Index
A
absence, 47
abstraction, 17, 75, 86, 108, 123, 142, 149–150, 152, 155, 157, 168, 170, 177, 182, 187, 196, 203, 206–207, 219–220, 222, 239, 243, 262, 281, 292, 298
adaptation, 50, 56, 75, 82–83, 130, 185, 248, 252, 257, 263–264, 272–273, 277
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 203
aesthetics, 15, 97, 213–214, 220, 224–225, 231, 234, 298, 318
affordances, 94, 183, 232, 234
Age of Mammals, 2, 14, 126, 135
agnosticism, 21, 26, 259, 265, 277
agreement, 70, 117, 123, 129–130, 152–156, 190, 193, 204, 209, 233–234, 239, 259, 267, 276–277
analogy, 6, 32, 60, 69, 73, 89, 110, 126, 138, 140, 146, 150–151, 153, 155, 170, 200, 214, 233, 235, 237, 257, 263–264, 274, 282
analysis, 5, 16, 22, 24, 39–40, 42, 61, 71, 84, 114, 116, 121, 131–132, 136, 139, 141–142, 147–148, 177, 202, 230, 235, 238–240, 246, 255, 258, 272, 281, 285, 290–291, 293, 295–297, 306, 308, 312–314, 316
anatomy, 2, 32, 67, 78, 81–82, 84, 216, 218–219, 228, 308, 310
ancestors, 3, 8, 26, 29, 32, 49, 76, 101–102, 117, 130, 132, 155, 159, 179, 312
ancestry, 25, 52, 99, 101, 103, 105–106, 115–116, 130, 135, 184, 311
anchoring, 25–26, 61, 83, 94, 117, 135–136, 138–139, 141–144, 146, 149–150, 155, 158–161, 166, 168–170, 183, 191, 197, 230, 238, 255, 260, 293, 295–297, 310–311, 315
animals, 2–4, 8–9, 12, 14, 30, 32–33, 37, 40, 51, 54, 59, 67, 72, 76, 86, 95–98, 103–105, 107, 116–118, 125–127, 130–132, 135–136, 139, 148, 151, 157, 159–160, 162–163, 170–171, 179, 205, 214–216, 218–220, 222–224, 228, 272–274, 293, 307, 310–312, 320
anthropogenic extinction, 16, 96
Anton, Mauricio, 215
aquatic life, 3, 8, 56, 67, 95, 129–132, 135, 160, 166, 169, 199, 226, 257
arbitrariness objection, 209–210
archaeological record, 22
archaeologists, 22–23, 65, 70, 155–156, 300
archaeology, 17–18, 22, 26, 70, 155, 157
artifacts, 5, 70, 73, 77–78, 81, 83, 87–88, 94, 155–156, 177, 181, 183, 196–200, 230–233, 236, 239–241, 269, 285, 292, 297, 315
artifactualism, 5, 27, 48, 70, 93, 176, 185–186, 194–198, 205–206, 208–209, 212–213, 220, 224, 228–234, 236–240, 269, 292, 314–315
artifice, 61, 69, 73, 80, 96–97, 142, 146, 255
artificed model, 139
artificing, 25–26, 67, 69–71, 73, 75–78, 83, 87, 90–91, 94–95, 97–98, 100, 118, 123, 136, 138, 140, 142–144, 149, 158–160, 168, 183, 188, 202, 230, 238, 240, 260–261, 293, 295–297, 310, 312–313, 315
astrobiology, 57–60, 176, 200–202, 204
asymmetry, 6, 37, 281–282, 294, 299–300
Avalonia, 25, 29, 33, 35–41, 43–45, 47–48, 50–52, 56–57, 59–61, 68–70, 79, 82–83, 87–88, 90, 110, 115, 138–144, 147–148, 151, 154, 156, 159, 164, 169, 177, 182–184, 191–192, 200, 230, 248–249, 255–256, 261, 271, 295
Avalonian Ediacaran, 25, 29, 33, 40, 43, 47–48, 56, 59–60, 68, 70, 79, 88, 90, 139, 148, 154, 191
Avalonian metazoans, 35
Avalonian sessility, 35
B
background theory, 57, 60, 199, 201, 265, 298
Bartha, Paul, 138
benthic, 35, 39, 79, 90, 138, 146–147, 164, 263
bespoke, 77–80, 82, 86–87, 89, 100, 170, 194, 199, 203, 261–262, 264, 266
biochemistry, 161
biological categories, 49, 101
biological remains, 32
biologists, 57, 97, 103, 108, 196, 258, 270, 280
biology, 7, 12, 48–49, 57, 102, 115, 119, 127–128, 138, 169, 178, 248, 257, 274, 287, 311
biota, 33, 60, 82, 94, 110, 118, 202, 273–274, 289
bioturbation, 39, 164, 248, 261
Blackleaf Formation, 72–73, 189
body types, 84
bones, 2, 33, 35, 66, 72–78, 89–91, 104, 116, 130–132, 143, 149, 156, 188, 190, 216, 240, 307–312, 315–316, 318, 320
Bonney, Bill, 101
Bradgatia linfordensis, 84
Broadfoot, 2–5, 7–8, 17–18, 23, 26, 29, 31–32, 41, 54, 56–57, 59, 61, 67–69, 86, 95, 99, 102, 108–109, 126, 135, 146, 157–158, 170–171, 173, 185, 205, 207, 212, 219, 245, 268, 286, 293, 295, 305–306
Brunet, Tyler, 46
Buckland, Reverend William, 9, 306–317, 320–321
Buffon, Comte de (George-Louis Leclerc), 13–14
built, 2, 14, 17, 59, 63, 67–69, 91, 135–136, 140, 156, 189, 196, 211, 231–232, 236, 257, 275, 291, 293, 313
burrowing critters, 87
burrowing owls, 75
burrows, 71–79, 87, 89–91, 105, 143, 164, 177, 183, 188–190, 197, 200, 204, 236, 240, 305
Butterfield, Nick, 161-166, 248-249
C
Cambrian explosion, 106, 110, 118, 159, 248–249, 252
Cambrian, 33, 41, 50, 57, 106, 110, 117–118, 142, 159–161, 164–165, 183–184, 248–249, 252
carbon, 23, 35, 83, 153, 160–164, 166, 202–203, 261, 284
cartography, 65
catastrophic risks, 286–288, 290–292, 296
catastrophists, 10
causal links, 106
causal trajectory, 106–107, 144
