Index

Page numbers in italics indicate figures.

A

• accommodations

  • for festival attendees, 181, 183

  • in residential areas, 147–148, 150

• Adeyinka-Ojo, Samuel Folorunso, 44

• advertising, inclusiveness in, 47

• Agiomirgianakis, George, 85

• agri-tourism, 87, 100–101

• agriculture see farms and farming

• Ainsworth, Gillian B., 123

• Airbnb, 147, 250, 252

• Aitchison, Cara, 96

• Alberti, Fay Bound, 256–257

• Albino, Sara, Creative Tourism: Activating Cultural Resources and Engaging Creative Travellers (with Duxbury and Carvalho), 26

• Alexander, Nicholas, 98

• Alonso, Abel Duarte, 85, 102, 103

• altruism in tourism, 14, 15–16, 85–86, 124, 125

  • see also reciprocal altruism

• Amapola Cartonera, 167

• Amarante (Portugal) Bô festival, 140, 148–149

• Amaya, Diana Guerra see Guerra, Diana

• Analogue Facebook project, 185–186

• Andersen, Mikael Skou, 88

• Andersen, Vivienne, 173, 174, 175, 178

• Anderson, Emma, 86

• Andriotis, Konstantinos, 85, 86, 96, 100, 102, 103, 113

• Appalachian community case study, 24–25

• Araña, Jorge E., 34, 37

• architecture and buildings

  • preservation, 183–184

  • referenced in art projects, 211

  • use of, 231, 235

  • vacant and abandoned, 135, 136

• Aref, Fariborz, 256, 257

• Arias, Ricardo Alonzo Cortez, 222

• Arkansas, gay tourism in, 38

• Aronson, James C., 114

• Aronson, Thibaud B., 114

• Arpi, Bruno, 255

• Art Marathon festival, 191, 204–210, 216

• artists see creatives

• arts, artworks, and crafts

  • in 5Bogota neighborhood tour, 168, 169

  • in Noongar land restoration projects, 120, 122

  • at Ördögkatlan Ositivál, 184–185

• arts festivals

  • Art Marathon festival, 204–210, 216

  • characteristics, 191–192, 278–279

  • Ice Follies (biennale), 199–204, 200–201, 203, 216

  • Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Festival, 210–215

  • Shiosai art festival, 227, 228, 235

  • visitor engagement in, 216–217, 272–273

• Ateljevic, Irena, 89, 98

• Athwal, Navdeep, 247

• Atterton, Jane, 221, 238

• audio tour guide devices, 234

• Australia

  • ChillOut Festival, 38

  • and First Nation People’s knowledge, 126

  • land management, 112, 119

  • see also Noongar area land restoration

• authenti-seekers, 244–246

• authenticity

  • in 5Bogota tours, 156–157

  • created by residents, 17

  • through place, 173, 188, 245–246

  • in Rajzefiber walks, 69, 71

  • visitor interests in, 80, 244–245

• awards

  • community engagement, 75

  • destinations, 66, 73, 131–132

• Azevedo, Carlos, 137

B

• Baerenholdt, Jørgen Ole, 88, 89

• Baidin, Ivan, 7

• Bairnsfather-Scott, Merindah, 124, 126

• Baixinho, Alexandra, 219, 236

• Bakas, Fiona Eva, 216

• Baker, Catherine, 34

• Balabanis, George, 246

• Balaji, M. S., 254

• Barcelona tourism experiences, 4, 5–6

• Barr, Stewart, 255

• Barraket, Jo, 222, 224

• Barrett, Louise, 197

• barriocide, 3–4

• Bauer, Martin W., 140

• Bawden, Richard, 115

• Bean, Jeremy, “Rewind in Fast Forward” (art installation with Charette), 200

• Beer, Andrew, 85

• Bell, David, 33

• Benson, Michaela, 244

• Beremend (Hungary), 176

• Berndt, Ronald Murray, 112

• Besence Open (film), 186

• Bessière, Jacinthe, 97

• Best of Mainz tours, 28–29

• Beverland, Michael, 98

• Bianchi, Rossella, 89, 96, 103

• biddis (paths), 113, 121, 122

• big tourism see mass tourism

• Bigby, Bobbi Chew, 10, 16

• Bill and Jane (land restorers), 119–120

• biodiversity

  • in Boodja, 112

  • as heritage, 123

  • preservation and restoration, 111, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121

• Blatt, Charles M., 114

• Blichfeldt, Bodil Stilling, 36, 55

• Boelen, Jan, 61, 68

• Bogotá (Columbia)

