Skip to main content

A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011: Index

A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011
Index
    • Notifications
    • Privacy
  • Project HomeA Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011
  • Projects
  • Learn more about Manifold

Notes

Show the following:

  • Annotations
  • Resources
Search within:

Adjust appearance:

  • font
    Font style
  • color scheme
  • Margins
table of contents
  1. Half-Title
  2. Title
  3. Copyright
  4. Governing a Kingdom: Parks Canada, 1911–2011
  5. M.B. Williams and the Early Years of Parks Canada
  6. Nature’s Playgrounds: The Parks Branch and Tourism Promotion in the National Parks, 1911–1929
  7. “A Questionable Basis for Establishing a Major Park”: Politics, Roads, and the Failure of a National Park in British Columbia’s Big Bend Country
  8. “A Case of Special Privilege and Fancied Right”: The Shack Tent Controversy in Prince Albert National Park
  9. Banff in the 1960s: Divergent Views of the National Park Ideal
  10. Films, Tourists, and Bears in the National Parks: Managing Park Use and the Problematic “Highway Bum” Bear in the 1970s
  11. Hunting, Timber Harvesting, and Precambrian Beauties: The Scientific Reinterpretation of La Mauricie National Park’s Landscape History, 1969–1975
  12. Kouchibouguac: Representations of a Park in Acadian Popular Culture
  13. Kluane National Park Reserve, 1923–1974: Modernity and Pluralism
  14. Negotiating a Partnership of Interests: Inuvialuit Land Claims and the Establishment of Northern Yukon (Ivvavik) National Park
  15. Archaeology in the Rocky Mountain National Parks: Uncovering an 11,000-Year-Long Story
  16. Rejuvenating Wilderness: The Challenge of Reintegrating Aboriginal Peoples into the “Playground” of Jasper National Park
  17. Epilogue
  18. Appendix A: Canada’s National Parks and National Park Reserves
  19. Appendix B: National Parks Zoning System, Parks Canada Agency
  20. Notes on Contributors
  21. Select Bibliography
  22. Index
  23. End Notes

Index

fleur.jpg

A

Abbey, Edward, 71

Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin, 355

Aboriginal challenges to modernism, 10, 13–14, 254–63, 294

Aboriginal Forum, 335, 348, 356

Aboriginal handicrafts and artefacts, 197, 203n51, 305

Aboriginal knowledge of place, 237, 254

Aboriginal land claims. See land claims

Aboriginal people, 74n2, 237, 239, 260, 286, 293. See also First Nations people

assimilating or enculturating, 293–94

challenged conventional thinking about national parks, 10, 14, 197, 257, 294

cultural attachment to Yukon North Slope, 277

doctrine of the vanishing Indian, 340

erasing native presence in parks and protected areas, 42, 260, 346

expulsion from national parks, 74n2, 77n40, 169, 244, 274, 296n6, 361n20, 364n39

forced shifts in government policies (See Aboriginal challenges to modernism)

introducing moral questions into conservation debates, 277

invisible to officials 100 years ago, 340

IUCN definition of wilderness (1987) and, 338

objected to tourist orientation of national parks, 283

reinstating in parks, 341, 347–48, 355, 378

‘special privileges’ for, 289

stakeholders in national park territories, 181

vote, 245

Aboriginal status as “citizens plus,” 260, 271n63

Aboriginal subsistence lifeway. See subsistence lifeway

Aboriginal title, 282, 284

Acadians, 14, 207, 211, 339

acceptance of lives after Kouchibouguac, 223–24, 228

artistic representations, 207, 211–12, 227–28

“authentic” residents idea, 216, 230n26

changes in Acadian society, 208

deportation, 217, 219, 223, 227

expropriation, 205, 208, 211–16

resilience, 227

willingness to stand up for Acadian interests, 211–12, 230n15

Acadie in twenty-first century, 229

L ‘Acadie l’Acadie?!? (1971), 230n15

Acadie nouvelle, 227

Africville, 208

Agreement-in-Principle. See Inuvialuit Land Rights Settlement Agreement-in-Principle (AIP)

Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act (ARDA, 1966), 183

Aishihik Champlain First Nations

annual camps and teaching TEK, 347

Aishihik First Nation, 263, 264n1

Alaska Highway, 101n25, 243, 245, 256

Alberta, 68

expanded highway system, 134

Alberta Archaeological Society, 313

Alberta Heritage Act (1973), 311

Alberta Historical Resources Act, 311

Allmand, Warren, 286

Alpine Club, 55, 67, 373

Aluminum Company of America, 246

animal–human conflicts, 158, 164. See also bears

mauling incidents, 160, 164, 168–69

antelope, 5

archaeological research in the Rocky Mountain parks, 303–25, 377

ability to look at changes over time, 322, 325

basic culture history framework, 324–25

focus on placing people in a landscape, 304, 310

funding for, 321

Archaeological Society of Alberta, 308

archaeological staff in the Calgary Regional Office of Parks Canada, 304, 314

Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 311

archaeology, 10

architecture, 135

Arctic International Wildlife Range Society (AIWRS), 278

Arctic National Wildlife Range, 278

Arctic sovereignty, 10

ARDAs (Archaeological Resource Description and Analysis), 318

Arsenault, Aurèle, 228

asbestos mines, 246

Aseniwuche Winewak Nation, 356

Aspen, Colorado, 148

Astotin Lake, 69

Athabasca Forest Reserve, 352, 354

Athabasca Pass, 369n72

Athabasca River, 346, 356

Athabasca River valley survey, 317

Atikamac, Lake, 192

automobile campgrounds, 136, 274

automobile culture, 31, 39, 41, 153

dependence on industrial processes, 73

influence on animal-human relationships, 154

shaping of park design, 5–6

automobile road films, 158

automobile tourism, 5, 13, 60, 62, 71, 73n1, 134, 144, 375

local groups and, 59

priority for federal government for national parks (interwar years), 83

automobile tourism and bears, 154, 158, 164–65, 172

treatment in Bears and Man (1978), 170–71

wilderness ideal, 155

automobiles, 35, 41–43

originally prohibited in parks, 31

Auyuittuq, 8, 235, 282

Away from it all (1961), 162

B

back to nature movement, 4, 27, 72, 154

Baffin Island (Auyuittuq), 8, 235, 282

Ballade de Jackie Vautour (Richard), 227

Banff Advisory Council, 137–40, 145

Banff Archaeological Resource Description and Analysis (ARDA), 315, 317–18

Banff hot springs, 3, 15n6, 375

Banff National Park, 41, 334, 355, 381

archaeological resource inventory, 310

automobile campgrounds, 136

bison reintroduction plan, 323

coyotes destroyed by park wardens, 146–47

cultural resource management (CRM) position, 320

development as year-round resort, 140

dispossession of local Aboriginal people, 274

ecological integrity, 54, 149, 321

at epicentre of revolution in thinking about national parks (1960s), 133–34

first culture history sequence, 304

flagship of Canadian parks system, 3, 184

highway overpasses for wildlife, 54

initially created to protect resources for commercial use, 181

interpretive service, 146

local community cultural ties to, 135

management and management plans, 134, 141–42, 144–45, 149, 322–23

in national iconography, 3

occupation going back eight thousand years, 311

over-development, 133, 375–76, 379

park overcrowding, 7

Trans-Canada Highway twinning, 304

vehicular traffic, 136, 144, 160

Banff National Park new management plan (1988)

ecological principles directing, 149

Banff Park Museum, 355

Banff Park Museum National Historic Site, 305

Banff provisional master plan (1968), 144

ambitious program of new construction, 141

automobile tourists favoured over wilderness protection, 144

criticism of, 144–45

environmental groups opposition to, 142

increasing winter use, 141

Banff School of Fine Arts, 140

Banff Springs Hotel, 134, 136

Banff townsite, 54, 62

anger over Ottawa’s micromanagement, 29, 44

archaeological sites near, 323

Banff businessmen, 136, 139

Banff Chamber of Commerce, 137

described as large convenience store, 138

environmental awareness, 147

in late precontact period, 307

municipal status, 137, 139, 145

place of contact between BC Interior Plateau and plains people, 305

private residences, 118

properties owned through government leases, 136–37

reflects different eras of national park philosophy, 375 ( See also philosophy of parks)

sense of community, 135

Banff-Bow Valley study, 381

The Banff-Jasper Highway (Williams), 46, 371

Banff-Windermere Highway, 41, 61, 83–84

The Banff-Windermere Highway (Williams), 35

Banfield, A.W.F., 253

Banks Island, 282

Bathurst, 222

“Bear Confrontation Conduct”

deleted from Bears and Man (1978), 169

bears, 8

aggressing tourists, 158

“bear country,” 172

bear culls, 164, 169, 171 (See also predator control)

