Notes

Notes to Introduction

1. 1 Lindsay Crysler (journalist, editor, educator), Interview, Montreal, January 28, 2019.

2. 2 David Walmsley (journalist, editor), Interview, Toronto, October 10, 2019.

3. 3 In 1985, there was an entry from an Italian publication. It was not one of the finalists.

4. 4 John Fraser (journalist, editor, educator), Interview by phone, October 5, 2021.

5. 5 James Baxter (journalist, editor, publisher), Interview by phone, May 10, 2022.

6. 6 John Honderich (journalist, editor, publisher, author), Interview, Toronto, October 9. 2019.

7. 7 Kellyanne Conway, interview by Chuck Todd, Meet the Press, NBC, Twitter 11:03AM, January 22, 2017, https://twitter.com/MeetThePress/status/823184384559878144

8. 8 “Canada’s Most Respected Occupations, 2022,” Maru Public Opinion, May 18, 2023, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6405fa1b78abf0232468c763/t/64dd789fd0726e1a7896c1f8/1692235935833/Canadas%2Bmost%2Brespected%2Boccupations%2B2022.pdf

9. 9 Cullen Crozier, “The 2020 Michener Awards Ceremony,” June 16, 2021, 8:05, https://vimeo.com/566610045

10. 10 Mitch Diamantopoulos, -30- Thirty Years of Journalism and Democracy in Canada: The Minifie Lectures, 1981-2010 (Canadian Plains Research Center Press, 2009), 30.

11. 11 David Johnston (former governor general, statesman, educator, author), Interview by phone, June 29, 2019.

12. 12 Clark Davey (journalist, editor, publisher), Interview, Ottawa, November 8, 2018.

13. 13 Edward Greenspon (journalist, editor), Interview, Toronto, October 9, 2019.

14. 14 George Hutchinson (journalist), Interview by phone, May 2, 2022.

15. 15 David McKie (journalist, educator), Interview, Halifax, August 12, 2019.

16. 16 Margo Goodhand, “The 2020 Michener Award Ceremony,” June 16, 2021, 6:53, https://vimeo.com/566610045

17. 17 This book covers the period 1970-2020, before the appointment of Her Excellency Mary Simon, the 30th Governor General of Canada.

18. 18 “Michener Awards Foundation announces finalists for the 2020 Michener Award for meritorious public service journalism,” The Michener Awards Foundation, April 20, 2021, https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/michener-awards-foundation-announces-finalists-for-the-2020-michener-award-for-meritorious-public-service-journalism/

19. 19 Jamie Strashin, “2019 Michener Awards Ceremony,” December 16, 2020, 15:45, https://vimeo.com/489538006

20. 20 Rideau Hall Foundation. “About,” webpage, https://rhf-frh.ca/about/

Notes to Chapter 1

1. 1 Statistics Canada, Fifty years of family in Canada: 1961 - 2011, July 23, 2018, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-312-x/98-312-x2011003_1-eng.cfm

2. 2 Gordon Thiessen, Bank of Canada, Speech: Canadian economic performance at the end of the twentieth century, June 2, 1999, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/1999/06/canadian-economic-performance-end-twentieth-century/

3. 3 Peter Stursberg, Roland Michener: The Last Viceroy (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1989), xvi.

4. 4 David Hayes (journalist, author, educator), Interview, Toronto, October 10, 2019.

5. 5 Cecil Rosner (journalist, author, educator), Interview by phone, July 3, 2019.

6. 6 Rosner, Interview.

7. 7 Statistics Canada, Literary and Journalistic Awards in Canada / Le prix de littérature et de journalisme au Canada: 1923-1973 (Information Canada, 1976), https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/statcan/81-407/CS81-407-1973.pdf

8. 8 Rosner, Interview.

9. 9 Peter Herrndorf (journalist, CBC executive, cultural icon), Interview, Toronto, June 27, 2019.

10. 10 “The Federation of Press Clubs of Canada/La Fédération des Cercles des Journalistes du Canada,” Letter C.W.E. MacPherson to Guy Robillard, Press Secretary, Government House, September 29, 1969, with attached Prospectus (n.d.), 90-91/016, Awards and Honours - Governor General Awards fonds RG7, volume 73, file 620-2, MG32A 4, Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 01-10-2006.

11. 11 The Federation of Press Clubs of Canada / La Fédération des Cercles des Journalistes du Canada Award prospectus, (n.d.), Michener Award Papers, Carleton School of Journalism and Communication, Ottawa. (Hereafter cited as the Michener Papers, Carleton).

12. 12 Awards and Honours - Governor General Awards fonds. Library and Archives Canada. See note 10.

13. 13 John Miller (journalist, educator, author), Interview, Toronto, May 8, 2019.

14. 14 David Hayes, Power and Influence: The Globe and Mail and the News Revolution (Key Porter, 1992), 125, 115.

15. 15 Hayes, Power and Influence, 125, 115.

16. 16 Cecil Rosner, Behind the Headlines: A History of Investigative Journalism in Canada (Oxford University Press, 2008), 35, 37.