  • demographics and geography, 156, 157

  • farmers’ markets, 164–165

  • food culture, 163–164, 165

  • Quinta Camacho neighborhood, 169–170

  • 7 de Agosto neighborhood tour, 166–168

• Bonfim parish (Portugal), 135

  • characteristics, 132, 135

  • tourist accommodations in, 147–148

  • see also Casa Bô cultural association

• Bonn, Mark, 85

• Bonnemann, Susanne M., 101

• Boodja (Noongar land and culture), 14, 112, 113–114, 122–123, 124

• book making, 168

• Booking.com, 147

• Borch, Odd Jarl, 224

• “Born to Cook” experiences, 6

• Bosworth, Gary, 9, 221, 238

• Both, Miklós, 184–185

• Bourdieu, Pierre, 244, 249

• Boztug, Yasemin, 250

• Bracci, Marco, 91, 94, 95

• Bradby, Keith, 14, 15–16, 111, 112, 113

• Braga (Portugal), 131

• branding, 162–163

• Brass, Danna, 244

• “Breastival Vestibule” (Shannon), 205, 208

• Bridge, Simon, 150

• British Columbia, 35

  • COVID-19 lockdown policy, 6–7

  • rural spaces in, 34, 39–40

  • tourism, 33, 44–45, 49

• British Columbia rural gay tourism

  • and DMOs, 45–46, 48–50, 52–54

  • gay men’s perspectives, 39–44, 46–48, 272

  • overview, 11–13

  • research and data collection, 50–52

• Brouder, Patrick, 88

• Browne, Kath, 38

• Brownlee, Baden, 202

• Bryan, Kai, 210

• Bucknell, Lea, “False Front”, 211, 212

• buildings see architecture and buildings

• Burnett, Kathryn A., 222

• Burning Man music festival, 20

• businesses

  • resilience, 222, 224, 237

  • smallness, 98

  • see also micro-tourism enterprises

• Bustin, Kyle, “Wiener Temple”, 205, 206

• Butler, Richard W., 85, 102, 257

• butterfly effect, 281

• “Bye Bye Barcelona” (Fernández, film), 5

C

• Cairncross, Grant, 86

• Callister, Carry, 35

• camera obscuras, 195, 196, 197

  • history, 193–195

  • at Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Festival, 210–215

  • at Nanton (Alberta), 194–198

  • as tourist events, 198–199

• cameras, pinhole, 211–214

• Campbell, Heather, 221

• Campbell, Tamara, 101

• camping, 7

• Camuto, Robert, 83

• Canada Council for the Arts, 199, 211

• Cardow, Andrew, 255

• Caribbean, 255

• Carneiro, Maria João, 219

• Carr, Anna, 25, 243, 257

• Carvalho, Cláudia, Creative Tourism: Activating Cultural Resources and Engaging Creative Travellers (with Duxbury and Albino), 26

• Casa Bô cultural association, 136

  • case study methodology, 138–142

  • Couchsurfing meetings, 147

  • COVID-19 impacts, 149–150

  • dinners and workshops, 145–147

  • economics and operations, 137–138, 277

  • event production, 144–145

  • joint activities, 133

  • overview, 18, 272

  • pillars of service, 136–137

  • support for creatives, 142–143

• Casa da Música (Oporto), 141, 144, 146

• Casado-Diaz, Maria Angeles, 244

• case study scholarship, 90

• Castello Sonnino

  • history and location, 83

  • restoration and operations, 84, 93–94, 100

  • see also Montespertoli; Sonnino International Education Centre (SIEC)

• Castello Sonnino case study

  • methodology and participants, 90–91

  • overview, 14–15, 84, 96, 104

  • SIEC courses, 94–95

  • student experiences, 96–101, 101–103

• catering, 151

• Cavaliere, Christina T., 17

  • Neolocalism and Tourism: Understanding a Global Movement (with Slocum and Ingram), 20

• Cave, Jenny, 258

• Cederholm, Erika Andersson, 222

• Chang, Heewon, 90, 91

• Charette, Christine, “Rewind in Fast Forward” (with Bean), 200

• Chatham Islands, 255Chawla, Louise, 125

• Cheer, Joseph M., 221, 222, 223, 228, 232, 235, 236

• Chhabra, Deepak, 173

• children as tourists, 66, 72, 122, 126, 186, 235

• ChillOut Festival (Australia), 38

• Chin, Wei Lee, 257

• Chingarrup Sanctuary tours, 117–119, 124

  • see also Eddy and Donna

• Choi, Youngsoo, 36

• Chor, Jane, 36, 55

• Christensen, T., 27

• circular economy, 88–89, 95, 99

• cities

  • infrastructure capacity, 4

  • stories of, 28–29, 74

  • see also Bogotá (Columbia); Maribor (Slovenia); Oporto (Portugal)

