Index
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC), 29, 31, 46n6, 96, 191, 213-14
Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, 111, 116, 146; affirmation of, 120, 127, 130; consultation on matters affecting, 124, 140, 156, 159
— impacted by resource development, 170, 172; in Alberta, 168; in New Brunswick, 170
infringements of, 126, 139, 165, 172; legal cases concerning, 161; negotiations, 122-23; recognized by Canadian Constitution, 116; subject to regulation, 135. See also Aboriginal and Treaty Rights Access (ATRA) cards; Indigenous Rights; Treaty Rights
Aboriginal and Treaty Rights Access (ATRA) cards, 129. See also Aboriginal and Treaty Rights; Indigenous Rights; Treaty Rights
Aboriginal forestry, 13-14, 200
Aboriginal Peoples. See Indigenous Peoples
Aboriginal Policy Framework, 159-60
Aboriginal Rights: adversely impacted by government activities, 86; and consultation, 86; formal recognition of, 1, 84, 86, 116. See also Aboriginal and Treaty Rights; Indigenous Rights; Treaty Rights
Acadia First Nation, 144
accommodation: and consultation, 31-32, 42, 88; and consultation policy of Alberta, 162; and consultation policy of New Brunswick, 170; different understandings of, 28, 43; of Indigenous concerns, 1, 6, 27; substantive, 42-43; use of the term by different groups, 27-28, 46n5. See also consultation; engagement
ACFN. See Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN)
Adam, Chief Allan, 164
AFNCNB. See Assembly of First Nations Chiefs in New Brunswick (AFNCNB)
Agency Chiefs Tribal Council, 208
Agreement-in-Principle (AiP), 62
AiP. See Agreement-in-Principle (AiP)
Alberta, 40; First Nations in, 162, 165
— Government of, 30, 36, 158; Aboriginal Policy Framework, 159-60; consultation policy of, 159-63, 178; relations with Indigenous Peoples, 159
oil and gas activities in, 155, 157-59, 163-64, 168, 227
Alberta Chamber of Resources, 30, 40
Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program (AOSERP), 159
Alton Natural Gas Storage Project, 132
Alward, David, 171-72
Annapolis Valley First Nation, 144
AOSERP. See Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program (AOSERP)
Arnatsiaq, Nicholas, 94
Assembly of First Nations Chiefs in New Brunswick (AFNCNB), 173
Assembly of First Nations of Quebec and Labrador, 28, 35
Assembly of Mi’kmaq Chiefs, 120, 128-32. See also Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi’kmaq Chiefs; Mi’kmaq Nation
Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi’kmaq Chiefs, 123-26, 128, 136-37. See also Assembly of Mi’kmaq Chiefs; Mi’kmaq Nation
Association for Mining Exploration British Columbia, 28, 36
Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), 156, 163-64, 176-77, 179n10
Atlantic First Nations Fisheries Authority, 138-39, 142, 144
Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs Secretariat, 144
ATRA. See Aboriginal and Treaty Rights Access (ATRA) cards
Attorney-General of British Columbia, Calder v., 87, 116
Attorney General of Canada, 75
Auditor General of Canada, 24
Augustine, Roger, 138
Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation (BIMC), 92, 94-99, 102
Baltgailis, Karen, 75
Bear River First Nation, 144
Beckman v. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation, 6, 69-71
Bennett, Carolyn, 85, 138, 140
Berger report, 3
Berger, Thomas, 75
Big Island Lake Cree Nation, 198, 203, 206, 219
Bill C-15, 84, 132, 142. See also Canada: and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
BIMC. See Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation (BIMC)
Birch Narrows Dene Nation, 210
Borrows, John, 59
Boss, Chief Jim, 61
Boucher, Chief Jim, 166
British colonialists, 113-14, 147-48n2
British Columbia, Delgamuukw v., 103n3, 148n7
British Columbia First Nations Energy and Mining Council, 37
British Columbia, Government of, 30; consultation guidelines, 41; definition of consultation, 28; relationship with First Nations, 42
British Columbia, Haida Nation v., 6, 148n7, 159, 190. See also Haida decision
British Columbia, Taku River Tlingit First Nation v., 6, 148n7, 159, 190. See also Taku River decision
British Columbia, Tsilhqot’in v., 7
British law, 115
British North America Act, 114
Buffalo River Dene Nation: community of, 208, 213
Calder v. Attorney-General of British Columbia, 87, 116
Calgary Chamber of Commerce, 29
Canada: co-management arrangements in, 205
— Constitution of: and Aboriginal Rights, 1; and duty to consult, 6; and Self-Government Agreements (SGAs), 62; Section 35 of, 132, 139; treaties protected by, 59-60, 62-63
— Government of: approval of Mary River project, 93, 95; and cultural genocide, 115; failure to honour treaties, 136; Final Agreements, 59; and Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN), 6; relationship with First Nations, 141, 176; Self-Government Agreements (SGAs), 59; signee of memorandum of understanding, 121
