Notes
Introduction
1 Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada, 3rd ed. (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992), 250.
2 Janice Gross Stein and Eugene Lang, The Unexpected War: Canada in Kandahar (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2007), 19.
3 Robert W. Bergen, “Balkan Rats and Balkan Bats” (PhD diss., University of Calgary, 2005), 396–99.
4 Canada, Royal Commission on Newspapers (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1981), 30.
5 Bergen, “Balkan Rats and Balkan Bats,” 48–50.
6 Murray Edelman, Political Language: Words that Succeed and Policies that Fail (New York: Academic Press, 1977), 11.
7 Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence (Chicago: Markham, 1971), 10.
8 Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 102.
9 Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle, 103–4.
10 Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle, 104; Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action, 4.
11 Daniel C. Hallin, The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989) 60–63.
12 W. Lance Bennett, “Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States,” Journal of Communications 40, no. 2 (Spring 1990): 106; W. Lance Bennett, “The News about Foreign Policy,” in Taken By Storm: The Media, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, ed. W. Lance Bennett, and David L. Paletz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 24.
13 Bennett, “The News about Foreign Policy,” 26.
14 Jay Rosen, What Are Journalists for? (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 299.
15 “How confidential sources help keep us free,” Globe and Mail. 23 January 2004, A19.
16 David Akin, “In China, Trudeau said journalism that informs, challenges is vital. Bravo.” Global News, online: https://globalnews.ca/news/3903127/trudeau-journalism-vital-china/.
17 Ibid.
18 Denis Stairs, “The Media and the Military in Canada,” International Journal 53, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 544–53.
19 See Ross Munro, Gauntlet to Overlord: The Story of the Canadian Army (Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1946); Dick Malone, Missing from the Record (Toronto: Collins, 1946); Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975); Richard S. Malone, A Portrait of War: 1939–1946 (Toronto: Collins, 1983); Richard S. Malone, A World in Flames: 1944–1945 (Toronto: Collins, 1984); Jack Donoghue, The Edge of War (Calgary: Detselig, 1988); Jack Chahill, Words of War (Toronto: Deneau, 1987); Peter Stursburg, The Sound of War: Memoirs of a CBC Correspondent (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); Robert A. Hackett, News and Dissent: The Press and the Politics of Peace in Canada (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1995); Michael Benedict, ed., Canada at War (Toronto: Viking, 1997); Kathy Gannon, I Is For Infidel: From Holy War To Holy Terror: 18 Years inside Afghanistan (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005); Christie Blatchford, Fifteen Days: Stories of Bravery, Friendship, Life and Death from inside the New Canadian Army (Toronto: Doubleday, 2007); Adam Day, Witness to War: Reporting on Afghanistan 2004–2009 (Kingston, ON: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2010); Murray Brewster, The Savage War: The Untold Battles of Afghanistan (Mississauga, ON: Wiley, 2011); Graeme Smith, The Dogs are Eating Them Now: Our War in Afghanistan (Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2013).
20 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, vol. 135, no. 203 (25 March 1999), 13510 (hereafter Debates).
21 Debates, vol. 135, no. 203 (25 March 1999), 13443.
22 Debates, vol. 135, no. 134 (7 October 1998), 8914.
23 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 87.
24 Debates, vol. 135, no. 134 (7 October 1998), 8914.
25 Roy Remple, The Chatter Box: An Insider’s Account of the Irrelevance of Parliament in the Making of Canadian Foreign and Defence Policy (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2002), 56.
26 Debates, vol. 135, no. 205A (12 April 1999), 13594.
27 Paul Koring, “Canadian war planes upgraded to launch precision weapons,” Globe and Mail, 25 March 1999, A16.
28 Debates, vol. 135, no. 216 (27 April 1999), 14386.
29 Access to Information Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-1, s. 15.
30 Ibid., s. 23.
31 Debates, vol. 275 (30 June 1950), 4459; J. L. Granatstein, Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), 335.
32 Granatstein, Canada’s Army, 335.
33 Ibid.
34 Debates, vol. 135, no. 203 (24 March 1999), 13445.
35 Michael Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2000).
36 Canada, House of Commons, “Resolution Following Public Hearings On Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Conflict and its Aftermath,” Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 2000, ii.
37 Ibid., 1.
38 Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), xxxvii.
39 Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 787–854, 855–60.
40 John Shy, “Jominy,” in Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed., Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 143.
41 Baron de Jomini, The Art of War, trans. G. H. Mendell, and W. P. Craighill (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1862), 11. As it will be seen, during the Kosovo air war, politicians from many nations meddled with the manner in which the NATO commander, Gen. Wesley Clark, achieved the war’s objective—including becoming involved, at the highest political levels, in the selection of targets—much to Clark’s chagrin.
42 Giulio Douhet, The Command of the Air, trans. Dino Ferrari (New York: Arno Press, 1972), 23.
43 Douhet, The Command of the Air, 51. Like Jomini’s principle of command, Douhet’s major principle of inflicting the greatest damage in the shortest time possible would be abandoned during the Kosovo air war.
44 Douhet, Command of the Air, 140.
45 Peter W. W. Wijninga and Richard Szafranski, “Beyond Utility Targeting: Toward Axiological Air Operations,” Aerospace Power Journal 14, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 45–59.
46 Paul Rexton Kan, “What Should We bomb? Axiological Targeting and the Abiding Limits of Airpower Theory,” Air & Space Power Journal 18, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 25–32.
47 Brereton Greenhous et al., The Crucible of War 1939–1945: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, vol. 3 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 15, online: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/popular/crucible-war-1939-1945-1.pdf.
Chapter 1
1 Maj. Alain Pelletier, telephone interview by author, 16 July 2003.
2 Pelletier, telephone interview.
3 Lt. Col. Sylvain Faucher, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 29 October 2003.
4 Faucher, interview.
5 Faucher, interview.
6 Confidential interview by author. In accordance with an ethical agreement, names were withheld by mutual agreement if requested, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003.
7 Maj. Mike Barker, interview with author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
8 Maj. Alain Pelletier, email message to author, 15 October 2003.
9 A sortie is one flight by one plane. One mission involving four CF-18s would count as four sorties.
10 Robert Hewson et al., “Operation Allied Force: The First 30 Days,” World Air Power Journal 38 (Autumn 1999): 16–29.
11 Lt. Col. Kirk Soroka, telephone interview by author, 2 October 2012.
12 Soroka, telephone interview.
13 Soroka, telephone interview.
14 Soroka, telephone interview.
15 Soroka, email message to author, 28 October 2012.
16 Pelletier, telephone interview.
17 Pelletier, telephone interview.
18 Pelletier, telephone interview.
19 “Dutch/Belgian Allied Force,” World Air Power Journal 38 (Autumn 1999): 23.
20 The AWACS had told the Dutch flying four F-16s in two pairs that three MiG-29s had taken off from Batajnica air base near Belgrade. The pilot who engaged the MiG fired one AMRAAM missile at it from a distance of eleven miles. He watched the missile detonate thirty seconds after launch. United States Air Force F-15s downed two others that night. “Dutch/Belgian Allied Force,” World Air Power Journal 38 (Autumn 1999): 16, 23.
21 Pelletier, telephone interview.
22 Pelletier, telephone interview.
23 Faucher, interview.
24 Faucher, interview.
25 Faucher, interview.
26 Confidential interview.
27 Confidential interview.
28 Confidential interview. Chaff is a countermeasure to distract radar-guided missiles from their targets. It can be strips of aluminum foil or aluminum-coated glass fibres scattered by pilots to form an electromagnetic cloud that temporarily hides aircraft from missiles’ radars. See online: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/systems/chaff.htm.
29 Confidential interview.
30 Confidential interview.
31 David L. Bashow et al., “Mission Ready: Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Air Campaign,” Canadian Military Journal 1, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 55–61.
32 Pelletier, telephone interview.
33 Faucher, interview.
34 Confidential interview.
35 Faucher, interview.
36 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, author telephone interview, 9 April 2003.
37 Capt. Kirk Soroka, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake Alberta, 14 April 2003.
38 By ship, the pilots mean the CF-18. Ship is a derivative of airship.
39 Soroka, interview.
40 “Tubs,” interview with author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
41 Capt. Brett Glaeser, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
42 Glaeser, interview.
43 Capt. Travis Brassington, interview with author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
44 Brassington, interview.
45 Glaeser, interview.
46 Capt. Kirk Soroka, telephone interview by author, 10 October 2003.
47 Soroka, telephone interview, 10 October 2003.
48 Those Nomex flight suits can be ordered online for US$175 Online: http://aureusinternational.com (accessed October 11, 2003).
49 Soroka, telephone interview, 10 October 2003.
50 Soroka, telephone interview, 10 October 2003.
51 Soroka, telephone interview, 10 October 2003. The original manufacturer of the PRC-112 was Motorola, but General Dynamics has taken over as contractor. Online: http://www.pacificsites.com/~brooke/Survival.s/html (accessed 18 March 2004).
52 Brig. Gen. (ret.) David Jurkowski, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
53 Soroka, telephone interview, 10 October 2003.
54 Soroka, telephone interview, 10 October 2003.
55 Confidential interview by author, Canadian Force Base Bagotville, Quebec, 21 October 2003.
56 Confidential interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
Chapter 2
1 David Bercuson, Significant Incident: Canada’s Army, the Airborne, and the Murder in Somalia (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996); Peter Desbarats, Somalia Cover-Up: A Commissioner’s Journal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1997).
2 Col. (ret.) Benoît Marcotte, telephone interview by author, 9 January 2004; Marcotte, email correspondence to author, 11 January 2004; Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), 120.