challenge, 3, 8, 25, 33, 41, 56–57, 59–61, 70, 80, 100, 138, 149, 154, 157, 162, 169, 178, 210–211, 213, 225, 280, 290, 301, 321
characterization, 46–47, 61, 77, 87–88, 90–93, 97–98, 108, 123, 126, 141, 144, 148, 150, 200, 205, 252, 258, 260–261, 268, 281–282, 289
characterized properties, 78
chemical composition, 50, 60, 203
chiton, 37
clade, 32, 46, 54, 68, 82, 97, 110–114, 116–117, 124, 129, 132, 143, 160
classification, 48, 258, 290–292
Cleland, Carol, 18–20, 23, 58, 108, 147, 299
coherence, 19, 123, 153, 187, 226, 266, 313
collapsing burrows, 87
common-cause explanations, 19
comparative process tracing, 197
complete erasure, 21
complete, 11, 21, 42–43, 72, 189, 224
complexity, 40, 99, 159, 162, 175, 178, 184, 247–249, 251, 258, 262, 265, 267
composition, 41, 50, 60, 69, 73, 77, 89–90, 160–161, 200–204, 239, 314
computer-animation, 220
conceivability, 180, 187–188, 191–192, 196
conceptual machinery, 25, 53, 97, 239
concrete organisms, 213–214, 222, 225
conditional prediction, 299
conditions of preservation, 71, 78, 87
consequences, 16, 44, 58, 78, 123, 215, 299
context of justification, 186
context, 8, 10, 26, 46–47, 49, 51, 53, 77, 87, 97, 120, 141, 146–148, 152, 155–156, 158–159, 166, 169, 176, 179–180, 182, 186, 191, 194, 202, 207, 231–233, 236, 248, 256, 263, 265, 271, 277, 298, 300
context-sensitivity, 46, 51, 236
contextualized research, 155
contingency, 6, 12, 55–58, 60, 101, 166, 177, 243, 245, 248–249, 251–252, 301, 319, 322
continuity, 12, 49, 52, 97, 106–107, 109, 114–116, 123, 142, 149, 161, 255
corpuscularianism, 276
counterfactuals, 59, 186, 188, 190–192, 240
creepy-crawlies, 37
criteria of agreement, 153
critical systems, 290–291, 293
critters, 5, 12, 15, 23, 33, 35–37, 39, 80, 83, 87, 114, 116, 120, 129, 159, 164, 188, 190, 227, 248, 251
current methods bets, 299
Cuthill and Conway Morris, 79, 81–82, 84–86, 90–92, 94, 109–110, 114, 123, 183, 193–195, 197, 230, 232–233, 237, 240, 248, 276
D
dappled, 6, 27, 245, 268, 270–272, 274
data, 13, 17–18, 22–24, 35, 56–58, 77, 93, 105–108, 141, 144, 146–147, 153–154, 157, 177, 189, 196, 200–201, 239–240, 263, 265, 275, 283, 285, 292, 295–297, 313
data-derived evidential, 18
De la Beche, Henry, 9–12, 55, 95, 213, 219, 245
Debus and Debus, 213
decay, 4, 23, 37–39, 41, 43–44, 52–53, 55, 60, 65, 68–70, 72–73, 149, 153, 199, 294
de-Darwinization, 168
deep past, 3, 5–6, 9, 12–13, 16–17, 20, 22–23, 27, 29, 55, 60, 99, 129–130, 155, 164, 167, 170, 175–176, 182, 184, 186, 192, 199, 215, 253, 256, 261, 285, 301, 306, 322
deep-water worms, 69
de-extinction, 71, 95–98, 119, 148
denizens, 35, 37, 42-49, 51-56, 59-61, 69-70, 72, 76-79, 82-83, 87-95, 97-98, 100, 103, 106-107, 110, 113, 115, 119-120, 123-124, 126, 129, 132, 136, 142-144, 149-150, 158, 184, 189-190, 199, 207, 212, 215, 226, 230, 239-240, 247, 251-252, 255, 260-263, 265, 280-281, 289-290, 293, 295, 297, 310, 314, 321-322
densities, 73
dependency relationships, 77, 202
dependency, 76–78, 202, 250, 294
description, 14–15, 44, 47, 55, 77, 95, 114, 117, 157, 159, 193, 204, 207, 218, 246–247, 267, 277, 294, 306–307, 309
determination, 249
development, 36, 81–82, 101, 121, 136–137, 146, 152–153, 156, 178–179, 186–187, 193, 195, 197, 206, 255, 276, 285, 289, 313
developmental features, 118
Dickinsonia, 115–118, 121–124, 126, 136–138, 151, 156, 164, 166, 169, 178, 238, 255
difference, 12, 32, 39–41, 45, 47, 74, 113, 122, 131, 138–139, 142, 144, 152, 155, 187, 190, 214, 232, 234, 236–237, 240, 287, 294, 299–300, 311
differential preservation, 12, 41, 265
dinosaurs, 32, 41, 45–47, 54, 71–72, 76, 100, 102–108, 110–111, 114, 116, 120, 125–126, 149, 156, 188, 200, 213–215, 218–220, 222–223, 227, 256, 262
disarticulation, 2, 72, 78, 91, 307–308
discovery, 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 23, 31, 45, 55, 72, 126–127, 186, 207–208, 213, 239, 255, 310, 312, 315, 318, 320–321
dispersal, 139–140, 161, 179, 183–184, 285, 291
distinction, 3, 24, 33, 45, 48, 51–54, 88, 119, 144, 186, 195, 239, 247, 255, 271, 297, 299–300
diurnal vertical migration, 164, 248
diversity, 23, 58, 82, 108–110, 175, 206–207, 224, 226–227, 232, 269, 291
dividends, 5, 158, 176, 186, 203–204
Dresow, Max, 24-25, 115, 211, 267
dynamics of explanation, 24
dynamics, 4–5, 24, 40, 42–43, 50–51, 55–56, 59, 61, 73, 139–140, 154–155, 158, 161–162, 164, 169, 183–184, 187, 191, 199–200, 203–204, 232, 240, 247, 249, 252, 256, 259, 261, 264, 271, 273, 281, 284–285, 300