Indigenous consultation in, 86-88, 125, 231; Indigenous Rights in, 84-86; lack of opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in, 1; legacy of colonization in, 120; and Mi’kmaq livelihood fishing, 134-35, 141; oil and gas development in, 23, 155-59, 162-65; relationship with Indigenous Peoples, 25, 59, 136
— resource development in, 2-3, 23, 155; approval process for, 83; role of Indigenous Peoples in, 13, 225
— and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 1, 85, 160; Act, 84-85, 179n9
and Yukon First Nations, 62, 72-74, 79
Canada, Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN) v., 6-7, 30, 148n7, 159, 190; and 2018 case, 7. See also Mikisew Cree decision
Canadian Constitution: and Aboriginal rights, 1; and duty to consult, 6; and Self-Government Agreements (SGAs), 62; Section 35 of, 132, 139; treaties protected by, 59-60, 62-63. See also Constitution Act
Canoe Lake crisis, 193, 203-4, 206, 217, 219
Canoe Lake: First Nation, 203-4; community of, 204-5, 213, 217
capacity building, 24, 27, 36, 43, 121, 219; and capacity funding, 35, 46n7; and capacity support, 26, 36, 43; and lack of capacity, 8-9
Cape Breton, 114, 129, 133, 139
Catholic Church, 115
Champagne First Nation, 62, 74
Chippewas of the Thames First Nation v. Enbridge Pipelines Inc., 7
Christmas, Daniel, 138-39, 142
Clearwater River: Dene Nation, 210; community of, 203
Clyde River (Hamlet) v. Petroleum Geo‐Services Inc., 7, 31. See also Clyde River decision
Clyde River decision, 7, 31, 39. See also Clyde River (Hamlet) v. Petroleum Geo‐Services Inc.
Coastal Gaslink pipeline, 23
colonialism: colonial encounter, 112-15; colonial relations, 121; consequences of, 111, 133, 144, 146; continued oppression from, 123, 139; governance and power structures of, 145, 190, 202. See also colonization
colonization, 113-15, 118, 120. See also colonialism
co-management: arrangements in Yukon, 60, 76, 228-29; definition of, 60; governance model, 79, 82; institutions, 78, 80-81; of lands and resources, 59, 71; processes, 80; and Self-Government Agreements (SGAs), 81; and Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA), 63, 65, 67
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 140-41
community engagement, 37, 100-101, 202, 219, 229
Community Well-Being Index (CWBI), 191, 213-16
comprehensive land claims agreements, 176-77
comprehenFsive land claims policy, 87, 121
consent: and consultation, 176, 227; differing perspectives on, 32; use of the term by different groups, 32-33; and veto, 25, 32-33; and Voisey’s Bay project, 229. See also free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC)
Constitution Act, 27, 63, 70, 116. See also Canadian Constitution
consultation: and accommodation, 31-32, 42, 86, 88; activities, 11, 86, 156, 161, 170, 173; barriers to, 38, 40, 43, 226; and consent, 176; delegation of procedural aspects, 34; different understandings of, 28, 44
— and engagement, 84, 156, 226, 232; approaches to, 26; challenges to, 40, 43; design and implementation of, 5, 42; different perspectives on, 5, 44; outcomes of development from, 45; and values of Indigenous Nations, 80
and existing regulatory processes, 8
— meaningful consultation, 6, 9, 43-44, 226, 228; definitions of, 28-29, 45-46n3; and impact benefit agreements (IBAs), 11, 15; lack of criteria for, 6; legal obligation for, 27-28
on Northern Gateway pipeline project, 35; policies, 156
— processes, 36, 225; as community-driven, 11, 130; Crown responsibility for, 86; documenting of, 38-39; flaws with, 8; government guidance on, 9; issues with, 26, 228; need for flexibility on, 36; participation of Indigenous Peoples in, 36, 226; timing of, 35, 43; and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 14
use of the term by different groups, 25, 27-28, 42. See also duty to consult; engagement
Corridor Resources, 174-75. See also Headwater Exploration
Council of Yukon First Nations, 65, 75
Coyle, Michael, 59
Cree: and Fort McKay First Nation (FMFN), 165; First Nations, 202-3; and Lubicon Lake Band of Little Buffalo, 166; and Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC) governance, 198-99; peoples 212, 221
Cracknell, Gill, 75
CWBI. See Community Well-Being Index (CWBI)
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia, 103n3, 148n7
Dene: and Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), 163; First Nations, 12, 198, 202-3; and Fort McKay First Nation (FMFN), 165; and Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC) governance 198-99, 202; peoples, 212, 221
Denny, Antle, 143
Denny, Paul and Sylliboy, R. v., 116
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 138, 142, 146; agreements with Indigenous bands, 121; and engagement with KMKNO, 134, 138; and Marshall decision, 134, 136; regulatory schemes of, 135, 137, 143; restriction of Mi’kmaq water access, 118
Devolution Transfer Agreement (DTA), 69
DFO. See Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO)
