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INDEX
A
- Aba, x, 1, 2, 37, 42, 68, 74, 84, 123, 126, 127, 138, 147, 163, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186–89, 235, 252, 254, 257, 275–77
- Abaja, 166
- Abak, 114, 198
- Abakaliki, 215, 224
- Abeokuta, 66, 136
- Abia State, 4, 256, 283n7
- Abia/Bendeghe Cocoa Estate, 203
- Accelerated Development Agricultural Programs, 245
- Achara, 63
- Achebe, Chinua, 43, 44
- Achebe, Nwando, 16
- Achi, 100
- Afigbo, Adiele, 128, 140
- Afikpo, 4, 138, 176, 251
- African Association Limited, 298n14
- Aftenpos, 221
- Agbaja, 114
- Aguata, 283n7
- Agwu Division, 169
- Ahaoda, 255
- Ahiara, 63, 116, 135
- Expedition of, 298n15
- Akabo, 154
- Akwete, 32, 153
- Alagoa, E. J., 62
- Allen, J.G.C., 70, 72, 74
- Alliance for Health, 233
- Allpress, P. L., 170
- Amaeke Abam Rubber Estate, 203
- Amata, 127
- Ambroses Rivers, 51
- Ameke Abam, 240
- American crops, 30
- American Jewish Committee, 222
- Anang, 5
- Anderson, David, 170
- Andoni, 127
- Anglican Diocese of the Niger, 107
- Anglo-Spanish Employment Agency, 261
- Aro, 48, 53, 116
- Arochukwu Cocoa Estate, 203, 203
- Asa, 283n7
- Asaba, 78, 107, 283n7
- Division, 136
- Asia, 124
- Asian crops, 30
- Atlantic Slave Trade, 17, 20, 31, 34, 35, 49, 51, 55, 87, 296n134
- Atta, 129
- Attwood, R. L., 147
- Awgu Division, 176
- Awka, 14, 48, 93, 137, 138, 139, 183, 194, 254, 255
- Native Court of, 137
- Azumini, 113
B
- bamboo, 171
- Bamenda, 40, 109
- Barbot, James, 50
- Barbot, John, 50, 51
- Basden, G. T., 41, 45, 133
- Bauer, P. T., 192
- beeswax, 171
- Belgian Congo, 167
- Belgian Geographical Society, 57
- Bende, 48, 126, 147
- Division of, 179
- Benin, 29, 39, 136
- Benue, 257
- Berry Sara, 7, 9, 115, 232
- Biafra, 38, 220, 221, 224
- Biafra Development Corporation (BDC), 225
- Biakpan Rubber Estate, 203
- Bight Negroes, 50
- Bight of Biafra, 30, 41, 49, 50, 52, 89
- biscuits, 173
- Boje Cocoa Estate, 203
- Boki, 208
- Bonny, 31, 79, 89
- Coconut Estate in, 203
- Boserup, Ester, 8
- Braham, Alex J., 67
- bread, 173
- Bridges, A.F.B., 70, 113, 187
- Britain, 168
- Empire of, 59
- British and Continental African Company Limited, 298n14
- British, 170, 172, 182, 259
- Brockway, Lord Fenner, 221
- Brown, J. B., 109
- Butcher, H.L.M., 187
- butter, 173
C
- Calabar, 31, 61, 62, 75, 78, 89, 125, 147, 188, 202, 261
- Calaro Oil Palm Estate, 203
- Cameroon, 40, 109, 259, 263
- Campbell, Benjamin, 52
- Cape of Good Hope, 29
- Carew, W. E., 32
- Caritas, 219
- Carr, F. D., 86, 87, 157, 164, 166, 167, 300n52, 302n11
- cassava, 114, 177, 214, 215, 245, 250, 252, 254, 267
- cattle, 30
- Ceylon, 207
- Chambers, Douglas, 49
- charcoal fuel, 171
- Chubb, L. T., 166, 191
- Chuku, Gloria, 16
- Chukuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, 217, 225
- Church Missionary Society, 101
- Church of Biafra, 107
- Clifford, Hugh, 79, 81, 93
- Clough, Raymond Gore, 57, 84, 132, 134
- Clute, Robert, 8
- cocoyams, 28, 30
- Colonial Development and Welfare Act, 190, 196
- Committee for Peace in Nigeria, 221
- confectionery, 173
- Conference of Christian Rural Workers, 102
- Congo, 81
- Cooks, A. E., 74, 84, 85, 126, 139, 147, 182
- Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 39
- Couper Johnstone and Company, 298n14
- Coursey, D. G., 41
- Cross River, 4, 29, 48, 127, 254
D
E