3 Operation Mirador was Canada’s contribution to NATO’s enforcement of a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
4 Marcotte, telephone interview.
5 Marcotte, telephone interview.
6 Marcotte, telephone interview; email correspondence.
7 Canadian pilots did drop bombs during the 1991 Persian Gulf War but they were not engaged in protracted combat, as will be seen in Chapter 6.
8 Canada, Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons, April 1998, chap. 3, 3–10.
9 The auditor general uses the term “strategic” in the same manner as the Access to Information Act guidelines, which involves intercontinental war plans, as opposed to the Clausewitzian purist Colin S. Gray, who would argue that terms like “strategic airlift” and “strategic tankers” are misnomers. Gray says such terms confuse capabilities with results, that is to say the achievement of policy goals. Modern Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 17. Similarly, Clausewitz might argue that the heavy lift function of an air-to-air refuelling tanker is the modern-day air force equivalent of the march, which, even though it is linked to the engagement, is only a means to carry out a strategic plan. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 29. Nonetheless, for the sake of consistency in terms of the Canadian government’s phraseology, the Canadian terms when used in such fashion have been left intact.
10 Canada, Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons, April, 1998, chap. 3, 3-11 to 3-12.
11 Canada, Department of National Defence, Directorate of Air Public Affairs, CF-18 backgrounder, 31 October 2002.
12 Canada, Department of National Defence, Operation Echo – Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive, Annex A, 12 Jan. 2000, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00305/Team1.
13 Ibid.
14 Canada, Department National Defence, online: http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip1k_e.htm (accessed 17 February 2004).
15 See online: http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip1k_e.htm (accessed 17 February 2004).
16 Confidential interview by author, names were withheld by mutual agreement, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003. A strategic tanker is a jet aircraft.
17 Confidential interview by author. A “snag” is a piece of broken equipment like a radar or hydraulic system.
18 For a detailed history of the Permanent Joint Board of Defence and its workings, see C. P. Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Minister of National Defence, 1974), 338–95.
19 Brig. Gen. (ret.) David Jurkowski, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
20 Col. (ret.) Benoît Marcotte, telephone interview by author, 9 January 2004.
21 Col. (ret.) Benoît Marcotte, email message to author, 11 January 2004.
22 Canada, Department of National Defence, Operation Echo – Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive, Annex A, 12 Jan. 2000, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00305/Team1.
23 Cpl. Patrick Savoie, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 21 October 2003.
24 Savoie, interview.
25 Operation Echo – Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive, Annex A.
26 Marcotte, email message.
27 Marcotte, email message.
28 Col. (ret.) J. M. Donihee, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 22 April 2003.
29 Savoie, interview.
30 Savoie, interview.
31 Savoie, interview.
32 Savoie, interview.
33 Savoie, interview.
34 Jurkowski, interview.
35 Donihee, interview. This was Donihee’s recollection and argument, which won the day. The author’s personal experience in Bosnia in 1994 was that the soldiers were allowed two beers in the mess per day maximum. This doesn’t obviate Donihee’s recollection and argument. Also, from the author’s personal experience, they weren’t allowed to drink at all at the Kandahar Air Field or at Forward Operating Base Nathan Smith in Afghanistan in 2007.
36 Donihee, interview.
37 Donihee, interview.
38 Jurkowski, interview.
39 Military Analysis Network, Operation Deliberate Force, online: http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/deliberate_force.htm (accessed 26 February 2004).
40 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Regional Headquarters Allied Forces Southern Europe: SFOR Air Component, online: http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/sforaircomponent.htm (accessed 26 February 2004).
41 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters, Secret System High Generated/Mediated Message, Message ID: 199827000147, 27 September 1998, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2. The precise quantities of munitions were exempted from release on the grounds the information could be injurious to international affairs and on advice or recommendations developed by or for a government institution or a minister of the Crown.
42 Allied Forces Southern Europe, “Operation Allied Force,” online: http://www.afsouth.nato.int/operations/detforce/Force.htm; Canada, Department of National Defence, “Kosovo,” online: http://www.dnd.ca/eng/archive/1999/apr99/Kosovo1_b_e.htm (both accessed 26 February 2004).
43 Confidential interview with author, names were withheld by mutual agreement, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003.
44 Benjamin Lambeth, The Transformation of America Airpower (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000), 182.
45 United Kingdom, House of Commons Library, “Kosovo: NATO and Military Action.” Research Paper 99/34, 24 March 1999, online: researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP99-34/RP99-34.pdf.
46 Lambeth, The Transformation of America Airpower, 182–83.
47 Savoie, interview.
48 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters, Message ID 199827000147, 27 September 1998, 5 RXFGDFD.0394 Secret, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
49 Message ID 199827000147, 27 September 1998.
50 Clark, Waging Modern War, 164.
51 Maj. Stéphane Hébert, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003.
52 Marie-Janine Calic, “Kosovo in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Account,” in Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention, ed. Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur (New York: United Nations University Press, 2000), 28.
53 Ibid., 29. For a personal account of the back and forth negotiations between NATO and Slobodan Milosevic, see Clark, Waging Modern War, 131–89.
54 Maj. Alain Pelletier, telephone interview by author, 6 July 2003.
55 Savoie, interview.
56 Confidential interview with author, names were withheld by mutual agreement, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003.
57 Pelletier, telephone interview.
58 David L. Bashow et al., “Mission Ready: Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Air Campaign.” Canadian Military Journal 1, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 55–61.
Chapter 3
1 A Cold-War era successor exercise that practised air attacks against ground targets, defences, communications, and jamming personnel and defence against surface-to-air missiles. See online: “Mallet Blow Strikes Again,” https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1986/1986%20-%200892.PDF
2 Semi-confidential interview with author, full names were withheld by mutual consent if requested and call signs used instead.
3 “Cookie,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
4 “Cookie,” interview.
5 Maj. Mike Barker, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
6 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
7 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
8 Barker, interview.
9 Barker, interview.
10 Interview by author, Canadian Force Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
11 Interview by author, Canadian Force Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
12 “Cookie,” interview.
13 Capt. John Edelman, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
14 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
15 Brig. Gen. (ret.) James Cox, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
16 Confidential interview with author, names were withheld by mutual consent if requested, Canadian Force Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
17 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
18 MJ loaders are forklift-like tractors that lift bombs hydraulically for loading on the CF-18s.
19 Edelman, interview.
20 “Cookie,” interview.
21 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
22 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
23 Interview by author, Canadian Force Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
24 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
25 The CF-18’s empty weight is 10455 kg, or nearly 12 tons. Fully loaded with fuel and armaments for an attack mission, the CF-18 weighs about 23,400. Online: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/boeingcf18hornetmult/.
26 Confidential interview.
27 Edelman, interview.
28 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
29 Interview by author, Canadian Force Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
30 Barker, interview.
31 Barker, interview.
32 Barker, interview.
33 G.W.L. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy 1943–1945 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1957), 534; David Dancocks, The D-Day Dodgers: The Canadians in Italy, 1943–1945 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991), 327–29; W.A.B. Douglas and Brereton Greenhous, Out of the Shadows: Canada in the Second World War (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995), 141.
34 Edelman, interview.
35 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
36 G.W.L. Nicholson, Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1962), 27.
37 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
38 Confidential interview.
39 Barker, interview.
40 Confidential interview.
41 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
42 Barker, interview.
43 Confidential interview.
44 Edelman, interview.
Chapter 4
1 Capt. Kirk Soroka, unpublished notes for a Geoff Bennett painting “On a date with the Iron Maiden,” from Canadian Airpower for Peace and Freedom Collection, unveiled 1 February 2001, at 4 Wing, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Capt. Brett Glaeser, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
5 Maj. Alain Pelletier, telephone interview with author, 16 July 2002.
6 Glaeser, interview.
7 Glaeser, interview.
8 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
9 Canada, Department of National Defence, Operation Echo – Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive. Annex A, 12 January 2000. Released under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00305/Team1.
10 Lt. Col. (ret.) Don Matthews, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 21 November 2003; telephone interview by author, 30 March 2004; Richard P. Hallion, Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), 289–90.
11 Canada, Department of National Defence, Historical and Comparative Overview of Canadian Defence Spending, online: http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/reports/cds_report/english/anxc_e.htm (accessed 29 December 2004).
12 Canada, Department of National Defence, 1994 White Paper on Defence, 48.
13 1994 White Paper on Defence, 48.
14 Matthews, interview.
15 “Canadian Contribution,” World Air Power Journal 38 (Autumn 1999): 26.
16 Online: http://www.raytheon.com/products/paveway (accessed 14 October 2003).
17 Bob Bergen, “Calgary Salutes 75th Anniversary of the RCAF,” Calgary Herald, 9 May 1999, D1.
18 Matthews, interview.
19 Col. (ret.) J. M. Donihee, interview with author, Calgary, Alberta, 22 April 2003; David L. Bashow et al., “Mission Ready: Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Air Campaign,” Canadian Military Journal 1, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 60.
20 Donihee, interview.
21 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, telephone interview by author, 9 April 2003.
22 Bashow et al., “Mission Ready,” 55–61.
23 “Tubs,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
24 Confidential interview with author, names were withheld by mutual agreement if requested, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 21 October 2003.
25 Confidential interview.
26 Confidential interview.
27 Canada, Evidence of Proceedings, House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs, 28 April 1999, online: http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoCom/Doc/36/1/NDVA/Meetings/Evidence/ndvaev106-e.htm (accessed 10 August 2003).