• Clancy, Michael, 86, 119, 126

• Clarkson, Natalie, 36

• Clift, Stephen, 35, 36

• Clifton Observatory (Bristol), 194, 196

• Cloke, Paul, 126

• Cohen, Scott, 244

• collaboration, 70, 75, 232–234, 235

• Collard, Len, 113

• Collett, Jessica L., 85

• Colombini, Donatella Cineli, 97

• Columbia, 155–156, 164, 165

• Comfort, Daphne, 244

• commercialization vs. craftsmanship, 98

• communities

  • circumstances for success, 2–3

  • in decline, 219, 223, 227

  • earnings, 172

  • gentrification in, 210

  • identity creation, 96

  • infrastructure capacity, 4, 181, 183

  • outside relationships, 221

  • and social capital, 244

  • sustainability and resilience, 23–25, 150–151, 237–238, 268–269, 274

  • in tourism development, 25–26, 75, 256–257, 258, 273–274, 282

  • visitors’ engagement with, 95, 97–99

  • see also neighborhoods

• Confederação do Turismo Português, 151

• conscious donations, 137–138

• Cooper, Chris, 132

• Copenhagen tourism campaign, 16

• Corbin, Julia, 225

• corn in Indigenous cookery, 164

• Cornwall (England), 252

• Couchsurfing, 138, 147

• Coulton, Tom Miyagawa, 219, 222, 223, 227

• Coutt’s Centre for Western Canadian Heritage, 194, 198–199

• COVID-19 pandemic

  • closure of spaces, 139

  • and festivals, 187

  • impact on tourists’ attitudes, 25, 251–252, 255, 268

  • micro-entrepreneur responses to, 230–232, 235–236

  • safety concerns, 220

  • and sense of community, 256–257

  • and small-scale tourism, 13, 62, 171

  • support of creatives during, 143

  • tourism during, 6–8, 150, 228–230

• Cox, Martin, 33, 36

• craftsmanship

  • vs. commercialization, 98

  • land restorers as, 125

• Crawshaw, Julie, 221

• creative economy, three ts, 142–143

• Creative Europe Programme, 185

• creative industry categories, 141, 144

• creative tourism

  • characteristics, 1, 5, 173–174, 228

  • definitions, 111, 125–126, 139, 216

• Creative Tourism: Activating Cultural Resources and Engaging Creative Travellers (Duxbury, Albino and Carvalho), 26

• Creative Tourism in Smaller Communities: Place, Culture, and Local Representation (Scherf), 1–3, 4, 5, 9, 26, 279

• creatives

  • attracting and supporting, 77–80, 133, 142–143

  • visitors and residents as, 70, 97–99, 160, 184

• CREATOUR project (Portugal), 29n5, 277

• Cresswell, Tim, 86

• Creswell, John W., 225

• Croce, Erica, 86

• Crompton, John L., 175

• Crowley, Jane, 123

• Cruz, Allan Discua, 222

• Cuba, 255

• cultural assets

  • folk art, 184–185

  • identification, 2

  • stories as, 69

• cultural associations, 149, 150

  • see also Casa Bô case study

• Cultural Associativism and Creativity: Innovation, Social Cohesion and Sustainable Change — a Case Study on Casa Bô (Principe), 139

• cultural creatives, 98–99

• cultural heritage, 70

• cultural spaces, 144–145, 146

• culture

  • foodways as, 6, 157, 163–164, 165

  • preservation and sustainability, 4–5, 22, 150, 268, 275–276

  • production, 75, 274

  • restoration, 111–112

  • and small tourism, 268–269

• Cunha, Conceição, 9, 219

• Cvitko, Tanja, 78

D

• Dangi, Tek B., 24

• Danson, Mike, 222

• Dashper, Katherine, 256

• data collection

  • event schedules, 141

  • on LGBTQ2+ visitors, 51–52

• D’Augelli, Anthony R., 33

• Dawson City (Yukon), 211, 214–215

• De La Pierre, Marco, 91, 94, 95

• Denzin, Norman K., 140

• Derrett, Ros, 20, 22

• destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

  • challenges, 12–13

  • in rural British Columbia study, 38, 39, 44–46, 48–52

  • in Slovenia, 77, 78

• destinations

  • access to rural, 41

  • concepts, 9–10

  • gay tourism, 37–38

• Deutsch, Richard, 36

• Devil’s Nest Festival see Ördögkatlan Fesztivál

• Di Gregorio, Dante, 100

• Dickinson, Janet, 86

• digital detox retreats, 254

• Dinis, Anabela, 221

• diversity

  • in urban migration, 165, 172

  • see also biodiversity; inclusion

• DMOs see destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

• Dolnicar, Sara, 27

• domestic tourism, trends, 7

• Dredge, Dianne, 27, 258

• Dumfries Camera Obscura (Scotland), 197

• Duxbury, Nancy, 26, 221, 267, 268, 277

  • Creative Tourism: Activating Cultural Resources and Engaging Creative Travellers (with Albino and Carvalho), 26

