Subject Index
Africa: cultures 3, 10, 29, 242; Diaspora 5, 7, 282; heritage 8, 21, humanism 6, 7; identities 6, 283; traditional religion 49,169, 170
African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, 11, 15, 58, 60, 114, 115, 166, 183, 184, 190, 191, 193, 200, 203, 220, 227, 239
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 19, 166, 183, 190, 191, 203, 255
African Union, 11
Afrocentricity and Afrocentric values, 3, 5-11, 20, 81, 99, 190, 275-291
Akan ethnic group, 107-108
Allah, 87, 88, 127, 131, 132, 133, 143, 144
Alur cultural institution, 237-259
ancestors and ancestral spirits, 26, 55, 57, 86
anti-colonialism, 3, 11, 28, 285
Apostolic sects, 167-179
Asian people and context, 8, 11, 33
Basotho group, 74
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 114
best interests of the child,15, 68, 79, 188
biomedical model, 88-90
biopsychosocial model, 34, 89-91
Black Consciousness Movement, 5, 21
body beautification, 20, 229, 244-245
bodily integrity, 13, 18, 161, 275, 279, 289
Botswana: botho, 7; corporal punishment, 255-272; Children’s Act, 256, 261, 263-264; Education Act, 266; kgotla, 269; Penal Code, 256; Tswana traditions, 261
bride price and wealth, 14, 25, 28, 37-38, 59, 61-63, 108, 241, 243, 246, 252, 279
British Association of Social Workers, 202, 203
burial rites, 49, 52-54, 61, 106
Burkina Faso: female genital mutilation and cutting, 120; kinship foster care, 187; traditional practices, 115
caregivers and caregiving, 68-76, 78, 80, 189, 259
Charter of the United Nations, 239
children: born out of wedlock, 26, 74; child care, 68, 69, 70, 111, 166, 169; construction of childhood, 19, 185; child bearing, 67; exploitation, 16; fostering, 19, 184, 186, 187, 188, 202; labour, 167, 184, 192, 194, 195, 196, 203, 279; marriage, 18, 105, 171, 279, 287, 290; Child Marriage Model Law, 177; protection, 18, 166-179, 184, 189, 191, 250, 268; rearing, 67-75, 188, 189, 269; rights, 18, 165, 166, 176, 184, 267; survival, 189; vulnerability, 19, 186, 250
childbirth, 67, 224, 228
childhood: Eurocentric and Western construction, 166-167, 184, 189, 195; Ghanaian construction, 185; early development, 188; experiences and co-dependence, 266; onset epilepsy, 92; socio-cultural constructions, 279; universalization, 166, 185
Christianity, 49, 86, 125, 170, 171, 261
civil rights, 9, 11, 15, 38, 141, 188, 279, 281
civil society, 119, 166, 177, 220, 240
clitoridectomy, 108, 118, 209
collective: action and response, 121, 290; caring, 8, 9; 29, 80; child-rearing, 75, 190; decision-making, 18, 176; dialogue, 231; responsibility, 7, 8, 9, 29, 274; values, 190; vocation, 8; wellbeing, 61; wisdom, 59
collectivism, 9, 10, 28, 29
colonial: administration, 27; assault on humanity, 5; attitudes, 16; constructions, 291; dispossession, 28; history, 5, 169, 172, 186, 278; legacies, 4, 29, 41, 63; power, 198; rule, 105; thinking, 283
colonialism, 3, 4, 5, 10, 27-29, 41, 170, 184, 193, 203, 278, 281-284
common sense assumptions, 14, 26, 30, 33-34, 37, 40, 267-268, 286, 288-289
community education and engagement, 15, 17,18, 39-42, 61, 98, 100, 115, 118, 119, 173-179, 201, 251-252, 257, 268-270, 285, 287-290
conflict and human rights violations, 5, 12,16, 18, 117, 170
conflict resolution, 202, 249
Congo: bomoto, 7; Niger-Congo language family, 105
constitutional rights, 18, 161
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 61, 114, 125, 168
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): 19, 20, 114, 166, 183-185, 188-191, 193-196, 199, 203, 220, 255-256