bear problem in U.S., 160

bear studies, 165

bear-proof garbage disposal, 164

begging along roadsides, 158

campground and wilderness, 165, 171

grizzly bears, 97

habituated, 164–65, 168, 170

“keystone” species in road landscapes, 158, 172

in mass-produced postcards, 155

mauling incidents, 160, 164–65, 168–69, 171

prominence in tourist-animal landscapes, 159

scientific understanding of bear behaviour, 168

“spoiled” bear, 169–70

tourist feeding along roadsides, 154, 158, 164–65, 171

Bears and Man (1978), 154

aim to maintain space in parks for humans and bears, 172

disassembled the bear-automobile landscape, 168, 171

First Nations’ voice in, 169

redefined space in a new “hybrid landscape,” 155

re-education of public, 172

scientific understanding of bear behaviour, 168

tourist bear-feeding scene, 170–71

viewers asked to “respect the bear,” 172

Beaufort Sea, 277–78, 282, 292

Beausoleil Broussard (band), 222

Beausoleil Island, 63–65, 76n28–29

Beaver Hills Ecosystem

integrated management with Parks and other stakeholders, 356

Beckers Bungalows, 343

Belaney, Archie. See Grey Owl

Bella, Leslie, 142

Bennett, R.B., 44–45

Bennett, W.H., 63–64

Berger, Thomas, Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland, 278, 281

Berger wilderness park proposal, 278

Best, Patricia, 170

Big Beach area, Prince Albert National Park

campers, 106

summer cottage subdivision, 105

Big Bend country, 80. See also Mica Dam

Big Bend Road, 83, 86

agreement (BC and federal), 81

construction camps, 82

dissatisfaction with, 88–89, 94, 100n18, 100n21, 101n27

eastern half flooded by Mica Dam, 95

publicity campaign (to lure American tourists), 88

replacement with highway through the Selkirks, 96

roadside timber reserve, 84

Bighorn (film), 168

Bill 85 (1911), 1

biodiversity, 355

biological science, 190, 381

ambiguous status in national parks management (1970s), 190

biologists, 135, 149

Bird, Dick, 161

bison, 68, 70, 323–24

black bears. See bears

Boat Encampment, 81, 83–84, 87, 95

area thrown open to logging, 96

destroyed by Mica Dam, 95

Bostock, Hugh, 250, 254

Bouchard, Lake, 189

Boudreau, Jules, Cochu et le Soleil, 217

Bourbonnais, Jean, 227–28

Bow River Valley, 310

Bow Valley, 42, 54, 315

Bow Valley Naturalists, 146–47

Bradley, Ben, 5, 379, 391

Brewsters, 136

Bridgland, Morrison Parsons, 348

Description of and Guide to Jasper Park, 34, 38

British Block cairn, 307

British Columbia, 83, 88

campaign to get Ottawa to build and maintain highways, 80, 84 (See also Big Bend Road)

created Hamber as a provincial park, 6

Dominion Railway Belt, 80

expanded highway system, 134

process for creation provincial parks (1940s), 89

resource-based economy, 81

unemployment rate (early 1931), 82

British Columbia Forest Service, 95

British Columbia Parks Branch, 94–95

Brooks, Lloyd, 116

Brown, Robert Craig, “The Doctrine of Usefulness,” 54

Bruce, R. Randolph, 61

Bryant Creek, 317

buffalo, 5, 244

Buffalo National Park, 68, 102n38, 379

removed from parks system, 69

Buggey, Susan, 354, 356

Bureau d’aménagement de l’Est-du-Québec (BAEQ), 183

Burwash Indian Band, 247, 249–50, 253

C

Calder case (1973), 282

Calgary, 61

Calgary Olympic Development Association (CODA), 140

Calgary Regional Office of Parks Canada, 314, 321

Calgary-Banff chapter of the National and Provincial Parks Association, 144

Cameron, G.I., 253

Campbell, Claire Elizabeth, 379, 391

Campbell, R.H., 29

Canada Land Inventory (1961), 183

Canada National Parks Act (2000), 11

Canada’s national parks. See national parks

Canada’s Unemployment Relief Camps, 82–83, 87, 99n5

Canada’s World Heritage Sites, 10, 376

Canadian Arctic Gas Limited, 281

Canadian Audubon Society, 142

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), 320–21

Canadian Forest Service, 185

Canadian Government Travel Bureau, 37

Canadian national identity

parks as symbol of, 340, 361n21, 372, 382n1

sentimental links to ‘the North,’ 281

“Canadian National Parks: Today and Tomorrow” (conference, 1968), 144–45, 183, 309–10, 338

Canadian National Parks Conference (Banff, 1978), 148

Canadian Pacific Railway, 15n6, 31, 99n3, 311

allure of national parks en route, 3

Banff Springs Hotel, 134, 136

Chateau Lake Louise, 136

marketing of Banff National Park, 375

mountain passes, 309

Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, 16n19, 23, 142, 150, 270n55

influential environmental lobby, 8

support for Systems Plan, 381

veneration of J.B. Harkin, 55

Canadian Parks Service (1984), 2

Canadian Wildlife Service, 135, 146, 161, 256–57, 289, 292

opposed giving Indians formal claim to any part of a National Park, 253

opposition to development on Beaufort Sea coast, 277

Cannon, Lucien, 33

CANOL (Canadian Oil) Road, 245

Cape Breton Highlands, 210

‘Carolling Coyotes Kapowed,’ 147

Carpenter, Edward, 38, 43

Carrick, Bill, 161

Carrier people, 335

cars. See automobiles

Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring, 135

Cascade fire road, 141

cattalo, 68

cattle grazing, 354–55

Catton, Theodore, 275

Cave and Basin National Historic Site, 355

Champagne First Nation, 263, 264n1

Chapman, Christopher, 163–64

Chateau Lake Louise, 136

Chrétien, Aline, 8

Chrétien, Jean, 8, 103, 141, 146, 235, 237

attempt to revise national park leasing regulations, 122

fervent promoter of national parks, 183–84

overturned Lake Louise ski hill plan, 148

on private use of public lands, 122

on scientific research in national parks, 190

second thoughts about Waskesiu plan, 123

Christensen, Ole, 310, 317, 324

citizen involvement, 119, 381

“citizens plus,” Aboriginal status as, 260, 271n63

civil disobedience, 205, 284

civil society

focus on parks’ commercial potential (1910s and 1920s), 72

role in promoting and expanding national parks, 55, 59

civil society wilderness advocacy groups, 154

Clark, C.H.D., 244–45

Clarke, (Superintendent of Rocky Mountains Park), 305

Clearwater River valley, 317

Clovis spear points, 311

Cluny Earthlodge, 307

Cochu et le Soleil (Boudreau), 217

Coleman, A.P., 117

Glaciers of the Rockies and Selkirks, 34

Coleman, J.R.B., 115, 160, 165

Colpitts, George, 8, 147, 190, 274, 391

Columbia Icefields, 373

Columbia Icefields interpretive centre, 343

Columbia River, 81, 94–95

Columbia River sturgeon, 97

Columbia River Treaty, 95

co-management with Aboriginal peoples, 275, 292, 294, 296n7, 337, 341

Committee for Original Peoples’ Entitlement (COPE). See COPE

compensation, 214–15, 368n66

for loss of commercial fishing rights, 212, 230n15

Métis families in Jasper, 335–36

Complainte du parc Kouchibouguac (Leblanc), 220–21

conservation, 4, 22–23, 55, 64, 133–34, 138, 270n55, 288, 293, 374

COPE commitment to, 285

early twentieth-century conservation, 27, 334, 339, 356

evolving nature of, 355

idea developed by Harkin, 22

Inuit and First Nations suspicion of government conservation plans, 283, 286, 290