E
Earth, 2, 8, 11–15, 17, 23–24, 31, 48, 55, 58, 60, 72, 106, 112, 118, 159, 170, 200–204, 213, 245, 250–253, 261–262, 267, 271, 275, 277, 279, 285–286, 290, 306–307, 313–314, 319–321
ecological competition, 86, 94
ecological dynamics, 40, 50–51, 56, 61, 140, 154, 204, 271
ecological models, 140, 144, 154, 183, 191, 235
ecological neutrality, 295
ecological relationships, 39, 59
ecology, 40–41, 43, 50–51, 87, 138–139, 147, 169, 177, 274, 277, 307, 309
ecosystem, 39, 44, 50, 90, 95, 139, 147, 154, 184, 204, 268, 305, 315
Ediacaran, 25, 29, 33, 35–41, 43–44, 47–48, 56–57, 59–60, 68, 70, 76, 78–80, 82–83, 88, 90, 94, 102, 110–115, 117–118, 136, 138–140, 142, 147–149, 151, 154, 156, 159, 161, 164, 166, 183–184, 191, 248, 261
Elephantidae, 32, 45–47, 49, 51, 100, 107
elephants, 16, 32, 41, 45–47, 49, 51–52, 54, 97, 107, 149, 307–311
Elgin, Catherine, 48, 88, 90, 92–93, 120, 177, 197, 220–222
empirical foundation, 157
empirically delineated, 20
environment, 36, 55, 71, 83, 92, 97, 140, 164, 170, 202–203, 229, 232, 248, 264, 268, 271–272, 280, 305, 309, 315
epistemic: access, 45; asymmetry, 6, 282, 299; attitude, 18, 21; challenges, 17, 22, 26, 42, 80, 265, 280; consequences, 58, 299; credentials, 18, 20; fate, 19–20, 23; fortune, 20–21; function, 90, 169, 299; good, 21, 175, 232; iteration, 121, 145–146; outsourcing, 168–169; possibility, 177, 180–181, 184–185, 192–193, 200, 206, 225–227, 286, 292, 298; practices, 178, 228, 255; principles, 211; relevance, 210–211; responsibility, 206, 213, 215–216, 219, 223–226; scarcity, 22, 264–265; symmetry, 281; traction, 80; value, 109, 130, 133
epistemology, 5–6, 8, 11, 17–23, 25–26, 32–33, 42, 45, 47–49, 54–55, 57–59, 69, 80, 88, 90, 97–98, 108–109, 119, 121, 123, 129–130, 133, 145–148, 152, 154–155, 157–158, 166, 168–169, 175, 177–178, 180–181, 184–188, 191–195, 197–201, 203–206, 210–211, 213–216, 219, 223–228, 230–234, 239–240, 245–246, 252–253, 255, 258–259, 261–265, 269, 272, 275, 280–283, 286, 289–290, 292, 294, 296, 298–301, 308, 313–314, 317–318, 320–322
erasure, 3–4, 16–17, 21, 23–25, 29, 31–33, 41–42, 45, 47, 49, 51–54, 60–61, 63, 65–66, 71–72, 76, 80, 118–119, 156, 158, 175, 199, 264, 309–310, 319
Ereshefsky, Marc, 49, 58, 101, 249, 258
evidence, 3–4, 11–12, 15, 18–24, 32, 35, 39–40, 59, 75, 77, 82, 84, 92, 104–105, 107, 116, 121, 123–124, 130, 146–147, 152, 155, 159–160, 168, 175, 180, 190, 201, 222, 226, 239–240, 252, 262, 265, 269, 297, 301, 305, 308
evolution, 20, 26, 29, 50, 57–58, 66, 79, 83–85, 101–102, 106–113, 115, 118, 126–130, 132, 135, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168–169, 178, 230, 248–249, 251–252, 262–263, 271–272, 274, 297, 311, 313
evolutionary failures, 110
evolutionary history, 29, 106, 311
evolutionary narrative, 85, 111, 126
evolutionary outcomes, 57
exemplification, 48, 197, 199, 220, 240
exoskeletons, 37
experience, 7, 15, 152, 154, 191, 207, 220, 243, 301, 319
experiment, 12, 69, 73, 75–78, 89, 100, 106, 109–112, 114, 143, 177, 188–192, 209, 220, 225, 237, 267, 275, 287
experimental conditions, 149
experimental science, 20
experimental taphonomy, 70, 73, 76, 78, 177, 312
extinction, 2, 4, 6, 8–10, 15–16, 23, 26, 29, 31–32, 49, 54, 67, 71, 76, 95–98, 103, 105, 110–111, 118–119, 126, 128, 130–132, 148, 206, 213–216, 219–225, 228, 230, 287–289, 296, 308–309, 311–313, 321
extraterrestrial life, 58, 176, 201, 204
F
failed experiments, 108, 110, 164
false positives and negatives, 150, 200
fauna, 7, 15, 29, 35, 40, 57, 61, 63, 79, 82, 95, 110–115, 118, 164, 166, 262, 272–273, 309, 311
feeding, 36, 59, 79–80, 82–83, 104, 164, 269, 273, 295
flippers, 3, 29, 31, 41, 57, 67, 86, 95, 99, 157, 171, 173, 268, 301–302
fossil evidence, 3, 11, 84, 159
fossil record, 3, 11, 15–16, 104, 115, 246, 253, 265, 282
fossilization, 18, 31, 54, 59–60
fossils, 2–6, 11, 14–18, 21, 23, 29, 31, 33–35, 37–39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 50–52, 57, 59, 61, 67–68, 72–73, 76, 78–81, 84, 86, 91, 102, 104–105, 107–110, 115–116, 118–119, 121, 125–130, 132–133, 135, 139, 141–142, 146–147, 150–151, 155, 158–159, 170, 188, 191, 207, 210, 214, 216, 218, 222, 225, 228–230, 238–240, 246, 253, 255, 262, 265, 282, 293–295, 297, 301, 307–309, 312, 315
fractal growth patterns, 91
fragile systems, 183–184, 196, 200
fragility, 57, 144, 199, 243, 245, 249–250, 252, 267, 322
frameworks, 31, 33, 51, 140, 232, 290–293
