindloss, Harold
Prairie Gold, 195
Prescott of Saskatchewan, 141–42, 169, 223, 309
Binnie-Clark, Georgina, 13
Bridges I Have Crossed, The. See Hicks, Myrtle E.J.
C
Campbell, Marjorie Wilkins, 32
The Silent Song of Mary Eleanor, 56–58, 74n26, 78, 82–85, 104n35, 138n17, 149–50, 173–74, 177n28, 192, 205n33, 231–39, 258, 298–99, 304n3, 308n7, 310n8, 320n11, 372n24
Changes: Anecdotal Tales of Changes in the Life of Anna Born, 1888–1992. See Schroeder, Anna
Chapman, Ethel
The Homesteaders, 310
childbirth, conditions of, 75–77
Clark, Adeline (Nan)
Prairie Dreams, 10n7, 114n38, 192n30, 255, 281n26, 292–93, 322–24, 326, 341n15, 352n20
Clearing in the West. See McClung, Nellie L.
community, women’s connection to, 92–93. See also isolation, loneliness
Connor, Ralph
The Foreigner: A Tale of Saskatchewan, 39n9
Gwen, an Idyll of the Canyon, 212n1
Crocus and Meadowlark Country: The Story of an Alberta Family. See Thomson, Georgina H.
Curlew Cried: A Love Story of the Canadian Prairies, The. See Parsons, Nell Wilson
D
“dauntless optimism,” 136–42, 145–46, 151–54, 161, 170–74, 193, 196–97, 203–6, 362. See also Traill, Catharine Parr
vs. “perverse endurance,” 154–55, 187, 194, 206
Doukhobor women, 177n29, 225, 276–79
Dufferin, Lady, 11
Durkin, Douglas
The Magpie, 37n6, 195, 248n16, 298
E
Ebbers, Donnie M.
Land Across the Border, 17, 50, 59n24, 62–63, 74n26, 85–86, 92–93, 114n38, 138n17, 174n27, 205n33, 251n18, 257–58, 266, 289n28, 310n8, 315–17, 337, 352n20, 354–57
eco-consciousness, 30, 300, 306n5, 307, 313, 326, 328, 334–36, 381. See also non-human animals
berry-picking, 317, 321–27
First Nations, 327–33
gardening, 313–20
trails, 323, 325–26, 335–36
vs. ego-centricity, 304–5, 325–26
F
female body.
adult’s vs. girl’s, 239–45, 255–56, 261–66, 289–96
cultural expectations about, 207, 209–10, 231–38, 245–51, 263, 277–78, 367–70
Doukhobor women’s, 276–79
fashion as encroachment upon, 221–28, 239–55
prairie conservatism about, 245–52
“space of the ‘impure’”, 220–21, 227–29, 231, 236, 245, 247
“transparency” of, 220, 223, 238–39, 246, 249, 252, 278n25, 387
See also “women’s work”
female body as space of resistance
breeches, 248–55
driving, 279–89
hairstyles, 246–48
horseback riding, 248–51, 255–66
running, 242–45
femininity, cultural construction of, 87, 131, 221–25, 238, 249–50, 260, 269, 275–76. See also gender, construction of
Ferguson, Emily (“Janey Canuck”)
Janey Canuck in the West, 3–4, 36n4, 37, 104n36, 143n22, 177n29, 224–25, 252, 259, 279n25
Open Trails, 37n7, 49, 52–53, 87, 137, 140n20, 141n21, 195n31, 213, 259–60, 269n21, 271n23, 304, 325, 330
G
gender, construction of, 30, 48n17, 100–2, 239–40, 242. See also female body; femininity, cultural construction of
Gilead, Heather
The Maple Leaf for Quite Awhile, 18n12, 59n24, 63–64, 137n16, 152n23, 156–59, 174n27, 342–43, 354n22
Grove, Frederick Philip
Fruits of the Earth, 43n14, 64–65, 86n30, 177n28, 215n7, 305, 309–10
Settlers of the Marsh, 87n31, 96n33, 214n6, 289n29, 347
Gully Farm: A Story of Homesteading on the Canadian Prairies. See Hiemstra, Mary
H
heritage
as context for memoirs, 27, 164, 206, 300, 384–86, 388
culinary, 111–12
and nostalgia, 19–21, 123, 159
production of, 19–24, 27–28
heritage movements, 19–21, 23, 123, 159
exclusionary nature of, 22, 24–25, 27–28
We Swept the Cornflakes Out the Door, 74n26, 104n35, 108–10, 114n38, 117, 139n18, 192n30, 205n33, 251n18, 289–90, 310n8, 326–27, 336n14, 361n23
Hicks, Myrtle E.J.