Inuvialuit land claim and, 294

local harvesting and, 284

mixed conservation regime in the northern Yukon, 292

new set of rules for, 288

opposition to industrial activity or hunting, 67

second conservation movement, 142, 334

Consolidated-Bathurst Limited, 185

Cooking Lake-Blackfoot Grazing, Wildlife and Provincial Recreation Area, 354

COPE, 282, 286–87, 293

ambivalence about state conservation, 286, 290

belief that protected areas could serve long-term needs, 293

breakdown in negotiations, 290

committed to conservation, 285

demanded employment opportunities in the park, 287

desire to preserve wildlife habitats, 293

determined to ensure conservation practised according to a new set of rules, 288

distrustful of federal conservation practices, 285

exclusive rights to hunt and trap within park boundaries, 287, 289

importance attached to wildlife and habitat conservation, 288

Inuvialuit land claim, 283

opposition to ideal of ‘uninhabited wilderness,’ 275

proposed a National Wilderness Reservation for Yukon North Slope, 291

rejected government proposals for protected areas in the region, 283

copper, 246

Cormier, Linda, 225

cormorants, 356

Cornwall, 314

Coudert, J.L., Bishop, 251

Council for Yukon Indians, 262

coyotes, 146–47

CPR. See Canadian Pacific Railway

Crag and Canyon, 29, 44, 136–37, 139, 146, 148

‘Carolling Coyotes Kapowed,’ 147

Craig-Dupont, Olivier, 8, 145, 274, 346, 381, 391

Craighead, John and Frank, 168

Cree, 335

Crerar, Thomas, 87, 110

CRM. See cultural resource management (CRM) archaeology

Cronin, Keri, 155

Cronon, William, 340

“The Trouble with Wilderness,” 180

Uncommon Ground, 339

Cross, Austin, 88

Crowsnest Pass, 62, 310

Cruikshank, Julie, 275

cultural colonialism, 199

cultural heritage, 196, 260, 292, 335, 339, 343–44, 346, 356, 377–78

cultural landscapes, 10–11, 14, 325, 356, 363n37

protected areas as, 277, 297n10

cultural pluralism, 377

cultural relationships, negotiation of, 263–64

cultural resource management (CRM) archaeology, 304, 320–24

culture

privileging nature over, 377

Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park (2007), 348

Cyprus Anvil lead/zinc open pit mine, 246

D

Dalton Post, 244

David Thompson Highway, 141

Davidson, Al, 148

Davis, T.C., 62

Davis, Tommy, 105

Dawson, 246

Dawson News, 245

Dempster, Harry, 115

Dempster Highway, 245

Department of Archaeology at the University of Calgary, 308, 310

Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 287, 289

Department of Heritage, 11

Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. See DIAND

Department of National Defence, 83, 87

Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 7, 116–18, 135, 163

Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Alberta, 308

Department of the Environment, 11, 287, 289

Department of the Interior, 2, 4, 7, 26, 58, 61, 68, 70

deportation and Kouchibouguac link, 217, 219, 223, 227

Désaulniers Club, 189

Description of and Guide to Jasper Park (Bridgland), 34, 38

Desmeules, Pierre, 191

DIAND, 7, 11, 103, 124, 183, 289–90

determined to meet needs of the oil and gas industry, 277, 290

Dick, Lyle, 274, 341, 392

Diefenbaker, John, 14, 122, 125, 129n13, 130n43

“Northern Vision” of development and progress, 246

represented Prince Albert riding, 117

Dieppe, 226

Dinosaur Provincial Park, 355

Dinsdale, Walter, 117–18, 258

Divide Creek, 324

Divide Creek and Red Deer River junction, 317

DNA, 323–24

doctrine of the vanishing Indian, 340

“The Doctrine of Usefulness” (Brown), 54

Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act (1911), 4, 28, 58, 367n61

amendments (1913 and 1914), 30

Dominion Forestry Branch, 4

Dominion Lands Act, 58

“Dominion Parks – Their Values and Ideals” (Harkin), 32

Dominion Parks Branch, 2, 4–5, 25–27, 55, 58–59, 71, 181

accomplishments, 44

alliance with the landscape artist, 29

annual reports, 33

commercial potential, focus on, 68, 72

created auto-accessible parks, 41, 60

environmental or resource management, 44

facilitated private sector development of resort towns in national parks, 60

guidebooks (1920s), 22, 35, 39

lobbying from local groups, 60

parks roadbuilding (1920s), 41

preservationist and pro-development policies (simultaneously), 5, 59

preservationist philosophy, 5, 59–60, 68

promotional literature, 33 (See also guidebooks)

promotional literature (1920s), 34

Publicity Division, 7n407, 35, 37, 66–67

road building, 41, 60

tourism, promotion of, 31, 34, 60, 68

wildlife protection, 69

Domtar, 185

doublespeak or whitewashing, 206, 229n2, 364n44

Douglas, Howard, 28, 58

Douglas, Robert, 34

downhill skiing, 139

Drummond Glacier, 324

dual mandate of development and preservation, 5, 7, 11, 59, 163, 273, 334, 375

E

Easagaming (resort town), 65

ecological characterizations for national parks, 124, 145, 191. See also zoning in parks management

ecological diversity, 8

“ecological Indian,” 169

ecological integrity, 6, 54, 127, 149, 321–23, 333–34, 346

criticisms, 383n12

as focus of national parks, 127, 149, 376

Parks Canada definition, 17n21

ecological restoration, 320, 356

ecological science, 13, 190, 320–24

ecological stress in Canada’s national parks, 11, 376

ecological studies, 144

ecology, 191, 309

emphasis on ecology as non-human nature, 12

humans as threat to, 66, 363n36

economic downturn (1930), 81–82

ecosystem-based model, 375–76

Edgecombe, G.H., 354

education as part of Parks Canada mandate, 364n40

Elders of the Descendants of Jasper National Park (EDJNP), 348, 356

elk, 5

Elk Island, 68, 77n46

Elk Island National Park, 28, 68–69, 356

elk kill site on Banff Springs golf course, 323

Elsipogtog First Nation, 207

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 180

Endangered Spaces campaign, 16n19

The Enduring Wilderness (1963), 163–64

engineering, 134–35

Enlightenment thought, 260

environmental assessments, 320

environmental concerns, 168

environmental history, 19n29

environmental protection, 8, 12, 278

conflict with tourism / recreation usage, 7, 71, 374

displacement of resident communities and, 293

environmental thought and practice, 3

environmentalists, 72, 135, 142, 148

American environmental movement, 142, 376

opposition to development on Beaufort Sea coast, 277

response to Banff provisional master plan (1968), 142

use of Berger report, 281

erasing native presence in parks and protected areas, 42, 260, 346

Essex County Wild Life Association, 70

Etherington, Wilf, 169, 178n58

ethnicity and class, 338

European criticism of wilderness / no people perspective, 340

Evangeline, 217

L ‘Évangéline, 217, 224

expropriation, 284. See also Métis families in Jasper

recognized as counter-productive, 216

resistance to, 208, 211–16

F

failed parks, 5, 79–98, 379

Faro, 246

federal land claim policy. See land claims

Fedje, Daryl, 315, 317, 324

Fenton, Greg, 348

Findlay/Finlay family, 335

Finlayson, Ernest, 354

First Nations hunting privileges in Wood Buffalo National Park, 360n17

First Nations people, 3, 196, 206–7, 247, 286. See also Aboriginal people

attempt to make conservation officials respect local harvesting, 284

blamed for decimation of big game, 42

collaboration with, 346

concern that creation of new national parks would deny Aboriginal title, 284

“ecological Indian,” 169

in elk cull planning in Banff, 365n49

exclusion from national parks, 169, 296n6

Indians defiled by contact with modernity, 251, 254

parks created in negotiations with, 325

suspicious of government conservation programs, 283

treatment by Parks Branch, 39

voice in Bears and Man (1978), 169

Forbis, Richard, 307, 311

An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada, 308

forest reserves, 4, 27–28, 44

Forestry Branch, 28–29, 58

Forillon National Park, 183, 210

Fort St. James, 312

Fortifications of Quebec, 312

Fortress Lake, 97

Fortress of Louisbourg, 312

Foster, Janet, Working for Wildlife, 55

Franchére, Gabriel, 38

Fry, A.E., 256

Fuller, W.A., 257

Fund for Rural Economic Development (FRED, 1966), 183

Fundy, 210

fur trade, 238, 346

fur trade site restoration, 312, 314

G

Gauchier family, 352

Geological Survey of Canada, 305, 315

George, Dan, Chief, 169, 172

Georgian Bay Islands National Park, 14, 64–66

Gertrude (submerged in Emerald Bay in Waterton), 320

Gibbon, J.E., 249

Gibson, A.H., 253

Gibson, R.A., 243

GIS technology, 304, 318–19, 325

Glacier National Park, 27, 58, 81, 334

bear studies, 165

Glaciers of the Rockies and Selkirks (Coleman), 34

Gladieux family, 352

Glassco Report, 135

Glenbow Foundation of Calgary, 307–8

Globe and Mail, 119, 215

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 39

gold fields, 239, 246, 258

Golden, 41, 81, 95

Grace, Sherrill, 275

Grand-Mère plantation, 192, 202n23

Gray, R.C., 191–92, 194

Great Depression, 6, 25, 44

Great Smoky Mountains, 158, 165

Green, Herbert U., 67

Grey Owl, 46, 67

Grieve, Edward, 185

grizzly bears, 97

Gros Morne, 8

Group of Seven, 180

Guardians of the Wild (Williams), 43, 46

guidebooks, 34, 38–39, 41–42

Guimond, Doris, 228–29

Gwich’in peoples, 277, 291

demanded end to oil and gas activity on their trapping grounds, 278

H

Habbakuk (in Jasper), 320

habituated bears, 158, 164–65, 168, 170

Haggart, Alexander, 1–2

Halifax, 314

Hamber Provincial Park, 5–6, 93–94, 100n24

complicated relationship with highway, 97

creation of, 89, 93

deletion of, 96–97

example of failed park, 80

gambit to involve Ottawa in development of Selkirk region, 199

mining and logging permitted, 95–96

part of BC campaign for federal building of highways, 80, 97

timber sales, 101n32

Hamilton, Alvin, 117, 270n55

Hand, Bob, 147

Harkin, James B., 4, 22, 29, 31, 35, 61, 106, 273, 305, 371–72, 380

annual reports, 33, 43

asked to resign by R.B. Bennett, 44

Canada’s early policies on national parks, 373–74

conservation, 22–23, 55, 64, 133–34, 138

“Dominion Parks – Their Values and Ideals,” 32

environmental hero status, 23, 55

established Canada’s national commemorative program, 374

goal of fostering an “informed public opinion,” 382

hybrid vision, 374

memories compiled and published by Williams, 24

middle ground between development and protection, 64, 133–34, 138

National Park must possess spectacular landscape and recreational potential, 99, 181