- Eastern Nigeria, xi, 1, 10, 4, 81, 104, 108, 111, 115, 131, 168, 182, 183, 194, 200
- Eboe, 50
- Echeruo, Michael J.C., 41, 42, 53, 84
- Efik, 55, 261
- Egbema, 245
- Egejuru, Phanuel, 44, 266
- Egerton, Walter, 76, 79
- Egypt, 29
- Ekechi, Felix, 79
- Ekecjiuba, Felicia, 42, 55
- Eket Oil Palm Estate, 203
- Ekoi, 55
- Ekwerazu, 116, 135
- Elele, 255
- Eltis, David, 49
- Eluama, 159
- Emeabiam, 240, 267
- Rubber Estate in, 203
- Enugu, x, 121, 215, 235, 256
- Enugu-Ezike, 156
- Equiano, Olaudah, 31, 32, 40, 291n23
- Erei, 208
- Etche Rubber Estate, 203
- Etiti, 255
- Etua, 63
- Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 27
- Ezionum, 63
- Ezza, 32, 35, 63, 255
- Ezzi, 138
F
- Falconbridge, Alexander, 41, 50
- Falk, Edward Morris, 1, 42, 68, 84, 90, 147
- farm settlements, x, 10, 101, 192, 200, 207–12, 228, 238, 319n62
- Faulkner, O. T., 91, 98, 99
- Feierman, Steven, 125
- Fernando Po, 260, 261, 263
- First World War, 91, 259
- fish, 30, 31, 47, 92, 173, 224, 229
- FitzGerald, J.E.A., 163
- Flint, J. E., 29
- flour, 173, 175
- Floyd, Barry, 14, 209, 210
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 6, 285n15
- Forest Department, 78
- Fortes, M., 27
- Fourth National Development Plan, 1981–85, 240
- French, 39
- Freund, Bill, 94
G
H
I
- Ibadan, 98, 100, 102
- Ibiae Oil Palm Estate, 203
- Ibibio, 50, 261
- Ibrahim Babangida, 244
- Idemili, 283n7
- Idoma, 55
- Idu, 62
- Ife, 79, 117
- Igala, 55
- Igbariam, 208
- Igbo Diaspora, 221
- Ijo, 55
- Ikom, 138
- cocoa estate in, 203
- Illife, John, 92, 170
- Imo River, 49, 90, 127, 254
- Imo State, 4, 256
- India, 207
- indirect rule, 64, 65–67, 71, 124, 128, 142, 174, 299n20, 299n29
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 221, 223
- International Monetary Fund, 6, 7
- Iranian Revolution, 230
- Isichei, Elizabeth, 47, 255
- Israel, 207, 209
- Isu, 255
- Isuikwato, 159
- Itu, 49, 127, 185
- Izza, 48
J
K
L
- Lagemann, J., 9
- Lagos, 78, 168, 175, 235
- Land and Native Rights Ordinances, 81
- Land Use Decree, 239
- Latin America, 124
- Law, Bonar, 111
- Leith-Ross, Sylvia, 75, 128, 253
- Leonard, Major A. G., 62
- Leslie, S.A.S., 175
- Leverhulme, Lord, 79
- Levi, John, 7
- Liberia, 124
- Lindsay, Kenneth, 219, 226
- Liverpool African Company, 298n14
- Liverpool, 52, 79
- London, 13, 62
- Lugard, Sir Frederick, 63, 66, 136
- Lyttelton Constitution, 10, 197
M
- MacDonald, Sir Claude, 75, 78
- MacKay, Alexander, 133
- MacKenzie, N.A.P.G., 135
- Mackie, J. R., 33, 83, 168, 172
- Makurdi, 256
- Malaya, 159, 207
- Maloney, Alfred, 78
- Mann, Michael, 103, 104, 105
- Martin, Susan, 9, 15, 16, 55, 56, 114, 115, 249
- Mau Mau, 217
- Mba Nina, 57
- Mbaise, 2, 41, 114, 116–17, 135, 156, 194, 206, 254, 258, 265
- Mbano, 206, 255
- Mbawsi, 127, 187
- McCall, J.A.G., 172
- McNair, Henderson and Company, 57
- meat, 30, 47, 92, 173, 219, 266
- Meek, C. K., 93
- Meillassoux, Claude, 36
- Midim, 114
- milk, 173, 175
- Miller, Henry Alexander, 123
- Mkporobo, 153
- Monteith, Archibald, 31
- Moore, Sir Ralph, 62, 63, 76
- Morgan, W. B., 37, 251
- Morrill, W. T., 219
N
- National Archives of Nigeria, Enugu, 23
- Native Revenue Amendment Ordinance, 139
- Ndioji Abam, 240
- Ndoki, 32
- Ndokwa, 283n7
- New Calabar, 51, 61, 62
- New York, 158
- Nguema, Macias, 263
- Nguru, x, 153, 156, 157, 158, 186, 253
- Ngwa, 37, 50, 56, 115, 120, 135, 199, 254, 283n7