E

• earnings

  • Casa Bô event pricing, 137–138

  • community profits, 172, 181, 275

  • of micro-entrepreneurs, 230

  • of middle class, 246

• Easingwood, Chris, 96

• Eastern Edge Gallery (St. John’s, Newfoundland), 191, 204–205, 210

• economies

  • circular, 88–89, 95, 99

  • creative, 142–143

  • experience, 4–5, 248–250

• ecotourism

  • land restoration sites, 122–123, 125–126

  • as luxury tourism, 247

  • small islands, 255–256

  • visitor motivations, 243–244

• Eddy and Donna (land restorers), 118–119

• educational tourism, 14, 89, 91, 104

  • see also Castello Sonnino case study; Noongar area land restoration

• Eeckhout, Laura Van, 253

• Ehrnrooth, Hannah, 250

• El Regateo, La Ñapa y La Vaca (tour), 166–168

• embeddedness, 221, 232

• employment/unemployment solutions, 71, 79

• entrepreneurs, 221

  • see also in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs

• Esau, Darcen, 14–15, 83, 278

• escape vs. seeking, 244–245

• ethical choices, 255–256

• European Best Destinations, 131–132

• European Commission, 8

• European Cultural Heritage Days, 76

• event economics, conscious donations, 137–138

• events

  • Casa Bô cultural association, 144–145

  • exclusive, 249

  • LGBTQ2+ focused, 37–38

  • and social inclusion, 143–144

  • see also festivals

• Everett, Sally, 96

• expats, 244

• experiences

  • critical moments, 161–162

  • luxury, 246–247

  • neighborhood sensory, 158–160

  • sharing of, 271–272

  • tourist demand for, 91, 103–104, 248–250, 273

F

• Facebook, Analogue (project), 185–186

• Fahs, Breanne, 33

• “False Front” (Bucknell), 211, 212

• farmers’ markets, 160, 164–165, 166–168, 171

  • see also food markets

• farms and farming

  • restorations in Fitz-Stirling, 113, 115

  • in tourism, 91, 96, 100–101, 122

  • Tuscany, 83, 93–95

  • Wilyun Pools restoration, 121

• Farrell, Helen, 9

• Fayetteville Pride (Arkansas), 38

• Feast of St. John (Portugal), 133, 148

• Featherstone, Mike, 248

• Fell, Elena V., 123

• Fellows, Will, 33

• Fenge, Lee-Ann, 33

• Fennell, David A., 85, 86, 97, 100

• Ferguson, Richard, 221

• Fernández, Eduardo Chibàs, “Bye Bye Barcelona”, 5

• Festival of Walks (FW, Maribo), 68–69, 73–76, 276

• festivals

  • consumption, 175

  • LGBTQ2+ focused, 37–38, 38

  • in Maribor (Slovenia), 67, 68

  • New Zealand food and wine, 245–246, 248, 250–251

  • Portugal, 133, 148–149

  • ties to place, 20–22

  • see also arts festivals; Ördögkatlan Fesztivál

• finances see earnings; funding

• Fineman, Meredith, 243

• Fitz-Stirling habitat (Australia), 113–114

  • see also Noongar area land restorations

• 5Bogota

  • business and community results, 170–171, 275

  • mission, 156–157

  • on neighborhood micro-cultures, 158–160

  • offerings methodology, 160–163

  • sample tours, 166–170, 271

  • tourism approach, 16–17, 18–19, 165–166

• Fleming, Rachel C., 23, 237

• Florence (Italy)

  • educational tourism, 91

  • landscapes, 94

• Florida, Richard, 142

• folk art, 184–185

• food festivals, 250–251

• food markets and services, 5–6, 151, 169, 183, 248, 276

• food tourism

  • authenticity, 245–246

  • Bogotá, 157

  • in food production, 98–99

  • typical cuisine, 96–97

  • Wellington on a Plate festival, 250–251

  • see also farmers’ markets; gastronomy; wine and food tourism

• Foresight Factory, 244, 247, 248, 249, 253

• Forrest, Simon, 36

• Fountain, Joanna, 243, 248, 251

• “48hr Pinhole Photography Workshop” (Villeneuve), 211–214

• Franco, Raquel Campos, 137

• Frost, David M., 33

• Frost, Warwick, 245

• Fullagar, Simone, 86, 254

• Funck, Carolin, 23, 219, 221–224, 227–228, 231, 235, 237

• funding

  • Ördögkatlan Fesztivál fundraising, 186

  • Rajzefiber (Maribo), 68–69, 70–71

  • rural DMOs in British Columbia, 48–50

• Fusté-Forné, Francesc, 88, 102, 254

• FW see Festival of Walks (FW, Maribo)