framing, 24, 106, 177–178, 220, 224, 240, 279, 291, 300
frondoid forms, 52
fungi, 63, 83, 113–114, 126, 136
future trace, 294
future, 3–7, 12–13, 16, 26, 78, 103, 143, 171, 182, 214, 246–247, 270–271, 279–288, 292–303, 317, 321–322
G
generation conditions, 49, 250
generative entrenchment, 300
geologists, 8, 10–11, 13–14, 16, 41, 55
geology, 6, 9–16, 18, 22–23, 27, 35, 54–55, 153, 181–182, 201–202, 232, 252, 265, 283–284, 307–308, 310, 313, 315, 319–320
geometric model, 81, 87, 90–91, 123, 197
giraffe, 16
Gould, Stephen Jay, 13, 83, 177, 249
grafting, 25–26, 61, 94, 99–103, 106–109, 112, 114–116, 118–119, 123, 126–127, 130, 136–138, 142–144, 146, 149, 157–160, 164, 166, 184, 225, 230, 238, 255, 260, 276, 280, 293, 297, 310, 312, 315
granularity of claims, 21
Great Oxygenation Event, 159, 202, 251
grief, 306
ground sloths, 71
growth patterns, 79, 87, 91, 137
H
Hacking, Ian, 257, 263, 266, 313
Hallett, Mark, 213
Hapsidophyllas flexibilis, 84
Hartley. L. P., 25
Havstad, Joyce, 16, 21, 45, 271
Hearn and Williams, 103–108, 125
historical individuals, 49, 51, 54–55, 97, 100–101, 106–107, 115–116, 124–126, 142, 184, 230, 276, 284
historical knowledge, 6–8, 19–21, 23–24, 27, 53, 253
historical processes, 9, 18, 21, 268, 274, 300
historical sciences, 5, 17–21, 23–24, 48, 54–56, 58, 69, 108, 147, 175–176, 178, 182–183, 185, 200, 204, 225, 258, 265–266, 275, 277, 282, 289, 292, 294, 297
historical types, 50
historicity, 49, 249, 316, 319
history, 3, 5–8, 11–17, 23–27, 29, 33, 54–56, 58, 63, 88, 96, 99, 101–102, 105–106, 109–111, 113, 115, 118, 121, 131, 147, 155–156, 168, 177–178, 180, 199, 201, 206, 212–214, 219–222, 224–226, 228–229, 239, 245–254, 260, 262, 267–268, 272, 275, 282, 284–285, 293, 295, 301, 306–307, 310–311, 313, 315, 317–320
homeostatic view of geology, 12
homology, 138
horizon of alternatives, 91–92, 123, 126
horseshoe crabs, 130
how-possibly, 178–181, 184, 226
hyaenas, 307, 309, 311–312, 316
hypotheses, 18, 20, 22, 36, 43, 58, 70, 75, 77, 79, 131, 139, 148, 156, 178–179, 181, 188, 193, 199, 201, 239, 255, 266, 273, 285, 296, 312
I
ice core, 23
idiographic, 170
illustrations, 1–2, 29–30, 64, 68, 109, 145, 174, 206, 212, 214, 216–221, 224, 228, 244, 302, 306
imagery, 88, 155, 207–209, 230–231, 233–234, 318
imaginaries, 308
imagination, 2-3, 5, 7-8, 18, 20-21, 27, 39-40, 48, 73, 84, 86, 89, 109, 113, 126, 151, 169, 171, 176-177, 185-196, 198-199, 205-214, 216, 218, 227-241, 245, 248, 266, 269, 273, 284-286, 292-295, 297, 302, 305, 310, 314-316, 318, 320-321
imaginative tools, 231
imagistic imagination, 186
incomplete, 4, 17, 22–23, 29, 42, 189, 199, 253, 309
indexical, 92
inference to the best explanation (IBE), 263–264
inference, 5, 11, 18, 22–23, 29, 39–40, 44–45, 54, 61, 67, 75–76, 89–91, 94, 103–108, 110, 116, 121, 123–125, 130, 141, 149, 151, 156, 160–161, 167, 177, 180, 182, 193, 196, 198–200, 230, 235, 237–238, 246, 254–257, 263, 267–268, 294–295, 297, 309, 321
information-destroying, 21
information-preserving, 21, 300
innovation, 6, 45, 115, 159, 247
insufficient specimens, 57, 59
intuitively plausible, 187–188, 190
invertebrates, 136
investigation, 32, 44, 53–54, 57, 129, 132, 136, 141–144, 147, 149–150, 152, 154, 158, 167, 169–170, 176–177, 182, 184–185, 203–204, 241, 245, 247, 255, 259–262, 266, 271, 278, 282, 289, 293–294, 297, 315, 318, 321–322
isolated, 76–77, 91, 100, 119–120, 125, 146, 292, 295, 313
iteration, 5, 121, 127, 136, 138, 143, 145–150, 153–154, 156–157, 162, 166, 170, 282, 295, 313
iterativity, 25, 61, 102, 120, 147–148, 150–151, 157–158, 215
ivesheadiomorphs, 37–38, 43–44, 52, 61, 68–70, 72
J
Jeffares, Ben, 18, 59, 69, 76, 284
Jurassic, 55, 95, 129–130, 159, 188–189, 197, 262, 283–284
justification, 4, 77, 108, 138, 175, 186–189, 191–194, 196, 198–199, 209, 218, 231, 247, 269
K
Kenchington, Chalotte, 33, 35–37, 88–90, 151
kinds, 3, 8, 12, 26, 45–46, 48, 51, 54–55, 59–60, 78–79, 88, 91, 93–94, 97, 101, 107, 125, 127, 130, 142, 149, 175, 178, 183, 186, 188–190, 196, 198–199, 201–204, 214, 220, 234, 240, 247, 258–259, 267, 270–271, 276, 281, 284–285, 289–290, 292, 297, 300, 309, 318
Knight, Charles, 213, 215, 234
knowledge, 3–8, 15–21, 23–25, 27, 29, 31–32, 45, 53, 57, 59, 61, 87–88, 93, 99–100, 119–120, 123–125, 128, 130, 135, 147, 150–152, 154–155, 158, 169–170, 173, 175–178, 180–194, 196–201, 205–206, 210–215, 218–219, 221, 226–228, 232, 239, 253, 260–261, 265, 268–269, 274, 281–283, 286–287, 290, 293–301, 308–309, 314, 317–319, 321–322