The Bridges I Have Crossed, 23n15, 59n24, 289n28, 294–96, 361n23
Hiemstra, Mary, 13
Gully Farm: A Story of Homesteading on the Canadian Prairies, 7–8, 45, 60–61, 93–95, 103–4, 132, 137, 138n17, 144–45, 168n26, 174n27, 205n33, 226–30, 239, 266n19, 272–79, 296n30, 304n3, 308n7, 310n8, 380n28
Hind, Henry Youle, 35
Holmes, Peggy
It Could Have Been Worse: The Autobiography of a Pioneer, 15, 39n10, 59n24, 104n35, 138n17, 152n33, 153n24, 168n26, 174n27, 189–92, 205n33, 247n14, 252, 266, 268n20, 272n24, 304n3, 324n12, 352n20, 361n23
“Home”
bread-making, 97–104
clothing, making of, 114–19
comfort and attractiveness, 87–95
cooking, 104–14
curtains, 87–89, 94
the domestic sphere, 47–49, 266–72
going back, 170–73
ideal vs. reality, 65–69
(im)permanence, 69–74
as income source, 95–104, 118–19
looking back, 61, 168–74, 178, 206
loss of, 60–61, 198, 200–4
and “prairie hospitality,” 107–11, 347–49
privacy, 74–81
quilts, 89–93
rag-rugs, 91–93
reconstitution of, 61–63
and “sacred objects,” 80–88, 386
significance for women pioneers, 56–75
space in, 74–81
vs. “homestead,” 53–63, 90–91, 94–95, 119–20
women’s creativity in, 79–80, 88–93, 115–19
homesickness, 159, 164, 168–69, 170–72, 190–92, 364–65, 387. See also “Home,” looking back
“homestead,” 49–59. See also “stead,” importance of
expansion of, 53, 64–65, 68–69, 309–10
in fiction, 298, 305, 306n5, 309–10 (See also Prairie Woman, in fiction)
residence upon, 50–53
vs. “home,” 53–63, 90–91, 94–95
women’s centrality to, 93–104, 118–20, 162, 313–27
women’s vs. men’s work, 97–99, 179, 185–87, 204, 269–96 (See also “women’s work”)
Hopkins, Ida Scharf
To the Peace River Country and On, 39n10, 96, 111–12, 114n38, 118–19, 152n23, 168n26, 183–85, 203–4, 281n26, 296n30, 336n14, 353n21
Hutton, Winnie E.
No “Coppers” in Saskatchewan!, 44–45, 75–76, 92, 255–56
I
Inglis, Velma
Summer Storm: A Manitoba Tragedy, 59n24, 160, 205n33, 248n16, 266n19, 296n30, 341n15, 352n21
isolation, 30, 49, 60, 81, 85–88, 99, 124, 147, 157, 176–79, 183–87, 190, 192n30, 209–10, 269n21, 270, 296, 301, 323, 326, 334, 362, 370–71. See also loneliness, “moodification” strategies
It Could Have Been Worse. See Holmes, Peggy
J
Jameson, Anna, 11
Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada, 11n8, 13
Janey Canuck in the West. See Ferguson, Emily
The Pink House on the Hill, 95n32, 110–11, 183, 205n33, 248n16, 272n24, 289n28, 296n30, 320n11, 333–34, 336n14, 341n15, 350n18, 352n20, 357–58
K
Keyes, Annie
Down Memory Trails with Jip, 71–74, 104n35, 117, 352n20, 380n28
L
Land Across the Border. See Ebbers, Donnie M.