Core values/principles: 11, 81, 188, 198, 203, 252, 273-275, 278, 291
Corporal punishment (CP): 20, 255-270, 287
Critical Discourse Analysis: 72
cultural: annihilation 4, attitudes, 90, 193, 194, 200; assimilation, 40; conceit, 10; 11; difference, 13; dimensions, 237; diversity, 10, 12, 13, 61, 97, 211, 212, 213, 273; epistemologies, 2; mediators, 13, 39, 268, 277, 288; norms, 4, 19, 30, 68, 127, 169, 217, 238, 239, 240, 249, 251, 252, 278, 291; ontology, 47; practices, 5, 7, 11-16, 37-38, 47-52, 57-, 58-63, 89, 97, 105-106, 110, 117-122, 128, 168-169, 179, 186, 200, 213, 241, 247, 256-257, 268, 291; relativism, 13, 212, 232, 277; sensitivity, 13
customary law: court, 60, 61; laws, 62, 63, 168, 287; practices, 50, 62
Customs, 3, 49, 54, 107, 109, 118, 127, 185, 258, 291
death: asset distribution, 250; in customary marriage, 49; and female ritual bondage, 110-112; grieving period, 49; punishment, 56, 58, 60; and female genital mutilation and cutting, 218, 220, 232; widow inheritance, 20, 61, 241, 242; rites and rituals, 49, 50, 52-54, 58, 61, 63, 106-108, 238
democracy: capitalism, 282; colonial influence, 5, democratic participation, 9, 96; democracy and socio-economic development 10, ideals and practices 11; 267; nation, 105, people-centered social democracy, 6, 280, 281, 289; non-racial, 7; socialist, 282
demons, 87, 88
dialogue: community, 18, 34, 61,118-119, 167, 176-177, 179, 231, 268, 283; intercultural, 39, 288; in multicultural relations, 7; reflective and reflexivity, 15, 39, 41, 269, 284-285
dichotomy and dichotomies, 10, 29, 35, 175, 274
disability: intersection with other social criteria, 6; perspective, 90-91; People’s Organization, 98; services, 16, 90-94; and social justice, 96; social model, 91
disadvantages: gender, 35, 120, 139; economic, 95; and epilepsy, 91, 99, 100; injustice, 95, 96; Global South, 10; intersectional criteria, 287
discourses: dominant, 31, 32, 37, 38, 40, 70, 72, 78, 80, 270, 284, 285, 288; contested, 26, 32; femininities and masculinities, 38; ideological, 40; intensive mothering, 16; illobolo, 25-45; mode of practice, 30; multiple, 3; multicultural, 6; normalized, 29; orders of, 30; power, 36; relativistic, 12; subordination, 28
divorce, 60, 134, 135, 186, 187
domestic violence and violence against women, 17, 28, 36, 109, 115, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154-161, 175, 290
domestic workers, 15-16, 67-84
dowry, 63, 139, 242, 243
Eastern culture, 10
economic: benefits 55, 57; Economic Structural Adjustment Programs, 174; circumstances, 32, 68, 279; distributive justice, 95, 202, 279, 282, 291; exploitation, 11, 96; necessity, 15; redistribution, 99; security, 50, 194
emancipation, 9-10, 11, 15, 26, 40, 63
emancipatory social work, 11, 12, 13, 20, 25, 39, 40, 268, 273-276, 279, 282-289
environmental rights, 11
epilepsy, 16, 85 -10, 280
equality, 9, 18, 31, 35, 38, 58, 59, 60-63, 80, 106, 114, 126, 148, 149, 151, 161, 165, 177, 178, 197, 211, 212, 231, 248, 251, 278, 280
ethics, 6, 51, 111, 198, 203, 229-230, 259, 275-276, 281
Ethiopia: Constitution 125; harmful practices against women, 115; Islam and women’s rights, 125-146
ethnic: diversity 48; groups, 5, 38, 48, 51, 54, 105, 107, 109-110, 125, 239; identification, 9, 42
Eurocentrism, 4, 6, 10, 71, 166, 189, 276, 283
Europe, 5, 7, 10, 29, 186, 278, 282
Ewe ethnic group, 107, 110-111
exploitation: children, 16, 117, 165, 167-168, 191-192, 195, 203, 212, 255; economic, 11, 96; women, 80
faith and faith based organisations, 8, 14, 87, 88, 133, 176, 177, 201, 261