Knuuttila, Tarja, 192, 194–196, 236
L
Laflamme, Xiao, and Kowalaweski, 37, 80, 83–84, 86, 91–92, 94
laws, 9, 13, 138–139, 166–170, 187–188, 191, 245–248, 271–272, 286, 299
Leonelli, Sabina, 198
less-oxygenated ocean, 41
Lestodon, 71
Lewis, David K., 42–44, 46, 248, 299
lineages, 16, 38, 46, 49–50, 58, 66–68, 71, 78, 81–82, 86, 96–97, 99, 101–103, 106, 109–110, 112–116, 118, 121, 124, 126–128, 132–133, 136–137, 142, 157, 160, 170, 225, 252, 308, 320
Lipton, Peter, 263
Liu, Alex, 33–39, 43, 50, 52–53, 61, 68–69, 73, 90, 94, 110–112, 114, 289–290
living fossils, 15, 102, 119, 125, 127–130, 132–133, 150
logic of body size to surface area ratio, 94
logical space, 177
loss, 3–4, 7–9, 13–16, 20, 22–25, 31, 33, 40–42, 45–49, 51–59, 61, 63, 69–72, 76, 78, 80, 87–88, 91, 95, 98, 100, 103, 108–109, 111, 119, 124, 126, 132–133, 138, 144, 146, 148–151, 156, 158, 160–161, 166–167, 170, 175, 183, 198–200, 245, 247–248, 252–253, 256, 258–260, 265, 278, 281, 288, 294–295, 305–306, 308–310, 312, 315–317, 321
lost worlds, 3–8, 13, 16, 25–26, 48, 60–61, 69–70, 87, 93–95, 98, 100–102, 106, 109, 119–120, 125–126, 128–129, 132, 138, 142, 147–149, 151, 154, 157–158, 160, 162, 166–167, 169–170, 175–178, 185, 197–199, 202, 205, 207–208, 210, 212–213, 225–226, 228–230, 233, 237, 239–241, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276, 278, 280–284, 286, 290, 292, 294, 297–298, 307–309, 313–316, 319, 321–322
Love, Alan, 107, 114, 126, 128–130, 133, 159, 269, 305
lung-fishes (Lepidosiren), 127
Lyell, Charles, 9–13, 55, 95, 245, 253, 265, 307
M
macro-predation, 39
mammals, 2–3, 7–8, 12–14, 26, 29, 31–32, 51, 54, 56–57, 59, 61, 67, 71, 78, 86, 99, 102, 105, 108–110, 126, 128, 135, 143, 157, 170–171, 173, 185, 205, 212, 216, 218, 265, 268, 272–274
mammoths, 32, 45–47, 49, 51, 96, 107, 148–149, 227
Mammuthus primigenius, 47
Manias, Chris, 14–16, 55, 227, 314–315
marine reptiles, 7, 9, 44, 55, 126
Massimi, Michaela, 88–91, 93–94, 119–120, 123–124, 151, 180, 187–188, 191
material, 39, 70, 72, 84, 89, 93, 96, 195, 198, 213, 227, 229, 231, 236, 270, 296–297, 305, 308, 314
McAllister, James, 207–210, 229–230
McGhee, George, 71
measurement, 23, 47, 56–57, 121–123, 146–147, 150–155, 195, 255, 285, 315
measuring age, 153
mechanism, 52, 68–69, 77, 83, 117, 168, 291–292
media, 195–198, 209, 220, 224, 229–230, 233–234, 240, 269, 292
medium, 169, 195, 224, 228–230, 232, 234, 236, 240, 269, 289, 292
Meneganzin, Andra, 24, 111, 114, 116, 239
mental simulations, 190, 193–194, 196
mentalized, 228
metaphor, 17, 31, 100, 272, 298
metaphysical claims, 253, 255–256, 260
metaphysical view, 18, 43, 270, 274–275, 278
metaphysics of science, 253–255
metaphysics, 6, 18, 43–44, 48, 55, 95, 97–98, 166–167, 181, 245–246, 253–257, 259–260, 263, 267, 269–270, 274–279, 281–282, 299–301
metazoan life, 33, 40, 48, 118, 162
metazoans, 25, 33, 35–37, 47–48, 50, 57, 69, 80, 110, 113–115, 117, 137, 159, 161–162, 164, 169, 238, 248–249, 262, 271
methodological omnivory, 21, 147
methods neutral bets, 299
microbial mat, 35, 37, 41, 43, 52, 59, 69, 115
microbiomes, 101
minimal naturalism, 254
Mistaken Point, 33–35, 140–142, 265, 297
Mitchell, Emily, 33, 35, 39–40, 50, 56, 61, 91, 138–144, 146–147, 150, 154, 156, 167, 169–170, 182–184, 191–192, 230, 235–236, 240, 255, 265, 269, 277, 283, 292, 295, 297
modal knowledge, 5–6, 175–178, 181, 186–194, 196–200, 205–206, 232, 239, 269, 286–287, 298, 314
modal profile, 58, 250–251, 284
modal space, 175, 181, 184, 188, 199, 202, 204, 269, 291
modality, 42, 176–178, 181, 185, 192, 194, 200, 202, 206
mode, 73–74, 117, 137, 195, 197–198, 214, 222, 224, 228–230, 232, 234, 236, 240–241, 292
model burrow, 87
modelling, 70, 76, 78, 84, 87, 141, 143–144, 150, 168, 176, 184–186, 189, 194, 196–197, 202, 204, 209, 233–240, 298, 313
morphological adaptations, 75, 83, 263
morphological information, 35
morphology, 14, 32, 35, 37, 52, 75, 77, 79–83, 87, 92, 97, 101, 115–118, 121, 123, 128–132, 177, 183, 219, 223, 237, 251, 263, 269, 295
moulds, 251
multiple anchors, 136, 146–147
Mylodon, 14
N
narrative possibility, 183
narratives, 13, 99, 102, 106–107, 128, 142, 147, 157, 247, 256, 315
natural history illustrations, 206, 219–220
natural history illustrators, 221
natural world, 6, 15, 59, 219, 279
