Index
Section 1
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 40
Accords Act, 23, 170, 171, 174
administrative monetary penalties, 27
Admiralty Court, 11
Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, 44
Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 44
agriculture, 162
aichi biodiversity targets, 40
Alberta Provincial Court 66, 69
Allocation of Crown Lands for Tidal In-Stream Energy Conversion Projects (NB Policy), 152, 153
Archipelago Management Board (AMB), 123–124
arctic archipelago, 8
arctic fibre project, 84
Arctic Policy Framework, 83
Arctic Shipping Safety and Pollution Prevention Regulations, 139
Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act (AWPP), 8
areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), 45–46
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 45
Beaches Act (NS), 153
biofuel, 78
biomass heating, 75
Brander-Smith Report, 7
Brent Spar oil storage facility, 176, 179
British Columbia, 100, 102, 107, 122, 138
British Columbia Court of Appeal (BCCA), 61, 65
British North America Act, 60
Canada (Fisheries and Oceans) v Ontario (Ministry of Transportation), 65
Canada Energy Regulator (CER), 27–28, 140, 150
Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act, 123, 151
Canada Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Regulations, 173
Canada Oil and Gas Installations Regulations, 173
Canada Petroleum Resources Act, 173
Canada Shipping Act (CSA), 9, 69, 151
Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act, 173
Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board, 27–28
Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board (CNSOPB), 21, 26, 27–29, 171–175, 178
Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Acts, 21, 173
Canadian coast guard, 10, 27, 28
Canadian electrical code, 77
Canadian Energy Regulator Act, 151
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), 174, 177
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEA Agency), 25
470Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 11, 66, 151
Canadian High Arctic Research Station, 79
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 141
carbon dioxide emissions, 15, 140, 160–161
carbon tax, 75
Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance (CCIRA), 116–117
Clean Environment Act (NB), 152
co-management regimes, 89, 112
Coastal Areas Protection Policy (NB), 152
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 43
Cohasset-Panuke Project, 169, 175, 176, 177–179
Comite Maritime International (CMI), 7
comity, 49
Commissioner of the environmental and sustainable development (CESD), 27
community-based subsistence fishery areas (CBSFAs), 120
Conference Board of Canada, 144
Constitution Act 1867, 8
Constitution Act 1982, 107, 141
constitutional law, 59–69, 101, 110, 113
construction, design, equipment, and manning standards (CDEM standards), 47, 48
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), 45
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 37–38, 40, 45
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention), 45
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 43
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 43, 171
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), 45
convention ships, 10
Council of the Haida Nation (CHN), 111, 123
Courtoreille v Canada, 63
Crown Lands Act (NS), 153
Crown Lands and Forests Act (NB), 152
de minimus not curat lex, 65
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration), 34–35
deep-sea mining, 165
deepwater horizon disaster, 164
deleterious substance, 60, 61, 65–67, 68–69
Department of National Defence, 67
diesel generation, 74–75, 78–81, 87
direct action, 114
double jeopardy, 66
duty to conserve, 99, 110–113, 119
Electricity Act (NB), 152
Electricity Act (NS), 153, 154
electricity generation and transmission, 73–89
emission control areas (ECAs), 15–16, 138
Endangered Species Act (NS), 153
Energy Priorities Framework (NWT), 79
Energy Safety and Security Act, 169
Environment Act (NS), 12, 153, 154
Environment Damages Fund, 66–67
Environmental and Climate Change Canada (Environment Canada), 25, 27–29, 69,164
environmental assessment/environmental impact assessment (EA/EIA), 22–30, 36, 40, 46, 141, 155, 171–173, 177, 179
environmental effects monitoring (EEM), 24–26
Environmental Emergency Regulations, 66
environmental impact statement (EIS), 172
Environmental Protection Act (NFL), 12
environmental protection plan (EPP), 23
exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 35, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53
feed-in tariff (FIT), 154
Fish and Wildlife Act (NB), 152
Fisheries Act, 59–69, 100–104, 120, 121–122, 125–126, 150, 151
Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC), 30
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), 25, 27–30, 104, 105, 111–120, 123, 125–126
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 10
Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC), 124
floating nuclear power plants (FNPP), 78, 81–82
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 42, 45
Fort Simpson Solar Energy Project, 78
Fowler v R, 60
Fuel Oil Non-Availability Report (FONAR), 139
Fukushima radiological disaster, 163
Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), 149, 154, 155
Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 171
Global Energy Interconnection (GEI), 84–85
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 39
Great Bear Initiative (GBI), 125
great bear rainforest, 124
great lakes, 13
Greenpeace, 176
Guidelines for Conducting Integrated Environmental Assessments, 44
Guidelines for the Monitoring and Assessment of Plastic Litter and Microplastics in the Ocean, 44
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 63–64
harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction (HADD), 60, 62–64, 67–68
hazardous and noxious substances (HNS), 12–13
Heritage Conservation Act (NB), 152
high voltage direct current (HVDC), 85
Holocene, 165
Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (the Hong Kong Convention), 14, 44
Hydro-Quebec, 83
hydrocarbons, 14, 73–77, 80, 84, 88, 170, 177
ice-cover changes, 163
Iceland, 85
IDDRI, 46
Impact Assessment Act (IAA), 29, 140, 150, 154, 169, 173–175
Impact Assessment Agency, 29
in-stream tidal energy, 149–150, 155
Indian fishery, 106
Indigenous communities, 99–128, 169, 175, 176–179
Indigenous legal traditions, 100–128, 169
Information and Management of Time Regulations, 140
innovative financing, 75
Intergovernmental conference (IGC), 45
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 43
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 162
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 43, 50
International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), 9, 44, 139
International Code of Safety for Ships Using Gases or Other Low Flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code), 140
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the BWM Convention), 13, 44
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 9, 43, 49, 50, 52, 137–139
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 43
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 49, 140
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (the Bunker Convention), 9
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (The Civil Liability Convention), 10, 11
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Cooperation, 9, 43
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 43
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 44
International Convention Relating to Intervention on High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 43
International Energy Agency (IEA), 138
international environmental law of the sea, 33–43
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 39, 43, 49, 50, 52, 137–139
International Offshore Petroleum Environment Regulators (IOPER), 30
International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund), 10, 11
International Seabed Authority, 165
international shipping, 7–16, 52
International Whaling Commission (IWC), 43
Jack v The Queen, 103
Johannesburg Declaration, 37
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, 44
judicial review, 155
jurisdiction, 33, 36, 42, 45, 46–53, 59–69, 102, 125, 150, 159
Kienapple principle, 66
Kivalliq Hydro-Fibre Link, 83
liquefied natural gas (LNG), 12, 137–144
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 12
low elevation coastal zone (LECZ), 160
marine defaunation, 160
Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), 139–140
marine genetic resources (MGRs), 46
Marine Liability Act (MLA), 8–16
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 50
Marine Renewable Energy Areas (MREA), 154–155
Marine Renewable-energy Act (MRA), 153, 154
Memoranda of understanding (MOUs), 27–29
Migratory Birds Convention Act, 11, 22, 69, 151
mining, 73–75, 80, 83, 89, 160, 165
Municipal government, 150
Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks (the Nairobi Convention), 14
National Marine Conservation Area Reserve (NMCAR), 123
Native Council of Nova Scotia, 177
natural gas generation, 75, 78
Natural Resources Canada, 30
Navigable Waters Act, 150, 151
New Brunswick, 138, 151–153, 154, 155
Newfoundland and Labrador, 8, 66, 151
Newfoundland and Labrador Supreme Court, 66
Newfoundland Recycling Limited v the Queen, 66
Nisga’a Final Agreement Act, 121
nitrous oxide emissions, 15, 139