G

• Gabriel-Campos, Edwin, 257

• Gaddefors, Johan, 221

• Ganseforth, Sonja, 237

• Gariglio, G., Slow Wine Guide (with Giavedoni), 87

• Gaskell, George, 140

• gastronomy, 6, 86–87, 157, 163–164, 165

• gay tourism

  • attitudes and approaches, 11–12, 35–36

  • demographics, 36–37

  • destinations and events, 37–38

  • marketing approaches to, 50–55

  • research, 33–34, 38–39

  • travel data collection on, 51–52

  • see also British Columbia rural gay tourism

• “George Black Camera Obscura” (Lawrence), 213

• Getz, Donald, 175

• Giampiccoli, Andrea, 247

• Giavedoni, F., Slow Wine Guide (with Gariglio), 87

• Gibson, Chris, 38

• Gilmore, James H., 249

• Gioia, Paul, 113

• Gkartzios, Menelaos, 221

• Gohari, Mohammadreza, 14, 15–16, 111

• Golding, Christina, 36

• Gondwana Link, 113, 114, 116, 119, 124

• Goodnow, Jasmine, 252–253

• Gordin, Valery, 174

• Gorman-Murray, Andrew, 38

• Gössling, Stefan, 88, 255

• Gottschalk, Lorene, 33, 36, 38

• Great Union Camera Obscura (Isle of Man), 195

• Greffe, Xavier, 143

• Grindr, 11, 12, 43

• grist milling, 99

• Gronroos, Christian, 250

• Guaracino, Jeff, 34, 52

• Guerra, Diana, 16, 17, 18–19, 155, 156, 270, 271

• Guerra, Diana Marcela Zuluaga see Zuluaga, Diana

• guided tours, 71

H

• Hagenloh, Gerald, 123

• Hall, Colin Michael., 88, 132

• Hallak, Rob, 9

• Hamilton, William D., 86

• Hanvelt, Jonathan, 38

• Harben, Sandra, 113

• Hardy, Anne, 34, 36

• Harpring, Patricia, 140

• Harrison, Dominic, 253

• health and wellness, 253–254

• Healy, Robert, 173

• Heitmann, Sine, 86

• herbs, 164, 167

• heritage

  • biodiversity as, 123

  • cuisine as, 164

  • folk art, 184–185

  • of place, 159, 270–271

  • preservation, 183–184

  • revival, 67

  • synonymous with ordinary, 156

• Hernández-Martín, Raúl, 9

• Herrera, Sergio L., 33, 36, 37

• Higgins-Desbiolles, Freya, 10, 16, 257

• “Hold Tight, Keep It Adrift” (Yeung), 214

• Hollinshead, Keith, 255

• Holmes, Kirsten, 85, 86, 102, 103

• Hopper, Stephen D., 113

• Houg, Eliza, “Pretty Noisy” workshop, 215, 216

• House! Society for People and Spaces, 68, 70–71

• housing, vacant, 135

• Howison, Sharleen, 257

• Howland, Peter, 245

• Hughes, Howard L., 34, 36, 37, 52, 54

• Hull, John S., 14–15, 83, 90, 278

• Humphreys, Alastair, 192, 193

• Hungary, 174, 175–178, 184

I

• ice breakers, 162

• “Ice Cracks” (Nickle), 201, 202

• Ice Follies festival, 191, 199–204, 200–201, 203, 216

• identity

  • through food tradition, 96–87

  • simple vs. fluid, 250

• identity tourism, 36

• IGLTA (International Gay and Lesbian Travel Association), 33, 37, 55

• Ilbery, Brian, 87

• in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs, 219–220, 221–222, 224–225, 237–238

  • see also Mitarai in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs

• inclusiveness

  • of tourism benefits, 275

  • of tourism experience, 52–54, 55

  • see also social inclusion

• infrastructure capacity, 4

• Ingram, Linda J., 17

  • Neolocalism and Tourism: Understanding a Global Movement (with Slocum and Cavaliere), 20

• Interior Design Shop, 248

• Internet

  • Couchsurfing platform, 138

  • online promotion events, 234–235

  • retreats from, 185, 250, 254

  • social media, 11, 12, 249, 252

  • see also technologies

• Interpret Europe (newsletter), 76

• interview methodologies

  • British Columbia DMOs and gay travellers, 38–39

  • Casa Bô cultural association, 140

  • key informants plus snowball method, 179–180

  • local tourism allies, 159

  • Mitarai village and government, 225–226

  • wine industry experts, 90–91

• Ioannides, Dimitri, 8, 23, 221, 222, 231, 237

• islands

  • and COVID-19 impacts, 257

  • and ecotourism, 255–256

  • resource constraints, 222

• Iso-Ahola, Seppo E., 245

• isolation adventures, 252

• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), 87

• Ivanov, Stanislav, 173

J

• Jamal, Tazim, 24, 88, 102, 254, 257

• Janssens, Maddy, 151

• Japan

  • tourism during COVID, 228–230

  • urban-to-rural migration, 219, 223, 227

  • see also Mitarai (Japan)

• Jarvis, Nigel, 36

• Jenkins, M., 258

• Jentzsch, Hanno, 237

• Jiang, Yangyang, 254

• Jóhannesson, Gunnar Thór, 23, 237

• Johnston, Lynda, 34

• Jones, Kip, 33

• Jones, Peter, 244

• Joo, D., 27

• Joppe, Marion, 256

• Jung, Stephanie, 28–29

K

• K2 (theatre company), 185

• Kah, Junghye Angela, 96

• Kalantaridis, Christos, 219

• Kallis, Giorgos, 244

• Kambele, Zephaniah, 246

• Kaposvár (Hungary), 185

• Karampela, Sofia, 222

• Kastanakis, Minas N., 246

• Kastenholz, Elisabeth, 219

• kayaks, 205

• Keesing, Amanda, 111, 113

• Kesslen, Ben, 38

• Kharas, Homi, 246

• Khoo-Lattimore, Catheryn, 44

• KIAC see Klondike Institute of Art and Culture (KIAC)