nature, 5–7, 11–12, 16, 19, 22–23, 27, 32, 56, 58, 71, 83, 87–88, 92–93, 96, 103, 108–109, 119, 132, 136, 138–139, 153, 156, 160, 162–163, 166–167, 177, 181, 187, 194, 199–200, 218–219, 230, 234, 236, 245, 253–254, 256, 260–261, 269–270, 281, 291, 301, 311, 321
neontologists, 103
nerds, 114
Neto, Celso, 101
neutrality, 40, 139, 143, 183–184, 295
Newton, Isaac, 264
niche, 40, 63, 138–141, 169, 183–184, 191, 261, 263, 272, 292
nomothetic, 170
non-actual worlds, 43
non-avian dinosaurs, 32, 71–72, 76
non-burrowing taxa, 72
non-commitment, 48, 214, 221–222, 225, 228, 231
non-human history, 14
non-mammalian animals, 2
non-ontic explanations, 259, 264
nostalgia, 306
O
O. cubicularis specimens, 72, 75–76
objective knowledge, 5, 152–153, 175–178, 180–181, 184–188, 190, 192–194, 196, 198, 200, 204, 235, 239, 286, 314
objective possibility, 175, 177–178, 180, 184–187, 192–193, 196, 198, 204
occlusion, 92
O’Connor, Ralph, 13–15, 314, 319, 321
ontic-driven explanations, 258–260, 263–265, 269
ontology, 43, 48, 185, 259–260, 264, 266, 271, 276–277, 308
operational constraints, 153–154
Opisthokonts, 113
organic material, 39
organisms, 11, 18, 21, 31, 33, 35, 37–40, 43–44, 49, 69–70, 75, 79, 82–83, 96, 98, 101, 112–113, 115, 122, 125, 128, 131, 135–138, 140, 159–162, 168–169, 177, 200, 206–207, 213–216, 219–228, 246, 262, 264, 268, 272, 305, 309, 321–322
Oryctodromeus cubicularis, 72
osmotrophs, 83–84, 91, 94, 200, 261
osmotrophy, 83, 85, 161, 183, 200, 269
oxidized ocean, 37
oxygen, 23, 60, 139, 159–164, 166, 184, 200–201, 203, 248–249, 251, 263, 290, 322
oxygenated oceans, 248, 250, 261
oxygenation, 35, 41, 115, 159, 163–164, 183, 199, 201–202, 225, 248, 250–251, 255, 261–262, 295
P
pachyderm properties, 47
Page, Meghan, 143–144, 161, 182, 261, 284
pain, 4, 102–105, 107–108, 110, 120, 125, 149, 178, 238, 256, 267
pain-avoidant, 103–105, 107–108, 110, 120, 125, 238
palaeoart, 27, 94, 179, 206, 212–216, 219–229, 308, 321
palaeoartists, 206, 212–216, 218–224, 226–228
palaeobiological knowledge, 6
palaeobiology, 58, 102, 206, 213, 224, 278, 313
palaeoclimatologists, 23
palaeoclimatology, 26, 143–144
palaeontological illustrations, 214
palaeontological perspective, 214
palaeontologists, 8, 23, 41, 44, 53, 57, 59, 75, 112–114, 132, 182, 194, 214, 216, 218, 240, 252–253, 277, 300, 313
palaeontology, 13–14, 18, 26, 54, 59, 73, 75, 96, 115, 176, 213, 215, 220, 228, 267, 290, 308, 313
palaeosciences, 8, 22, 24, 26, 70, 211
palaeoscientific exemplars, 25
palaeoscientific knowledge, 31, 119
paleobiological revolution, 16
past worlds, 6, 42-48, 51-53, 59, 61, 73, 76-80, 87, 92, 95, 101, 106, 119, 125, 136, 144, 146, 148, 150, 154-156, 158, 166, 171, 184, 188, 199-200, 206, 210, 213, 226, 230, 238, 240, 261, 263, 280-281, 286, 295, 297-298, 318
pathogen, 21
patterns, 9, 11–12, 16, 37, 39–41, 52, 56, 63, 65–66, 69, 72–74, 76, 78–79, 81, 84–85, 87, 90–91, 110, 113, 117, 137–139, 150, 160–161, 176, 185, 188, 190–191, 195, 220, 245, 250, 252, 259, 262, 265, 267, 283–284, 296, 298, 300, 314
Paul, Greg, 138, 215–216, 218, 224–225, 227, 254
peculiar world, 245, 252, 259, 261–262, 266–267, 271, 275, 277–278, 300
peculiarity, 6, 27, 166, 245, 250–252, 254, 260, 262–267, 271, 273–278, 290, 298, 300, 319
persistence conditions, 49, 107
perspectival disagreement, 123–124
perspectival isolation, 120–121, 148
perspectival tools, 90–94, 97, 119, 121, 123, 125, 141–143, 146, 148, 150, 153, 157–158, 169, 176–177, 181–186, 194, 198, 205–206, 209, 211, 229–230, 232, 234, 236, 238–241, 246, 260–261, 290, 292–294, 308, 314, 321
perspectivalism, 5, 25, 44, 61, 70–71, 77–78, 86–88, 91–95, 97, 100, 106, 119–120, 123, 138, 144, 146–149, 155, 157–159, 166, 199, 237, 239–240, 245, 253, 255, 260, 262–267, 272, 275, 277–278, 282, 286, 290, 292–293, 298, 313, 321
perspective, 7, 13, 31, 40, 55, 86–91, 93–94, 96, 98, 100, 103, 106–107, 112, 114–115, 117, 120, 123–125, 135, 138, 148–151, 158, 162, 170–171, 196, 214, 243, 247, 268, 272, 276, 280, 285, 288–290, 297–298, 302
pessimism, 5, 20–21, 252–253, 265
phenomena time, 22
phenomenon, 38, 52, 71, 119–120, 137, 151–153, 168, 177, 187, 198, 263, 273, 317
phenotype, 149
philosophers, 6, 8, 13, 16, 21, 23–24, 31, 42, 49, 56–58, 70, 88–89, 93, 97, 101, 119, 129, 138, 143, 146, 153, 155, 167, 176, 178, 187, 190, 209, 211, 220, 244, 248, 254–255, 257, 263, 274, 300, 318
philosophical analysis of historical knowledge, 24
philosophical perspectivalism, 260
philosophy of palaeoscience, 24
philosophy of science, 48, 70, 88, 90, 93, 120, 147, 209, 253