28 Canada, Department of National Defence Daily Technical Briefing, 25 March 1999, online: http://dgpa-dgap.mil.ca/Transcr/1999Mar/99033007.htm, p. 8 of 11 (accessed 16 January 2003), provided by the National Defence Public Affairs Office – Calgary (Prairie Region & Northern Area). Henault’s remarks were published the next day in the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Sun, the Vancouver Sun and the Windsor Star. See Brian Laghi, “Canada now waging high-tech warfare,” Globe and Mail, 26 March 1999, A19; Anne Dawson and Stephanie Rubec, “Brass on Cloud 9 over hi-tech bomb; Laser-guided GBU-12 deadly,” Toronto Sun, 26 March 1999; Mike Blanchfield, “Top weaponry puts Canada at front line: The state-of-the-art GBU-12 missiles—each with a $25,000 price tag—keep country ‘in the club,’” Vancouver Sun, 26 March 1999, A13; Mike Blanchfield, “Canada’s ‘Top Guns’: CF-18s launch missiles, rejoining NATO ‘club,’” Windsor Star, 26 March 1999, A1.
29 Patrick Martin, “Balkan Rats,” Air Forces Monthly (November 1999): 56–61.
30 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters, Secret Memo DAEPMMFT028, CF-18 Weapons Augmentation Request, 5 October 1998, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
31 Flynn, telephone interview.
32 During the 1991 Gulf War, the Americans dropped 1,181 of the US$55,600 GBU-24s. See online: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/gbu-24.htm.
33 Flynn, telephone interview.
34 Flynn, telephone interview.
35 Flynn, telephone interview.
36 “Mur,” interview with author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 25 April 2003.
37 Flynn, telephone interview. A second consideration is collateral damage, which will be more fully explored later in the chapter. Flynn, telephone interview by author, 5 July 2005.
38 Canada, Department of National Defence, Operation Echo – Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive. Annex A, 12 January 2000, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00305/Team 1.
39 It was not possible to obtain records regarding 1 Canadian Air Division requests for war stocks for the years 1997 and 1998 that quantified anticipated war stock requirements in precise numbers using the Access to Information Act. The records were exempt from disclosure on the grounds the information could be injurious to the conduct of international affairs. From declassified secret documents obtained under the Act, however, it appears there were requirements for 30-day basis and 30-day additional sustained stocks of GBU-12 and GBU-24s. Canada, Department of National Defence, 1 CAD HQ Winnipeg, Secret A3 OPS RDNS 226, September 1997. Obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00606/Team 1.
40 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
41 Martin, “Balkan Rats.”
42 Brig. Gen. (ret.) James Cox, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
43 Cox interview.
44 Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Eugene B. Rizok, Letter from Public Works and Government Services Canada in Canadian Embassy in Washington to the Deputy Under-Secretary of the Air Force in the Pentagon, 8 April 1999, PWGSC file number W8484-6-WA09, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
45 Brig. Gen (ret.) David Jurkowski, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
46 Confidential interview.
47 Evidence of Proceedings, House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs, Canada, 28 April 1999, online: http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoCom/Doc/36/1/NDVA/Meetings/Evidence/ndvaev106-e.htm (accessed 10 August 2003).
48 Confidential interview.
49 Confidential interview.
50 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
51 Bashow et al., “Mission Ready.”
52 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
53 Martin, “Balkan Rats.”
54 Martin, “Balkan Rats.”
55 Author’s observation made during a tour of Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake’s CF-18 hangars.
56 Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), 193–96.
57 Ibid., 198.
58 Ibid., 224.
59 Ibid., 201.
60 Steven Lee Myers, “All in Favor of This Target, Say Yes, Si, Qui, Ja.” New York Times, 25 April 1999, Wk. 4.
61 David G. Haglund, ed., New NATO, New Century: Canada, the U.S., and the Future of the Atlantic Alliance (Kingston, ON: Centre for International Relations, 2000), viii.
62 Ibid., 425.
63 Lt. Col. Sylvain Faucher, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 29 October 2003.
64 Ivan H. Daalder and Michael E. O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATO’s War to Save Kosovo (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), 117.
65 Benjamin Lambeth, “Lessons from the War in Kosovo,” Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 2002): 12–19.
66 Canada, Department of National Defence, Lt. Gen. R. R. Henault, National Targeting Process for OP Echo, Letter by then-Deputy Chief of Defence Staff to the Chief of Defence Staff et al., 6 July 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00305/Team 1.
67 Canada, Department of National Defence, Lt. Gen. R. R. Henault, Operation Echo Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive, Annex A 3453-20 (DLLS), 12 January 2000, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00305/Team 1.
68 Ibid.
69 The precision required in modern aerial warfare is a far cry from the indiscriminate bombing discussed by one of the first aerial theorists, Giulio Douhet, who wrote in 1942 that civilian centres should be deliberately targeted in order to spread terror though the nation, advocating “ten, twenty, fifty cities,” aiming at the “breakdown of social structure.” See Giulio Douhet, The Command of the Air (North Stratford, UK: Ayer, 2002), 58–59.
70 “Chimp,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
71 “Midas.” Semi-confidential interview by author, full names were withheld by mutual consent if requested and call signs used instead, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, April 14, 2003.
72 “Mur,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
73 “Willie,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
74 Capt. Kirk Soroka, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
75 Confidential interview.
76 Confidential interview.
Chapter 5
1 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. and ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 181.
2 Benjamin S. Lambeth, “Lessons from the War in Kosovo,” Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 2002): 12–19.
3 Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 851.
4 For eyewitness testimony of the Serbian military’s continued ethnic cleansing after the bombing campaign began on 24 March 1999, see Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press, 2002): 227–64.
5 Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge, 229.
6 Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), 221, citing Baron De Jomini, The Art of War, trans. G. H. Mendell, and W. P. Craighill (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1862), 63.
7 Ibid., 221; Michael Russell Rip and James M. Hasik, The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 391.
8 Capt. Travis Brassington, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
9 Rip and Hasik, The Precision Revolution, 393–99.
10 Capt. Todd Sinclair, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
11 “Chimp,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
12 “Tubs,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
13 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, telephone interview by author, 9 April 2003.
14 David L. Bashow et al., “Mission Ready: Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Air Campaign,” Canadian Military Journal 1, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 55–61.
15 Dense cloud cover over Serbia and Kosovo for much of the war would have resulted in the Paveway III guided bombs missing their targets and the pilots not knowing where they would have landed. That would have greatly increased the risk of unacceptable collateral damage.
16 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters, Secret Memo, Message ID 199827000147, CF-18 Weapons Augmentation Request, 27 September 1998, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2. The relevant declassified secret Canadian Forces documents are heavily vetted, and major portions are exempt on the grounds they could be injurious to the defence of Canada or its allies.
17 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters. Secret Memo DAEPMFT028, Weapons Augmentation Request, 20 October 98, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
18 Flynn, telephone interview.
19 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters, Jim Judd, Letter to the Defence Minister, 20 April 99, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
20 Canada, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquarters, Synopsis Sheet: Ammo Requirement OP Echo – Guided Bomb Unit (GBU) bombs, 20 April 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
21 Bombs don’t come fully assembled. The tail fins, for example, come in a can, the guidance system comes in a box or “coffin,” and the bomb itself comes on a pallet.
22 Confidential interview with author, names were withheld by mutual consent if requested, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
23 Canada, Supply and Services Canada, Contract with the government of the U.S. of America, DSS file No. W8484-9-WA01 PT.2, 3 June 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01182/Team 3-2.
24 Flynn, telephone interview.
25 Bashow et al., “Mission Ready,” 58.
26 Maj. Kirk Soroka, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
27 Maj. Alain Pelletier, telephone interview by author, 13 August 2003.
28 Brig. Gen. (ret.) David Jurkowski, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
29 Gen. Raymond Henault, telephone interview by author, 22 September 2003.
30 Flynn, telephone interview. Night-vision capability was added to the CF-18s between 2003 and 2009.
31 Canada, Department of National Defence, Concepts of Operations for the Use of Night-vision Goggles in the CF-18, 441 TFS, 20 November 1997, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00139/Team 2-3.
32 Canada, Department of National Defence, Minute to Wing Commander from Wing Operations officer Lt. Col. J. M. Ouellet, 6 October 1997, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00139/Team 2-3.
33 Canada, Department of National Defence, Col. R. W. Guidinger, Wing Commander, 4 Wing Cold Lake, letter to National Defence Headquarters, 27 October 1997, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00139/Team 2-3.
34 Canada, Department of National Defence, Concepts of Operations for the Use of Night-vision Goggles in the CF-18, 441 TFS, 20 November 1997, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00139/Team 2-3.
35 Canada, Department of National Defence, Minutes of the CF-18 NVG Project Committee Meeting, 28 April 1998, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00139/Team 2-3. Details of cockpit light issues to be addressed at that time in order to accommodate the use of night-vision goggles were exempted from disclosure under the Access to Information Act, citing trade secrets, confidentiality, and potential for loss of material gain provisions.
36 Canada, Department of National Defence, 441 OT&E Proposal, undated, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00139/Team 2-3.
37 Flynn, telephone interview.
38 Flynn, telephone interview.
39 Soroka, interview.
40 Confidential telephone interview by author, names were withheld by mutual consent if requested, 10 October 2003.
41 Capt. Brett Glaeser, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
42 Glaeser, interview.
43 Glaeser, interview.
44 “Hooker,” telephone interview by author, 24 April 2003.
45 “Hooker,” telephone interview.
46 “Hooker,” telephone interview.