• Kim, Myung Ja, 85

• King, Russell, 87

• Kisharsány (Hungary), 176

• Klondike Institute of Art and Culture (KIAC), 191, 211

• Kloosterman, Robert, 221, 232

• Kmetič, Vid, 11–13, 61, 69, 280

• Knowd, Ian, 91

• knowledge

  • Indigenous, 126, 167, 169–170, 272

  • spread, 276–277

  • in tourism development, 27

  • workshops, 19, 29n5, 146–147

• Kock, Florian, 251, 255

• Komlós, Attila, 20–22, 173, 272, 275, 279

• Komppula, Raija, 8

• Koritnik Trepel, Dominika, 73

• Korsgaard, Steffen, 221

• Kos, Katja Beck, 11–13, 61, 280

• Križaj, Dejan, 76, 79

L

• La Maloka Moderna, 168

• Laegreid, P., 27

• Laing, Jennifer, 245

• land restorers

  • attributes and roles, 114, 123, 124–125, 271, 276–277

  • Bill and Jane, 119–120

  • Eddy and Donna, 118–119

  • Sylvia and Peter, 121–122

• landscape restoration

  • as creation, 111

  • see also Noongar area land restoration

• landscapes

  • Australian clearing practices, 113–114

  • cultural, 143–144

  • Italian mezzadria, 93–94

  • Noongar Boodja, 112

  • therapeutic, 254

• Las Ramblas (Barcelona), 5

• Laudine, Catherine, 126

• Lawrence, Donald, 21–22, 191, 193, 272, 274, 278, 279

  • “George Black Camera Obscura” 213

  • “Nanton Camera Obscura”, 194–198, 198

  • “One Eye Folly” camera obscura, 200, 203, 203

  • “Quidi Vidi Camera Obscura”, 205, 209

• Lawson, Sam, 112

• LCBT see Luxury Community-Based Tourism (LCBT)

• Lee, Choong-Ki, 85

• Lee, Seong-Hoon, 96

• Lee, Timothy J., 255

• legends and myths, 177, 178, 185

• Leighton, Sylvia M., 14, 15–16, 111

• Lemarié, Jérémy, 248

• Lester, Jo-Anne, 36

• Lew, Alan A., 175

• LGBTQ2+

  • and rural communities, 33

  • tourism, 37–38, 50–55

  • see also gay tourism

• Li, Guofeng, 246

• Li, Guoxin, 246

• Li, Xiubai, 255

• licensing, tour guide, 78–79

• Lien, Elling, “Wiener Temple”, 205, 206

• Lincoln, Yvonna S., 140

• Ling, Ma, 175

• liquor rituals tour, 169–170

• Liu, Yin, 85, 102, 103

• Living Courtyards, 67, 68

• living ethnography projects, 184–185

• Ljubljana (Slovenia), 12

• Lobrano, Alexander, 7

• local tourism

  • characteristics, 9–10, 16–19

  • opportunities, 132

  • renaissance, 247–248

• locals see residents

• Lockshin, Larry, 96

• Lockstone-Binney, Leonie, 86, 256

• Long, Lucy M., 97, 103

• Lukianova, Natalia A., 123

• Lullfitz, Alison, 14, 15–16, 111

• Lumsdon, Les, 86

• Lund, Katrín Anna, 23, 237

• Luongo, Michael, 35, 36, 38, 46

• Lützeler, Ralph, 219, 237

• Luxton, Sandra, 98

• luxury, 246–247

• Luxury Community-Based Tourism (LCBT), 247

• Lysgård, Hans Kjetil, 224

M

• Ma, Siying, 254

• MacArthur, Ellen, 88, 89

• Mackenzie, Susan Houge, 252–253

• Mainz (Germany), 28–29

• Majeed, Salman, 254

• Malevich, Kazimir, Suprematist Composition: White on White, 199

• Maley, Moira A. L., 14, 15–16, 111, 271

• Manniche, Jesper, 88

• Manzenreiter, Wolfram, 219, 237

• maps and mapping, 160

• Maribor Puppet Theatre, 67

• Maribor (Slovenia)

  • geography and political history, 64–65

  • tourism and cultural operations, 12–13, 63, 65–67

  • see also Rajzefiber

• marketing

  • inclusiveness in, 47

  • innovative products, 77

  • online promotions, 234–235

  • resources and channels, 48–50, 280–282

• markets

  • gay travelers, 36–37, 39–44

  • niche, 9

  • see also farmers’ markets; foodways and markets

• Markwell, Kevin, 35, 36, 37, 47, 86, 254

• Martellozzo, Federico, 100

• Mason, Courtney W., 11–13, 33, 271, 279, 281

• mass tourism, 3–6, 254–255

• Massy, Charles, 115

• Matetskaya, Marina, 174

• Mauser, Wolfram, 90

• Maxton-Lee, Bernice, 112

• McCabe, Scott, 27

• McCormack, Michael, “Beacon”, 205

• McCormick, A. D., 8, 23, 221–224, 228, 231, 235, 237

• McDonald, Mary, 209, 210

• McGee, Jeffrey, 255

• McGehee, Nancy Gard, 24, 85, 102

• McGrath, Peter, 87

• McIntosh, Alison J., 101

• Mckay, Stacey L., 175

• McMahon-Beattie, Una, 25, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 268