family: conflict, 16; extended, 8, 27, 35, 52-54, 59, 106, 108, 141, 186, 191; honour, 37, 112, 245, 247, 252; nuclear, 72, 108, 188; Norwegian, 71; planning, 171; property and inheritance 136, 138, 341, 136, 138, 241; relationships 17, 79, 128, 190; type and structure, 6, 20, 70, 81, 259-261, 267; universality, 47; unity, 7; wellbeing, 11; 15, 50, 199
fathers and fatherhood, 28, 29, 30, 34, 37, 48, 74, 137, 139, 185, 250
female genital mutilation/cutting, 16, 19, 37-38, 106-120, 167, 209-232, 279
female ritual bondage (troxovi system), 110-112, 114, 119-120
female-headed households: 33, 34, 261
femicide, 157, 160
femininity and feminism, 31, 33, 41, 67, 95, 147
fertility, 33, 67, 109, 111, 224
Fiasidi (wife or slave of a deity),110
focus group discussions, 19, 51, 72, 215, 226, 229-230, 240
foster care and fostering: crisis, 186, 187; domestic, 186, 187; educational; 186, 188; kinship, 186; mothers, 69; non-kinship, 186; pre-colonial traditional, 19, 184-186
Fon ethnic group110
freedom: from abuse and exploitation, 165, 167; of expression and association 18, 148, 151; of movement 18, 148, 154, 160
Ga ethnic group, 107, 110
Gambia: female genital mutilation and cutting, 120, 220
gender: bias, 56, 57, 126; equality, 31, 35, 38, 62, 80, 106, 126, 149, 161, 177, 212, 231, 248, 251; inequality, 31, 35, 58, 62, 126, 129, 136, 251; parity, 193, 194; relations, 18, 128, 141, 142, 152, 169, 250, 252; stereotypes, 62, 127, 194; gender-based violence, 19, 20, 150, 165, 177, 237-252
Ghana: Action Aid, 116; Association of Social Workers, 203; Baptist Convention, 116; child labour, 183-208; Constitution 114-115, 192; criminal code 110, 113, 115; Department of Social Welfare, 192; Education Service, 195; harmful cultural practices, 105-124; National Association of Teachers,193; National Commission on Children, 191; NGO Coalition on the Rights of the Child (GNCRC) 193, 205; child laws, 19
Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development, 12, 198, 273
Global Campaign against Epilepsy, 90-91, 99
Global Definition of Social Work, 12, 22, 198, 273-275
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children (GIEACPC), 256-258, 264, 267-268, 271
Global Social Work Statement of Ethical Principles (GSWSEP), 12, 13, 273, 275, 277, 278, 288
Global South, 4, 85, 165-167, 173, 278-279, 285,
Global Standards on Social Work Education and Training, 12, 23, 39, 45, 198, 273 -275, 288
God, 86, 87, 110, 111, 127, 135, 170, 227, 276
hadiths, 130, 139, 140, 228
harm reduction, 26, 221, 224, 226, 230,
harmful cultural and traditional practices, 16, 17, 42, 47, 50, 105-124, 165, 168-169, 175, 209-213, 231-232, 257, 268, 279-280, 290-291
healing, 20, 86, 87, 93, 97-98, 109, 141, 170, 176, 218, 244
health-care professionals and providers, 19, 209, 214, 221, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232,
hegemony: counter-hegemonic, 267; Eurocentric, 4; ideological, 40, 41; patriarchal, 147, 285; Western, 6, 10, 189, 267
HIV/AIDS, 19, 20, 29, 36, 108, 177, 187, 237-242, 247, 290
human agency, 2, 6, 11, 30, 35, 39, 40,41, 63, 73, 152, 155, 285, 291
human dignity, 3, 9, 11, 18-19, 38, 58, 60, 81, 108, 131, 135, 148, 150-151, 157-158, 160-161; 175, 197, 198, 203, 210-211, 247, 256-259, 267, 274-275, 277-278, 287, 291
human rights violations, 3, 5, 9, 13, 26, 29, 116, 128, 273, 275, 279, 285, 288-291
Human Rights Watch, 167, 171, 177
Humanity, 2, 5-7, 10-11, 81, 121, 139, 161, 278, 286
IASSW, 12-13, 81, 269, 273, 275, 277, 286, 288