- Niger Coast, 61
- Protectorate of, 62
- Niger Company, 132, 133
- Niger Delta, 53, 61
- Niger Diocese, 101
- Niger River, 29
- Nigeria Defense (Oil Palm Production) Regulation No. 55, 170
- Nigeria General Defense Regulations (Law No. 75 of 1941), 276
- Nigeria Oil Produce Marketing Board, 113
- Nigerian Civil War, 11, 38, 44, 197, 217, 229, 230, 241, 261, 267
- social history of, 286n33
- Nigerian Ten-Year Plan for Development, 190
- Nike, 48
- Njoku, Raphael, 28
- Nkporo, 240
- Nkwere, 86
- Nnaemeka, Obioma, 22
- Nnewi District, 169
- Northern Nigeria, 63, 81, 167, 175, 182–83, 187, 189, 258
- Nri, 42, 48, 53, 54, 283n7, 296n126
- Nsadop Oil Palm Estate, 203
- Nsugbe, 32
- Nsukka, 40
- Nung Okot, 114
- Nwadike, Mark, x
- Nwana, Eugene, 210
- Nyendael, David van, 39
- Nzegwu, Nkiru, 128
- Nziem, Ndaywel, 22
O
- O’Connor, Dermot, 176
- Obako, 153
- Obanko, 153
- Obigbo, 236, 255, 261
- Obitti, 240
- Obohia, 63, 153
- Obowo, 42, 105, 130, 135, 153, 206, 255
- Obrenyi Cocoa Estate, 203
- Obubra, 138
- Obudu District, 171
- Obunku, 153
- Ofomata, G.E.K., 14
- Ofonagoro, Walter, 15
- Ogbe, 116
- Oghe Cashew Industry, 203
- Ogidi, 32
- Ogoja, 138, 171, 176, 215
- Province of, 138
- Oguta, 28, 61, 79, 117, 158–59, 249, 283n7
- Ogwe, 187
- Ohadike, Don C., 63, 250
- Ohafia, 42
- Ohaji, 147, 240
- Ohambele, 153
- Ohanko, 153
- Ohanso, 153
- Ohaozara, 224
- Ohuru, 63, 153
- Oil Palm Rehabilitation Scheme, 200, 201
- Oil River, 84, 298n14
- Okeke, P. N., 207
- Okigwe, 48, 57, 105, 127, 159, 166, 186, 193
- Okirika, 79, 89
- Okpala, 155, 157, 158, 186
- Okpara, M. I., x, 10, 200, 201, 207, 213, 241
- Old Calabar, 54
- Oloibiri, xv
- Oloko, 126, 147, 139, 140, 142, 166
- Olomo, 132, 148
- Oluwasanmi, H. A., 192
- Omoba, 187, 189, 257
- Omoku, 62
- Omuma Native Court, 179
- Ondo, 136
- Onitsha Division, 99
- Onitsha Province, 130, 137–38, 169, 174, 176, 211
- Onitsha, 4, 14, 28, 34, 40, 57, 100, 101, 104, 112, 121, 159, 171, 179, 185, 194, 250
- Onwu, Emmanuel Nlenanya, 41
- Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), 238
- Opobo, 114, 155
- Oratta, 135
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 230
- Orlu, 37, 48, 193–94, 254, 283n7
- Ormsby-Gore, W.G.A., 59, 68, 91, 137, 250
- Orokpo, 63
- Ossamari, 49, 117
- Ottenberg, Phoebe, 251–52
- Ottenberg, Simon, 15, 249, 253
- Oturkpo, 257
- Owerri, 14, 37, 79, 93, 100, 112, 125, 139, 141, 153, 166, 186, 194, 206, 249
- Owerrinta, 79, 113, 186
- Oyewumi, Oyeronke, 11
- Oyo, 66, 136
- Ozuitem, 175, 187, 240, 258
P
- Pall Mall Gazette, 59
- palm oil, xiv, 3, 15, 20, 32, 47, 50–53, 56–57, 60, 70, 84–85, 93, 95, 99, 111–13, 115–18, 131, 134, 148, 158, 160, 164, 165–67, 187, 194, 199, 214, 229, 257, 270, 275
- depression in, 257
- development of 3, 20, 287n35
- export of, 2, 51, 52, 56, 77, 82, 83, 135, 167, 229, 249
- industry, 15
- inspection of, 87
- plantations, 80, 86, 111
- price of, 53, 130, 131, 195, 257
- production of, 4, 16, 52–53, 56, 62, 79, 82, 86, 87, 95, 97, 112, 119, 165, 169, 172, 192, 198, 200, 226
- source of accumulation, 3
- trade in, 15, 49, 52–56, 78, 95, 115, 116–17, 125, 133, 228, 268
- Palmer, H. P., 59
- Peace Preservation Order, 153
- peasants, 79, 81–82, 87, 92, 94, 96, 112, 119–20, 123–25, 128, 130, 134, 136, 146, 154, 155, 158, 160–61, 166–67, 169, 170–71, 176, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 190, 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 209, 213–14, 216, 224, 232, 235–39, 241, 251, 260, 267, 269–71, 278, 280