publicity, 34, 39, 43, 382

on regional equity, 66

request for salt licks near the highway, 62, 158

road development, 60, 65

on special treatment for Waskesiu, 110, 114

success in creating a national system, 58–59, 374

tourism, promotion of, 55, 65 (See also automobile tourism)

work on housepit village site near Banff Springs golf course, 307

Harkin Award, 23

Harmon, Byron, 155

Harmons, 136

Harvie, Eric L., 307

Hatfield, Richard, 215, 221, 228

“Healing Broken Connections,” 347

Henberg, Marvin, 338

Henderson, Norman, 377

Henry, Percy, 247

heritage legislation, 304

Heritage River designation, 346, 356

Herrero, Stephen, 158, 168, 171

Herridge, Mary Bird, 45–46

Herridge, William Duncan, 46

high modernist planning, 229n5, 245, 274

highway tourism. See automobile tourism

historic archaeology, 312–13

historic reconstruction projects, 312

Historic Resources Impact Assessments (HRIA), 313

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, 374

Historical Parks, 6

The History and Meaning of the National Parks of Canada (Harkins memoirs), 46

Hooper, Ron, 348

housepit sites, 305, 307, 315, 317, 323–24

Howse Pass, 141

human creations, 2, 11

human place in nature, 294, 309, 337, 339, 350, 355, 376

human presence in national parks, 42, 185, 190, 260, 273–74, 285. See also erasing native presence in parks and protected areas; people as a problem

extends back to remote antiquity, 377

privileged vs. outlawed activity, 273

human rights, 338–39, 354

hunting and trapping rights, 243, 247, 250, 253, 260n17, 287, 354. See also subsistence hunting within park boundaries

I

Icefields Parkway, 134

Imperial Oil, 148

In Trust for Tomorrow: A Management Framework for Four Mountain Parks (1986), 149

Indian Act, 260

Indian Affairs and Northern Development. See DIAND

Indians. See Aboriginal people; First Nations people

Indigenous people. See Aboriginal people; First Nations people

individual, liberal belief in, 260

industrial activities. See also oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea

forbidden under National Parks Act (1930), 6

industries as stakeholders in national park territories, 181

intergovernmental politics, 5, 80

“Interior Dry Plateau Region,” 17n19

“An Interminable Ode,” 21

International Union for Conservation of Nature. See IUCN

An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada (Forbis), 308

Inuit. See also Aboriginal people

attempt to make conservation officials respect local harvesting, 284

suspicion of government conservation programs, 283

Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), 282

Inuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA, 1984)

accommodated Inuvialuit interests and cultural values, 292, 377

allowed industrial activities along Beaufort Sea coast, 292

co-management body established by, 292

conservation and industrial development (new rules), 293

Inuvialuit hunters, 287. See also subsistence lifeway

conflicts with oil companies in the Beaufort Sea, 282

prosecution under Migratory Birds Convention Act, 286

Inuvialuit land claim, 283, 285–86, 294, 377

Inuvialuit Land Rights Settlement Agreement-in-Principle (AIP), 287

denunciation of, 290

Inuvialuit negotiators. See COPE

Inuvialuit Nunangat, 283, 285

Inuvialuit people, 277, 282, 286

challenged Canadians to relook at human place in nature, 294

committed to conservation, 285

cultural attachments to Yukon North Slope, 277

perceptions of national parks, 287

Iroquois, 335

IUCN, 337

IUCN categorization of protected areas, 341, 357n1

IUCN Category II designation, 333, 337, 355

IUCN Category V designation, 343, 354–55, 360n19, 362n31, 362n35

“Eurocentric concept,” 339

retain but not rejuvenate cultural practice, 335

IUCN definition of wilderness (1987)

support for genocide and dispossession of Natives, 338

Ivvavik National Park, 10, 14, 275, 377. See also Northern Yukon National Park

J

The Jack Pine (Thomson), 180

Jackson, F.H.R., 250

Jackson, Mary, 122–23, 126

Jacquot brothers, 250–51

Jasper Forest Park, 335

Jasper House National Historic Site, 317

Jasper National Park, 27, 34, 184, 317, 334

Aboriginal Forum, 335, 348, 356

archaeological resource inventory, 310, 343

ARDA, 318

cultural camp (proposal), 343–44

Cultural Resource Management (CRM) position, 320

cultural values of Euro-Canadians preserved, 344, 346

cultural values of Métis and First Nations people neglected, 343–44

enlarged (1914), 30

fur trade history, 344, 346

habituated campground bears, 164

initially created to protect resources for commercial use, 181

IUCN Category II designation, 333

Métis families in, 14, 335–36, 343–44, 350

Jasper National Park (Williams), 35, 38

Jasper Park Lodge, 343

Jasper townsite, 118, 343

Jasper Trails (Williams), 35

Jeckell, H.A., 242

Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 305

Joachim, Adam, 367n61

Joachim family, 335

Johnson, Mary Jane, 258

Johnson, Pauline, 39

Johnston Canyon Campground, 136

Johobo copper mine, 246

Jones, Steve, 162

“just society,” 260

K

Kathleen Lake, 245

Kejimkujik National Park, 8, 16n11

Kent County, New Brunswick, 208, 210

Kerr, R.D., 111

Kicking Horse Pass, 309

Kicking Horse Trail, 41

The Kicking Horse Trail (Williams), 35, 41–42

Kinbasket Lake, 83–84, 87, 94–96

Kinbasket Reservoir, 97

King, William Lyon Mackenzie, 62, 130n43

dedication of Prince Albert National Park to “the average man,” 122

role in establishing Prince Albert National Park, 105, 128n7, 129n13

Kingston Whig Standard, 160

Kjar, Them, 247, 253

Klondike gold rush, 238, 246, 258

Kluane, 7–8, 10

Clark’s report on, 244–45

core/reserve idea, 257–58, 262

“grandeur” as befitting a national park, 244

marks transition in role of national parks, 263, 377

Kluane First Nation, 264n1

Kluane First Nations (agreements signed 2003), 263

Kluane Game Sanctuary, 247, 283

boundaries extended to Alaska Highway, 256

hunting in, 243–44, 249–50, 253

open for prospecting, staking, and mining, 244, 246

special reserve for Indian hunting and trapping (suggestion), 243

Kluane gold rush, 258

Kluane mountain named for John Kennedy, 258, 260

Kluane National Park (established 1995), 262–63, 283, 347–48

Kluane National Park Reserve, 235–64, 377

Klukshu, 244

Koidern River, 256

Kootenay National Park, 41, 61, 83–84, 86, 334

Kootenay National Park and the Banff-Windermere Highway (Williams), 35

Kopas, Paul, 274

Taking the Air, 8

“Kouchibouguac” (Roussel), 217

Kouchibouguac (1979), 220–22, 224, 227

Kouchibouguac (2007), 207, 227–28

Kouchibouguac National Park, 8, 10, 14, 125, 205–29

Acadians return to, 224–29

creation of, 205

expropriations, 205, 208, 211–16, 284

formal opening (1979), 215

government’s willingness to buy social peace, 214

integration of Acadians’ stories into programs, 377

Special Inquiry, 214–16, 224, 229n4, 337

“Kouchibouguac ou le grand déracinement” (Roussel), 219

Kulchyski, Peter, 275

L

Laing, Arthur, 118, 122, 135–37

middle ground between development and protection, 138, 140

on special privilege, 118–19

support for ski facility development, 140

wish to diminish status of park towns, 138–39

Lake Louise campgrounds, 136

Lake Louise ski hill development, 139–40, 147–48

public hearings (1971), 148

Lake Louise village, 41, 136, 138–39, 146

Lakeview subdivisions (Prince Albert National Park), 110–11

land claims, 10, 263, 275, 278, 281, 283. See also individual land claims

Land Use and Occupancy Study for the western Arctic, 283

Landry, Dollard, 210

Landry, Nelson, 224

Langemann, Gwyn, 10, 324, 377, 392

Lascelles, Tony. See Green, Herbert U.