IASSW/IFSW, 12, 273, 275
IASSW/ICSW/IFSW, 12, 273
ideology and ideologies, 4, 11, 30, 40, 68, 75, 79, 156, 267-268, 285-286, 291
Igbos ethnic group, 48, 51
ilobolo, 14, 15, I25 - 42
imams, 88, 228
imperialism, 4-5, 27, 278,
Indigenous: African values, 11; African intellect, 276; Afrocentric social care practices, 15, 50, 58, 63; churches, 169; communication tools, 62; perspectives on epilepsy, 85-88; epistemologies, 276; knowledge and beliefs, 47, 274; methods, 198; limitations of Indigenous approaches, 290
infibulation, 109, 209-210, 213, 216, 226, 228-230,
inheritance: practices, 20, 49, 50, 54, 59; rights 17, 127, 128, 138, 139, 140
intergenerational: cultural continuity, 42, 289; cycles of poverty, 34, 188; socio-economic status, 194; transmission of culture, 2; patterns of corporal punishment, 267-268
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, 90
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 220
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 220
International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), 184, 197, 198
International Federation of Women Lawyers, 62
international human rights, 15-16, 39, 62, 63, 106, 118, 121, 166-168, 183, 220, 239
International Labour Organization, 196
International League Against Epilepsy, 90
International Money Fund (IMF), 188, 280-281
intersectionality: political economy, culture, and human rights, 3, 95; race, class, and gender, 16, 68, 81; culture, religion, and women’s rights, 17, 125-145; lens, 72; multiple social criteria, 6, 287; violence against children and violence against women, 217
intersubjectivity, 2, 3, 286
isiZulu, 14, 15, 25-26, 30-31, 33, 72
Islam: intersection between culture and religion, 17, 56, 125-146; polygamy, 133-136; Islamic scriptures, 126, 143
justice: criminal justice reform, 202; distributive, 279, 282, 291; environmental and climate, 278; natural 60-61; juvenile 184, 191; recourse to, 16, 92, 94, 100; restorative, 7; social, 9, 12, 14, 16, 25, 41,42, 61, 91, 92, 94-96, 99, 100, 120, 165, 175, 178, 180, 198, 203, 269, 273, 274, 282; in Islam, 129, 131, 133, 139- 144
Kenya: collective child rearing practices, 190; self-help 91; corporal punishment, 264, 269; locally specific interventions, 289
Kwanzaa, 21, 280
Lesotho: distance parenting, 74, 76; bohali (bridewealth), 25
Local: culture, customs, and traditions, 3, 10, 18, 47, 50, 175, 179, 185, 188, 244, 274, 276; group affiliation, 3; languages and cultures 5, 110, 166, 212, 260; socio-economic circumstances 18, 166, 175; solutions, 198, 200, 203, 231, 274, 277, 286, 288, 289
Malawi: Eurocentric imposition, 185; child marriage, 287, 290; girl’s education, 194-195; Indigenous healing methods, 86-87; umunthu, 7
marginalization: advocacy, 13,39; epilepsy, 87, 90; non-participation, 96; widows, 107; women, 63, 68, 70, 78, 79, 169
marriage: child, 18, 105, 112-120, 165-182, 191, 279, 287, 290; childless, 54; civil, 49; cultural practices, 15, 16, 41, 47-66, 242; customary, 25, 63; delayed, 26, 34; infidelity in, 15, 47, 55-63; in Islam, 125-146; non-consensual, 242-243, 251; polygamous, 17, 55-59, 113, 127-128, 133-136, 221, 242, 251; polygynous, 113; white wedding, 35
masculinities, 38, 80, 147, 148, 157
maternal mortalities, 165, 175
midwives, 19, 214, 215, 221, 224-232
migrants and migration, 28, 78-79, 109, 111
modernity, 27, 28, 31, 63
moral: arc, 9; claim, 6; codes, 170, 185; degradation, 29; development, 258; dilemma, 226; hazards, 183; imperative, 247; obligation, 11; positive value, 68, 80; questions, 212; reasoning, 3; right, 232; self, 277; relativism, 13, 277; worth, 286