DTA. See Devolution Transfer Agreement (DTA)
duty to consult: and accommodation of Indigenous Peoples, 1, 27, 86; aim of, 44; appeal cases, 103n6; and consent and veto, 26, 33, 85; delegation of, 7, 9, 26, 34, 86; and environmental assessments, 44; fairness of, 27, 44; history of, 16n5; and impact benefit agreements (IBAs), 9; implementation of, 8; and Indigenous Rights, 122, 126; legal requirement of, 27-28, 30, 86, 124; and Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation, 70; not meaningfully implemented, 32, 44, 178; policies, 156, 176, 179; and reconciliation, 32; responsibility for, 7-8; triggered by development projects, 23, 156; unintended consequences of, 8. See also consultation; engagement
economic development: and community development, 37, 43; and environmental protection, 131; and fisheries, 134; and impact benefit agreements (IBAs), 9; and Indigenous Rights, 23; and Marshall decision, 120; and modern treaties, 12; opportunities for First Nations in Alberta, 160; from resources on traditional Mi’kmaq lands, 141; strategy of Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC), 10, 15, 191, 206, 213
EFN. See Elsipogtog First Nation (EFN)
Elsipogtog First Nation (EFN), 16, 172-74, 176-77
Enbridge Pipelines Inc., Chippewas of the Thames First Nation v., 7
engagement: activities, 27, 39, 45, 156; community engagement, 203, 206
— and consultation, 45, 156, 231; approaches to, 26; challenges to, 38, 43; design and implementation of, 42; incorporating Indigenous Nations’ values, 78
definition of, 27, 46n3; different understandings of, 44; and free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), 85; importance of early engagement, 35, 128; with Inuit communities, 83, 89, 92-93; meaningful engagement, 8, 85
— processes, 3, 225; and Indigenous Rights, 25; issues with, 26, 44, 228; in Mary River project, 101
use of the term by different groups, 27-28
English colonialists. See British colonialists
English River: First Nation, 210; community of, 213, 217
Environmental Goals and Sustainable Prosperity Act, 127
Fairclough, Chief Eric, 74
Federal Court of Appeal, 27, 35
Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, 39
Final Agreements, 59-60, 62-64, 67, 72
First Nation of Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, 60, 62, 75
First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v. Yukon, 63, 75. See also Peel Land Use Plan: legal case; Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA): and Peel Land Use Plan
First Nation of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in, 60, 75
First Nations Consultation Capacity Investment Fund, 36
First Nations Leadership Council, 32-34, 39, 41
fishing rights: of Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), 163; of Fort McKay First Nation (FMFN), 165; of Mi’kmaq Nation, 114, 116, 130; of Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN), 7
Flying Dust: First Nation, 202-3, 210; community of, 213, 217
FMLA. See Forest Management Licence Agreement (FMLA)
forest management, 189-93, 198, 201-2, 205, 208, 219
Forest Management Licence Agreement (FMLA), 192-94, 210, 218-19
Forest Products Sector Council, 38
forestry: in Canada, 193, 201, 208
— harvesting, 189; mechanical, 203-4; and Mistik Management, 192, 201, 203-4, 208; and NorSask Forest Products, 212, 214; practices, 212
Indigenous approaches to, 13-14, 189, 200, 206; model of Meadow Lake, 10, 190-91, 202, 219, 220; operations, 201, 205, 212; sustainable, 13; on traditional lands, 190; and Treaty Rights, 122. See also Aboriginal forestry
Fort McKay First Nation (FMFN), 15, 156, 165-66, 176-77
FPIC. See free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC)
Frederick Brook Shale (FBS) play, 156, 168-69
free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), 1, 84-86, 101, 103, 227, 231. See also consent
French colonialists, 113-14, 147-48n2
Frontier Oil Sands Project, 164
Gwich’in Tribal Council, 75
Haida decision, 6, 86, 124-25, 160. See also Haida Nation v. British Columbia
Haida Nation, 6
Haida Nation v. British Columbia, 6, 148n, 159, 190. See also Haida decision
Headwater Exploration, 175. See also Corridor Resources
Higgs, Blaine, 174
Historic and Numbered Treaties, 62-63. See also Numbered Treaties; Treaty 8
hunting rights: of Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), 163; and Fort McKay First Nation (FMFN), 165; of Mi’kmaq Nation, 114, 116, 130; of Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN), 6-7; and moose hunting, 129. See also Indigenous rights; Treaty rights
hydraulic fracturing, 169-70, 172-74, 177. See also fracking
IBAs. See impact benefit agreements (IBAs)
Idle No More, 132-33
IIBA. See Inuit impact and benefit agreements (IIBAs)
impact and benefit agreements. See impact benefit agreements (IBAs)
impact assessments (IAs), 84; and duty to consult, 85, 87; as illegitimate consultation process, 88; process in Voisey’s Bay, 89; processes, 87-88.