North Atlantic Energy Network (NAEN), 83–84
Northern Infrastructure Standardization Initiative (NISI), 86
Northwest Falling Contractors v R, 60, 61
Northwest Territories, 8, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82–83
Northwest Territories Power Corporation (NTPC), 78–79
Norway, 84
Nova Scotia, 138, 149, 152–154, 155, 156, 171
Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 30
Nova Scotia Department of Energy, 30
Nova Scotia Provincial Court, 67
obiter dicta, 61
ocean acidification, 161, 163, 165
ocean economy, 163
offshore aquaculture, 165, 166, 170
offshore petroleum activities, 21–30, 38, 160, 162, 163, 169–179
Ontario Court of Appeal, 65
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 16
Our Ocean, Our Future: Call for Action, 42
Particularly sensitive sea areas (PSSAs), 50, 52
particulate matter emissions, 15
Plan of Implementation (WSSD Plan), 39–40
Post state control (PSC), 48
power to conserve, 99, 110, 115–118
Prince Edward Island, 151
private sector, 84
Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 44
Quebec Provincial Court, 69
Qulliq Energy Corporation (QEC), 79
473R v Canadian National Railway, 69
R v City of Kingston, 65
R v Husky Oil, 69
R v Kirby Offshore, 69
R v Macmillan-Bloedel Limited, 60, 61, 62, 65
R v Marshall, 177
R v Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway, 69
R v Sparrow, 107
R v Williams Operating Corporation, 65
R v Zuber, 62
Regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements (RFMO/As), 45
Regional Seas Programme, 44
Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (Air Pollution Regulations), 15–16
Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 44
Representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 160–161
right to conserve, 99, 110, 113–115
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (the Rio Declaration), 37–39
RusHydro, 81
Russia-Japan Energy Bridge, 85
Russia-North Korea Power Bridge (Primorye-Rosan), 85
Russian Arctic, 81
Saskatchewan Provincial Court, 69
sea coast and inland fisheries, 60
section 35 rights, 107, 119, 141–142, 175
Ship-source Oil Pollution Fund (SOPF), 11
soft law, 33
Special Places Protection Act (NS), 153
Species at Risk Act (NB), 152
Species at Risk Act, 22, 151, 154
Standards Council of Canada, 86
Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW), 142
Standing Senate Committee on Energy, the Environment, and Natural Resources, 74, 75
Statement of Best Practices for In-Stream Tidal Energy (NS), 153
Strategy for the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 44
strict liability, 10, 12, 14, 65
Submerged Land Policy (NB), 152
sulphur oxide emissions, 15, 139
Supreme Court of Canada (SCC), 103, 107, 122
Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, 61
sustainable development, 37, 38, 39–42
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 41
Svalbard Island, 84
Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 40
tidal energy generation (hydrokinetic energy), 80, 149–156
tidal range system, 149
Transport Canada, 140
Transport Canada Marine Safety and Security, 27–28
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 121
ultra vires, 60
UN Fish Stocks Agreement, 39, 45
UNESCO Fundy Biosphere Reserve, 154
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED/Earth Summit), 37–39
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE), 34, 44
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 34, 42, 44–53, 171, 177
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 100, 121–122, 127
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (UNDRIP Act), 100, 121–122
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 42, 45
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 38
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 45
United States, 13, 35, 48–49, 50, 138
valued components (VCs), 22–23, 25
Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations (VPDC Regulations), 15–16
Wilderness Area Protection Act (NS), 153
wind generation, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 36–37
World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 39–40
Wrecked, Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act (WAHV Act), 14–15
Section 2
2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada, 234
Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk, 233
acoustic degradation, 285–286, 290, 292
administrative monetary penalties, 185, 301–312
Administrative Penalty Regulation, 302–304
Alberta Appeals Board (EAB), 301, 307
Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench, 262, 264, 266–269, 302
Alberta Environment and Parks, 305–307
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (AESRD), 266–269
Alberta Fish and Game Association, 246