Lasn, Kalle, 169

Latourelle, Alan, 336, 338

Laurentian Club, 189

Laurentian Wilderness, 192

La Laurentide, 185

Laurier, Wilfrid, 28–29, 130n43

Le Capelain, C.K., 253

lease question in townsites, 139, 145

Leasholds Corporation bill, 122

Leblanc, Gérald, 226

Complainte du parc Kouchibouguac, 220–21

work on NFB project on the expropriation of Kouchibouguac, 220

Lee, Gerry, 147

Leopold, Aldo, 68, 338

Leroy, G.A., 145–46

Lesage, Jean, 118

Lethbridge, 62

Lewis, H.F., 253

Life in the Woods (Thoreau), 180

living homestead proposals, 344

local community / national authority tension, 5, 14, 125. See also shack tent controversy

local influences on the creation of parks, 60, 62–63, 75n15, 379

local inhabitants

exclusion from national parks, 296n6, 346

scientifically informed parks and, 199

as stakeholders in national park territories, 181, 277

local knowledge. See also traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

denial of, 243, 256

local vested interests, 134

Locke, Harvey, 55

Lonergan, David, 221–22, 227–28

Loo, Tina, 172

Louter, David, 158

Lower Fort Garry, 312

Luxton, Norman, 135

Luxtons, 136

M

MacDonald, Flora, 262

MacDonald, John, 139

Macdonald, John A., 15n6, 104, 181

MacEachern, Alan, 5, 55, 158, 180, 273, 363n37, 373, 392

Natural Selections, 229n1

MacKaye, Benton, 68

Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, 278, 286. See also Berger, Thomas

changed approach to northern conservation, 284

Mackenzie Valley pipeline proposal, 281

MacLaren, I.S., 10, 68, 199, 273, 284, 378, 392

Mair, Winston, 146, 163

Malfair, John, 120

“Man and Landscape Change in Banff National Park” (Nelson), 144

Maréchal, Lake, 192

Marmot Basin ski resort, 343

Marshall, Robert, 68

Martin, Brad, 199, 263, 377, 393

Mattawin River, 185

La Mauricie National Park, 10, 179–99

characterized as “The Laurentian Heritage,” 191

fauna inventory work, 191

human history limited to “folklorized” presence, 196–97

industrial and recreational past reinvented as wilderness, 182, 184, 189

interpretations of what wilderness should be, 198

marsh ecosystems and wetlands, 182

“natural beauties,” 184, 191

need to erase human imprint (timber, fishing), 185

new zoning representing the “wild” backcountry, 195

removal of cultural heritage, 196, 346

strengthening of federal power in Quebec, 199

a ‘true Laurentian Wilderness,’ 192, 194

Mauricie region, 183

fishing and hunting, 182, 185–86

forestry, 182

human-modified landscapes of, 182, 185, 189

industrial activity, 182

McConnell Creek, 324

McDonald, Charles, 105, 128n8

McDonald, D.D., 62

McDonald family, 352

McFadden, J.N., 62

McHarg, Ian, 191

McLaggan, John W., 335, 350, 352, 368n65

McLean, J.D., 238

McNamee, Kevin, National Parks in Canada, 372

McTaggart-Cowan, Ian, 144–45

“The Role of Ecology in the National Parks,” 144

Mealy Mountains, Labrador, 17n19

Meek R.J., 256

Meighen, Arthur, 33

Menissawok, 16n11, 68–69

Métis (aboriginal rights), 216

Métis families in Jasper, 14

compensation, 335–36

expulsion, 335, 350

Mica Creek, 95

Mica Dam, 96–97

Migmag Cedar Trail, 207

Migratory Birds Convention Act, 286

Migratory Birds Treaty, 70

Mi’kmaqs, 206

mineral prospecting, 246. See also gold fields

mineral resource exploration and development, 243

Mines and Resources, 7

mining interests (Yukon), 246, 257

mining law

Free Entry system of, 239

Minnewanka, Lake

inventory of submerged features at, 320

Minnewanka site, 312

multicomponent precontact site, 311

surface collection and test excavation, 311

Mirabel airport, 208

“Mission 66” (U.S. National Park Service), 7

Mitchell, K.B., 164

Moberly, Ed, 348

Moberly, Evan, 344, 354

homestead, 348, 355

at Victor Lake, 352, 367n61

Moberly, Ewan. See Moberly, Evan

Moberly family, 335

modernist narrative, 256

denial of local knowledge and regional interests, 243

high modernist planning, 229n5, 245, 274

Moncton, 226

counterculture, 220

francophonie summit, 226

French English language tensions, 211–12, 226, 230n15

Morrisset, Father, 251, 254

Morse, Charles H., 354

motor tourism. See automobile tourism

Mount Assiniboine, 87, 89

Mount Revelstoke National Park, 60, 334

Mount Robson, 87, 89

mountain caribou, 97

mountain parks. See also names of individual mountain parks

Aboriginal use of mountain passes, 303, 309

children of Yellowstone, 334

incorporated CRM concerns into their management plans, 321

long and continuous human presence, 10, 309–10

reference for deciding what is “interesting” in Canadian landscape, 197

Mt. Rainier, 54

Muir, John, 54, 64, 146, 180

mule deer, 244

multi-use parks, 270n55

Murie, Olaus and Mardy, 278

Murphy, Peter, 348

Murphy, Thomas G., 84, 86–87, 89, 96

muskrat trapping project, 256–57

N

Nahanni, 8, 235

Nahanni River, 282

Nash, Roderick, 179

Wilderness and the American Mind, 142

National and Historic Parks Branch, 200n7

National and Provincial Parks Association, 8, 142, 144, 270n55

National Energy Board, 281

National Film Board, 8, 37, 154, 161, 168, 220

National Historic Parks, 312

National Historic Sites, 307

National Historic Sites Service, 312

archaeological resource inventories, 310

National Historic Sites Service Manuscript Report Series, 313

national park buffalo reserve (proposal, Kluane), 242

national park interpreters, 309

national park reserves, 10, 325. See also names of individual reserves

created in context of modern treaty negotiations, 325

national parks, 35

changing conceptions of, 237–38, 375, 379

commercial and humanitarian benefits, 33

“dedicated to the people of Canada, for their benefit, education and enjoyment,” 375

definitions, 270n59

dispossession of native inhabitants, 180

dual identity as protected natural area and recreation area, 5, 7, 59, 64, 71, 104, 133, 147, 273, 374

dual purpose, 128n2

ecological characterizations, 124, 145, 191, 376 ( See also zoning in parks management)

established partly to draw traffic to CPR, 31

as generators of wealth, 33, 374

historical study, 11, 13

hybrid spaces, 13, 182

as icons celebrating picturesque landscapes, 3, 5, 99, 181

link in chain of unsustainable economic activity, 73

as a means of protecting the environment, 144, 181

as museum, 190–91, 196, 310

must be seen to work for all groups of Canadians, 104, 373

national system of, 66, 236, 374, 379

need for broadly based constituency, 373, 375, 380–81 (See also civil society)

negotiated agreements for, 263–64, 275, 278, 282–83, 325, 335, 355

periodic politicization of, 379–81

place in federal bureaucracy, 4, 7, 11, 28, 30, 375

as playground, 60, 64, 66, 70–71, 245

popular understanding of (mid-twentieth century), 245

private dwellings in, 104–5 (See also shack tent controversy)

professional inputs, integration of, 380

scientific principles of management, 245 (See also National Parks System Plan)

stewardship of, 373, 380

suburb-like camping (60s and 70s), 153

support from Canadian people, 43, 54

as symbol of Canadian identity, 340, 372, 382n1

as uninhabited landscape, 310

wilderness sanctuaries, 10, 54, 180 (See also wilderness)