Morocco: beliefs about epilepsy, 87; Indigenous healing methods, 86
mothers and mothering: blaming, 71, 78, 79; disabilities, 69; distance, 16, 67-84; good mother, 36, 68, 76; incarcerated, 69; identities, 68,74; intensive, 16, 67-71, 76-78; othermothering, 15, 67-69, 72, 75; same sex, 69; shared, 69; self-regulatory, 78; single, 26, 30, 69, 73; transnational, 77; working, 69, 70
motherhood: conceptualization, 15, 16; fertility and motherhood, 33,67; unmarried, 28, 32-34; socio-cultural constructions, 67-84; unemployment, 32-34
multicultural, 6, 7
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 112
Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey, 171
Muslims, 17, 49, 126-142, 228
naming ceremonies, 74
neoliberalism and neoliberal capitalism, 4, 15, 20, 275, 278, 280-282, 285-287, 291
Nguni groups, 69
Nigeria: Constitution 60; ethnic groups, 51; female ritual bondage, 110-111; marital cultural practices, 47-66; gender inequality, 47-66; mutual aid, 201; Ubuntu, 61; women’s empowerment, 62
non-discrimination, 58, 63, 114, 115, 188, 198, 211, 232, 278
normalization: harm, 12; corporal punishment, 256, 258, 261, 263-267; cultural and neoliberal discourses, 291; distant mothering, 76, 80; illobo, 26, 28-31; oppression, 37; female genital mutilation and cutting, 38, 229; social workers, 269; violation of women’s rights, 143
norms: core identities, 2; corporal punishment, 257-258, 263-266; dominant masculinity, 238; heterosexuality, 291; middle-class, 71; positive social norms, 249-251; socio-cultural, religious, and traditional, 4, 11, 15, 28, 30, 38, 40-41, 68, 80, 107, 117, 127, 139, 165, 169, 173, 200, 237; 239-241, 278; 291; social norm change, 209, 212, 216- 217, 221, 229-232; tribal groups, 50
oppressed and oppressors, 7, 13, 142, 161, 283
oppression, 5-6, 26, 31, 35, 37-39, 201, 269, 281, 283
oral tradition, 51, 111
Organization of African Unity, 11, 15, 19, 58, 114, 239
orphans, 133, 187, 250
parents and parenting: authoritative, 79; culturally entrenched parenting practices, 255-272; distance, 15, 16, 67-84; education, 98, 100, 189, 194; conscious positive parenting, 20, 257; female-parent families, 20; intensive, 80, 81; migrant, 79; parental versus children’s rights and responsibilities, 261-263; single, 70, 81; two parent families, 20, 34
participation: barriers to, 68, 90, 96, 100; community, 190, 195; leaders, 18, 176-178; parity of, 96, 99, 101, 280-281; party politics, 141; policy making, 201-202
patriarchy and patriarchal culture, 10, 15, 17, 35, 37, 38, 48, 53, 63, 68, 70, 107, 127, 130, 133, 135, 142, 143, 147, 148, 156, 161, 248, 250, 251, 252, 279
political rights, 9, 11, 188, 220
positive cultural resources, 20, 238, 240, 246, 249, 252
post-colonial: critique, 29; dangers, 281; intellectual, 2; theories and theorising, 274, 289; status, 280
poverty: free market ideologies, 4, 15, 278; 285, 286; and conflicts, 5; and human rights violations, 18, 19, 117, 118, 192, 196; and ilobolo, 26, 28, 32, 34, 39; and race, 70, 80; and teenage pregnancies, 73; and distant mothering, 75; treatment gap, 89; and epilepsy, 99, 280; and child marriages, 112, 113, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 178, 179, 279; uneven access to education, 187, 193, 194; intergenerational transmission, 188, reduction, 192, 197, 202