Alberta Land Stewardship Act (ALSA), 235, 260, 262, 263, 265
Alberta Reclaim and Recycling Company Inc v Alberta Environment and Parks (Alberta Reclaim), 301, 305–7
Alberta’s Strategy for the Management of Species at Risk 2009–2014, 235
arguable case test, 293
Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT), 271–278
Atlantic Fishery Regulations 1985, 276
Biodiversity management framework (BMF), 236
Biodiversity Outcomes Framework, 234
Bison Excursion Prevention and Response Plan, 218
Bison management zones, 218
Blackfoot Confederacy, 218–219
bona fide/good faith, 207, 210
British Columbia, 186, 190, 224, 285–297
British Columbia Supreme Court, 246, 247, 252
British Columbia Technical and Research Committee on Reclamation (TRCR), 252
Canada National Parks Act, 217
Canada’s Oceans Protection Plan, 297
Canadian Biodiversity Strategy, 234
Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC), 233
Canadian Energy Regulator (CER), 290–293
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 218, 251, 291–293
Canadian Nuclear Safet Commission, 294
carbon dioxide emissions, 259
CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, 234
Chingee v British Columbia, 247
co-management systems, 201, 206–212, 217–225
Colette Benson v Director, Regional Compliance, Alberta Environment and Parks, 310–312
Committee on the Status of Endangered Species in Canada (COSEWIC), 233, 277
compensatory mitigation measures, 259–260
conservation easements, 248, 261–264
conservation offsetting, 258–261
Constitution Act 1867, 229
Constitution Act 1982, 207, 209, 221
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 185–197, 234, 277
cooperative federalism, 230
crystallization thesis, 222
Danish Nature Agency, 191
defence of due diligence, 195–196
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 275, 278, 286, 289, 295
Department of National Defence, 286
distant water fishing nations (DWFNs), 273
doctrine of discovery, 220–222
Draft Provincial Woodland Caribou Range Plan, 236
Dunsmuir factors, 191
Durban Commitment: Local Governments for Biodiversity, 237
easements and restrictive covenants, 245–246, 258
Endangered Species Act (US), 277
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC/Environment Canada), 186–197
Environmental Assessment Act (BC), 252
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA), 235, 301–302, 312
environmental-economic policy, 258
Environmental/sustainability impact analysis/assessment (EIA/IA), 218, 249–252
European Union, 191
Exclusive economic zones (EEZs), 272–273
extinguishment, 204
Federal Court of Appeal, 210, 287, 293, 294
First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v Yukon, 207, 211
First Nations, 201–212, 217, 218–220
Fisheries Act, 195, 260, 275, 277, 287
food security, 205
game management, 243
George v Marczyk, 252
Guerin v The Queen, 221
Gwich’in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement, 205
habitat protection, 232, 233, 235, 243–253
Hansen Drilling Ventures Ltd v Alberta Conservation Association (ACA), 246
harvest control rules (HCR), 274
hazing zone, 218
highly migratory species, 271–278
Impact Assessment Act (IAA), 251
Impact Assessment Agency, 294
Indigenous rights and entitlements, 244, 249, 250, 252, 275
Indigenous self-government, 209
integrated fisheries management plan, 275
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), 272–275
Inuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA), 205, 208
Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC), 208
Jason King and Kingdom Properties Ltd v Director, Regional Compliance, Lower Athabasca Region, Alberta Environment and Parks, 311–312
Jasper National Park, 223
Johnson v M’Intosh (US), 221
judicial review, 191–192, 287, 290–292, 293, 296
jurisdiction, 217, 218, 220–223, 224, 229–237, 261, 264–265, 269, 288, 293
Keller v Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8, 264
Lacey Act (US), 195
Land Use Framework (LUF)(AB), 235–236
licence, 247
Lower Athabasca Regional Plan (LARP), 235–236
mandamus order, 296
Manitoba, 186
Manitoba Court of Appeal, 245
Marine Mammal Regulations, 296
market-based conservation, 257–269
Migratory Birds Convention Act (MBCA), 190, 204
Mine Development Assessment Act (BC), 252
Municipal Government Act, 237, 264
municipal law, 229, 237, 264–265
Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC), 262
Nature Conservancy of Canada v Waterton Land Trust Ltd, 262–264
Newfoundland and Labrador, 203, 275
non-derogation clause, 210
Normand Menard and Normko Resources Inc v Director, Regional Compliance, Lower Athabasca Region, Alberta Environment and Parks, 311–312
North Saskatchewan Regional Plan (NSRP), 235
Northwest Territories, 186, 204, 205, 209–210
Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, 276–277
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, 244
Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, 208
Nunavut Wildlife Management Board (NWMB), 208
Other than wildlife laws (OTWLs), 243, 244–251
Parks Canada, 285
Porcupine Hills-Livingstone Land Footprint Management Plan (LFMP), 236
profit á prendre, 247
Property Law Act (BC), 246
Public Lands Act (PLA) (AB), 301, 304, 308–310, 312
Quebec, 275
476R v Ensor, 190
R v Horseman, 210
R v Kwok Shing Enterprises Ltd, 187–189, 197
R v Van der Peet, 210
re-introduction zone, 218
reconciliation, 201–212, 220–223
Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), 273
Regional impact assessment (RIA), 250
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act – Civil Penalty Policy (US), 307–308
rights in environmental goods, 265–269
Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement, 205
Saskatchewan, 186
section 35 rights, 201–211, 221, 222
South Saskatchewan Regional Plan (SSRP), 235–236
Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW), 283–297
Species at Risk Act (NWT), 209
Species at Risk Act (SARA), 233
Species at Risk Act (SARA), 250, 277–278, 283–297
Strategic impact assessment (SIA), 251
strict liability, 195
Supreme Court of Canada (SCC), 207, 210, 211, 221, 293
sustainable wildlife management, 243–244
The Buffalo: A Treaty of Co-operation, Renewal and Restoration (Buffalo Treaty), 218–219, 223
Tlicho Agreement, 205
Tlicho Government, 211
Total allowable catch (TAC), 272, 274, 275
traditional ecological knowledge, 202
Trans-Mountain Expansion Project, 290–294
Transfer/trade of development credits (TDCs), 236, 248–249, 264–265
transitional wildlife management, 243
trespass, 247
Tribal parks, 224
trophy hunting, 203
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 220, 222
Tsleil-Waututh Nation v Canada (Attorney General), 292, 293
ultra vires, 263
Umbrella Final Agreement (UFA), 205, 207, 211
United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 222
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 233, 234
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 272–273
United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFA), 272–273
United States, 217, 218–220, 221, 265
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 301, 307–308
Water (Ministerial) Regulation (AB), 267
Water Act (AB), 261, 266, 301, 304, 312
Water conservation objective (WCO), 267–269
Water Conservation Trust of Canada (WCTC), 265–269
Water Conservation Trust of Canada v Alberta (Environmental Appeals Boards) et al., 265–269
Water Sustainability Act (BC), 259
Waterton Lakes National Park, 262
Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board, 211
Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (WAPPRIITA), 185–197, 234
wilderness zone, 218
Wildlife Act (BC), 247
Wildlife Act (NV), 244
Wildlife Act (NWT), 209
Wildlife Act (YT), 190
Wildlife Act, 207, 208, 229, 235
Wildlife Act Working Group (WAWG) (NWT), 209–210
Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North Slope) (WMAC[NS]), 208
wildlife management paradigm, 230
Willman v Ducks Unlimited (Canada), 245
Windset Greenhouses (Ladner) Ltd v The Corporation of Delta, 246
wise use, 202
Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative (Y2Y), 251, 253
Section 3
2016–2017 Climate Leadership Plan Progress Report, 416
Aboriginal Consultation Office (Alberta), 413
administrative monetary penalties, 381–383, 417
Administrative Penalties Regulation (Ontario), 383
Administrative Penalty Regulation (Alberta), 417
Agreement Between the Gouvernement du Québec and the California Air Resources Board Concerning the Harmonization and Integration of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 369–371, 375–387
Agreement respecting the Harmonization and Integration of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Greenhouse Gas Emissions between the Government of Quebec, the Government of California and the Government of Ontario, 370, 375–387
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 424–427, 430
Air Resources Board Cap-and-Trade Regulation (California), 377
Air Resources Board Regulation for the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (California), 377
Alberta, 318, 321–330, 332, 346, 358–363, 399–400, 405, 411–419, 427–429, 431
Alberta Court of Appeal, 326, 412, 413
Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (AEUB), 414
Alberta Energy Regulator (AER), 361, 399, 413–419
Alberta Energy Regulator Integrated Compliance Assurance Framework, 417
Alberta Environment and Parks, 414, 416–417, 419
Alberta Land Stewardship Act, 362
Alberta Utilities Commission, 361
ambient air monitoring, 402, 404
