Index

A

Abraham, Hans, 99, 136–137

Amsterdam. See Netherlands

Ashley, April (trans performer), 141

Bambi (trans performer), 141, 234

Barbin, Herculine, 80–81

Barry, Val, 94

Belt, Elmer, 152

Benjamin, Harry, 2, 5, 12, 18, 23–27, 65, 89–94, 133–134, 168, 170–171, 200, 207–211; and Alfred Kinsey, 26, 77–81, 90, 94–104, 112–114, 118, 225–226; and Carla Erskine, 6, 20–21, 71–80, 102–118, 149, 230–238; and Dutch doctors, 146–162, 170; and Magnus Hirschfeld, 26, 78–80, 85-90, 185, 189–195, 198–199, 225–226; and Otto Spengler, 14–16, 89–90, 118; use of photography, 8–9, 25, 73–77, 140, 185, 189–195, 198–199, 234–238; use of terminology and language, 139, 162, 185, 253, 256–257

B

Berends, Colette, 164

Bergamin, Aaïcha, 143, 169, 234

Berlin, 78, 81–85, 88, 90, 135, 184, 247, 249, see also Germany

bisexuality, 96, 98, 209

body image, 60, 63–64, 161

Bowman, Karl, 148

Breckenridge, Bunny, 110

Brevard Crenshaw, Aleshia, 104, 113

Bund für Menschenrecht (League for Human Rights), 83

Burnier, Andreas, 135

Burou, Georges, 20, 26, 134, 163–165, 171

C

C., Violet, 149, 156

cabarets, 39–40, 164. See also trans people: as performers

Caen, Herb, 103–104, 107, 115

Cappucine (trans performer), 141

Carp, Eugene, 148, 160–161

Casa Susanna, 7

Casablanca. See Morocco

Cauldwell, David Oliver, 256

Chevalier d’Éon, 58–59, 93, 199, 200–201, 254

clothing, 46–47, 59, 75, 87, 139, 180, 186, 196, 200, 202–205, 211; as fetish, 94; as marker of social class, 47–49, 58, 191, 196. See also transvestites and transvestitism

Coccinelle (trans performer), 141, 164

Conn, Canary, 257

Copenhagen. See Denmark

Cowell, Roberta, 18

cross–dressing. See clothing: as fetish; transvestites and transvestitism

D

D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 209–210

Das 3. Geschlecht (periodical), 7, 12, 14–15, 26, 35–46, 48–51, 53–57, 61, 63–66, 90, 101, 146, 184, 197, 226–228, 235; editors, 49, 66

Denmark, 12, 19, 26, 110, 133–134, 143, 148, 152, 154, 163

Der Deutsche Vorkämpfer (periodical), 91

Dickinson, Robert Latou, 91

Die Freundin (periodical), 37, 41–42, 51, 101, 144–145, 226

Die Insel: Magazin der Einsamen (periodical), 37–38, 41, 53, 58, 64, 226

Die Transvestiten (The Transvestites), 12, 36, 38, 52, 82, 86, 97, 99, 177, 180, 185–186, 199–203. See also Hirschfeld, Magnus

Dillon, Michael, 167

drag shows and clubs, 141, 164. See also trans people: as performers

E

Eckert, Nora, 27, 247–250

Elbe, Lili, 18, 188–189, 256, 260

Emde Boas, Coen Van. See Van Emde Boas, Coen.

Erickson, Reed, 22

Erskine, Carla, 12, 24, 96–97, 157, 221, 225, 238–241, 249–250, 256; and Harry Benjamin, 6, 20–21, 71–80, 102–118, 149, 230–238

F

F., Rosa, 153, 156

Feinberg, Leslie, 10–11

feminism, 25

Freud, Sigmund, 81, 89, 93

G

gender play, 40, 42, 54, 58–61, 196, 199, 200, 225

gender-affirming surgery, 20, 72–73, 97–98, 102–104, 106–107, 111–113, 134–135, 143, 162–164, 170–171, 186, 189, 260; breast augmentation, 65, 89–90; castration, 27, 52, 87, 102, 107, 135, 148–155, 161–163, 170; penile inversion, 163; vaginoplasty, 152–153, 163, 165.