Little House on the Prairie. See Wilder, Laura Ingalls
loneliness, 60, 81, 99, 139–40, 147–48, 169, 173, 176–79, 182–88, 204, 362. See also isolation, “moodification” strategies
Long Trail: The Story of a Pioneer Family, The. See Baldwin, Beulah
M
Macoun, John, 35–36
Magill, Katherine
Back o’ Baffuf, 17, 74n26, 87n30, 100–2, 152n23, 204–5, 266, 268, 296, 320n11, 353n21, 361n23
Mamie’s Children: Three Generations of Prairie Women. See Schultz, Judy
Maple Leaf for Quite Awhile, The. See Gilead, Heather
Matthews, Sadie Victoria Landry, 3, 32, 382, 383, 385
Maynard, Fredelle Bruser Raisins and Almonds, 31
McClung, Nellie L., 13, 32, 105
Clearing in the West: My Own Story, 16n11, 88, 104n35, 105, 114n38, 119n40, 137–38, 139n18, 146–49, 160, 168n26, 171, 241–42, 256, 268n20, 296n30, 304n3, 308n7, 310n8, 311, 341n15, 344–45, 352n20, 359–61
The Second Chance, 141
Sowing Seeds in Danny, 145–46, 211, 214
The Stream Runs Fast, 16n11
In Times Like These, 4
memoirs
as acts of agency, 12n9
childhood in, 28–29
definitions of, 15–16, 29
from eastern Canada, 11–12, 122–23
and nostalgia, 18–20, 24–25, 71
from the prairies, 5–10 (See also individual authors)
and the production of heritage, 19–24, 27–28, 385–86
as sites of intersection, 13–16, 221
treatment in historiography, 6–10, 13–14
treatment in literary criticism, 10–14
as vehicles of confrontation/critique, 26–30, 43, 45, 54–55, 89–90, 102, 107, 113, 159, 164–66, 198, 221, 235, 242, 246, 257–58, 269, 288–89, 300, 317–19, 340, 356–57, 361–62, 386–88
mental unwellness. See “moodification” strategies
Middleton, Clara
Green Fields Afar: Memories of Alberta Days, 54, 76n27, 78–79, 80n28, 114n38, 174n27, 225–26, 251n18, 266n19, 270n22, 303n2
Mill, John Stuart, 48
Moodie, Susanna, 11, 30, 123, 205
and the biblical Ruth, 134–35
candidness, 129–30
critical reception of works, 129–30
“Lament of a Canadian Emigrant,” 135n14
Life in the Clearings versus the Bush, 125–26
and “perverse endurance,” 154–55
rebelliousness, 135
Roughing It in the Bush; or, Life in Canada, 12–13, 121, 125–26, 132, 135, 159, 175–76, 193–94, 206
vs. sister Catharine Parr Trail, 123–26, 159, 170, 175–76, 193, 196
“moodification,” 30, 123, 159, 162, 164–65, 387
crying, 159–69, 171, 206, 387
looking back Home, 61, 168–74, 178, 206
madness, 174–92, 206, 387
romantic endings, going beyond, 192–206
Moorhouse, Myrtle G.
Buffalo Horn Valley, 114n38, 138n17, 152n23, 198–200, 248n16, 263–64, 353n21, 380n28
multiculturalism, 9–10, 21
N
Nash, Kathreen A.