An Act to Amend the Environment Quality Act and Other Legislative Provisions in Relation to Climate (Quebec), 378
Australia, 318
Bill 4: The Cap and Trade Cancellation Act (Ontario), 385–386
biomass methane emissions, 361
British Columbia, 318, 321, 327, 328, 330, 369, 376, 399–400, 405, 417–418, 429, 430
Cadre de mise en oeuvre du programme régional de la Western Climate Initiative, 369
California Air Resources Board (CARB), 369, 377, 381–384
California Assembly Bill 32 (California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006), 329, 377
Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA), 418
Canadian Agricultural Partnership, 427
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), 327
Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 393, 418
Canola Council of Canada, 430
Cap-and-Trade Program Regulation (Ontario), 378, 383
cap-and-trade system, 321–324, 367–371, 375–387, 430, 457, 463
carbon capture and storage, 345, 412–414, 426–427
Carbon Capture and Storage Funding Act (Alberta), 412
Carbon Competitive Incentive Regulation (CCIR) (Alberta), 416, 417
carbon dioxide emissions, 319, 358, 393, 424, 438, 442, 459, 462
carbon sink, 426
carbon tax, 318, 321–326, 332, 343–350, 412–413, 417, 418, 430
Cities and Towns Act, 357
Clean Air Act (CAA) (US), 400–401
Clean Air Strategic Alliance (CASA), 415
Climate Change and Emissions Management Act (Alberta), 412, 414, 416
Climate Change Mitigation and Low Carbon Economy Act (CCMLCEA)(Ontario), 378, 382–383
Climate Leadership Act (Alberta), 346, 417
Climate Leadership Act (PEI), 346
climate smart agriculture, 425, 427
command and control regulation instruments, 345
Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR principle), 441, 443, 450, 457, 460, 463
Compliance Instrument Tracking System Service (CITSS), 380, 384
compliance verification, 379–380
compressors, 397–398, 400, 402–403, 405
Conference of the Parties (COP), 317, 318, 323
Constitution Act 1867, 321
Constitution Act 1982, 328
cooperative federalism, 324, 347
corporations, 400–405, 412, 413, 414, 430
Council of Canadian Academies, 427
COVID-19, 386
Crown Zellerbach, 325
decarbonization, 341, 347, 459
Denmark, 334
design for the WCI Regional Program, 376, 379
Design Recommendations for the WCI Regional Cap and Trade Program, 376, 379
developing countries, 443, 446, 447, 450, 454, 460–463
ecojustice, 385
Emissions Management and Climate Resilience Act, 361
Emissions trading system (ETS), 446, 451–457
Enbridge Line 3 Pipeline, 327
Energy efficiency design index (EEDI), 445, 448–449, 450, 452, 453, 455, 458, 459, 461, 463
energy efficiency-based reduction measures, 447, 448–450, 455, 463
Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), 361, 414
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), 358, 393–405
Environment Quality Act (Quebec), 368, 378, 382
Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR) (Ontario), 385
Environmental Protection Amendment Act (Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading) (Ontario), 378
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA), 361
Environnement Jeunesse, 334
express legislative test, 357–358, 361
federal/national carbon price/tax, 321, 324–325, 332, 341–358, 375
Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM), 355, 363
financial regulation instruments (federal emission reduction), 345
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 424, 427
Fourth IMO GHG Emissions Study, 439, 457, 459, 461
Friends of the Earth, 323
fugitive emissions, 318, 394–395, 398
global energy security, 327
Green Climate Fund, 319
Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (GGPPA), 324, 341–348, 375, 412, 418–419, 424, 430
Guideline for the Quantification, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Ontario), 378
House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development, 424
Hydraulic fracturing (HF), 398–400, 405
hydrocarbons, 318, 327, 333, 358, 393–406, 411, 438
hydroelectricity, 318
industrial processes, 318, 346–347, 370, 412, 431
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 437–463
international shipping, 437–463
intra vires, 419
jurisdiction, 321, 324–326, 330, 333, 347–348, 355–364, 411–412, 461
Kyoto Protocol, 328–323, 345, 429, 438, 441, 443
Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act, 322–323
La Rose, 334
Manitoba, 321, 323, 325, 346, 369, 376, 405, 430
Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), 443, 445–446, 457–458, 460
market-based reduction measures, 369, 376, 377, 438, 444, 446–447, 451–454, 459, 463
market-based regulation instruments, 345
MARPOL: Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, 442, 450, 452–453, 461
Measurement Requirements for Oil and Gas Operations (Directive 017), 415