• McMillan, David W., 256

• McTighe, Jay, 114

• Meagher, Sara J., 112, 113

• Meh, Mateja, 11–13, 61, 280

• Meikle, S., 243, 251

• Melián-González, Arturo, 34, 37

• Meneses, João Wengorovius, 137

• mental wellness, 253–254

• Mezirow, Jack, 91

• mezzadria (Tuscan countryside), 14, 83, 93, 94

• Michaelis, Timothy L., 222, 224, 231, 236

• micro-adventures, 192, 193, 252–253

• micro-destinations, 9

• micro-tourism enterprises, 3, 8, 237–238

• Middleton, V., 9

• Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Festival (Dawson City, Yukon), 191, 210–215

• migration and migrants, 165, 172

  • see also in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs; Mitarai in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs

• Milan, Nina Ballegaard, 36, 55

• Miller, Amanda, 34

• Mills, Louise, 198–199

• Milne, S., 90

• Mitarai in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs

  • business approach, 230–232

  • characteristics, 223, 227–228

  • co-creation and collaboration, 23–25, 232–234, 235–236

• Mitarai (Japan), 223, 224, 227–230, 231, 234–235, 274, 280

• Mitarai Tourism Association, 230

• Mitarailabo, 234

• Mitchell, Clare J. A., 24, 221, 231–232, 237

• Moayerian, Neda, 24

• mobile technologies, 43–44

• Mokos Pincészet (winery), 176

• Molm, Linda D., 85

• Monterrubio, Juan Carlos, 34, 36

• Montespertoli (Italy)

  • region, 83–84, 89, 92, 93–94

  • SIEC coursework, 95

  • student experiences in, 97–99

• Moreno-Gil, Sergio, 34, 37

• Morrison, A. M., 9

• Mtapuri, Oliver, 247

• Muara Baimbai (Indonesia), 244

• Murray, Warwick E., 96, 103, 246

• Murtagh, Brendan, 150

• museums, 66–67

• music

  • classes and education, 133, 137

  • concerts, 145

  • in folk culture, 184

  • see also creatives; festivals

• Myers, Norman, 112

N

• Nagyharsány (Hungary), 176, 186–187

• Nair, Vikneswaran, 44

• nano-tourism, 68

• Nanton Camera Obscura, 194–198, 198

• Naoshimo (Japan) micro-enterprises, 8

• National Geographic Traveller, on Slovenia, 61–62

• national parks, 252

• natural environments, 251–254

• Navarro-Martínez, Zenaida Maria, 255

• neighborhoods

  • barriocide, 3–4

  • as destinations, 16–20, 28–29

  • sensory experiences in, 158–160

  • see also Casa Bô cultural association

• neolocalism, 17, 18

• Neolocalism and Tourism: Understanding a Global Movement (Ingram, Slocum, Cavaliere), 20

• networks, 21, 150, 216, 221, 232–234, 279–280, 281

  • social, 150

• New Zealand, 245–246, 248, 250–252, 256

• Newton, Janice, 33, 36, 38

• Nickle, Peter, “Ice Cracks”, 201, 202

• nightlife tours, 169–170

• Nind, Scott, 113

• non-profit organizations, 137

• Noongar area land restoration

  • Chingarrup Sanctuary tours, 117–119

  • overview, 14, 15–16

  • properties, 115, 116

  • timelines, 117

  • visitor experiences, 114–115, 122–124

  • Wilyun Pools Farm profile, 120–122

  • Yarraweyah Falls tours, 119–120

  • see also land restorers

• Noongar (First People), 112, 113–114, 121, 122, 124

• Noorashid, Najib, 257

• North Bay (Ontario), 199

• North, Carol S., 253

O

• observation

  • exploring neighbohoods through, 158–159

  • in research methods, 226

• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 150

• Ohridska-Olson, Rossitza, 173

• Olmedo, Lucas, 219, 221, 222, 224, 234, 236

• Olson, Eric D., 36

• “One Eye Folly” (Lawrence) camera obscura, 22, 200, 203

• O’Neill, Ken, 150

• Ong, Faith, 256

• Oporto (Portugal), 135

  • cultural associations and venues, 133, 141

  • festivals, 148–149

  • tourism in, 131–132, 147–148, 150–151

  • see also Bonfim parish (Portugal)

• Ördögkatlan Fesztivál (Devil’s Nest Festival)

  • activities and experiences, 184–186

  • contribution to heritage, 183–184

  • COVID-19 impacts, 187

  • founding, 174

  • name origin, 177–178

  • organization, 175–176, 176, 177, 178–179, 188–189, 279–280

  • residents’ participation, 186–187, 275

  • visitors and accommodations, 181–182

• Orkney Islands, 255

• Orte (concept), 10, 28

• O’Shaughnessy, Mary, 219, 221, 222, 224, 234, 236

• Osiński, Jerzy, 86

• Oskam, Jeroen, 252

• Osredkar, Ana, 76

• over-tourism, 3–4, 62, 252, 258

• Overton, John, 96, 103, 246

P

• Pak, Maja, 62

• PAKT see Potujočo Akademijo Kreativnega Turizma (PAKT)