47 Soroka, interview.
48 Brassington, interview.
49 Capt. Neil McRury, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
50 Confidential interview.
51 Glaeser, interview.
52 Soroka, interview
53 McRury, interview.
54 Brassington, interview.
Chapter 6
1 Justine Hunter, “Harassment: Navy wife finds body bag on her lawn in a series of incidents in Victoria area,” Vancouver Sun, 21 January 1991, B1.
2 Ibid.
3 “Gulf’s cruelties here and there,” Vancouver Sun, 21 January 1991, A10.
4 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, vol. 13 (22 January 1991), 17567–17568.
5 Vietnam is often thought to be the first “television war” because its film showed audiences worldwide war’s brutality. Daniel C. Hallin, The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). But most of its footage was shown days or weeks after it was taken because it had to be physically transported to the United States, as opposed to the real time television that satellite technology enabled.
6 W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz, eds., Taken By Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); John J. Fialka, Hotel Warriors: Covering the Gulf War (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 1992).
7 Canada, Department of National Defence, Operation Friction: Canadian Forces Operations in the Persian Gulf Communications Plan, 15 August 1990, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
8 Operation Friction: Canadian Forces Operations in the Persian Gulf Communications Plan.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Canada, Department of National Defence, After Action Report, Operation Friction: Director General Public Affairs, 24 July 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
13 Ibid.
14 Operation Friction: Canadian Forces Operations in the Persian Gulf Communications Plan.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Canada, Department National Defence, Communications Plan: Rotation of Ships’ Companies CTG 302.3, 4 December 1990, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
18 Communications Plan: Rotation of Ships’ Companies.
19 Ibid.
20 Canada, Department of National Defence, Briefing Note Concerning Agenda Item X, CDS meeting with Group Principals, 0900 Hrs., 2 January 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
21 Canada, Department of National Defence, Canadian Forces Headquarters Middle East Public Affairs War Operations Plan, 14 January 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
22 Ibid.
23 Canada, National Defence Headquarters, Priority Message from NDHQ Ottawa//CDS//, Op Friction MSN and Roles/Official Spokespersons, 15 January 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act: request A-2003-00394.
24 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, vol. 13 (16 January 1991), 17164 (Mr. Mulroney, Prime Minister).
25 Online: http://members.lycos.co.uk/Hornet/index-20 (accessed 8 March 2004).
26 Brig. Gen. (ret.) Ed McGillivray, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 12 August 2003.
27 Pat Brennan, “‘I’m heading out,’ pilot tells mom,” Toronto Star, 18 January 1991, A20; Anna-Maria Galante, “Kentville parents worried about son in Gulf,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 21 January 1991, A3; Janice Tibbetts, “Peace protests upset families of Gulf troops,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 21 January 1991, A3; Anna-Maria Galante, “Kentville native tapped for first CF-18 mission,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 22 January 1991, A4; Kelly Shiers, “War bonds women across the miles,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 22 January 1991, A1.
28 McGillivray, interview. Also see: “Pilot’s wife faced with helping children cope,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 19 January 1991, A2; George Oake, “Cold Lake supports its fliers,” Toronto Star, 24 January 1991, A20; Sylvia Lee and Terry Johnson, “A town at war,” Report, 28 January 1991, online: http://report.ca/classics/o1281991/p12i910128f.html (accessed 10 August 2003).
29 “Persian Gulf war recreates spirit of simple soldier,” Fort Worth Star Telegram, reprinted in the Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 21 January 1991, A7.
30 “Canadian soldiers watch deadline pass, ‘waiting for war,’” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 17 January 1991, A3; Jim Gowen, “Field hospital posting frightening – N.S. technician,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 19 January 1991, D21; Stephen Ward, “Bad weather scrubs CF-18s’ first mission,” Gazette (Montreal), 21 January 1991, A5; “Weather scrubs two Canadian jet sorties,” Vancouver Sun, 21 January 1991, A6; Michael Hanlon, “Weather delays combat by Canadian fighters,” Toronto Star, 21 January 1991, A14; Stephen Ward, “Bad weather keeps CF-18s out of the danger zone,” Gazette (Montreal), 22 January 1991, A9; Stephen Ward, “Cloud keeps Canadians grounded,” Calgary Herald, 23 January 1991, A6; Michael Hanlon, “Canadian jet pilots ‘psyched up’ for war,” Toronto Star, 23 January 1991, A19.
31 Charles H. Brown, Informing the People (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1957), 73.
32 Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors (Toronto: Canadian Press, 1983), 156. Canadian university textbooks on news writing and reporting are silent on military coverage. See Carmen Cumming and Catherine McKercher, The Canadian Reporter: News Writing and Reporting (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1994); Maxine Ruvinsky, Investigative Reporting in Canada (Don Mills, On: Oxford University Press, 2008).
33 Mary Gooderham, “Noisy crowd blocks traffic: Protestors angry over Gulf attack,” Globe and Mail, 17 January 1991, A10; Rosie DiManno, “Political agendas on the march as wartime hits the peace front,” Toronto Star, 18 January 1991, A7; David Shoalts and Mary Gooderham, “Sanctions given no time to work, protestors say,” Globe and Mail, 18 January 1991, A10.
34 Shoalts and Gooderham, “Sanctions”; Paul Moloney, “Marchers burn flags in protest,” Toronto Star, 20 January 1991, C7; Keith Damsell and Susan Chung, “Anti-war demonstrations build,” Toronto Star, 21 January 1991, A4; “Halifax, Amherst sites of anti-war protests,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 21 January 1991, A1.
35 “Ottawa tightens water plant security,” Toronto Star, 22 January 1991, A16.
36 “Police disrupt Ottawa protest,” Toronto Star, 22 January 1991, A16.
37 Robert MacLeod, “Police increase security against terrorist attacks,” Globe and Mail, 18 January 1991, A7.
38 Bruce Erskine, “Local authorities increase vigilance,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 18 January 1991, A4; Tom Peters and Barry Dorey, “Security beefed up at Halifax airport,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 23 January 1991, A5.
39 Andre Picard, “Quebec preparing to increase security,” Globe and Mail, 19 January 1991, A9.
40 Maureen Murray and Bob Brent, “Police issue nationwide security alert,” Toronto Star, 17 January 1991, A17.
41 Keith Damsell and Susan Chung, “Anti-war demonstrations build,” Toronto Star, 21 January 1991.
42 “Censorship guidelines to restrict war reporting.” Globe and Mail, 19 January 1991, A10.
43 Sally Ritchie, “News censorship follows a pattern: Rules similar to Second World War,” Globe and Mail, 21 January 1991, 9.
44 Ritchie, “News censorship follows a pattern.”
45 House of Commons, Debates, vol. 13 (21 January 1991), 1750 (Mr. Mulroney, Prime Minister).
46 Ibid. (Mr. McKnight, Minister of Defence).
47 Hunter, “Harassment: Navy wife finds body bag on her lawn in a series of incidents in Victoria area.”
48 Tim Harper, “Military sure of public support despite harassing calls to wives,” Toronto Star, 24 January 1991, A20.
49 William Walker, “Police probing threats to military families,” Toronto Star, 25 January 1991, A18.
50 Ibid.
51 Don MacDonald, “Forces families harassed,” Chronicle-Herald, 25 January 1991, A3.
52 “CF-18s to ‘sweep and escort,’” Vancouver Sun, 23 January 1991, A4; William Walker, “Canadian pilots sent into combat,” Toronto Star, 20 January 1991, A1; as an aside, pilots often refer to their formations as “four-ship” formations, as opposed to “four-jet” formations.
53 Galante, “Kentville native tapped for first CF-18 mission.”
54 Michael Hanlon, “Canadian jet pilots ‘psyched up’ for war,” Toronto Star, 23 January 1991, A19.
55 Michael Hanlon, “Canadian pilots join first bombing mission,” Toronto Star, 25 January 1991, A16.
56 Tony Wong, “Canadian fighter pilot a ‘bit of a daredevil,’” Toronto Star, 26 January 1991, A10.
57 Hanlon, “Canadian pilots join first bombing mission.”
58 Lt. Col. (ret.) Dave Matthews, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta. 21 November 2003.
59 Scott White, “Canadian troops fear harassment of families back home,” Gazette (Montreal), 28 January 1991, A7.
60 Alan Ferguson, “CF-18 pilots shun limelight: Crank threats to families may have turned pilots shy,” Toronto Star, 28 January 1991, A12.
61 Hugh Winsor and Ross Howard, “Ottawa moves to gain support for Gulf role, boost troop morale,” Globe and Mail, 5 February 1991, A9.
62 Ibid.
63 Geoffrey York, “Weaponry on CF-18s not changing, military says,” Globe and Mail, 30 January 1991, A12.
64 “Crank calls lead military to request media help,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax). 28 January 1991, A5.
65 Terrance Wills, “Canadian Forces brass put zipper on information about the war,” Gazette (Montreal), 23 January 1991, A5.
66 “Censors: Shh . . . there’s a war on,” Calgary Herald, 24 January 1991, A5; “Canadian journalists say they are frustrated by censorship,” Vancouver Sun, 24 January 1991, A6.
67 “Canadian journalists say they are frustrated by censorship,” Vancouver Sun, 24 January 1991, A6. Also see: “CF-18 mission reports under strict censorship,” Vancouver Sun, 23 January 1991, A8; Tim Harper, “Military puts new restrictions on information,” Toronto Star, 23 January 1991, A19; “Canadian reporters blocked from media pools, editors say,” Toronto Star, 23 January 1991, A20; Allan McRae, Canadian journalists want access to front,” Gazette (Montreal), 24 January 1991, A6; “Canadian media protest exclusion,” Globe and Mail, 24 January 1991, A14; Evans Lipton, “Military censorship has become an issue in Persian Gulf,” Toronto Star, 28 January 1991, A18.