The Maypo Lea Forever: Stories of a Canadian Childhood, 114n38, 248, 251n18, 320n11, 324n12, 352n20, 353n21
nation-building, 3–4, 21, 35–39, 122, 213–16, 238, 298, 300, 301, 385–86. See also western Canadian settlement, dominant narratives
Nelson, Ferne
Barefoot on the Prairie: Memories of Life on a Prairie Homestead, 80n28, 95–96, 107, 166–68, 205n33, 248n16, 264–66, 279–83, 289n28, 303n2, 321–22, 330–33, 349–51
No “Coppers” in Saskatchewan! See Hutton, Winnie E.
non-human animals, 299, 301, 333–74, 381, 388
animalcide, 349–61
anthropomorphism, 342–43
consumption of, 352–61
cruelty to, 337, 339–41, 349–52
domesticated, 335–49, 355–74, 376n27, 380
gophers, 349–52
identification with, 352, 361–74, 380
intelligence, 371–72
“patriarchal texts of meat,” 353, 356–57, 359
used to judge male character, 337
wild, 101, 162–63, 228–29, 323–24, 326, 333–34, 336, 349–52, 354–55 (See also non-human animals, gophers)
O
Of Us and the Oxen. See Roberts, Sarah Ellen
Open Trails. See Ferguson, Emily
Ostenso, Martha
Wild Geese, 305, 306n5
P
Palliser, Captain John, 35
Parsons, Nell Wilson
The Curlew Cried: A Love Story of the Canadian Prairie, 5
Upon a Sagebrush Harp, 5, 22, 34, 36n4, 44–46, 59n24, 74n26, 80n28, 85, 91–92, 95, 98–100, 103, 114n38, 115–17, 119n40, 138n17, 152n33, 172–73, 205n33, 242–45, 262–63, 291–92, 303n2, 304n3, 307, 310n8, 320n11, 334–35, 337–39, 351n19, 353n21, 380n28
Pink House on the Hill, The. See Johannson, Marjorie Grace
Porridge and Old Clothes. See Scott, Eileen M.
Prairie Dreams. See Clark, Adeline (Nan)
Prairie Woman.
adaptiveness, 124, 128, 131, 133, 141, 159, 161, 172, 188, 197, 232, 254–55, 270, 315, 387 (See also Traill, Catharine Parr)
“Angel in the House,” 48n17, 218, 221, 260
as appendage to husband, 215–16
behavioural expectations for, 207, 217–21, 227–38
“cheerful helpmate”/“reluctant emigrant,” 3–4, 11–12, 22, 24–25, 31, 42, 66, 123, 130–32, 139–42, 144 (See also Moodie, Susanna; Traill, Catharine Parr)
civilizing influence of, 48, 55, 60, 75, 81, 95, 104, 212, 216n8, 218–20, 223, 238, 387
crying, 159–69, 171, 206
“Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood,” 48n17, 218
as cultural image, 2–5, 14, 122–24, 131–32 (See also Traill, Catharine Parr)
cultural image vs. lived experience, 2–3, 8–10, 55, 131, 161, 182, 195–203, 206, 218–19, 231–36, 268–69, 320, 376–81, 384–89
as cultural vessel, 216–17, 219–20
“dauntless optimism,” 123, 133, 135–41, 151–53, 161, 165, 170–71, 174, 177n28, 178, 182, 192, 196–97, 203–6
“decent woman” image, 207, 209, 226–27, 232, 236–39, 278n25, 296, 387–88 (See also female body, “space of the ‘impure’”)
and depressed husbands, 189–200
domestic sphere (See “Home”)
and Doukhobor women, 177n29, 225, 276–79
fashion as encroachment upon, 221–28, 239–45
in fiction, 2, 5, 12, 122–24, 130–31, 141–42, 169, 177n28, 178–79, 192, 194–95, 214n6, 215n7, 289n29
homesickness, 159, 164, 168–69, 170–72, 190–92, 364–65, 387