phylogenetic alignment, 36
phylogenetic family, 51
phylogenetic relationships, 59
phylogenetic thinking, 112, 114–116
phylogenetics, 33, 36, 43, 51, 59, 80, 82, 102–103, 106–107, 109–110, 112–119, 121, 123–124, 129–130, 132, 135, 137–138, 151, 156, 177, 225, 230, 238
phylogeny, 37, 82, 87, 90, 100, 102, 114, 121, 125, 138, 143, 178, 258
physical conceivability, 180, 187–188, 192
physics, 167, 169, 248, 254, 257, 269–270, 274, 299
pizza disks, 37, 39, 52, 60, 68, 115, 210, 256
platypus (Ornithorhynchus), 4, 6, 9, 101, 127–128, 257
pluralism, 19, 21, 88, 101, 120, 175, 258
pluripotency, 77–79, 82–83, 87–89, 94, 108, 125, 183, 185, 188, 200, 236, 261
pre-Darwinian, 127
predators, 33, 102, 129, 135, 160, 248
predicted outcome, 286
prediction, 167, 261, 286–287, 290, 294, 296, 299
pre-human history, 55
preparation, 2, 239–240, 255, 315
preparator, 239
preservation conditions, 90
preservation, 12, 31, 39, 41–42, 52, 60, 65, 71–73, 76, 78, 87, 89–90, 218, 265
presuppositions, 157
prey, 3, 33, 102, 135, 160, 268, 310–311, 316
prima facie, 41, 111, 184, 259, 282
primary truths, 235
principles of generation, 193, 235
problem agenda, 269
Proboscidea, 32
Prof. Ichthy, 1–3, 8–10, 12–13, 18, 29, 31–32, 41, 44, 55–56, 61, 67, 69, 86, 95, 99, 101–102, 109–110, 125, 127, 129, 135, 138, 146, 157, 170, 173–174, 205, 207, 212, 214, 216–217, 222, 228, 243–245, 247, 251–253, 268, 278–279, 295, 301, 305–306, 308, 320, 322
Professor Ichthyosaurus, 9-10, 12-13, 245, 247
progressivism, 11, 14, 252–253
promiscuous realism, 270
properties, 5, 26, 33, 42–43, 46–50, 56, 61, 67, 71, 76–79, 86–88, 90–92, 95, 97–98, 100, 103, 106–108, 110, 126, 130, 132, 135–136, 138–140, 142–144, 146–147, 149–150, 154, 158, 161, 163, 167, 169, 176–177, 181–182, 185, 189–192, 195, 197–202, 204, 207, 219–220, 222, 236, 238–240, 246, 250–252, 257–258, 260–261, 263, 266, 269, 271–272, 274, 276–277, 280, 295, 311–313
propositional imagination, 235, 240
provenance, 18
proxies, 23, 153–154, 161, 280, 285
Pseudovendia charnwoodensis, 37
purpose, 70, 75–77, 118, 128, 236
putative loss, 71–72, 76, 78, 88, 91, 103, 108, 119, 148, 259, 265
Q
quietism, 21
R
rabbit, 73, 75–77, 89, 91, 125, 149, 179, 188–189, 240
rangeomorphs, 35–39, 43–44, 52, 58–59, 68–69, 78–86, 88–91, 94, 101, 109, 115, 123, 126, 151, 161, 164, 166–167, 169, 200, 204, 248, 251, 261, 265, 276–277, 295
reading the historical record, 17
realism, 20, 27, 93, 219–220, 254, 257, 263, 270
recontextualization, 75, 77, 79, 82–83, 87–90, 94, 119, 125–126, 142, 151, 155–156, 163, 202–203, 260, 282, 294–295, 313
records, 4, 6, 8, 17–18, 22–23, 25, 40, 144, 156, 265, 282, 293–294, 296–299, 303, 319
regularities, 13, 58–59, 65, 76, 144, 167, 169–170, 176, 182, 200, 245, 247, 252, 261–262, 266, 274–275, 284, 286–287, 290, 294, 296, 300, 314
Reinhard, Franziska, 21
relations, 32, 42–44, 49, 66, 158, 250, 262, 266, 270, 274
remodelling, 130
representation, 12, 39, 88–93, 111–113, 119–120, 124, 138, 151, 157, 164, 194–196, 206, 212–215, 218–222, 224–228, 236, 240, 269, 308, 321
Representation-as, 90
reptiles, 2, 7, 9, 11, 44, 55–56, 105, 108–109, 126, 130, 157, 173, 216, 265
results, 39, 47, 69, 74–79, 83–84, 86–87, 117, 119, 124, 139, 146, 148, 150, 152–154, 168, 183, 188, 190, 197, 199, 223, 230, 237, 240, 245, 254–257, 260–261, 263, 274–275, 282
Robins, Jim, 2, 9, 214, 220, 222, 308
Routledge, Bruce, 18
Rucińska and Gallagher, 210, 229, 231
Rudwick, Martin, 9, 11–15, 55, 213, 219–220, 308, 320–322
S
scale-independent metaphysics, 246
scavenging, 39, 63, 248, 271, 307
science-oriented art, 212–213, 219
scientific claim, 26, 192, 256
scientific imagination, 5, 27, 176, 185–187, 193, 205–209, 211–213, 228–230, 233–235, 240, 285, 314
scientific knowledge, 3, 57, 61, 123, 192–193, 212–215, 218–219, 227, 269, 281
scientific metaphysics, 181, 257
scientific models, 70, 93, 209
scientific pluralism, 88
scientific representational strategies, 176
scientists, 3–6, 9, 13, 17, 20–27, 29, 31, 41–48, 51–52, 56, 61, 70, 76, 78, 87–90, 92–94, 100, 106, 111, 119–120, 123, 126, 130, 132, 147–149, 154–158, 167–169, 175–177, 184–192, 194–196, 198–199, 204–209, 211, 229–234, 238, 240–241, 245, 251–253, 255–260, 262–267, 269–270, 272, 277, 281–282, 285–286, 290, 293, 295, 300–302, 308, 310, 314–315, 318, 321
sea anemones, 69
sediment-water interface, 38
seeing anew, 316–317, 319, 321–322
serial repetition, 117, 136, 139, 151, 195