National Parks Act (1930), 69, 72, 118, 356, 374–75

confirmed traditional role of parks as serviced recreation areas, 106

ecological protection, 106

industrial activities excluded under, 6

required removal and exclusion of trespassers, 337

resource development forbidden under, 106

National Parks Act (1974), 289

new concept of national park reserve, 10, 325

traditional hunting and fishing practices under, 10

National Parks Act (1988)

ecological integrity as watch phrase, 127, 149

National Parks Act (2000), 337

National Parks Association, 67

National Parks Branch, 2–3, 6, 83, 86, 257

archaeologists, 312

attempt to balance tourism and preservation, 164

change in attitude (during 1960s), 146–48

decentralization, 7, 135, 137

development still favoured over protection (1960s), 147

ecological characterizations for national parks, 124

efforts to discourage bear highway liaisons, 160, 165

environmental awareness, 7, 147

films encouraging tourism, 161–62

greater voice to biologists, 149

historic archaeology, 313

Interpretive Service, 146

Inuit and First Nations distrust of, 283

mission of recognizing true wild nature and promoting its good uses, 192

nation-building-through-science activity, 196

new planning section, 1957, 7, 115–17, 129n33, 137, 274

new policy about citizen involvement, 119

opposed to development on Beaufort Sea coast, 277

opposed to Indian fishing and hunting rights, 253

privileged tourists over local residents, 273

reinventing territory as wilderness, 189

shaping and responding to attitudes about parks, 8

support for ski hill development, 140

technical expertise, reliance on in, 135

university-trained ecologist, 148

National Parks in Canada (McNamee), 372

national parks in north. See northern parks

National Parks Policy statement (1964), 118, 137

preservation nudged ahead of recreation, 7

National Parks System Plan, 8, 145, 281

identified candidate areas for protection, 380

mitigated the politicization of park establishment, 381

natural regions defined under, 8, 195, 199

“natural values” as primary interest, 196

social and cultural history of landscapes not mentioned, 196

support among non-governmental heritage agencies, 380–81

National Parks System’s Planning Manual, 195

National Recreation Area concept, 77n39

National Wilderness Park Steering Committee (NWPSC), 287–88

National Wilderness Reservation for Yukon North Slope

concessions to oil and gas companies, 290

National Wildlife Area, 289

native people. See Aboriginal people; First Nations people

natural gas. See oil and gas companies

Natural Resources Transfer Act (1930), 80

Natural Selections (MacEachern), 229n1

Nelson, Gordon, 142, 144–45

“Man and Landscape Change in Banff National Park,” 144

Nemiskam, 16n11, 68–69

Network in Canadian History and Environment (NiCHE), 13

Neufeld, David, 7, 273–74, 283, 377, 393

New Brunswick Expropriation Act, 211

New Brunswick government, 205, 208

expropriations for Kouchibouguac, 206

focus on Kouchibouguac’s potential for economic development, 210

Nicol, John, 123, 196

Nielsen, Erik, 258

Noranda, 222

Norquay, 139–40

Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland (Berger), 278, 281

northern parks, 3, 10, 13

to be tailored to expectations of southern visitors, 274

co-management arrangements, 275

in context of growing native political power, 275

First Nations’ tenacity, resilience, and wit, 264

negotiated with indigenous leaders, 263–64, 275, 278, 282–83, 325, 335, 355

Northern Parks Working Group, 284

“Northern Vision” of development and progress, 246

Northern Yukon National Park, 275, 284, 291–92. See also Ivvavik National Park

created (1984) as part of negotiated land claim settlement, 278, 282–93

Nunavut land claim proposal, 282

O

oil and gas companies

concessions to in Yukon North Slope, 290–92

oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea, 277–78

conflicts with Inuvialuit hunters, 282

Ojibwe, 335

Old Crow, 278, 287

Old Women’s Buffalo Jump, 307

Oliver, Frank, 4, 28

Olympic National Park, 54

Olympic proposal (1968), 148

Orr, R.B., 63

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 155

Ottawa Citizen, 88

Ottawa Marine Archaeology Unit, 320

Ouellette, Gilles, 196

P

Pacific Rim, 8

Palisades Centre, 343

Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada’s National Parks (2000), 11, 346–47, 376, 381

Parc National des Pyrénées

protected nature in balance with man, 343

park naturalist program, 146

Parks Canada, 2–3, 10, 200n7

Award of Merit for developing the field of historical archaeology, 312

changing definition of national parks, 237

cultural landscape concept, 10–11

under Department of the Environment (1979), 375

dual mandate of development and preservation, 273, 334

ecology as non-human nature, 12

global leader in environmental challenges of protected places, 14

Guiding Principles and Operational Policies, 181, 321, 377

on human habitation and local resource use in parks, 190, 274

human rights issues, 339

idealized representation of wilderness, 180, 190

interest in the picturesque in Canadian nature, 197

need to build broadly based constituencies, 373, 375, 381

negotiations with First Nations when establishing new parks, 284, 335, 355

outreach and engagement, new emphasis on, 381

promotional discourse, 181

reorganized (1994), 321

resettlement of evicted Aboriginal people, 335–36

responsibility to protect current cultural sites, sacred areas, 347

selective exclusion of humans, 197

visitor experience initiative (2006), 378, 381

willingness to bend principle on private use, 126–27

working with others to protect biological diversity of ecosystems, 376

Parks Canada Agency Act (2000)

ecological values stressed, 376

Parks Canada Policy (1979), 216

subsistence activities in national parks, 285

Parks Canada Program. See Parks Canada

“Parks for Tomorrow” (conferences, 1968, 1978, 2008), 8, 13, 55

Parti acadien, 212

Pattullo, T.D. “Duff,” 84, 86–87, 89, 93, 96–97, 101n25

Pearl Harbor, 93

Pearson government, 183

people as a problem, 274, 340, 376. See also human presence in national parks; wilderness

people as solution, 381–82

philosophy of parks, 25, 32, 38–39

crafted by Harkin, Williams, Williamson and others, 31

humanitarian and commercial value of parks, 25

largely understood and accepted in mid-1940s, 45

Pickard, Rod, 317

Pinard, A.A., 65

Plantes family, 352

Pocahontas Cabins, 343

Point Pelee National Park, 5, 161, 356

automobiles banned from the tip, 71

became highly developed tourism centre though created as preservation, 70

protection of stopover point for migratory birds, 68

under threat from overuse, 11, 71

political dynamics, 380

integral to the establishment of national parks, 379

mitigated by Systems Plan, 381

Porcupine caribou herd, 278, 289

portable cabins, 114–16, 120–21, 127. See also shack tents

precontact archaeology, 311, 313

predator control, 146–47

preservationist model, 54, 59, 64

nature should be untouched, 376

preservationist movement (U.S.), 68

Primeau’s Landing, 105

Prince Albert, 5, 62, 110, 117, 130n43

Prince Albert Board of Trade, 107, 110, 114

Prince Albert Daily Herald, 122

Prince Albert National Park, 14, 67, 138, 379

“a case of special privilege and fancied right,” 116

attendance, 111, 127

families of modest means, 107

local clientele, 107, 123

local community / national authority tension, 5, 103–27

local lobbying for, 62, 65

popular use as regional summer playground, 107, 123, 127

shack tent controversy in, 103–27

Prince Albert National Park (Williams), 35

Prince Albert National Park Provisional Master Plan (1971), 124–25

Prince Albert National Park Shack Tent Owners’ Association, 111

private dwellings in Canada’s national parks, 118, 138. See also shack tent controversy

Banff, 139

history of, 104–5

private hunting and fishing clubs

holding lands designated for future park in the Mauricie, 186, 189

“improvements” to the local ecosystem, 189

private use of public lands, 122

“progressive” view of history, 340

pronghorn antelope, 68

Prospect Point, 107, 128n12

summer cottage site, 106

protected areas, 256, 293, 350

cultural landscapes as, 277, 297n10

erasing native presence, 260, 346

indigenous groups’ objections to, 283

IUCN categorization, 341

people a problem for, 340

preserving traditional local culture, 339

removal of local peoples from, 274

provincial jurisdiction over natural resources, 5, 80

Publicity Division (Parks Branch), 66, 77n40

image of parks as playgrounds rather than wilderness areas, 67

travel and wildlife documentaries, 37

Q

Quebec City, 314

Quebec government

nationalization private lands to create “controlled exploitation zones,” 186

Québécois, 227

R

Reconte-moi Massabielle (Savoie), 222–24

Red Deer Lake. See Waskesiu Lake

Red Deer River valley, 324

Red Deer River watershed in Banff National Park, 317

Reeve, Alex, 119–20

Reeves, Brian, 308, 313–14

linking of human history and environment, 309

showed that archaeological sites were present throughout Banff, 303

survey of Crowsnest Pass, 310

surveyed Waterton Lakes National Park, 309

Reichwein, Pearlann, 55

reinstating an ongoing Aboriginal or Métis presence, 341, 347–48, 356, 378

not beyond realm of possibility, 355

rejuvenating cultural practice, 335, 356

challenge to Parks Canada Agency (PCA) practices, 335, 378

relief work camps, 82–83, 87, 99n5

resource development in national parks, 181

forbidden under National Parks Act (1930), 106

resource development in the north, 246, 282. See also mineral prospecting; mining interests (Yukon); oil and gas companies