68 Paul Koring, “Media army covers wars from hotels,” Globe and Mail, 24 January 1991, A1.
69 Ibid.
70 Linda Hossie, “All quiet on the news front: Lack of war information ‘very undemocratic,’” Globe and Mail, 24 January 1991, A15.
71 William Walker, “Does Ottawa get news of Gulf war from TV?” Toronto Star, 25 January 1991, A16.
72 Ibid.
73 Geoffrey York, “U.S. only source of war details, MPs told,” Globe and Mail, 26 January 1991, A10.
74 Canada, Department of National Defence, Directorate of Public Affairs Operations, Media Guidelines, 20 February 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
75 Ibid.
76 Matthew Fisher, “Pilots glad to switch to bombing,” Globe and Mail, 22 February 1991, A12.
77 Matthew Fisher, “Canada launches bombing,” Globe and Mail, 25 February 1991, A11.
78 Alan Ferguson, “CF-18s pilots shun limelight,” Toronto Star, 28 January 1991, A12.
79 Robert Mason Lee, “First shots: CF-18 pilots asked to join attack on Iraqi boats,” Gazette (Montreal), 31 January 1991, A8.
80 Ross Howard, “Pilots reprimanded for firing at Iraqi ship,” Globe and Mail, 6 February 1991, A11.
81 “Canadian pilots commended,” Chronicle–Herald (Halifax), 7 February 1991, A4.
82 “Servicewomen in Gulf coping in male-dominated environment,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 4 February 1991, A3.
83 “Huron wives’ trek worth it,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 16 February 1991, A4.
84 “CF-18s to assume offensive in ground attacks,” Chronicle–Herald (Halifax), 21 February 1991, A1.
85 Fisher, “Pilots glad to switch to bombing.”
86 Fisher, “Canada launches bombing.”
87 Alan Ferguson, “Owen Sound pilot leads CF-18s jets on first bombing run,” Toronto Star, 25 February 1991, A14.
88 Brian Kennedy, “CF-18s carry out bombing missions,” Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 25 February 1991, A1.
89 Canada, Department of National Defence, After Action Report: Gulf War Public Affairs, Director General Public Affairs. 23 April 1991, obtained by author under the Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
90 Online: http://members.lycos.co.uk/Hornet/index-20 (accessed 8 March 2004).
91 Matthews, interview.
92 Alan Ferguson, “Owen Sound pilot leads CF-18 jets,” Toronto Star, 25 February 1991, A14.
93 Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_iraq_timeline/html/ground_war.stm.
94 Matthews, interview.
95 Canada, Department of National Defence, After Action Report: Gulf War Public Affairs, Director General Public Affairs, 23 April 1991, obtained by author under the Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
96 Canada, Department of National Defence, After Action Report: Gulf War Public Affairs, Director General Public Affairs, 23 April 1991, obtained by author under the Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394.
97 Ibid.
98 Ibid.
99 Terrance Wills, “Female soldiers told to wear civilian clothes,” Gazette (Montreal), 25 January 1997, A7.
100 William Walker, “Police probing threats to military families,” Toronto Star, 25 January 1991, A18.
101 Deborah Wilson, “Military wives harassed: Phone calls, letters say husbands killed,” Globe and Mail, 22 January 1991, A10.
102 The author was a journalist at the Calgary Herald writing about events and issues in Canada involving the war effort. I called the civilian police in Victoria and the civilian and military police in Esquimalt after the Globe and Mail’s story was published. The same information was received from the police: they had no evidence that the incidents took place.
103 Canada, Department of National Defence, Judith A. Mooney, Director of Access to Information and Privacy, letter to author, 7 October 2003, in response to Access to Information Act request A-2003-00704/Team 3-6.
104 Lt. Cmdr. (N) Paul Seguna, telephone interview by author, 16 October 2003; telephone calls by author to 11 Medical Company, 16 October and 5 November 2003.
105 Wilson, “Military wives harassed.”
106 Tim Harper, “Military sure of public support despite harassing calls to wives,” Toronto Star, 24 January 1991, A20.
107 Wilson, “Military wives harassed.”
108 Ibid.
109 CHEK 6 was bought by CanWest Global in 2000 and became for a time CH TV in Victoria. Its news archives were searched for stories relating to the 1991 harassment of Esquimalt military families for this study by CH TV journalist Hudson Mack on 3 October 2003. Mack had worked at the television station since 1985. His archive search failed to discover any such stories.
110 Seguna, telephone interview.
111 McGillivray, interview.
112 Matthews, interview.
113 Bill Cleverley, “Armbands to protest ‘glorifying’ of Gulf War,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 2 January 1991, A1.
114 “Here are the crewmembers of Gulf bound HMCS Huron,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 4 January 1991, A10. The headline writer got it wrong. It was the crew that was bound for the Gulf, not the ship.
115 Judith Lavoie, “Military wives march to back husbands,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 16 January 1991, B1.
116 Ibid.
117 Bill Cleverley, “Esquimalt base tightens checks,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 18 January 1991, A7.
118 “Hoax bomb call at HMC Dockyard sparks evacuation,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 18 January 1991, A7.
119 Judith Lavoie, “Victoria peace activists being harassed, says woman,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 19 January 1991, A6.
120 Ibid.
121 Judith Lavoie, “Service wives ‘reluctant’ to report harassment to police,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 27 January 1991, A6.
122 Ibid.
123 Ibid.
124 Ibid.
125 Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence (Chicago: Markham, 1971), 14.
126 Ibid., 157.
Chapter 7
1 Joy Malbon, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 28 October 2003.
2 Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 12–13.
3 Jeffrey A. Keshen, Propaganda and Censorship during Canada’s Great War (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1996), 31–32.
4 W. H. Kesterton, A History of Journalism in Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), 210.
5 Robert Bergen, “Censorship; The Canadian News Media and Afghanistan: A Historical Comparison with Case Studies,” Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies, Occasional Paper no. 3 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2009), 6–10.
6 Kesterton, A History of Journalism in Canada, 214.
7 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A Guide for Canadians (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1983), 3.
8 The origins of the characterization of the news media as the “fourth estate,” the guardians of democracy serving the public interest in its oversight of the workings of government, are widely misunderstood. The most common reference to the press as the “fourth estate” is found in the nineteenth-century works of author Thomas Carlyle. Carlyle wrote on the business of government, saying that far more comprehensive debate about the government’s business took place outside Parliament thanks to the fourth estate that sat in the reporters’ gallery. Carlyle wrote: “Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters’ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact, – very momentous to us in these times. Literature is our Parliament too. Printing, which comes necessarily out of Writing, I say often, is equivalent to Democracy: invent Writing, Democracy is inevitable. Writing brings Printing; bring universal every-day extempore Printing, as we see present. Whoever can speak, speaking now to the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority.” Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus; On Heroes and Hero Worship (London: Dent Dutton, 1965), 392. It has been widely accepted that Burke penned all those words. In fact, the term “fourth estate” appears in none of Burke’s published works. See Paul Langford, ed., The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, vols. 1–12 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). The term “Fourth Estate” is actually found in an essay by Lord Macaulay published in the Edinburg Review in 1828 and reprinted in Hallam’s Constitutional History of England. Macaulay wrote: “The gallery in which the reporters sit has become the fourth estate of the realm. The publication of debates, a practice which seemed to the most liberal statesmen of the old school full of danger to the great safeguards or public liberty, is now regarded by many persons as a safeguard tantamount, and more than tantamount, to all the rest together.” “Lord Macaulay on Hallam’s Constitutional History of England,” in Henry Hallam, The Constitutional History of England, vol. 2 (London: Alex Murray & Co., 1872), 930.
9 Canada, Department of National Defence, After Action Report, Operation Friction, Director General Public Affairs, Memorandum (Draft) 1350-3350 (DGPA), 24 July 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394/Team 3.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Canada, Department of National Defence, After Action Report: Gulf War Public Affairs. Lt. Col. R. C. Coleman, Memorandum 3350-OF-3 (DND PA), 25 April 1991, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00394/Team 3.
13 Ibid.
14 Canada, Department of National Defence, Adjusting Course: A Naval Strategy for Canada, April 1997, 7.
15 Canada, Department of National Defence, Army Lessons Learned Centre, “Media Relations,” Dispatches, vol. 4, no. 3 (March 1997), 6.
16 Ibid.
17 Bob Bergen, “Soldiers offer journalists a true taste of war,” Calgary Herald, 2 June 1997, B2.
18 Canada, Department of National Defence, The Land Force Strategic Guidance and Direction. pt. 1, chap. 2, 1–16. Online: http://army.dwan.dnd.ca/dlsp/LFSDG_e/Part1/Chapter_2.htm (accessed 16 September 1998).
19 Canada, Department of National Defence, DAOD 2008-4, Public Affairs, Military Doctrine and Canadian Forces Operations, online: http://admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/daod/2008/4_e.asp (accessed 23 June 2005).
20 Ibid. Due to changes in titles, the 2005 website document makes the Assistant Deputy Minister for Public Affairs ADM (PA) responsible for the development of a national public affairs plan, but in 1999 the person responsible for the plan was the Director General Public Affairs (DGPA).
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Malbon, interview.
24 Malbon, interview.
25 Malbon, interview.
26 “Gagging the Media,” National Post, 25 March 1999, A13.