- peasantry, 19, 60, 118, 170, 195, 196
- Perham, Margery, 128
- petitions, 2, 12, 13, 17, 24, 130, 138, 154, 165, 179, 182–86, 188–90, 195, 259, 276–77
- Pioneer Oil Mills (POM), 240
- Polimeni, John, 244
- Polimeni, Raluca, 244
- Port Harcourt, 121, 235, 244, 256
- Portuguese, 29
- Prior, Reverend Kenneth, 101
- prostitution, 261
- Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, 62
R
- raffia, 171
- rebellion, 11, 12, 26, 129, 143, 217
- Red Cross, 219
- revolt, 2, 12–13, 75–76, 123–34, 140–49, 153–56, 161, 175, 276
- rice, 173, 214
- Richard and William King, 298n14
- Richards, Paul, 124
- Richardson, David, 49
- Rio Muni, 260
- Robinson, R. E., 298n5
- Robinson, W. A., 263
- Rodney, Walter, 96
- Royal Niger Company, 61–62, 67, 78, 298n14
- rubber, 208
- plantations, 240
S
- salt, 30, 31, 47, 48, 84, 133, 173, 180, 224, 227, 276, 314n70
- Scott, James, 123
- Scott, Joan Wallach, 286n26
- Second National Development Plan, 1970–74, 230
- Second World War, 2, 12, 19, 24, 68, 113, 120, 163, 165, 193, 195, 276, 277
- Select Committee on the West Coast of Africa, 52
- Shagari, Shehu, 240
- Shaxson, Nicholas, 233
- Sierra Leone, 79, 81, 124
- Smith and Douglas Limited, 298n14
- Smith, Buchanan, W., 137, 138
- Smith, M. G., 27
- Sokoto Caliphate, 59
- South American, 29
- Southeast Asia, 29
- Southeastern Nigeria, 33, 160
- Southern Nigeria, 15, 63, 136
- Southern Provinces, 155
- Spanish, 260
- Spitfire Funds, 164
- Stevenson, Robert, xiii
- Stewart, J. F., 155
- Stockdale, Frank, 172
- Stockley, G. I., 116
- Stone, B. C., 99
- Stone, Margaret, 56, 115
- Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), 244
- Sub-Saharan Africa, xiii
- Sudan, 29
- sugar, 173
- Sumatra, 159
- Swinton, Lord, 166
T
U
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 207
- Ubahu, 104
- Uburu, 49
- Uchendu, Victor, xiii, 32, 270
- Ude, Emmanuel, 254
- Udi, 100, 256
- Udo, R. K., 253
- Ukaegbu, Basil, 115
- Ukwu, Ukwu, I, 48
- Ulakwo, 186
- Ulonna North, 208, 240
- Ulonna South, 208
- Umon, 127
- Umuagwo, 249
- Umuahia, 100, 102, 110, 117, 134, 139, 187, 189
- Umuakpo, 155
- Umudike, 86, 110
- Umudioka, 32
- Umueri, 28
- Umuhu, 153
- Umuorlu, 40
- Umuosi, 153
- United Africa Company, 61, 87, 147, 158–59, 169, 191, 258, 262
- United Church of Canada, 101
- United Kingdom, 168, 207
- United States, 79, 168
- University of Biafra, 219
- University of Nigeria, 219
- Upper Guinea Coast, 39
- USAID, 225
- Usoro, Eno, 15, 113, 283n6
- Uturu, 159
- Trade Centre in, 104
- Uyo, 177, 198, 202
- Uzere, 63
- Uzoakoli, 48
- Uzouwani, 208
V
W
- Walter, B. W., 100
- Ward, C. H., 161
- Wariboko, Waibite, 55, 61
- Warrant Chief, 71–73, 146
- Watson, McL. E., 174
- Watts, Michael, 7, 237
- Wells, Jerome C., 283n7
- West Africa, 29, 55, 59, 91, 172
- West African coast, 29, 30, 51, 53
- West African Cocoa Control Board, 191
- West African Motors, 147
- West African Pilot, 163, 171, 185
- West African Produce Control Board, 191
- West Germany, 207
- Western Nigeria, 9, 98
- wild rubber, 171
- wild silk, 171
- Win the War Fund, 164
- Windward Coast, 50
- Women’s Revolt, 75, 131
- Women’s War, xiv, 125, 157
- World Bank, 6, 7, 245, 285n15
- Worster, Donald, 243
Y
Annotate
The Land Has Changed