resource management, 321

Resources for Tomorrow Conference, Montreal (1961), 142

Revelstoke, 61, 81

Revelstoke Progress Club, 60

Richard, Zachary, 207, 219–21, 226

Ballade de Jackie Vautour, 227

Rick, John, 312

Riding Mountain National Park, 66–67

approvals for private sector development, 65

draw for automobile travelers from U.S., 63

exclusion of Native people, 77n40, 361n20, 364n39

program of road and golf course construction, 65

shack tents, 118

Riding Mountain National Park Committee, 62

Riding Mountains area

significance as sanctuary for a threatened elk herd, 62

Rimrock Hotel (now the Juniper), 136

roads. See also names of specific roads and highways

automobile link between Vancouver and Calgary, 81

automobile roads (late 1920s) in the mountains of western Canada, 80

back to healthier and fuller contact with nature, 41

construction to provide automobile access to ski hill areas, 140

democratic ideal that national parks not be restricted to the wealthy, 66

environmental effects in Point Pelee, 71

national park status and, 105

proposed in Banff provisional master plan, 144–45

wildlife and, 154, 158

roadside timber reserve (Big Bend), 83

between Kinbasket Lake and Boat Encampment, 87

open to logging in anticipation of Mica Dam flooding, 96

Robertson, Gordon, 116–17

Robichaud, Louis, 210–12

Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site, 304, 307, 312, 314

Rocky Mountain Park (1885), 27, 58

exclusion of Native people, 74n2

first open to automobile, 60

little knowledge of what had been there before, 305

shrunk by Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act, 28

villa or cottage lots in, 104

Rocky Mountains, 80, 97

crossroads of cultures from the BC Plateau and the Plains, 307

people have always been present, 303–4

promotion of (through guidebooks), 22

Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve, 352

Rocky Mountains Park Act (1887), 3, 30

leasing of lands for residences and commercial development, 58

permits for grazing, 58

preserving land and wildlife, 58

required removal of “trespassers,” 337, 350

sanction for the development of mines, 58

Rocky Mountains Repeat Photography Project, 348, 350

Rogers Pass, 81, 95, 99n3, 309

Rogers Pass highway, 102n34

“The Role of Ecology in the National Parks” (McTaggart-Cowan), 144

Roosevelt, Theodore, 180

Ross, Alexander, 38

Rothman, Hal, 73

Roussel, Claude

“Kouchibouguac,” 217

“Kouchibouguac ou le grand déracinement,” 219

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 247, 258

Royal Commission on Government Organization (1962), 135

Rudin, Ronald, 125, 273, 346, 377, 393

S

Sabin, Paul, 286

Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 17n19

Saint-Maurice River, 185

Sandlos, John, 5, 14, 41, 83, 158, 237, 273, 283, 361n20, 373–74, 393

Sanson, Norman Bethune, 305

Saskatchewan Natural History Society, 125

Saskatchewan Wildlife Federation, 125

Saskatchewan’s “poor man’s paradise,” 121

Saskatoon, 115

Saskatoon Board of Trade, 114

Savoie, Jacques, Reconte-moi Massabielle, 222–24

Sax, Joseph, 339

Scace, Bob, 144

Scenic and Historic Preservation Society of America, 30

scenic beauty and picturesque landscapes, 99, 181, 191, 244–45

in selection of sites of national parks, 181

Schmalz, Bill, 154, 168–69, 172

science of ecology, 182, 195

scientific approach to fur management, 256

scientific definition of national park values, 237–38

scientific knowledge, 254

scientific management, 239, 245, 274

scientific understanding, 145

“scientification” of the landscape, 190, 197–98

Searle, Rick, 149

Seel, Kurt, 309

Sekani, 335

Selkirk mountains, 80, 97

highway through, 81, 95

shack tent controversy, 103–27, 379

shack tents, 111, 114–15, 120–22, 124

fees, 129n17

led to sense of community, 107

longstanding tradition in Waskesiu, 114–15, 127

semi-proprietary rights in a national park, 116

Shand-Harvey, James, 352

Shawinigan Club, 186, 189

Shuswap semi-subterreanean winter pithouses, 305

Shuswaps, 42, 335

Sibbald, Howard, 62

Sierra Club, 381

Silent Spring (Carson), 135

ski hills, development of, 139–40, 147–48

Skoki Ski Lodge, 355

Smart, James, 111, 114

Smith, Harlan I.

archaeological housepit village site near Banff Springs golf course, 305, 307, 315

first professional archaeological work in the mountain parks, 307

social activism, 135

social and environmental justice, 277

social complexity of contemporary Canadian landscapes, 199

social issues, 145

social safety net, 246–47. See also relief work camps; state involvement in economic development

Société d’exploitation des ressources éducatives du Québec (SEREQ), 191–92

Société nationale de l’Acadie (SNA), 226–27

Society for Historical Archaeology, 312

South Okanagan–Lower Similkameen National Park Reserve, 17n19

Southern Tutchone, 265n7

arrival of newcomers, 238

experiential knowledge of local geography, seasons, and resources, 238, 254

trade and travel networks, 238

unconstrained hunting and fishing until the 1920s, 239

Special Inquiry (Kouchibouguac), 214, 216, 229n4, 377

called for Parks Canada to involve former residents, 224

recommended Vautour be left alone, 215

Spence, Mark, 275

“spoiled” bear, 169–70

A Sprig of Mountain Heather, 32, 34

St. Lawrence Islands National Park, 58

St. Lawrence Seaway, 208

state involvement in economic development, 210. See also social safety net

Steuart, Davey, 125

Stonies, 42, 335

Strong, B.I.M., 111, 114

Sturgeon River Forest Reserve, 105, 128n6

subsistence hunting within park boundaries, 284–86

subsistence lifeway, 10, 238–39, 256–57

Inuvialuit desires to maintain hunting and trapping, 287

reduction of, 242

seen as obsolete, 247, 250–51, 253–54

Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station, 355

Sunshine, 139–40

Supreme Court, 215

on Nishga land claim, 260

Sutter, Paul, 68

Swift, Lewis, 335

Swinnerton, Guy, 354

System Plan. See National Parks System Plan

T

Taking the Air (Kopas), 8

Taverner, Percy, 70

Taylor, C.J., 7, 44, 118, 154, 184, 190, 195, 361n25, 394

Taylor, Jim, 274, 379

Tekarra Lodge, 343

Terra Nova National Park, 162

Tester, Frank, 275

Theberge, John, 237

Thelon Game Sanctuary, 283

themes of human history in Kluane, 258

Aboriginal peoples not mentioned, 260

Thompson, David, 38

Thomson, Tom, The Jack Pine, 180

Thoreau, Henry David

Life in the Woods, 180

Walden, 180

Thorsell, Jim, 134–35, 146, 150

Thousand Islands Park, 3–4

Through the Heart of the Rockies and the Selkirks (Williams), 41

first mass-market guidebook, 35

land long vacant, 42

timber, 27

logging in Hamber Provincial Park, 95–96, 101n32

La Mauricie National Park, 185

roadside timber reserve (Big Bend), 83, 87, 96

timber leasing system, 29–30

Todhunter, Roger, 375

Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow, 260

Tolmie, Simon Frasier, 82–83

Toronto Globe, 1, 350

tourism, 3, 22, 28, 31, 34, 45, 53, 63, 136, 158, 375. See also automobile tourism

Big Bend Highway and, 88

films encouraging, 161–62

growth with completion of Trans-Canada Highway, 135–36

Harkin’s devotion to, 55

hotel and motel units at Lake Louise and Banff, 136

influence on development of national parks, 25, 54, 73

mass back-to-nature tourism, 154

national parks as tourist “playground,” 66, 71, 245

negative ecological effects of, 54, 66

Point Pelee, 70

and preservation of scenic beauty or rare animals, 72

railroads tourism literature promoting parks, 35, 50n35

revenue, 15n6, 32

tourist expectations, 54

U.S. tourists, 61

wilderness sanctuaries, 10, 54, 180 (See also wilderness)

traditional aboriginal knowledge of place, 254

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 343, 347. See also local knowledge

Trans-Canada Highway, 135

completed between Banff and Yoho, 134

Trans-Canada Highway twinning in Banff National Park, 317, 375

archaeological research related to, 304

site survey and excavation, 314

travel guides. See guidebooks

Trent-Severn Canal system, 63

“The Trouble with Wilderness” (Cronon), 180

Troye, Warner, 165

Trudeau, Pierre, 260

Trudeau government, 8, 122

White Paper on Indian Policy, 103

Tunnel Mountain Campground, 136

Turner, James Morton, 334

Two Jack Campground, 136

U

UARV. See Upper Athabasca River Valley (UARV)