27 Mark Henderson and Carol Midgley, “Belgrade steps up expulsion of press ‘spies,’” Times (London), 26 March 1999, 2.
28 Juliette Terzieff, “Journalists threatened, beaten in Kosovo,” National Post, 26 March 1999, A13.
29 Olivia Ward, “Bombs spark Serb fury: Western journalists expelled at gunpoint in capital,” Toronto Star, 26 March 1999, A1.
30 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, vol. 135, no. 234 (31 May 1999), 15501.
31 Canada, Evidence of Proceedings, House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs, 31 March 1999, online: http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoCom/Doc/36/1/NDVA/Meetings/Evidence/ndvaev99-e.htm (accessed 10 August 2003).
32 Ibid.
33 Lt. Cmdr. Jeff Agnew, telephone interview by author, 30 June 2005.
34 Canada, Department of National Defence, Transcript of briefing by DCDS – Media Q, 24 March 99, obtained by author from National Defence Public Affairs Office – Calgary (hereafter Transcript of briefing by DCDS), online: http://dgpa-dgpa.mil.ca/Transcr/1999Mar/99032409.htm (accessed 8 July 2003).
35 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 24 March 1999.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Brig. Gen. (ret.) James Cox, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
39 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 24 March 1999.
40 Ibid.
41 Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), 195.
42 NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo, Press conference transcript, 25 March 1999, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/p990325a.htm.
43 Ibid.
44 “War with Yugoslavia” Vancouver Sun, 25 March 1999, A19; “NATO blasts Yugoslavia.” Calgary Herald, 25 March 1999, A1; John Ward, “Canada’s CF-18s given baptism of fire,” Calgary Herald, 25 March 1999, D4; “Yugoslavia pounded by NATO,” Province (Vancouver), 25 March 1999, A2; Aileen McCabe and John Nadler, “The bombing begins,” Edmonton Journal, 25 March 1999, A1; Aileen McCabe and John Nadler, “Serbs under fire,” Gazette (Montreal) 25 March 1999, A1; Tim Naumetz, “PM says report proves he’s clean on ‘Shawinigate,’” Ottawa Citizen, 25 March 1999, A9; William Walker, “Canadian jets attack targets,” Toronto Star, 25 March 1999, A11; John Ward, “CF-18s strike at Kosovo: Planes return safe from raid,” Hamilton Spectator, 25 March 1999, C1; “NATO pounds Serb targets,” Daily News (Halifax), 25 March 1999, 8; “NATO missiles pummel Yugoslavia,” Toronto Sun, 25 March 1999, 2; Joel-Denis Bellevance, “Canadian fighters join risky battle against Yugoslavia,” National Post (Toronto), 25 March 1999, A14; John Ward, “Canadian jets join NATO onslaught,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 25 March 1999, A3; “Canadian jets safe after NATO strikes,” Guardian (Charlottetown), 25 March 1999, B7; Graham Fraser, “Canadians in first wave of strikes on Serbia,” Globe and Mail, 25 March 1999, A1.
45 Bob Gilmore, “Canadian fighter pilots in good spirits after raid,” Edmonton Journal, 25 March 1999, A6; John Ward, “CF-18 pilots return safely,” Gazette (Montreal), 25 March 1999, B1.
46 Kate Jaimet, “Home base proud of Canadian crews,” Ottawa Citizen, 25 March 1999, A4.
47 “Canadian warplanes in action,” The National, CBC-TV, 25 March 1999, Broadcast transcript, Canadian NewsDisc.
48 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 25 March 99. online: http://dgpa-dgpa.mil.ca/Transcr/1999Mar/99032509.htm (accessed 7 July 2003).
49 Clark, Waging Modern War, 442.
50 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 25 March 99.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Joy Malbon, email correspondence to author, 24 June 1999.
55 Malbon, email correspondence.
56 Malbon, email correspondence.
57 James Landale and John Phillips, “Two Serb Jets shot down over no-fly zone,” Times (London), 27 March 1999, 2.
58 Malbon, interview.
59 Neil Macdonald, telephone interview by author, 5 September 2003.
60 Macdonald, telephone interview.
61 Macdonald, telephone interview.
62 Malbon, interview.
63 Canada, Department of National Defence, Capt. Mietzner, email correspondence with Lt. Col. S. Wills, Director of Air Force Public Affairs, 19 March 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01184/Team 2.
64 Canada, Department of National Defence, Lt. L. Wilson, email correspondence with Lt. Col. S. Wills, Director of Air Force Public Affairs, 25 March 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01184/Team 2.
65 Canada, Department of National Defence, Lt. Cmdr. Jeff Agnew, email correspondence, Distribution list, 26 March 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01184/Team 2.
66 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 26 March 1999.
67 Confidential interview with author, names were withheld by mutual agreement if requested, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, 16 April 2003.
68 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 26 March 1999.
69 Col. (ret.) Jim Donihee, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 22 April 2003.
70 Capt. Travis Brassington, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
71 Vicki Hall, “Cold Lake pilots head for conflict; Families watch as loved ones thunder into sky,” Edmonton Journal, 27 March 1999, A8.
72 Ibid.; Kenny Eoin, “Families bid farewell to pilots,” Calgary Herald, 27 March 1999, D1; “A tearful farewell to Canadian pilots,” Ottawa Citizen, 27 March 1999, A10; “4 Wing Command prepares for mission over Yugoslavia: 4 jets take off for Italy,” National Post (Toronto), 27 March 1999, A13.
73 Brassington, interview.
74 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 27 March 1999.
75 William Walker, “Canadian pilots miss military targets,” Toronto Star, 27 March 1999, A15.
76 Rosie DiManno, “Canadian jets change targets: Serb troops now in the line of fire in NATO attacks,” Toronto Star, 30 March 1999, A9.
77 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 28 March 1999.
78 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 31 March 1999.
79 Canada, Department of National Defence, Briefing Note prepared for CAS: Op Echo – Communications Approach Issue by Lt. (N) John D. Coppard, D Air PA 2-2. 31 March 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2002-01184/Team 2.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid.
82 Ibid.
83 Ibid.
84 Lt. Cmdr. Jeff Agnew, telephone interview by author, 30 June 2005.
85 Confidential telephone interview with author, names were withheld by mutual agreement if requested, 8 September 2003.
86 Confidential telephone interview.
87 Confidential telephone interview.
88 Confidential telephone interview.
89 “In this country, most MPs on the Commons Defence and Foreign Affairs committees endorsed Canada’s role in the NATO air campaign,” CTV National News, CTV, 31 March 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
Chapter 8
1 Neil Macdonald, telephone interview by author, 5 September 2003.
2 Macdonald, telephone interview.
3 “A Canadian pilot’s story,” The National, CBC-TV, 2 April 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
4 Canada, Department of National Defence, Transcript of briefing by DCDS – Media Q, 2 April 1999, obtained by author from National Defence Public Affairs Office – Calgary (hereafter Transcript of briefing by DCDS). online: http://dgpa-dgpa.mil.ca/Transcr/1999Apr/99040207.htm (accessed 16 July 2003).
5 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 2 April 1999.
6 “Canadian pilots based in Aviano, Italy, have been flying combat missions into Yugoslavia and now we have a Canadian pilot’s eyewitness account,” CTV National News, CTV, 2 April 1999, Canadian NewsDisc; Tim Harper, “Canadian pilot tells of mission into enemy skies,” Toronto Star, 3 April 1999, A23; “NATO cruise missile attack shakes Yugoslavia’s capital,” Vancouver Sun, 3 April 1999, A1; Joan Bryden, “Canadian pilot nervous and proud,” Edmonton Journal, 3 April 1999, A1; Joan Bryden, “I admit, sometimes I wanted to cry,” Ottawa Citizen, 3 April 1999, A5; Joan Bryden, “For CF-18 pilots, fear, excitement and pride,” Gazette (Montreal), 3 April 1999, A19; Joan Bryden, “People are going to shoot at you,” Daily News (Halifax), 3 April 1999, 10; Stephanie Rubec, “Missiles and MiGs all in a day’s work,” Toronto Sun, 3 April 1999, 5; Leanne Yohemas-Hayes, “‘Sometimes I wanted to cry,” Hamilton Spectator, 3 April 1999, B1; Geoffrey York, “Human factor never in my mind,” Globe and Mail, 3 April 1999, A1.
7 Lt. Cmdr. Jeff Agnew, telephone interview by author, 30 June 2005.
8 Lt. Col. Sylvain Faucher, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 29 October 2003.
9 Geoffrey York, email correspondence to author, 11 August 2003.
10 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 4 April 1999.
11 United States, Department of Defence, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), DoD News briefing, 6 April 1999 (hereafter DoD News briefing). Online: http://www.pentagon.mil/transcripts/1999/t04061999_t0406asd.html (accessed 4 July2005).
12 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 6 April 1999.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Rosie DiManno, “Aviano: The counterpoint to chaos,” Toronto Star, 8 April 1999, A9.
16 Geoffrey York, “Canadian operations kept under wraps,” Globe and Mail, 9 April 1999, A18.
17 Ibid.
18 Geoffrey York, email correspondence to author, 11 August 2003.
19 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 14 April 1999.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 17 April 99.
23 “My first combat mission,” Maple Leaf, vol. 2, no. 7, 15 April 1999. Online: http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/community/mapleleaf/html (accessed 9 September 2003).
24 “Pilots tell of combat stress,” Gazette (Montreal), 26 April 1999, A12; “CF-18 pilot recounts first combat mission,” Daily News (Halifax), 6 April 1999; “Military journal reveals pilot’s brush with Serbs,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 26 April 1999, A3; “Canadian pilot details harrowing mission,” Globe and Mail, 26 April 1999, A12.