shrink-wrapping, 206, 215–219, 221–225
signal decay, 72
significant, 10, 46, 48, 54–56, 72, 84, 97, 104, 149, 158, 162, 228, 240, 250, 263, 288, 291
silt, 35
skeletons, 35, 72–76, 78, 164, 188–189
skepticism, 272
smoking-gun reasoning, 18
spatial relationships, 39–41, 230
species, 2, 11–13, 15, 32, 47, 49–51, 56, 58–59, 66, 70, 72, 95–97, 101, 104–105, 123–124, 129–130, 170, 203, 218–219, 258, 272, 288–289, 296, 307, 309, 311, 320
specimens, 2–3, 7, 9, 17–18, 22, 24, 29, 31, 41, 44, 54, 56–61, 67, 72–73, 75–79, 86, 89–91, 104, 107, 121, 123, 135, 171, 189, 197–198, 201, 218, 227, 229, 238–239, 265, 285, 293, 297
speculation, 5, 14, 19, 29, 57, 65, 97, 99, 126, 147, 170, 180, 208, 212, 216, 218, 222–227, 283
squirrel, 75
St John’s, 35
stamp collecting, 245
standpoint theory, 88
statistical analysis, 16
steady-state perspective, 55
Sterelny, Kim, 19, 58, 101, 107, 157, 168, 231, 245, 271
stereotemporal experience, 15
stipulative, 42
strategic perspectivalism, 5, 25, 44, 61, 71, 77–78, 86–88, 91, 94–95, 97, 100, 106, 119, 138, 144, 146–149, 157–159, 166, 199, 237, 239–240, 245, 253, 255, 260, 262–267, 272, 275, 277–278, 282, 286, 290, 292–293, 298, 313, 321
Stuart, Mike, 208–209, 211, 220, 228, 231–234
subduction processes, 52, 283–284
substancy, 44
supercratons, 283
surprise, 65, 120, 129, 202, 280, 297–298, 321
synapomorphy, 115–118, 136, 238
synapontogeny, 117
T
taphonomy, 70, 73, 76, 78, 177, 312
target, 25, 61, 74, 76, 78, 87–92, 94, 100–102, 106, 120, 126, 130–132, 142–144, 146, 149, 151, 153–154, 158, 177, 181–183, 187, 189, 194, 197, 199, 202, 209, 230, 240, 247, 249–253, 257–259, 261, 264, 270, 274, 276, 289–292, 311, 313
taxa, 9, 26, 32–33, 35–38, 42–44, 46, 49–50, 52, 54, 59, 68, 72–73, 79, 82, 86, 101, 118, 124, 127–128, 130, 137, 185, 206, 210, 213–216, 219–225, 228, 230, 271–272, 276, 295
taxon, 44–45, 51, 116, 121, 238, 256, 295–296, 312
technological innovation, 45
temporal and spatial scale, 73
terminal addition, 117–118, 121–123
thought experiments, 12, 106, 177, 190, 192, 209, 237, 267
token trajectories, 107
toy model, 191
trace formation, 87
trace-based reasoning, 17–20, 23–24, 102, 182, 202, 294–295, 297–298, 300, 310
tracecentrism, 54
traces, 3, 6, 8, 16–25, 31–32, 41, 43–45, 49, 51–52, 54–55, 59–61, 65, 70, 72–73, 76, 78, 87, 92, 96, 99, 101–103, 155–156, 158, 170, 182, 198–202, 211, 229, 239, 248, 261, 265, 269, 282, 294–298, 300, 309–310, 312, 314
trackways, 32, 41, 104–105, 156, 238
traits, 14, 26, 31, 50, 83, 96, 101–102, 108, 114–118, 126, 129, 131–132, 135, 162, 225, 228, 240, 262
transition pattern, 69
tribunal of experience, 191
true worlds, 45
trunks, 47
Turner, Derek, 15–16, 19–21, 23, 26, 58, 70, 87, 97, 127, 129–130, 132–133, 155–156, 200, 225, 227, 299, 317–318
Twardosz, Karolina, 214
U
understanding, 7–8, 15–19, 22–24, 27, 29, 31, 38, 41–42, 46, 48, 52–56, 58–59, 61, 70, 78, 80, 86–87, 99–100, 108, 110–113, 115, 120, 125, 128, 132, 135, 137–138, 140, 143, 155–158, 168, 175–176, 178, 182–183, 186, 193, 198–199, 201–202, 207, 220, 231–234, 237, 245, 251, 256–258, 260, 266, 268–269, 271, 275, 280, 284–288, 290, 293–294, 296, 299–300, 309, 317–318, 320
underwater flowers, 63
UNESCO World Heritage Site, 35
uniformitarian reasoning, 56
uniformitarianism, 9–11, 24, 55
uninformativeness, 210
unprecedented future, 6, 280–282, 292
unprecedented worlds, 6, 279–283, 286–287, 290, 293, 297
V
variety, 5, 37, 41, 57, 82, 100, 123, 177, 207, 240, 252, 262–263, 266, 270, 285, 287, 313
Varricchio et al., 72, 75–76, 90
vertebrates, 72, 99, 102, 130–131, 240, 313
Victorian era, 9
virtual witnessing, 214, 220–221, 225–226
volcanic lava, 50
volcanic silt, 35
volcaniclastic events, 39
volcanoes, 35, 50, 69, 287, 291
voluntariness, 210
W
Walsh, Dennis, 24, 117, 147, 179, 220, 232, 258, 264, 272
Walsh, Kirsten, 24, 117, 147, 179, 220, 232, 258, 264, 272
water, 8, 35, 38, 63, 69, 78, 83–85, 127, 140, 152, 159–161, 163, 189, 203, 222, 226, 268, 280, 291, 294
Waters, Ken, 163–164, 257, 267, 269–270
Watkins, Aja, 22–24, 35, 130, 133, 143–144, 284–285
weirdos, 4–5, 7, 25, 99, 107, 140, 171, 201, 205, 207, 210, 272
whole organism constraint, 228
Wilring and Grüne-Yanoff, 175, 186–187, 190
Wilson, Joe, 23, 143, 176, 250, 284–285
Wimsatt, Bill, 300
wonder, 7–8, 27, 40, 65, 70, 105, 118, 198, 269, 275, 292, 305–306, 315–322
Woodruff and Varricchio, 72–78, 143, 177, 183, 188–190, 236
world talk, 42
Z
zygotes, 96