17. 17 Eric Kosh, “CBC Management Versus CBC Delinquents: The Case of ‘This Hour Has Seven Days’,” May 8, 2015, https://erickoch.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/cbc-management-versus-cbc-delinquents-the-case-of-this-hour-has-seven-days/

18. 18 Kosh, “CBC Management Versus CBC Delinquents,” also Eric Kosh, Inside Seven Days (Prentice Hall/Newcastle, 1986), 26, 30.

19. 19 Kosh, “CBC Management Versus CBC Delinquents.”

20. 20 Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 72.

21. 21 Silver Donald Cameron (educator, journalist, author) as quoted in Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 72.

22. 22 Joseph Jackson, “Newspaper Ownership in Canada: An overview of the Davey Committee and Kent Commission Studies,” Government of Canada, Political and Social Affairs Division, December 17, 1999, https://publications.gc.ca/Pilot/LoPBdP/BP/prb9935-e.htm

23. 23 Canada, Special Senate Committee on Mass Media, The Uncertain Mirror: Report of the Special Committee on Mass Media (The Davey Report), (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer: 1970), 67.

24. 24 The Uncertain Mirror, 85.

25. 25 The Uncertain Mirror, 212.

26. 26 Broadcasting Act, R.S.C. 1970, Chap. B-11 as cited by Simon Claus, “Canadian Broadcasting Policy at Issue: Marconi to Netflix,” Canadian Radio-television Telecommunications Commission, November 14, 2017, https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/acrtc/prx/2017claus.htm

27. 27 The Uncertain Mirror, 65-66.

28. 28 The Uncertain Mirror, 6.

29. 29 The Uncertain Mirror, 71.

30. 30 Peter Debarats, Guide to Canadian News Media (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990), 160.

31. 31 Rosner, Interview.

32. 32 The Uncertain Mirror, 203.

33. 33 Herrndorf, Interview.

34. 34 Herrndorf, Interview.

35. 35 Richard J. Doyle, Hurly-Burly: A Time at the Globe (MacMillan of Canada, 1990), 368; see also Hayes, Power and Influence, 115.

36. 36 Doyle, Hurly-Burly, 244.

37. 37 Toronto Star, “Atkinson Principles,” https://www.thestar.com/about/atkinson.html#:~:text=The%20editorial%20principles%20Atkinson%20espoused,%2C%20political%2C%20legal%20or%20racial

38. 38 Jamie Bradburn, “Joseph E. Atkinson,” December 20, 2021, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-e-atkinson

39. 39 Ross Harkness, J.E. Atkinson of the Star (University of Toronto Press, 1963), 382.

40. 40 Notes for remarks by the Rt. Hon. Roland Michener at a dinner in honour of Fraser MacDougall given by the Ontario Press Council, June 17, 1987, Michener Papers, Carleton.

41. 41 Federation of Press Clubs of Canada, October 13, 1969, Michener Papers, Carleton.

42. 42 Letter Bill MacPherson to Governor General Roland Michener, October 16, 1969. Michener Papers, Carleton.

43. 43 Letter Bill MacPherson to Gen Louis-Frémont Trudeau to Bill MacPherson, 12 January 1970, Michener Papers, Carleton.

44. 44 Letter Bill MacPherson to His Excellency Governor General Roland Michener, October 2, 1970, Michener Papers, Carleton.

45. 45 “National Press Sessions Slate for Moncton,” Moncton Times, October 3, 1970. Michener Papers, Carleton.

46. 46 Minutes, Meeting Rideau Hall and Bill MacPherson, February 17, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

47. 47 Letter, Barry Matheson to Ken MacGray, October 25, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

48. 48 Herrndorf, Interview.

49. 49 Letter Jean Danard to Keith Davey, April 19, 1971, “Media ’72, Conference of Journalism,” MG 28 I 232-21, 1971-72 21-45 fonds Media Club of Canada, Library and Archives Canada.

50. 50 Diana Michener-Schatz, (daughter of Roland Michener), Interview, Toronto, October 27, 2019.

51. 51 Information about the Michener is documented in great detail in Peter Stursberg, Roland Michener: The Last Viceroy, 1989.

52. 52 Peter Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity (Doubleday, 1978), 21.

53. 53 Stursberg, Lester Pearson, 31-32.

54. 54 Michener-Schatz, Interview.

55. 55 “Roland Michener,” Editorial, Toronto Star, August 8, 1991, A24. Author’s collection.

56. 56 Stursberg, The Last Viceroy, 160-161.

57. 57 Walter Stewart (journalist) as quoted in Stursberg, The Last Viceroy, 213, 211.

58. 58 Joan Michener Rohr, Memories of a Governor General’s Daughter (Bedford House Publishing, 1990), 41.

59. 59 Stursberg, The Last Viceroy, 171-72.

60. 60 Roland Michener, speech to the Canadian Press Association, Michener Papers, Carleton.

61. 61 Roland Michener to annual dinner of the Canadian Press Association, April 16, 1969, Office of the Governor General Fonds, 1984-85/054 GAD, RG7 G28 Vol 67, “Registry Files from the Office of Governor General Roland Michener,” Library and Archives Canada.