Impact benefit agreements (IBAs): and community development, 10; confidentiality of, 89; definition of, 9; and duty to consult, 9-10, 85, 87; and impact assessment (IA) process, 89; and information asymmetry, 9; and meaningful consultation, 11, 226; as legally binding, 89; as means of securing consent, 88; obligations to sign, 84, 88; pros and cons, 9-10; signed by Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), 164
Indigenous and Treaty Rights. See Aboriginal and Treaty Rights
Indigenous communities: agreements with private companies, 4; and capacity building, 36; and community development, 37; and consultation processes, 30, 35, 43-44, 225; and development on traditional territories, 190; duty to consult, 86; engagement with, 2-3, 25, 140, 225; governance arrangements, 4; participation in forestry, 14; responses to development projects, 15, 23; roles in development projects, 15; veto power of, 32. See also Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous engagement in resource development, 12, 83-84, 103, 189
Indigenous knowledge. See traditional knowledge
Indigenous lands: and Canadian state, 2, 30, 63; development on, 84; diversity of, 190; prior to European contact, 84; and resources, 59, 87, 146. See also traditional territories
Indigenous legal principles, 59, 134, 146-47
Indigenous nationhood, 111, 123, 131, 147
Indigenous organizations, 84-85, 89
Indigenous Peoples: adverse impacts of resource development on, 3, 158; assertion of rights, 228-29; autonomy of, 219-20, 228, 230; coercion of, 5; conflict with forestry companies, 204; consensus-based decision-making, 33; consent and veto in decision-making, 32-33; consultation and engagement, 2-3, 5, 8, 24; consultation processes, 8, 26, 29-30, 34-36, 85; Crown relationship with, 63; duty to consult, 6; economic benefits from development, 9-10, 37; empowerment through resource development, 1-3, 12, 24, 225; and environmental protection, 12, 40; and European settlers, 10; and free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), 1, 232; and impact benefit agreements (IBAs), 9-11; impacted by oil sands development, 158-59, 176, 227; involvement in resource development, 1-3, 9, 11-14, 24-27, 42; lack of control over resource development, 2, 23; and land claims, 7, 88, 91; and modern treaties, 6, 11-12, 16n4, 63-64, 226; and negotiations with federal government, 10-11
— and non-Indigenous citizens, 79, 191, 204, 213-14; in Atlantic Canada, 137-38, 142; in Yukon, 71, 73, 77-79
opportunities impacted by resource development, 1; opposition to oil and gas development, 155-56, 158, 165-66, 168, 176; power to voice concerns, 9-10; and reconciliation, 24-26, 31-33; relations with industry and government, 24-25; and resistance, 25, 83, 115; and resource development decision-making, 3, 14, 228; traditional territories of, 23, 64, 155, 190; and use of the term “Indigenous,” 16n1, 45n2; women, 38. See also Indigenous communities
Indigenous Rights: assertion of, 190, 203; communal nature of, 137; and co-management arrangements, 228; consultation, 25, 86 129; description of, 84; and duty to consult, 122; eligibility, 129-30; failure of settlers to honour, 112, 114, 228-29; in forestry, 203; governance of, 123; implementation of, 128-29, 132, 135; legislation involving, 2, 161; limited by the state, 116; litigation, 24, 116, 119-20; and Marshall decision, 134; and modern treaties, 7, 11-12; poorly understood by non-Indigenous audiences, 131; protection of, 5, 126, 130, 148, 231; and traditional knowledge, 40, 44; undermined by Alberta’s consultation process, 164. See also Aboriginal Rights; Aboriginal and Treaty Rights; Treaty Rights
Indigenous self-determination, 23-24, 144, 228-29, 232
Indigenous self-governance, 11, 30, 84, 126, 144; Mi’kmaq self-governance, 119, 121, 139
Indigenous women, 38
information asymmetries, 9, 44
information-sharing, 26, 34, 39, 43; and transparency, 38-39, 43, 102; importance of, 39; lack of, 38, 165
Innu Nation, 89-91
Inuarak, Charlie, 96
Inuit communities, 26, 29, 83, 92-95, 98
Inuit impact and benefit agreements (IIBAs), 93, 97-98, 100-103
Inuit Nation, 89-91
Inuit organizations, 90, 92-94, 98
Inuktitut, 39
Isaac v. The Queen, 116
Jackpine Mine Expansion Project, 163
James Bay and North Quebec Agreement, 11
Jordan, Bernadette, 136, 138-40, 142