and impractical husbands, 200–3
loss of husband/father, 196–97, 199–200, 376
mental unwellness, 174–92 (See also
“moodification” strategies)
“perverse endurance,” 154–55, 187, 194, 206
Ruth as biblical ideal for, 133–34, 142–45, 147–49, 152n23, 153, 159, 165–66, 171, 178, 194, 229, 387
suffrage, 51n19, 281–83
See also eco-consciousness; female body; female body as space of resistance; femininity, cultural construction of; space, of the female body; “women’s work”
privacy, lack of, 74–81
R
Raber, Jessie Browne
Pioneering in Alberta, 47n16, 53, 55–56, 69–71, 80, 95n32, 107, 114n38, 115, 119n40, 161–62, 205n33, 217n9, 239–42, 266n19, 267, 268n20, 270n22, 272n24, 289n28, 296n30, 317–18, 335–36, 345–49, 380n28
religion, 82–83, 145, 159, 328, 361, 374n25
re-visioning, 25–30, 33–34, 42–43, 49, 54, 57, 81, 83, 120, 123, 149, 235, 299, 300, 307, 327–29, 332, 336–37, 353, 381, 386, 388–89
Roberts, Sarah Ellen
Of Us and the Oxen, 7n4, 47n16, 74n26, 106–7, 151–52, 168n26, 171–72, 185–89, 205n33, 289n27, 299, 304n3, 341n15, 362–64
Ross, Sinclair
As For Me and My House, 245n13
“The Lamp at Noon,” 44n14
Roughing It in the Bush. See Moodie, Susanna
Ruth, as biblical ideal, 133–34, 142–45, 147–49, 152n23, 153, 159, 165–66, 171, 178, 194, 229, 387
Rut Hog or Die. See Bannert, Sylvia
S
Schroeder, Anna
Changes: Anecdotal Tales of Changes in the Life of Anna Born, 1888–1992, 17, 23n15, 80n28, 119n40, 152n23, 200–21, 248n16, 268, 289n28, 324n12, 341n15, 352n20, 353n21
Schultz, Judy
Mamie’s Children: Three Generations of Prairie Women, 25–26, 29, 74n26, 112–14, 119n40, 138n15, 154, 192n30, 202–3, 268–69, 304n3, 305n4, 318–20, 339, 341n15, 380n28
Scott, Eileen M.
Porridge and Old Clothes, 17, 47n16, 74–75, 104n35, 110, 114n38, 119n40, 341n15, 352n20, 353n21
Sifton, Clifford, 38n9, 40, 136
Silent Song of Mary Eleanor, The. See
Campbell, Marjorie Wilkins
Simcoe, Elizabeth, 11, 13
Sinclair, Upton, 353n22
space
of the female body, 209, 217–18 (See also female body as space of resistance)
of liberation, 210, 219, 227–29, 242, 245, 260, 323
textual, 30–32, 209–10, 221, 227–28, 281, 296, 353
space, construction of geographic, 208 as feminine, 208, 211–13, 217
space, in homes
creative use of, 79–80
lack of, 74–81
“space of the ‘impure’”, 220–21, 227–29, 231, 236, 245, 247. See also Prairie Woman, “decent woman” image
“stead,” importance of, 49–52, 57–58, 59, 64. See also “homestead”
Strange, Kathleen
With the West in Her Eyes: The Story of a Modern Pioneer, 46–47, 58–59, 74n26, 76–77, 104n35, 105–6, 114n38, 131, 143, 164–65, 174n27, 205n33, 245–51, 259, 266, 268n20, 285–89, 320n11, 324n12, 380n28
Stream Runs Fast, The. See McClung, Nellie L.
Stringer, Arthur
The Mud Lark, 212n1
The Prairie Wife, 142, 194–95, 214
suffrage, 51n19, 281–83
Summer Storm: A Manitoba Tragedy. See Inglis, Velma
T
Temperance Colonization Society, 67, 343
Thomson, Georgina H.