Uncommon Ground (Cronon), 339

UNESCO World Heritage Site designation, 355

Unimpaired for Future Generations, 74n2

uninhabited wilderness. See also human presence in national parks

dependent upon myopia (can’t see Indians), 340

Inuvialuit opposition to, 275

at root of national park movement in North America, 275

Université de Moncton, 211–12, 230n15

universities. See also names of individual universities

environmental studies programs, 142

growing influence in shaping government policy, 134

public advocacy in, 142

second wave of wilderness preservation and, 154

University archaeology field schools, 320

“University of Banff,” 146

University of British Columbia’s School of Community and Regional Planning, 142

University of Calgary, 144

University of Calgary’s Department of Geography, 142

Upper Athabasca River Valley (UARV), 356

balancing human and non-human life in, 334

homesteads in, 335

long history of human presence, 334–35

reinstating Métis or Aboriginal presence (idea), 340–41

use by humans and animals, 333

U.S., 3, 32, 93

bear problem, 159

restrictive corridor on both sides of the Alaska Highway, 243

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 246

U.S. National Park Service, 7, 190, 195, 348

U.S. National Park Service Mission 66 building program, 142

U.S. national parks system, 140

criticism of industrial tourism, 71

U.S. Organic Act (1926), 337

use and protection, twinning, 5

use-versus-preservation debate, 154, 163, 171. See also dual mandate of development and preservation

V

vacant wilderness. See uninhabited wilderness

Van Horne, William, 3, 15n6

Vancouver Sun, 95

Vautour, Jackie, 212, 225

accepted as permanent presence, 223

arrested for digging clams, 215

centre stage in many artistic creations, 217

contested legality of expropriation, 214

house bulldozed, 207, 213–14, 217, 222

image as agent of resistance, 219

Métis (aboriginal rights), 216

payment to leave, 215, 228

petition, 214–15

provided leadership and a public face, 213

returned as a squatter, 207, 214, 221

Vautour, John L. See Vautour, Jackie

Vermilion Lakes site

10,700-years of occupation, 315

Vermilion wetlands excavation, 315

Victor Lake, 367n61

homesteaders move to, 350, 352

shifting boundaries, 352, 367n61, 368n61

Victoria Memorial Museum in Ottawa, 305

visitor experience initiative, 378, 381

Vivian, Brian, 320

Vuntut Gwich’in First Nation, 290–91

W

Waiser, Bill, 5, 14, 138, 273, 379, 394

Walden (Thoreau), 180

Walt Disney Productions, 161

Wapizagonke, Lake, 185

Wardle, J.M., 83

Wasagaming (resort town), 65

Waskesiu campground

crowded conditions, 106, 111, 115

dominated by shack tents and portable cabins, 117

plan to replace shack tents with trailer sites, 120

popularity, 107, 110

Waskesiu Lake, 105

Waskesiu redevelopment plan (1967), 119

second thoughts about, 123–24

shock and dismay at, 120–21

Waskesiu summer cottagers

influential in deciding park policy, 127

Waskesiu Tent Cabin and Portable Cabin Association, 103

campaign to stop redevelopment plan, 121–22

Chrétien’s meeting with, 123

complaints “their park” under attack, 124–25

Waskesiu townsite, 65

private cottages, 104

Waterton Lakes National Park, 27, 30, 58, 309, 334

bison, 323

park within a forest reserve, 28

Waterton Lakes National Park (Williams), 35, 42

Watrous, Richard B., 49n28

Wawaskesey, 16n11, 68–69

Weber, Lake, 192

Weekend Magazine, 139

Wheeler, Arthur, 373

Where Has Sanctuary Gone? (1971), 165

Whistler, B.C., 148

White, James, 315

White Paper on Indian Policy, 103, 260, 271n60, 282

White River First Nation, 263

Whitehorse mines, 246

Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, 305

Whytes, 136

wilderness, 13, 27, 142, 198, 343, 383n9

debate (corruption by over-development), 159

fundamental component of North American culture, 180

human rights issues, 334, 338–39, 354

IUCN definition of, 338

justification for parks, 54, 66

popular histories emphasizing, 74n8

questionable in parks established in long-inhabited lands, 199

redefined, 10

reworking inhabited landscapes into “pristine” wilderness, 180

Romantic notion of, 334

a social construct, 181, 340

uninhabited, 275, 340, 357

wilderness recreation, 124, 135

“windshield wilderness,” 158

Wilderness Act (U.S., 1964), 7

wilderness activism, 54–55

Wilderness and the American Mind (Nash), 142

wilderness conservation in Canada, U.S., and Britain

comparative study, 376–77

wilderness movement, 153, 165

wilderness park as alternative to fee simple ownership, 286

wilderness playground paradox, 334–35, 340

wilderness protection, 144, 274, 334, 337, 339

wilderness recreation, 135

Wilderness Society, 278

wilderness values, 274

wildlife. See also bears; coyotes; subsistence lifeway

economic value of, 247

as tourist attraction, 8, 62, 245, 247

wild animals seemed “tamed” along roadways, 158

wildlife cinematography, 155, 161

wildlife in the Yukon report (1958), 257

wildlife management, 354

Wildlife of the Rockies (1959), 160–62

wildlife parks, 68–69

wildlife preserves, 5, 68

wildlife protection, 69

Williams, M.B., 3, 5, 14, 21–46, 373

The Banff-Jasper Highway, 46, 371

The Banff-Windermere Highway, 35

Bennett’s cuts and, 45–46

compiled and published Harkin’s memoirs, 24, 46

and expansion of the national parks system, 58

Grey Owl and, 46

Guardians of the Wild, 43, 46

guidebooks (See Williams’ guidebooks)

The Heart of the Rockies, 46

Jasper National Park, 35, 38

Jasper Trails, 35

The Kicking Horse Trail, 35, 41–42

Kootenay National Park and the Banff-Windermere Highway, 35

linked parks to tourism, 25

loyalty to Harkin, 27

parks as part of our natural birthright, 42

philosophy of parks, 25, 32

Prince Albert National Park, 35

publicist and popularizer of early parks system, 373

publicity assistant and publicity agent, 37

research on mountain parks, 22, 35

salary, 37

supported by Harkin, 27

Through the Heart of the Rockies and the Selkirks, 35, 41–42

on timber leasing system, 29

travel and wildlife documentaries, 37

tried to make her name as writer, 46, 48

Waterton Lakes National Park, 35

Williams’ guidebooks, 25, 35, 40

First Nations’ presence downplayed, 42

indicative of Branch’s thinking in 1920s, 39

platform for communicating Park Branch’s message, 42

reworked in 1940s and 1950s, 46

trademark device (quotations), 38–39

Williamson, F.H.H., 31, 37

Willmore Wilderness Park, 355

Windermere, 62

Winnipeg, 314

Winter Olympic Games (1960), Squaw Valley, California, 140

“Winter Recreation and the National Parks: A Management Policy and Development Program,” 140

Woco Club, 189

women’s position in Canadian civil service (1910), 48n10

Wood, James, 106, 110

Wood Buffalo National Park, 68, 70, 251, 283

First Nations hunting privileges in, 360n17

Working for Wildlife (Foster), 55

World Heritage Convention (1976), 10

World Heritage Site designation, 355, 370n73

World Heritage Sites, 10

World Wilderness Congress (Fifth, 1995), 338

World Wilderness Congress (Fourth, 1987), 337

World Wildlife Canada System Plan, 16n19

Wormington, Marie, 308

Writing on Stone, 307

Wynyandies family, 352

Y

Ya Ha Tinda Ranch

archaeological surveys, 310–11

Yard, Robert Sterling, 68

Yellowhead Pass, 335, 369n72

Yellowstone model

of conservation, 339–40

of park development, 208

protection of wilderness by outlawing permanent human residence, 334, 337

Yellowstone National Park, 3, 54, 158, 180

bear studies, 165, 168

romantic notion of wilderness, 334

Yoho National Park, 27, 41, 58, 334

archaeological surveys, 310–11

Yukon, 254

hydro-electric power proposals for, 246

Yukon Branch of the Department of the Interior, 70

Yukon First Nations. See also Southern Tutchone

demanded “freeze on development of all unoccupied crown land,” 260

political action contributing to greater awareness, 377

separation from their land, 247

Yukon Fish and Game Association, 247

Yukon Native Brotherhood, 260

Yukon territorial government, 243–44, 247, 286, 288, 290, 292

importance of development, 242–43

opposed land withdrawals for Indian hunting and trapping, 242

revision to Yukon Game Ordinance, 1947, 247

supported oil and gas companies on Beaufort Sea coast, 277

Z

zoning in parks management, 191–92, 195, 361n25, 387–89

cornerstone of planning process in parks, 141

degrees of human presence and use, 339

“Zoo of the Mountains,” 160

Annotate

Previous
Full Text
© 2011 Claire Elizabeth Campbell
Powered by Manifold Scholarship. Learn more at
Opens in new tab or windowmanifoldapp.org