• Pamfilie, Rodica, 88

• Panyik, Emese, 20–22, 173, 272, 275, 279

• parades, 202, 205

• Paraskevaidis, Pavlos, 85, 86, 96, 100, 102, 103, 113

• Pardo, Mauricio, 169–170

• Pearce, Douglas G., 131, 257

• Pécs (Hungary), 175, 185

• Peng, Guanhua, 20, 21

• Peng, H., 27

• Penn, Mark, 243

• Perri, Giovanni, 86

• Peters, Bradley, 205–208, 209, 216

• Petrini, Carlo, 86, 255

• Pettersen, Carol, 14, 15–16, 111

• Pfefferbaum, Betty, 253

• Phillips, WooMi Jo, 52

• picnics, 169

• Pine, B. Joseph, 249

• pinkwashing, 47

• place

  • and creative tourism, 5, 173

  • dynamics of, 270, 272–273

  • festival locations, 175

  • heritage of, 270–271

  • uniqueness, 96, 103

• poetry nights, 145

• Polak-Rottmann, Sebastian, 219, 237

• Portugal, 131–132, 134, 150

  • see also Oporto (Portugal)

• Potujočo Akademijo Kreativnega Turizma (PAKT), 76–77, 276

• Povey, Ghislaine, 86

• Prairie Sun Festival, 199

• Prentice, Richard, 173, 174, 175, 178

• “Pretty Noisy” workshop (Houg), 215, 216

• pride activities, 34, 38, 46, 47, 49, 52–53

• Prillwitz, Jan, 255

• Prince, Solène, 20, 21, 221

• Principe, Andre Luis Quintino, 16–19, 131, 136–138, 140–142, 146, 148, 275, 277

  • Cultural Associativism and Creativity: Innovation, Social Cohesion and Sustainable Change — a Case Study on Casa Bô, 139

• Pritchard, Annette, 37, 42, 90

Q

• Qu, Meng, 8, 23–25, 219, 221–224, 227–228, 231–232, 235–237, 274, 278, 280

• quarries, festival venue, 176

• Quebrada Verde (Peru), 257

• “Quidi Vidi Camera Obscura” (Lawrence), 205, 209

• Quidi Vidi (Newfoundland), 205, 210

• quietness, 253–254

• Quinta Camacho (Bogotá neighborhood), 169–170

• Quintero, Ana Maria Dominguez, 27

• Quorin, Meabh, 253

R

• rainbow sidewalks, 46, 53

• Rajzefiber

  • Festival of Walks, 73–76

  • mission, 67–69

  • operations, 70–71, 274, 277, 279–280

  • overview, 12–13

• Rajzefiber walkers, 71–72, 73–75, 78–79, 271

• Ramkissoon, Haywantee, 254

• Ramox, Maria Conceição, 137

• Randelli, Filippo, 100

• Rath, Jan, 221, 232

• Ratković, Dragana Lucija, 69, 73, 74

• reciprocal altruism

  • and community, 103

  • development, 100–102, 113

  • in promotion of cuisine, 96–97

  • research on, 85–86, 90

  • in village culture, 97–99

• Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Producing, Consuming and Negotiating Place (Russo and Richards), 9

• Reisinger, Yvette, 173

• Rés-da-Rua cultural association, 141

• residents

  • in Bonfim parish, 133–135

  • elderly, 185, 223, 225–226, 229–230, 236

  • engaged in tourism, 5, 17, 156, 158–160, 186–187, 271

  • expats, 244

  • host-guest relationships, 85–86

  • and over-tourism, 3–4

  • as visitors, 2–3, 28–29, 272

  • see also in-migrant micro-entrepreneurs; Rajzefiber walkers

• resilience

  • of community, 23–25, 237, 274

  • of organizations, 222, 230–232, 277–279

• resources

  • marketing, 48–50, 280–282

  • small island constraints, 222

• restoration tourism, 112, 125–126

  • see also Noongar area land restoration

• retreats, 185, 250, 254

• “Rewind in Fast Forward” (Charette and Bean), 200

• Richards, Greg, 2, 111, 126, 173, 219, 224, 236

  • Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Producing, Consuming and Negotiating Place (with Russo), 9

• Rick Steves’ Europe (TV program), 4

• Ride, William David Lindsay, 112

• Rijavec, Frank, 112

• Ro, Heejung, 36

• road trips, 7, 210–211

• Robards, Brady, 34

• Robertson, Martin, 244, 250

• Robinson, Peter, 86

• rodeos, 38

• Rogelha, Tadej, 78

• role-playing and theatre, 66–67, 71–72, 185

• Roma people, 187

• Ron, Amos S., 97

• Roth, Thomas, 36, 38, 46

• Rua das Flores cultural association, 141

• Rua, S. V., 27

• rural communities

  • and gay tourism, 39–44

  • promotion of, 219–220, 223, 234–235

  • traditional views of, 33

  • see also British Columbia rural gay tourism

• rural spaces

  • attraction of, 40

  • booking trends, 252–253

  • as performative spaces, 126

• Russo, Antonio Paolo, Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Producing, Consuming and Negotiating Place (with Richards), 9

• Ryan, Chris, 257