Crocus and Meadowlark Country: The Story of an Alberta Family, 39n10, 53, 59n24, 74n26, 80n28, 87–88, 87n30, 104n35, 114n38, 115, 119, 197–98, 214n5, 251n18, 258, 266–67, 266n19, 268n20, 271n23, 289n27, 290–91, 324n12, 336n14, 340–42, 351–52, 353n21, 358–59, 366–74
To the Peace River Country and On. See Hopkins, Ida Scharf
Traill, Catharine Parr, 11–12, 30, 122–34, 205, 387
adaptation, 124, 128, 133, 174
The Backwoods of Canada, 121, 124–25, 133, 153–54, 193, 196
and the biblical Ruth, 133–34, 142–43, 148, 178
The Canadian Settler’s Guide, 124, 130
cheerfulness, 124–30, 133, 139n19, 152–53, 159–60, 174, 193, 196, 205
“dauntless optimism,” 123–25, 133, 139, 153–54, 170, 174–75, 193
as ideal Pioneer Woman, 122–25, 127–28, 131, 148, 154, 160, 187
struggles in later life, 196
vs. sister Susanna Moodie, 123–26, 159, 170, 175–76, 193, 196
Two White Oxen: A Perspective of Early Saskatoon, 1874–1905. See Anderson, Barbara (Hunter)
U
Upon a Sagebrush Harp. See Parsons, Nell Wilson
W
western Canadian settlement, 33–122
assimilation in, 38n9, 83
commercial perspective, 300, 303, 307–13
and construction of geographic space, 30, 37–38
cultural construction of, 298–303
Dominion Lands Act of 1872, 50–53
and feminist historiography, 39–43
importance to British Empire, 35, 37–38, 40, 136, 210, 212–13, 238, 276, 302, 387
importance to national identity, 35–40, 212–13, 302, 386 (See also
nation-building)
as individual process, 10
land survey system, 177, 302–4, 310–11, 324–26
See also “homestead”
western Canadian settlement, dominant narratives, 6n3
Anglo-centric, 21–22, 28, 30, 37–39, 208, 215–17, 381
“dauntless optimism,” 136–42, 145–46, 151–54, 161, 170–74, 193, 196–97, 203–6, 362, 387 (See also Prairie Woman; Traill, Catharine Parr)
dominator model, 301–3, 306–7, 311–13, 326–27, 381
future-oriented, 43–45, 54, 298, 310, 313
Garden of Eden, 35–36, 212, 274, 302, 313, 381
“King Wheat,” 117, 308–9, 315
masculinist, 21–22, 24–27, 30, 42–43, 90, 179, 208, 210–16
“Next Year Country,” 45–47, 49, 64, 95, 114, 119, 302n1, 386
prairie farmer as hero, 22, 40–43, 54, 90, 158, 194–95, 214n6, 326, 336–37, 388
prairie farmer as vertical presence, 298, 301, 305–6, 336, 388
promotional literature, 3, 27, 33, 35–40, 36, 43–45, 54n22, 55, 68, 69, 125–26, 136–38, 176, 192, 194, 196, 274, 330, 375, 386–87
Sifton, Clifford, 38n9, 40, 136, 215–16
“vast agrarian empire,” 307–11, 316, 322, 381, 388
vs. partnership model, 311–13, 336
vs. self-sufficiency perspective, 300, 309–10,
313, 315, 319–21, 326–30, 336, 353, 358–59, 381, 388
vs. women’s views, 136, 142–50, 155–56
We Swept the Cornflakes Out the Door. See Hewson, Edith
Wharton, Edith, 25n17
Wilder, Laura Ingalls
Little House on the Prairie, 2–3, 28
Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in
Canada. See Jameson, Anna
With the West in Her Eyes. See Strange, Kathleen
“women’s work”
berry-picking, 317, 321–27
building, 207–8, 291–92
cooking, 62, 104–14, 269, 270n22, 281, 291, 293–95
double duty, 270–72, 293–95
the Doukhobors and, 276–79
driving, 279–89
gardening, 313–20
housekeeping, 266–67
milking, 267–68
paid, 103–4, 118–19, 279–81, 292–93
poultry care, 96n33, 268, 324, 358
theoretical vs. actual, 266–72, 289–90, 293–96
transgressing boundaries of, 270n21–22, 272, 283–84
World War I, 25, 246, 252–53
women’s work in, 249–50, 285