Joseph, Chief Roberta, 76
Kespukwitk Netukulimk Livelihood Fisheries Management Plan, 144
KMKNO. See Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office (KMKNO)
Kwalin Dün First Nation, 68
Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office (KMKNO), 3, 12, 16; activities, 230; and Assembly of Chiefs, 130-31; challenges facing, 131; consultation processes, 125-27, 146, 229; departments of, 128; history of, 15, 111, 122, 133; and hunting guidelines, 129; and Mi’kmaq governance, 123, 143, 229; and Mi’kmaq membership, 129; and Millbrook band, 132; mission of, 124; partnerships, 144; pillars of, 124, 147; responsibilities of, 130; and Sipekne’katik band, 132; and Treaty Rights, 123, 230
Laboucan, Chief Billy Joe, 167
Labrador Inuit Association (LIA), 90-91
Labrador Inuit Land Claim Agreement (LILCA), 83, 88-89, 92, 101, 103n5
land claim agreements, 68-69, 85, 89-91, 103n5; and meaningful consultation, 226-27
land management, 87, 159-61, 168, 177
LIA. See Labrador Inuit Association (LIA)
Liard First Nation, 63
LILCA. See Labrador Inuit Land Claim Agreement (LILCA)
L’nu Saqmaw (Grand Chief), 143
Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation, 70, 74
Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation, Beckman v., 6, 69-71
LLB. See Lubicon Lake Band (LLB)
Lubicon Lake Band (LLB), 156, 162, 166-68, 176-77
Makivik Corporation, 94
Makwa Sahgaiehcan: First Nation, 214; community of, 203
Maliseet Nation, 138-39, 141; livelihood rights, 135. See also Wolastoqiyik Nation
Maloney, Janice, 145
Marine Renewable Energy Act, 127
Marshall decision, 112, 117-21, 134-36, 138; Marshall (No. 2), 119. See also R. v. Marshall
Marshall, Donald, Jr. 117-18, 136
Marshall Inquiry, 147
Marshall, R. v., 118, 121, 135; and Marshall (No. 2), 119. See also Marshall decision
Marshall Response Initiative, 137
Marshall, Joe B., 121
Mary River project, 84, 230; background, 83, 92-93; impact assessment (IA), 93-94, 229; impact of, 102; Inuit community responses to, 16, 97, 99-100, 230; modifications to, 95-96
Massie, Grand Chief Ruth, 74
McCully Gas Field, 168-69, 175, 179-80n18
McLachlin, Beverley, 75
McMillan, Jane L., 117, 148n10
Meadow Lake forestry model, 10, 15, 190, 228; and autonomy, 219; and community engagement, 202, 230; economic impacts of, 191; partnerships, 218; success of, 220
Meadow Lake Mechanical Pulp (MLMP), 189, 192
Meadow Lake Sawmill, 191-92
Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC): business and political roles of, 218-19; businesses owned by, 209; chiefs, 199, 218; economic development strategy, 200, 217; and forestry, 15, 189-91, 208-10, 217, 220; governance structure, 198-99; history of, 198
— member communities: and community engagement, 193, 206; and community well-being, 213, 216; opportunities for, 202, 217-19; role in forest management, 202
— member nations, 202-3, 215-17, 220; Band Councils of, 198; and chiefs-in-assembly, 199; self-determination of, 189; traditional territories of, 192
and Mistik Management, 206-8; as model for other First Nations, 190, 217, 220; and NorSask Forest Products, 192-93, 206-8; opportunities provided by, 218; social programs, 219; timeline of forestry development, 194; and traditional lands, 219; and TransGas, 210
Meadow Lake Tribal Council Industrial Investments (MLTCII), 199-200, 208, 210. See also Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC)
Meadow Lake Tribal Council Resource Development LP (MLTC RDI), 199-200, 210. See also Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC)
memorandum of understanding, 90. See also Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
Métis communities, 26, 29, 136, 205
Mikisew Cree decision: in 2005, 6, 86, 124-25, 160; in 2018, 7. See also Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN) v. Canada
Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN) v. Canada, 6-7, 30, 148n7, 159, 190; and 2018 case, 7. See also Mikisew Cree decision
Mi’kmaq communities, 10, 16, 112, 120, 132
Mi’kmaq harvesting, 117-19, 121, 129-30, 134-38
Mi’kmaq lands, 111-14, 116, 127, 144 See also Mi’kma’ki
Mi’kmaq laws, 117-18, 134, 138
Mi’kmaq Maliseet Nations News, 127
Mi’kmaq Nation, 115-16, 120, 125, 141; Chiefs, 123, 128-30, 132-133, 136; geographic location of, 112; interactions with European settlers, 113-14; livelihood fishing, 134-37; and Mi’kmaw language, 115; Nationhood Proclamation of, 145; territory of, 111-13, 144; Treaty Rights of, 115