25 Faucher, interview.
26 DoD News briefing, 16 April 1999.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 DoD News briefing, 2 April 1999.
30 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 17 April 1999.
31 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 18 April 1999.
32 Ibid.
33 Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975).
34 Robert Bergen, “Censorship; the Canadian News Media and Afghanistan: A Historical Comparison with Case Studies,” Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies, Occasional Paper no. 3 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2009).
35 “Canada on the attack,” CBC News, online: http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/canadaattack/military.html (accessed 17 June 2003).
36 Gen. (ret.) Maurice Baril, telephone interview by author, 3 November 2003.
37 Baril, telephone interview.
38 Joe Warmington, telephone interview with author, 15 September 2003.
39 Robert W. Bergen, “Balkan Rats and Balkan Bats” (PhD diss., University of Calgary, 2005), 312
40 NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo, Press conference transcript, 31 March 1999, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm.
41 Joy Malbon, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 28 October 2003.
42 Malbon, interview.
43 Malbon, interview.
44 Lt. Cmdr. (N) John Larsen, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 19 June 2003.
45 Larsen, interview.
46 Larsen, interview.
47 Larsen, interview.
48 “A Canadian pilot’s view of Canada’s role in the NATO bombing raid,” CTV National News, CTV, 18 April 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
49 Malbon, interview.
50 “In their own words, Canada’s troops describe their mission,” CTV National News, CTV, 24 April 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
51 Malbon, interview.
52 Larsen, interview.
53 The story didn’t explain the difference between the two types of computers or what might be the problem with a 1980s-vintage computer technology. The Commodore 64 was originally developed as a video game engine that could be programmed for a different game when the previously installed one became old hat. See online: http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=98. The main problem with the 1980s technology was that it was both difficult to find software for and was so limited in what it could do in terms of multi-tasking that some of the CF-18s’ capabilities were lost when modified to accommodate precision-guided munitions.
54 Joe Warmington, “CF-18s showing their age; Canadian pilots urge spending on new warplanes,” Toronto Sun, 18 April 1999, 4.
55 Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
56 Joe Warmington, telephone interview by author, 15 September 2003.
57 Warmington, telephone interview.
58 Warmington, telephone interview.
59 Warmington, telephone interview.
60 Sean Durkan, “DND says CF-18s OK; but pilot quips they’re like ‘Commodore 64,’” Toronto Sun, 19 April 1999, 34.
61 Transcript of briefing by DCDS, 18 April 1999.
62 Ibid.
63 “B roll” is additional footage shot by a television cameraman or woman that is secondary and augments the main video of a story.
64 Larsen, interview.
65 Larsen, interview.
66 Malbon, interview.
67 Malbon, interview.
68 DoD News briefing, 19 April 1999.
69 NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo Press Conference, 25 March; 1 April; 13 April 1999, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/p990325a.htm; http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/p990401c.htm; http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/p990413a.htm.
Chapter 9
1 Lt. Col. Sylvain Faucher, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 19 October 2003.
2 Faucher, interview.
3 Faucher, interview.
4 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
5 Confidential interview by author, names were withheld by mutual consent if requested, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003.
6 Confidential interview.
7 Confidential interview.
8 “Midas,” Semi-confidential interview with author, full names were withheld by mutual consent if requested and call signs used instead, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
9 Maj. Kirk Soroka, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, 14 Alberta, April 2003.
10 Soroka, interview.
11 Confidential interview.
12 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
13 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
14 Col. (ret.) J. M. Donihee, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 22 April 2003.
15 Defence spending accounted for 2.2 per cent of the Canadian Gross Domestic Product in 1985–1987. By 1994, defence spending was 1.7 per cent of the GDP. By 2003 it had dropped to about 1.1 per cent, representing a 50 per cent drop since the 1980s. See Douglas Bland, ed., Canada without Armed Forces (Kingston: Queen’s University School of Policy Studies, 2003), 105–6.
16 Bob Bergen, “Trouble in the marriage: Man and machine need to bridge trust and fear,” Calgary Herald, 29 April 1990, C2.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Donihee, interview.
21 Donihee, interview.
22 “Hooker,” telephone interview by author, 24 April 2003.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, telephone interview by author, 9 April 2003.
26 Flynn, telephone interview.
27 Flynn, telephone interview.
28 Flynn, telephone interview.
29 Bob Bergen, “Cause of recent crashes still up in the air,” Calgary Herald, 29 April 1990, C2; Bergen, “Trouble in the marriage.”
30 Capt. Neil McRury, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 16 April 2003.
31 Donihee, interview.
32 “Hooker,” telephone interview.
33 Donihee, interview.
34 Canada, Department of National Defence, Operation Echo – Lessons Learned Staff Action Directive. Annex A, 12 January 2000, Released informally to author under Access to Information Act request A-2001-00308 and formally to author under request A-2003-00305/Team1.
35 Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 259.
36 Ivo H. Daalder and Michael E. O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATO’s War to Save Kosovo (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), 144–45.
37 Daalder and O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly, 103.
38 Daalder and O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly, 103. It has been observed that the Kosovo air war shocked western Europeans into a grim realization of just how much they and NATO were completely dependent on the United States military. As a result, European leaders announced on 3 June 1999 that they would build their own self-sufficient military. David Fromkin, Kosovo Crossing: American Ideals Meet Reality on the Balkan Battlefields (New York: The Free Press, 1999), 185.
39 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. and ed., Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 119.
Chapter 10
1 Canada, Department of National Defence, Transcript briefing by DCDS – Media Q, 20 April 1999, obtained by author from National Defence Public Affairs Office – Calgary (hereafter Transcript briefing by DCDS). online: http://dgpa-dgpa.mil.ca/Transcr/1999April/99042006.htm (accessed 16 July 2003).
2 Lt. Cmdr. Jeff Agnew, telephone interview by author, 30 June 2005.
3 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 22 April 1999.
4 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 22 April 1999.
5 Ibid.
6 Department of National Defence, Col. D. A. Davies, Commander, Task Force Aviano, Letter to the Chief of Staff J3, Mislabelled Video Purporting to be a CF-18 Mission, 22 April 1999, obtained by author under Access to Information Act request A-2003-00396/Team 3-5.
7 NATO Meeting, The National, CBC TV, 22 April 1999; “Canadian fighter pilots received some unwelcome praise and publicity from Washington today,” CTV National News, CTV, 22 April 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
8 Julian Beltrame, “Ottawa says war video is plane-ly wrong; Attack on Yugoslavia,” Edmonton Journal, 23 April 1999, A1; Julian Beltrame, “DND officials in a flap over release of bomb video,” Ottawa Citizen, 23 April 1999, A8; “Milosevic sites hit by NATO,” Hamilton Spectator, 23 April 1999, C4; “Sometimes even praise can be an unwelcome thing,” National Post (Toronto), 23 April 1999, A5; “UN solution unlikely, Chrétien says,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 23 April 1999, A4; Brian Laghi and Murray Campbell, “Ottawa tops up Kosovo relief,” Globe and Mail, 23 April 1999, A15; Sean Durkan, “Canada beefs over NATO bombing video,” Toronto Sun, 23 April 1999, 51. On 23 April 1999, US Assistant Secretary of Defence (Public Affairs) Kenneth Bacon told journalists attending the Pentagon’s press briefing that the previous day’s identification of the F-18 in the Pentagon video as Canadian was a mistake.
9 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 23 April 1999.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid. It was not possible to learn the names of the journalists attending the briefing that day from transcripts. Unlike in the transcripts from some other days, no journalists were identified.
12 NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo, Press conference transcript, 15 May 1999, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm.
13 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 6 May 1999.
14 Eric Schmitt, “More Anti-U.S. Protests in Beijing as Officials Study Bombing,” New York Times, 10 May 1999, 1.
15 NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo, Press conference transcript, 15 May 1999, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm.
16 Michael R. Gordon, “NATO Admits Village Attack and Casualties,” New York Times International, 16 May 1999, 1.
17 Felicity Barringer, “Editors Seek More Information on the Air War,” New York Times, 16 April 1999, 11.
18 Ibid.
19 Gen. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), 444–45.
20 Ibid., 444.
21 R. W. Apple, Jr., “Clinton Tailors Legacy but Kosovo Isn’t Fabric,” New York Times International, 10 June 1999, A20. On 12 June 1999, two days after the bombing campaign ended, a New York Times journalist eventually was able to get aboard an American Jstars surveillance aircraft on a flight over Albania and report on the difficulties in flying such missions. But from a journalistic perspective, by the time the story was published two days after that, its timeliness and, in the process, its relevance were compromised.
22 Maj. Stéphane Hébert, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 22 October 2003.
23 Hébert, interview.
24 Hébert, interview.
25 Paul Workman, telephone interview by author, 13 August 2003.
26 Workman, telephone interview.
27 “Canadians in combat,” The National, CBC-TV, 13 May 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
28 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 14 May 1999.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
Chapter 11
1 Allan Thompson, “Canada earns air stripes in Kosovo, but our top soldier fears the strain of a ground war,” Toronto Star, 29 May 1999, A1.
2 “Canadian planes led missions,” Daily News (Halifax), 17 June 1999, 8; Eileen McCabe, “Chretien thanks air crews in Italy,” Ottawa Citizen, 21 June 1999, A6.