power: colonial, 27, 198, 278; dynamics, 223-225, 232; and gender, 17, 18, 37, 38, 119, 137; and language, 41, 62, 73; and privilege, 7, 30; patriarchal, 35, 63, 126, 129, 136, 147, 163, 238, 248, 150, 252; parental, 259, 262, 270; supernatural, 88
primordial essence, 32, 39, 41, 291
privilege, 7, 8, 30, 39, 63, 70, 76, 81, 147, 283, 291
pronatalist culture, 48
property and inheritance rights, 14, 15, 17, 47, 52, 54, 61, 127, 128, 136, 138, 139, 140,
Prophet Mohamed (PBUH), 88, 227
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, 58, 60, 115, 220, 227
provider role, 34, 37, 249
psychosocial issues, 34, 88, 90
public social welfare,16, 92, 93
Quran, 17, 87, 88, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144
race: Afrocentricity, 6, 279; discrimination, 190-191, 211; intersectional criterion, 16, 40, 67-68, 81, 286-287; ontological power, 67; thinking, 284; socio-political and cultural construct, 67
racism, 70, 284
radical: Marxist leaning, 12, 95; views 29; religious doctrine, 170; developmental social work, 178, changes, 189; cultural relativism, 232
re-infibulation, 110, 213, 216, 226, 228, 229, 230
religion: and colonialism, 4, 5, 283; Islam, 125-146; justification for harmful practices 16, 25-45, 47-65, 106-117, 167, 169; leaders, 119, 121, 176-177, 216, 224, 227-231; multiple universes of discourse, 3; mweya, 170-171,179; perspectives on epilepsy, 85-89; regulation of religious healing, 98; reconciling religious and scientific discourses, 276; respect for diversity, 275
representation: social justice, 95; political 96; rights based approach 97-100, women 141
resistance: anti-colonial, 3, 6; to change, 26; to power and authority, 73, 152, 177, 178, 289; to universalized childhood, 185
respect: for authority, 8, 131, 176, 179, 185, 190, 231, 247; for the dead, 49; for diversities, 9, 12, 13, 96, 117; for human dignity, 38; for human rights, 5, 116, 211; mutual, 250; for persons, 6, 19, 29, 60, 118, 188
responsibilities: in child marriage, 112, 113,117; children’s, 166, 203; collective, 8, 9, 11, 29, 274; and freedom, 40; government, 62, 257; in Islamic marriage, 129, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 142; parental versus children’s, 261-263, 270; productive and reproductive, 35; supernatural interference, 86; traditional aunties, 247; in troxovi, 111; Ujima, 7; in wife inheritance, 49, 52, 59; women and child rearing, 69, 70, 73, 78, 79, 80
rights-based approach, 96, 97, 150, 212, 214, 232
rite of passage, 37, 223, 224
rituals, 35, 41, 49, 53, 63, 88, 106, 107, 108, 120, 185, 275
Rwanda: ethnic identification, 9; genocide, 9; interventionist state, 289
self-help: groups, 201; projects, 91
sex: age of consent, 112, 113, 172; food for sex, 152; same sex, 69; unprotected, 38; work, 167,
sexism, 26, 25, 41, 221; and discrimination, 35; malignant, 26
sexual: control, 221; desire, 134, 219; exploitation, 114; female ritual bondage, 110-111; functioning risks, 219; harassment, 195; heterosexual, 68, 71, 149; high risk behaviour, 226; identity, 6; infidelity, 160; intercourse, 35, 109; jealousy, 159; male pleasure, 109; minorities, 95; misconduct, 195; orientation, 6, 40, 81, 237, 287; partners, 56, 59; objects and property, 134, 157; and reproductive health rights, 209, 211; services, 26; violation, 150, 156
sexual and reproductive health rights, 209, 211, 212, 230, 231
Sharia, 137, 138, 139
Shona, 7, 25, 28
slave women, 69
slavery, 69, 106, 282
social policy, 10, 42, 90, 148, 201, 202
social and group solidarity, 6, 9, 63, 190, 281-282
social work education, 2, 4, 10, 12, 15, 19, 39, 40, 50, 184, 198, 199, 200, 201, 273, 274, 288, 289, 290