Mi’kmaq people, 112-19, 125-26, 132, 145
Mi’kmaq Rights, 112, 116-18, 121-25, 145-46
Mi’kmaq Rights Initiative, 15, 111, 122, 129, 227
Mi’kmaw Conservation Group, 144
Millar Western Pulp (MWP), 192
Millbrook band, 132
Mineral Resources Act, 127
mining projects: in British Columbia, 23; in Nunavut, 9, 23. See also Mary River project; Voisey’s Bay project
Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation, community of, 203, 213, 217
Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans, 135
Mistik Management: community engagement processes, 193, 219; creation of, 192; and forest sector, 193, 200; governance of, 201; location of, 203; management team, 201; and Meadow Lake forestry model, 189; and Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC), 208, 219; and non-Indigenous staff, 200, 207, 218; and opportunities for MLTC communities, 218-19; partnerships, 212, 219
MLMP. See Meadow Lake Mechanical Pulp (MLMP)
MLTC. See Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC)
MLTC RDI. See Meadow Lake Tribal Council Resource Development LP (MLTC RDI)
MLTCII. See Meadow Lake Tribal Council Industrial Investments (MLTCII)
modern treaties, 16n4, 63-64; and co-management, 11, 79; development of, 60; and environmental monitoring by Indigenous groups, 12; importance of, 63; pros and cons, 11-12; and reconciliation, 70-71; view of treaty-making process as illegitimate, 11
Montreal Lake Cree Nation, 208
MOU. See Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
MWP. See Millar Western Pulp (MWP)
National Centre for First Nations Governance, 31
National Energy Board, 8. See Canada Energy Regulator
Native Council of Nova Scotia, 129
netukulimk, 132, 144; concept of, 117, 119, 149n11; as guiding principle, 121, 131; and livelihood fishing, 144; as Mi’kmaw traditional law, 139; and sustainability, 144
New Brunswick: Government of, 170-71; oil and gas development in, 168, 172; residents of, 170, 172, 174-75
Newfoundland and Labrador, 13, 129; Government of, 46n7, 90
NIRB. See Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB)
Nisga’a Final Agreement, 11
Nisga’a Tribal Council, 87
NLCA. See Nunavut Land Claim Agreement (NLCA)
non-settlement lands, 64, 68. See also settlement lands
NorSask Forest Products: and forest sector, 193, 214; governance of, 201; management team, 200-1; and Meadow Lake forestry model, 189; and Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC), 192, 199; and Millar Western Pulp (MWP), 192; and non-Indigenous staff, 200-201, 207, 218; opportunities for MLTC communities, 218-19; partnerships, 208, 211-12, 219
Northern Gateway pipeline, 35
Northwest Territories (NWT), 3, 12, 26
Nova Scotia, 116, 129; Government of, 30, 121-22; Made-in-Nova Scotia Process, 112, 119, 121-23, 132; Mi’kmaq of, 4, 111-12, 122-25, 127; Native Council of, 129; Treaty Rights in, 119-20, 122
NPC. See Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC)
NTI. See Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI)
Numbered Treaties, 16n3, 62-63, 176-77. See also Treaty 8
Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB), 94-97, 99-100
Nunavut Land Claim Agreement (NLCA), 83, 93, 103n5, 229
Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC), 93
Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), 96, 98, 102, 103n11
NWT. See Northwest Territories (NWT)
Office of L’nu Affairs, 128, 134
oil and gas activities, 155-57; in Alberta, 157; Indigenous Peoples’ opposition to, 155-56; in New Brunswick, 23; in Nova Scotia, 23; in Saskatchewan, 210, 218
oil and gas industry, 155, 158-59, 164-65
oil sands, 158-59; companies, 164-65; development in Alberta, 15, 158-59, 163-64, 168; and Fort McKay First Nation (FMFN), 165-66; impacts from development, 157-58, 162-63, 165; and Lubicon Lake Band (LLB), 156, 166-67; opposed by First Nations, 158, 162, 164; policy, 159; revenue, 157, 164; on traditional territories, 15, 164, 167-68
Our Action Plan to be Self‐Sufficient in New Brunswick, 169
Pabineau First Nation, 174
Paix des Braves, 12
Paul, Chief Lawrence, 123
Peace and Friendship Treaties, 112, 123; and duty to consult, 176; and Elsipogtog First Nation (EFN), 172, 176; and failure of Crown obligations, 177; and Indigenous-settler relations, 142, 146; and Mi’kmaq Nation, 111, 115, 143; signing in the 1700s, 118, 142, 180n23