3 “Most Canadian CF-18s begin long journey home,” Toronto Star, 26 June 1999, A24; “Most of Canada’s CF-18 crews about to begin journey home,” Calgary Herald, 26 June 1999, A17.
4 Maj. Alain Pelletier, telephone interview by author, 16 July 2003.
5 Pelletier, telephone interview.
6 Cpl. Patrick Savoie, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec, 21 October 2003.
7 “Chimp,” interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
8 Ibid.
9 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, telephone interview by author, 9 April 2003.
10 Gen. Raymond Henault, telephone interview by author, 22 September 2003.
11 Lt. Cmdr. (N) John Larsen, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 19 June 2003.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Telephone interview by author, 8 September 2003.
16 Ibid.
17 The parliamentary press gallery was initially composed only of newspaper journalists and remained that way until 1959, when broadcasters were admitted. Television camera and sound crews were admitted in 1982. Canadian Parliamentary Guide 1998–1999, ed. Kathryn O’Handy (Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group Inc., 1999), 547–51.
18 Telephone interview by author, 8 September 2003.
19 Peter W. W. Wijninga and Richard Szafranski, “Beyond Utility Targeting: Toward Axiological Air Operations,” Aerospace Power Journal 14, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 45–59.
20 Paul Rexton Kan, “What Should We bomb? Axiological Targeting and the Abiding Limits of Airpower Theory,” Air & Space Power Journal 18, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 25–32.
21 James Kitfield, “Lessons from Kosovo: Bad Things Happen When the Media and the Military Butt Heads Yet Again,” Media Studies Journal 15, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 34–39.
22 NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo, Press conference transcript, 22 May 1999, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm.
23 Ibid.
24 Department of National Defence, Transcript briefing by DCDS – Media Q, 22 May 1999, obtained by author from National Defence Public Affairs Office – Calgary (hereafter Transcript briefing by DCDS), online: http://dgpa-dgpa.mil.ca/Transcr/1999Jun/99052204.htm (accessed 16 July 2003).
25 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 1 June 1999.
26 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 1 June 1999.
27 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 2 June 1999.
28 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 2 June 1999.
29 Dean Beeby, “Error forces CF-18 repairs,” Toronto Star, 2 June 1999, A11.
30 Dean Beeby, “Maintenance mistake weakened engine blades on all CF-18s,” Gazette (Montreal), 2 June 1999, A13.
31 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 4 June 1999.
32 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 4 June 1999.
33 Allan Thompson, “Fighting defended Canadian values, Chrétien says; but some say peacekeeping image is sullied,” Toronto Star, 11 June 1999, A10.
34 John Ward, “Canadian crews happy air war is over,” Hamilton Spectator, 16 June 1999, D2; “Canadian crews grateful,” Daily News (Halifax), 16 June 1999, 11; “Weary air crews ready to celebrate,” Times Colonist (Victoria), 16 June 1999, A5.
35 Transcript briefing by DCDS, 16 June 1999.
36 “Canadian planes led missions,” Daily News (Halifax), 17 June 1999, 8.
37 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, in Bob Bergen, “Balkan Rats and Balkan Bats: The Untold Story Of Canada’s Air Force during the Kosovo Air War,” Paper presented at the Conference of Defence Associations Institute 6th Annual Graduate Student Symposium, Kingston, ON, October 2003.
38 Paul Workman, telephone interview by author, 13 August 2003.
39 “Twelve Canadian Fighter Pilots Return Home from War,” Canada AM, CTV, 29 June 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
40 “View from the jets,” The National, CBC-TV, 29 June 1999, Canadian NewsDisc.
41 Canada, National Defence Headquarters, Defence Ethics Program, “Ethics and Operations Project: Project Report,” 9 March 2000, p. 8, online: http://www.dnd.ca/ethics/pages/kdocs_e.htm (accessed 25 September 2003).
42 Brig. Gen. (ret.) David Jurkowski, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
43 Larsen, interview.
Chapter 12
1 See NATO, NATO’s role in Kosovo, online: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/docu/u990610a.htm.
2 Duska Anastasijevic, “The Closing of the Kosovo Cycle: Victimization versus Responsibility,” in Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention, ed. Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur (New York: United Nations University Press, 2000), 57.
3 Lt. Col. (ret.) William Allen Flynn, telephone interview by author, 9 April 2003.
4 Canada. National Defence. News Release, 25 June 1999, online: http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=706 (accessed 12 April 2004).
5 Confidential interview by author, names were withheld by mutual consent if requested, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, Quebec. 22 October 2003.
6 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta. 15 April 2003.
7 Confidential interview.
8 Capt. Travis Brassington, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
9 Maj. Kirk Soroka, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 14 April 2003.
10 David L. Bashow et al., “Mission Ready: Canada’s Role in the Kosovo Air Campaign,” Canadian Military Journal 1, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 59.
11 Bashow et al., “Mission Ready.”
12 Patrick Martin, “Balkan Rats,” Air Forces Monthly (November 1999): 56–59.
13 David Bercuson, Blood on the Hills: The Canadian Army in the Korean War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 11.
14 Canada, Governor General of Canada, Meritorious Service decorations, online: https://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=221&t=16&ln=Davies.
15 Canada, Governor General of Canada, Meritorious Service decorations, online: https://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=222&t=16&ln=Parker.
16 Soroka, interview.
17 For a complete list of the Canadian orders, decorations, medals, and their precedence, see the Governor General of Canada’s website at: https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=5&lan=eng.
18 Soroka, interview.
19 Soroka, interview.
20 Capt. John Edelman, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
21 Capt. Brett Glaeser, interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta, 15 April 2003.
22 Interview by author, Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta. 15 April 2003.
23 Col. (ret.) Jim Donihee, interview by author, Calgary, Alberta, 22 April 2003.
24 Lt. Col. Sylvain Faucher, interview with author, Ottawa, Ontario, 29 October 2003.
25 “Hooker,” telephone interview by author, 9 April 2003.
26 Flynn, telephone interview, 5 July 2005.
27 Brig. Gen. (ret.) David Jurkowski, interview by author, Ottawa, Ontario, 27 October 2003.
28 Gen. Raymond Henault, telephone interview by author, 22 September 2003.
29 Canada, National Defence Headquarters, Judith A, Mooney, Director of Access to Information and Privacy, letter on behalf of to author, 30 September 2003, in response to Access to Information Act request A-2003-00486/Team 1.
30 Access to Information Act, s. 21.
31 Canada, Rideau Hall, The Chancellery, Mary de Bellefeuille-Percy, letter to author, 31 October 2003, in response to Access to Information Act request A-2003-00486/Team 1.
32 Bob Bergen, “Air Force men and women deserve more than a better than nothing medal,” 6 March 2007, online: http://www.cdfai.org/bergenarticles/Air%20force%20men%20and%20women%20deserve%20more%20than%20a%20better%20than%20nothing%20medal.pdf (accessed 6 March 2007).
33 Telephone interview by author, 27 March 2007.
34 Flynn, telephone interview, 5 July 2005.
35 Maj. Kirk Soroka, telephone interview by author.
36 Confidential telephone interview by author.
37 Bob Bergen, “New Historic Battle Honour for Canadian Fighter Jet Squadrons Bittersweet,” 12 December 2007, online: http://www.cdfai.org/bergenarticles/New%20historic%20Battle%20Honour%20for%20Canadian%20jet%20fighter%20squadrons%20bittersweet.pd (accessed 12 December 2007).
38 Government of Canada. Order Awarding of the General Campaign Star with the ALLIED FORCE RIBBON. online: http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2010-03-31/html/si-tr19-eng.htm (accessed 9 September 2012).
Chapter 13
1 Canada, Royal Commission on Newspapers (Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1981), 21.
2 Ibid.
Afterword
1 Robert W. Bergen, “Censorship; the Canadian News Media and Afghanistan: A Historical Comparison with Case Studies,” Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies, Occasional Paper no. 3 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2009).
2 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, vol. 147, no. 128 (20 October 2014), 8583.
3 Ibid.
4 Michael Friscolanti, “Uncovering a Killer,” Maclean’s, 10 November 2014, 36–42.
5 Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada, “Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada in Ottawa,” online. https://cija.ca/prime-minister-ottawa/.
6 Graeme Hamilton, “No uniforms in public for Quebec troops,” National Post, 23 October 2014, A11.
7 Erin Anderson, “Canadian Forces uniform ‘is not a costume,’” Globe and Mail, 25 October 2014, A4.
8 John McGuire, online: https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/john-maguire-an-isis-fighter-from-ottawa-appears-on-video-warning-canada-of-attacks-where-it-hurts-you-the-most.
9 Raoul Dandurand, in Historical Documents of Canada, vol. 5: The Arts of War and Peace, ed. C. P. Stacey (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1972), 511.
10 Barack Obama, President of the United States, online: https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/barack-obama-sony-made-a-mistake-canceling-the-interview-241123/.
11 W. H. Kesterton, A History of Journalism in Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), 246.
12 Jeffrey A. Keshen, Propaganda and Censorship during Canada’s Great War (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1996), xiii.
13 Ibid., 12–13.
14 Kesterton, A History of Journalism in Canada, 248.
15 David J. Bercuson, Maple Leaf against the Axis: Canada’s Second World War (Toronto: Stoddart, 1995), 61.
16 Ross Munro, Gauntlet to Overlord: The Story of the Canadian Army (Toronto; Macmillian Canada, 1946), 326–37.
17 Ibid., 326.
18 Ross Munro, “I saw Canadian Heroes Die at Dieppe,” Vancouver Sun, 21 August 1942.
19 Munro, Gauntlet to Overlord, 337.