methane emissions, 358, 361, 393–405, 415, 416, 417, 429, 430, 440
Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, 381–382
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Alberta), 428
Modèle recommandé pour le programme regional de plafonds-échanges de la Western Climate Initiative, 369
multilateral international treaty, 320
Municipal Government Act (MGA), 359–364
National Energy Board (NEB), 330–331
nationally determined contribution (NDC), 317–334
natural gas liquids (NGL), 401
Natural Resources Conservation Board (NRCB), 361
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), 427
nitrous oxide emissions, 424, 426, 427, 428, 438, 439
No more favourable treatment (NMFT principle), 443, 457
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 344, 415, 442
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, 418
North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 418
Northern Gateway Pipeline, 322, 328–330
Nunavut, 346
Nutrient Management Act, 358
offshoring, 367
Oil and Gas Commission of British Columbia, 399
oil sands, 318, 323, 326–330, 411–419
Oil Sands Emissions Limit Act (Alberta), 417
oil sands tailings, 412, 415–416, 418, 419
Ontario, 321, 325, 326, 327, 346, 358, 369, 370, 375–379, 381, 387, 412, 418, 429
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 429
Ontario Offset Credits Regulation (Ontario), 383
Order in Council 1185-2012 Determination of Annual Caps on Greenhouse Gas Emission Units Relating to the Cap-and-Trade System for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances for the 2013–2020 Period (Quebec), 378
output-based allocation, 416
Pacific Coast Action Plan on Climate and Energy, 376
Pacific Coast Collaborative Agreement (PCCA), 376
Pacific NorthWest LNG Pipeline, 327
Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change (PCFCGCC), 317, 318, 320–321, 393, 427
Paris Agreement, 317–321, 323, 344–345, 347, 393, 423, 438, 441, 443, 458–459, 462
Peacock v Norfolk County, 358
Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act, 400
pipeline, 318, 321–324, 327–333, 400–401, 406, 413, 418
pith and substance, 321
pneumatic devices, 396
Preserving and Protecting our Environment for Future Generations: A Made-in-Ontario environment plan, 385
Prince Edward Island, 346, 347
Quantification, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Ontario), 378, 383
Quebec, 318, 325, 367–371, 375–387
R v Hydro-Quebec, 325
reduction units, 367
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, 376
Regulation Respecting a Cap-and-Trade System for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances (Quebec), 368, 378
Regulation Respecting the Mandatory Reporting of Certain Emissions of Contaminants into the Atmosphere, 368, 378
Regulations Respecting Reduction in the Release of Methane and Certain Volatile Organic Compounds (Upstream Oil and Gas Sector), 393
Regulatory leak detection and repair program (LDAR), 394–395
renewable energy, 334, 345, 416, 428, 430
Renewable Fuels Regulations, 430
Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc v Saskatchewan, 356–357
Royal Prerogative, 323
Saskatchewan, 318, 321, 323, 325, 326, 329, 346, 357, 400, 405, 412, 418
SB 1018 (California), 380
shale oil and gas wells, 334, 398–400
Ship’s efficiency management plan (SEEMP), 445, 448–453, 455, 459, 463
Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (Alberta), 412, 416
Spraytech v Town of Hudson, 356–357, 359–364
Statistics Canada, 428
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), 440
subsurface injection, 397
Supreme Court of Canada (SCC), 325–326, 328, 332–333, 348, 356, 412, 418, 419
sustainable development, 424, 437
Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction Implementation Act, 346
Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction Regulation (TIERR), 361
Tobacco Act, 357
Tobacco Control Act (Saskatchewan), 357
Trans Mountain Pipeline, 321, 323, 327, 330–333, 418
TransCanada Energy East Pipeline, 329–330
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 344, 367, 423–424, 438–445, 455, 462–463
United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 341, 424, 462
United States, 318–319, 333, 369, 375, 400, 402, 406, 425, 439
upstream oil and gas, 363, 393–405, 415
Upstream Petroleum Industry Flaring, Incinerating, and Venting (Directive 060), 399, 415
US Bureau of Land Management, 400
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 358, 400–404
venting, 394, 396–397, 398–401, 405, 415
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 393, 394, 403–404
Waste Control Regulation (Alberta), 360
Western Climate Initiative (WCI), 368–371, 375–385
Yukon Territories, 346
Zero Emissions Building Plan, 363