Germany, 36; Nazi Germany, 27, 42, 83, 92, 185, 256; Weimar Republic, 27, 36–37, 44, 78, 81–84, 88

Geschlechtskunde, 53, 54, 205, 254

Geschlechts-Übergänge, 58, 199, 254

Goldmann, Lothar, 37, 44

Groot, Margreet, 161, 166

H

Hahm, Lotte, 42–43

Hamburger, Christian, 148–149, 154, 163

Hartsuiker, Frederik, 27, 111, 134, 148–151, 153–157, 160, 163

Henry, George W., 14, 88, 90–91, 93

hermaphrodite and hermaphroditism. See intersex; terminology and language

Het Jongensuur, 135

Hinman Jr., Frank, 103–104, 111

Hirschfeld, Magnus, 2, 4, 12, 22, 44, 58–59, 78, 81-86, 202–209, 211; and Alfred Kinsey, 26, 78, 81, 86, 97, 225, 230; and Harry Benjamin, 26, 78–80, 85-90, 185, 189–195, 198–199, 225–226; and race, 24, 202; and John O., 177–181; as advocate, 78–81, 83, 92–93, 144, 190; use of photography, 25, 50–55, 100, 136–139, 185, 190–192, 195–200, 234–238; use of terminology and language, 27, 36–39, 64–65, 96–97, 99–100, 136–139, 185, 190, 195–200, 253–256. See also Die Transvestiten; Institute for Sexual Science

homosexuals and homosexuality, 14, 24, 36–37, 82, 97, 101, 137, 151, 186, 209, 253–254; interactions with trans advocacy, 36–37, 44, 58, 66, 91, 253–254; magazines, 37–38, 41, 49, 226; mental health and suicide, 186, 190; rights advocacy, 2, 24, 78, 83, 108, 227, 252

hormone therapy, 14, 19, 24, 89–90, 95, 102, 105, 107, 135, 139–143, 148, 150, 152, 155, 162, 169, 186, 190–191, 193, 209, 257, 259–260; as “cure” for non-binary sexuality, 139, 148

I

Institute for Sexual Science (Berlin), 2, 4, 12, 66, 81-82, 85, 93, 137, 185, 200, 256. See also Hirschfeld, Magnus

intersex, 23, 56, 60, 66, 80, 91, 96, 105–108, 135, 207–211, 255–256; pathologization of, 255. See also terminology and language; transvestites and transvestitism; trans people

J

J. See O., John

J., Catherine, 155, 156, 234

Jorgensen, Christine, 12, 18–19, 27, 71, 97, 103–104, 107, 110, 112, 133, 143, 148, 152, 154, 169, 234

K

Kinsey Institute, 5–6, 21, 77, 226

Kinsey, Alfred, 2, 12, 14–16, 23–24, 71–72, 93–98, 100, 102, 104, 110–113, 118, 139; and Harry Benjamin, 26, 77–81, 90, 94–104, 112–114, 118, 225–226; and Magnus Hirschfeld, 26, 78, 81, 86, 97, 225, 230

Koch Jr., H. C., 152, 159–160

L

Laub, Donald R., 116–117

Lawrence, Louise, 6, 12, 19, 71, 95, 103–104, 107, 110–111, 113–114, 230, 238

lesbians and lesbianism, 37, 42, 51, 75, 101, 135, 146, 226

Lewandowski, Herbert, 209–210

Lopez Ferrer, Daniel, 150

M

M., Gert, 166–168, 171

MacLane, Dixie, 110–112, 149

Mattachine Society, 108

McLeod, Charlotte, 154

medical treatment. See psychiatry and psychoanalysis; gender-affirming surgery; hormone therapy

Mexico, 95, 106, 150, 163

Morocco, 12, 19–20, 23, 26, 134, 163–165, 169, 171

Mühsam, Richard, 18, 135, 189

N

Netherlands, 7, 18, 21–22, 26–27, 111, 133–143, 149–163, 166–171, 232; prohibition of procedures, 159, 167–169, 226

New York City, 7, 12, 14, 22, 51, 63, 86–92

Newton, Delisa, 23

O

O., John, 6, 12, 177–182, 191, 196, 225

P

P., Daphne, 156, 157, 158, 164

Pape, Willy [Willi]. See Voo–Doo

Paris, 45, 51, 135, 141

passing, 18, 20, 22, 47–51, 65, 99, 104, 106, 111, 164, 171, 177, 184, 196, 203, 225–227, 249, 261

Pattiradjawane, Jill, 141, 143, 165

photography, 1, 3, 6–10, 27, 37–38, 40–41, 179–185, 202–205, 211, 221, 239-241; as tool in medicine, 183–184; as used by Harry Benjamin, 6, 20–21, 71–80, 102–118, 149, 230–238; as used by Magnus Hirschfeld, 25, 50–55, 100, 136–139, 185, 190–192, 195–200, 234–238; by trans people, 72, 115–118; collages, 46, 204; composition, 46, 56–57, 73–74, 76, 179–181, 198, 226-232; eroticism in, 38–39, 45, 54–57, 63, 118, 194–195; retouching, 55, 64. See also Das 3. Geschlecht (periodical)

Progynon. See hormone therapy

psychiatry and psychoanalysis, 20, 27, 60, 65, 72–73, 75, 79–81, 95–96, 102–104, 106, 118, 134, 148–150, 154–157, 160–163, 247; mental health, 52, 91, 110–111, 190; pre-operative evaluation, 161–162, 164, 166, 167, 170; “real life test,” 155; view of trans people as disordered, 80, 87–91, 148, 161, 165–171