socio-cultural constructions, 27, 39, 41, 67, 68, 239, 279, 288
socio-economic circumstances, realities, and injustices, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 26, 27, 32-33, 38, 40, 80-81, 91, 95, 126, 129, 136, 139, 141, 166, 167, 171, 174-175, 179, 194, 199, 202, 209, 231, 261, 267, 273, 279, 290, 291
Sotho groups, 69
South Africa: apartheid, 7, 27, 28, 149, 281; Black Consciousness Movement, 5; Commission on Gender Equality, 35; Constitution, 148, 150-151; Customary Marriages Act, 25, 74; distance parenting, 67-84; domestic violence, 147-164; domestic workers, 67-84; Employment Equity Act, 90-91; Epilepsy South Africa, 90-91; ilobolo, 25-46; post-apartheid, 149, 281; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 7; Ubuntu, 7
South African Development Community, 177
Spirit led churches, 169
spirits, 47, 55, 57, 87, 88, 257, 282
status: gender, 50, 70, 125, 128, 134, 137, 147, 223; and ilobolo, 27-28; intersectional criterion, 6, 68, 197; motherhood, 73; refugee, 191; socio-economic, 20, 95, 135, 192, 194, 261
stereotypes: gender and gender roles, 30, 37, 62, 127, 194, 238; deconstruction, 41; racial, 30; reproduction of, 30
structural constraints and influences, 40, 67, 71, 81, 90, 91, 279
Sub-Saharan Africa, 165, 170, 184, 185, 193, 196, 201
supernatural forces, 86, 237
Sustainable Development Goals, 211, 212, 231, 267
Tanzania: bumuntu, 7; corporal punishment, 256; Indigenous healing, 86; Nyumba Ntobhu, 38; Ujamaa, 280
traditional: activities, 49; beliefs, 19; communities, 8, 9; healers, 86, 87, 97; healing practices, 244; mourning practices, 106; subordination, 28
Ubuntu, 7-9, 12, 61, 80, 99, 175, 258, 273, 275, 277-278, 290-291
Uganda: AIDS Commission, 238; gender-based violence, 237-254; HIV/AIDS, 237-254; Umuntu, 7
Ujamaa, 8, 280, 282, 286, 290
UN Centre for Human Rights, 198
UN Fund for Population Activities, 115, 165, 166, 167, 169
UN Office of the High Commission for Human Rights, 106
UN Women, 238
UN World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children, 255
UNICEF, 106, 109-110, 115, 165, 169-173, 176-177, 192, 197, 215- 217, 221-222, 228, 231, 259
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 214
United Nations Development Program, 92, 107, 119, 192, 193
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 36, 237, 240, 252,
United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies, 214
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 59, 61, 113, 125, 168, 220, 239
virgins and virginity, 109-111, 224, 246, 247, 248
Western archetypes, culture, and hegemony, 4, 6-7, 10-11, 14, 28-29, 47, 88, 97, 111, 167, 175, 187-189, 195, 201, 257, 282-285
widows: cleansing, 38; inheritance, 14, 16, 20, 49, 50, 52, 106, 108, 241, 251; transfer, 49, 52, 53, 62
widowhood rites, 14, 16, 48, 49, 58, 106, 107, 108
witch camps, 116
witchcraft, 87, 116
women: in Law and Development in Africa [WiLDAF], 113; Consortium of Nigeria, 62; oppression, 26, 31; rights, 15, 17, 58, 62, 63, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 136, 139, 140, 143, 148, 150, 151, 161, 162, 191, 226; status, 128, 134; women-centred networks, 69
World Bank, 188, 189, 280-281
World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children, 272
World Health Organization, 85, 88-, 89-93, 98, 100, 109-110, 115, 120, 209-218, 220, 229, 231
Yorubas, 48, 51
Zimbabwe: child marriages, 165-182; Constitution, 172; epilepsy misrecognition, 85-104; hunu, 7; lobola, 25; roora, 25; Shona culture, 28
Zion Christian Churches, 171