Peace on the Water (report), 145
Peel decision, 61, 64, 76. See also First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v. Yukon; Peel Land Use Plan: legal case
Peel Land Use Plan, 60-61, 65, 75, 79; legal case, 60-61, 69, 76; and planning process, 74. See also First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v. Yukon
Peel Watershed Land Use Plan. See Peel Land Use Plan
Petroleum Geo‐Services Inc., Clyde River (Hamlet) v., 7. See also Clyde River decision
Picard, Ghislain, 138
Pictou, Sherry, 132, 144, 147n1
Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada, 37
Prosper, Paul,138
QIA. See Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA)
Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), 92-94,96–99, 101–2, 103n10
Quassa, Paul, 94
The Queen, Isaac v., 116
The Queen, Simon v., 116. See also Simon decision
R. v. Denny, Paul and Sylliboy, 116
R. v. Marshall, 118, 121, 135; and Marshall (No. 2), 119. See also Marshall decision
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police), 136, 173
reconciliation: and consultation, 6, 25, 31-32; definition of, 31; and duty to consult, 32; and Justin Trudeau, 136; and modern treaties, 24, 70-71; national movement of, 120; and nation-to-nation relationships, 123, 135; and pardon of Gabriel Sylliboy, 116; perspectives on, 31; references to by government and industry, 31, 42-43; and resource development, 26, 42, 226; and Rights Reconciliation Agreements, 137, 143; as symbolic or meaningless, 31; Truth and Reconciliation Committee, 147
relationships: between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities, 25, 137-39, 142, 190; and engagement activities, 39, 229; nation-to-nation, 11, 30, 136, 175-76, 229; relationship building, 36, 79
Renewable Resource Councils (RRCs), 67
Report of the Royal Commission of Aboriginal Peoples, 30
revenue sharing, 10, 27, 37, 156
Robinson, Viola, 121
RobWel Constructions, 210
Ross River Dena Council, 63
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 136, 173
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 121, 137
Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution, 117, 121
Sack, Chief Mike, 140
Sakâw Askiy Management, 208, 212-19
Sam, Johnny, 71
Saskatchewan: First Nations, 217; Government of, 35, 192, 207
Seeing the Land Is Seeing Ourselves (report), 90
Self-Government Agreements (SGAs), 62, 67-69, 79, 103n4
Senate Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Committee, 73
settlement lands, 64, 66, 68. See also non-settlement lands
SGAs. See Self-Government Agreements (SGAs)
shale gas activities, 15-16, 169, 171-73, 175
Shell Canada Ltd., 163
Simon decision, 112. See also Simon v. The Queen
Simon v. The Queen, 116. See also Simon decision
Sipekne’katik band, 132
Site C Dam, 44
Southwestern Energy Resources Canada Inc. (SWN), 171-74, 180n21
Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans, 145
Stuart, Barry, 64
Supreme Court of Canada, 87, 116, 118, 130, 159; and Constitution Act, 63; and Peel Land Use Plan, 60-61, 64, 75-77; recognition of Indigenous rights, 83-84, 120
Surette, Allister, 139
sustainability, 26, 40, 43, 65
SWN. See Southwestern Energy Resources Canada Inc. (SWN)
Sylliboy, Grand Chief Gabriel, 115-16
Sylliboy, Grand Chief Norman, 143
Sylvestre, Chief Eric, 220
Ta’an Kwäch’än Council, 61
Taku River decision, 86, 124-25, 160. See also Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia
Taku River Tlingit First Nation (TRTFN), 6
Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia, 6, 148n7, 159, 190. See also Taku River decision
Teck Resources Ltd., 164
TEK. See traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
Terms of Reference (ToR), 122, 125-27
Teslin Tlingit Council, 74
Tobique First Nation, 174
Together Today for our Children Tomorrow (proposal), 61
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 12-14. See also traditional knowledge
traditional knowledge: and environmental preservation, 41; exclusion of, 8, 43; inclusion in decision-making, 27, 40-41, 43-44. See also traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
traditional lands. See Indigenous lands; traditional territories