Psychopathia Sexualis, 81

R

Radszuweit, Friedrich, 12, 37–39, 41, 58, 66, 83, 144, 226. See also Das 3. Geschlecht (periodical); Die Freundin (periodical); Die Insel: Magazin der Einsamen (periodical)

Rees, Tamara, 154, 234

Richter, Rudolf (Dora or Dorchen), 18, 189

S

San Francisco, 6, 12, 19, 71, 95, 106–108, 103, 113, 115, 148, 177, 179, 230, 239

Scientific Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-Humanitäres Komitee), 78, 83, 196

Serano, Julia, 11, 252, 257, 259

Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patterns, 14, 88

Sex without Guilt, 95

sexology (field), 3–4, 10, 12, 23, 25, 27, 78, 92, 95–98, 102, 108, 113, 151, 161, 166, 179, 199, 209–210, 247, 252, 256

Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, 79, 93–94, 96–98, 102, 112. See also Kinsey, Alfred

Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 79, 93–94, 96, 98, 112. See also Kinsey, Alfred

sexuality: desire, 38–39, 78, 87, 91, 94, 112-113, 118, 184, 194–195, 198–199, 201, 211, 254; history of, 2–3, 77–78, 80; identity, 1, 13, 20, 39, 80-82, 87, 91, 96–98, 105–108, 112, 184; medical study, 80-82; orientalism in, 53. See also sexology (field); trans people; transvestites and transvestitism

Spengler, Otto, 6, 12–16, 19, 21, 86–91, 93–94, 140, 181, 225; and Harry Benjamin, 14–16, 89–90, 118

Steinach, Eugen, 12, 89–90, 92–93, 102, 139–140, 221

Stone, Sandy, 11

Sturm, Hansi, 61–62

T

T., Katharina, 99, 225

Talmey, Bernard, 12–14, 86–88, 91, 94, 181

tattoos, 73–76, 117, 202 234,

terminology and language, 2, 5, 21, 77, 80, 86, 88, 94–95, 105, 108, 179–180, 227, 251–261; of Harry Benjamin 139, 162, 185, 253, 256–257; of Magnus Hirschfeld, 27, 36–39, 64–65, 96–97, 99–100, 136–139, 185, 190, 195–200, 253–256

The Danish Girl, 18, 189

The Transsexual Phenomenon, 26, 73–75, 77, 100, 168, 185, 187, 191–194, 207–208

Tilke, Max, 202–203

trans people: and class, 47–49, 58, 66, 91, 141, 191, 194–196, 199–203, 226; and race, 22–24, 165, 202–203; as performers, 39–40, 52–54, 104, 110–111, 134–135, 141–142, 164–165, 169, 190–191, 225–228 (see also Travesty Art); as sex workers, 134–135, 141–142, 165, 169, 191, 201; history of, 2–3, 10–11, 35, 96–98, 105, 110, 179, 182, 184–185, 202, 207, 247–250; in media and the arts, 19, 27, 72, 143–148, 155, 208–211, 225, 228; interactions with homosexual advocacy, 36–37, 44, 58, 66, 91, 253–254; marginalization, 51, 80, 91, 110, 134, 141, 169, 178–179, 190, 249; rights and advocacy, 185, 190, 227, 252; trans men, 22, 40–44, 93, 97–100, 133–139, 163, 165–166, 171, 198, 226; urbanity, 51–56, 249. See also terminology and language; transphobia and persecution; transvestites and transvestism

transphobia and persecution, 21, 25, 50, 88, 94, 106, 111, 142, 155, 190, 248, 259; bans on medical procedures, 26, 72, 153, 167–169; legal protection and tolerance, 50, 80–85, 99, 190; stereotypes, 141, 191, 234

transsexual. See terminology and language; trans people; transvestites and transvestitism

TransTrans exhibit, 2, 12, 26, 77–78, 113, 144, 177, 179, 182, 185, 197, 202, 204, 219–241

transvestites and transvestitism, 36–37, 39–55, 211, 227; anachronistic term for trans people, 27, 86–88, 91, 94–97, 99–100, 105, 112, 136–140, 179–181, 185, 195, 219, 253–255; as deception or disguise, 59, 88, 201–202, 253; as sexual gratification, 112, 195, 252–254. See also clothing; Das 3. Geschlecht (periodical); terminology and language; trans people; Voo-Doo

Travesty Art, 39–40, 142

V

Van Emde Boas, Coen, 134–135, 151, 153, 155–163, 166, 169–171, 257

Viereck, George Sylvester, 92–93

Viereck, Louis, 91–92

von Gloeden, Wilhelm, 59–60

von Krafft-Ebing, Richard, 81

von Teschenberg, Hermann, 196

Voo–Doo, 39, 52–55, 205, 227–228

W

Walker, Mary, 87

Weimar Republic. See Germany

Westphal, Carl, 253

Weston, Mark (formerly Mary), 93

Woudstra, Siebren, 166–168