traditional territories: governance of 64, 84; of Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC) member nations, 192; resource development on or near, 4, 23, 37, 155, 167, 176, 189, 190-92, 203
Trans Mountain Pipeline, 23, 44
TransGas, 210
transparency, 128, 138, 143, 229. See also information-sharing
trapping rights, 6, 163, 165. See also Aboriginal and Treaty Rights; Aboriginal Rights; Indigenous Rights; Treaty Rights
Treaty 8, 6, 16n3, 162-63. See also Numbered Treaties
Treaty Rights: and Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), 163; and constitutional litigation, 120; and consultation policy of Alberta Government, 160; contentiousness of, 119; education, 143, 146; and fishing rights, 144; implementation of, 124, 126; Indigenous Peoples’ assertion of, 229; and KMKNO, 230; and Yukon First Nations, 73; of Mi’kmaq People, 115, 119-20, 123, 132; settler ignorance of, 111. See also Aboriginal and Treaty Rights; Aboriginal Rights; Indigenous Rights
Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 121
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 61, 116
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 147. See also reconciliation
UFA. See Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA)
Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA): creation of, 60, 62; governance framework created by, 65, 67, 69; and modern treaties, 60, 70, 72, 79; and Peel Land Use Plan, 75-76; and Yukon Water Board, 66; promotion of co-management in, 60, 63, 65; and YESAB, 73. See also Final Agreements; modern treaties
UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. See United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
Unamaki Institute of Natural Resources, 144
UNDRIP. See United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 120, 132, 145, 147, 160, 164; Act in Canada, 84-85, 179n9; Canada’s implementation of, 85, 142; FPIC principles in, 1, 84-85, 103; and Treaty Rights, 126. See also Bill C-15
United Nations Human Rights Office, 140
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 85
Vale Inco, 89-91
veto: and consent, 25, 32; differing perspectives on, 32; and duty to consult, 33; and impact benefit agreements (IBAs), 9; and reconciliation, 33; use of the term by different groups, 32-33. See also consent
Voisey’s Bay project, 84, 103, 229-30; background, 83, 89; impact assessment (IA), 90-92, 229; impact benefit agreements (IBAs), 90-92, 97; and land claim agreement framework, 101
Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation, 62, 75
water: harvesting, 117-19, 129, 134-36, 142, 144; Mi’kmaq access to, 118; pollution, 158, 169-70; protection of, 65; resources of Fort McKay First Nation, 165; rights, 66
Waterhen First Nation, 208; community of, 203, 217
Waterhen Forestry Products, 208-9, 211-12
White Paper policy, 116, 148n8
White River First Nation, 63
WNNB. See Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick (WNNB)
Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick (WNNB), 174
Wolastoqiyik Nation, 135, 138-39, 142, 145. See also Maliseet Nation
YESA. See Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment (YESA)
YESAA. See Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act (YESAA)
YESAB. See Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Board (YESAB)
Yukon: Chapter of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, 75; chiefs, 61; co-management approach to governance in, 77-78; Conservation Society, 75; Court of Appeal, 76; First Nation lands in, 63
— First Nations: dissatisfaction with federal government, 61; Final Agreements with, 60, 62; and modern treaties, 60, 64, 79; not adequately consulted, 72, 74; treaty negotiations with, 64; and Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA), 67; water rights of, 66
Government of, 6, 59-60, 70, 75-77; land claims agreements in, 12; modern treaties in, 15, 59; residents of, 73, 75, 77, 80; resource development in, 60; Supreme Court, 74, 76-77
Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment (YESA), 72-73
Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act (YESAA), 66, 69, 71-74
Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Board (YESAB), 66, 72-73, 77
Yukon, First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v., 63, 75. See also Peel decision; Peel Land Use Plan: legal case; Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA): and Peel Land Use Plan