62. 62 Les Lawrence (husband of Wendy Michener), Interview, Toronto, June 28, 2019. After spending Christmas at Rideau Hall with the Michener family, Wendy, Les Lawrence and their two young daughters, Caitlin and Miranda, returned to their home in Toronto. On January 1, 1969, Wendy was taken suddenly ill and died that afternoon. While the obituary report said Wendy Michener died from heart failure, Lawrence said she died from an embolism (a blood clot) in her leg that went to her lungs caused by edema, a side-effect of the birth control pill. Also, Les Lawrence, Ottawa Beatles, https://beatles.ncf.ca/wendy_michener_biography_p1.html; Joan Michener-Rahr, Memoirs of a Governor General’s Daughter, 98; and Wendy Roland Michener Obit, The Ottawa Journal. January 3, 1969, p. 30, https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24869668/wendy-roland-mitchener-obit/

63. 63 Michener-Schatz, Interview.

64. 64 Roland Michener, “Speech by His Excellency the Right Honourable Roland Michener, on the occasion of the presentation of the 1972 Michener Awards for Journalism - Rideau Hall, May 9, 1973,” Michener Awards Foundation, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/michener/michener1973.htm (private website)

65. 65 Tim, Kotcheff, “The Michener Award and the artist who designed it,” Michener Awards Foundation, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/matthews/matthews.htm (private website)

66. 66 Michener Awards, Minutes of the Meeting of Monday, February 15, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

67. 67 Letter, C.W.E MacPherson to His Excellency the Rt. Hon. Roland Michener, March 10, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

68. 68 Letter, C.W.E MacPherson to His Excellency the Rt. Hon. Roland Michener, March 10, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

69. 69 Letter, C.W.E MacPherson to His Excellency the Rt. Hon. Roland Michener, March 10, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

70. 70 Rideau Hall invitation to November 8, 1971, Michener Award Ceremony. Contributed by Alan Elrich. Author’s electronic files.

71. 71 Ken MacGray, November 8, 1971, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/speeches/macgray1971.htm (private website)

72. 72 Roland Michener, November 8, 1971, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/michener/michener1971.htm (private website)

73. 73 “The Charter Revolution: The deals will be there for a while at least,” The Financial Post, November 28, 1970, 15-18.

74. 74 Miles Murchison (former broadcaster), Interview by phone, October 2 2018.

75. 75 Stursberg, The Last Viceroy, 212.

76. 76 “The 1970 Michener Award Co-Winners: The Financial Post and CBC-TV, November 8, 1971,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1970.htm (private website); also “Confidential Report from A.D. Dunton, chair of judges to Mr. MacPherson,” March 31, 1971, Awards and Honours G G-Awards fonds, General, 55, 620-2-700, Libraries and Archives Canada and Michener Papers, Carleton.

77. 77 Letter A.D. Dunton to Bill MacPherson, March 31, 1971, Michener Papers, Carleton.

78. 78 Email, Alan Elrich to Tim Kotcheff, June 1, 2006.

79. 79 Elrich, Email.

80. 80 Elrich, Email.

81. 81 Cynthia Baxter served on the Michener Board from 1998-2010.

82. 82 Cynthia Baxter (former Michener director, philanthropist), Interview, Ottawa, January 31, 2019.

83. 83 Herrndorf, Interview.

84. 84 Edward Schreyer (former governor general), Interview by phone, May 13, 2019.

Notes to Chapter 2

1. 1 Bill Boss, adjudication report of the Michener judges, April 30, 1974, Michener Papers, Carleton.

2. 2 Judges were Davidson Dunton, chair; Yves Gagnon, director of the School of Communications, Université Laval; Norman Mcleod, former correspondent, United Press International; and Sam Ross, retired Vancouver radio journalist.

3. 3 Cameron Graham (CBC news producer), Interview by phone, November 1, 2018.

4. 4 Cameron Graham, Interview.

5. 5 Peter Herrndorf, Interview.

6. 6 Letter, G.W. Boss on behalf of the judging panel to C.W.E. MacPherson, chairman of the Roland Michener Award Committee, March 28, 1973, Michener Papers, Carleton.

7. 7 “Halifax weekly win Michener Journalism Award,” The Globe and Mail, April 6, 1973, Michener Papers, Carleton.

8. 8 Globe and Mail, April 6, 1973.

9. 9 Jonathan Manthorpe (journalist), Interview, Toronto, April 23, 2022.

10. 10 Manthorpe, Interview.

11. 11 Debates of the Senate [Hansard], Hon. Lowell Murray, “The Honourable William M. Kelly, Tributes on Retirement,” 2nd Session, 36th Parliament, Volume 138, Issue 69, June 20, 2000, https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/chamber/362/debates/069db_2000-06-20-e#0.2.W54BJ2.R839RJ.OD0NPH.TX [accessed 29 April 2022]; also Jonathan Manthorpe, The Power and the Tories (Macmillan, 1974).

12. 12 “The 1972 Michener Award - Co-Winners - The Globe and Mail & The Scotian Journalist, May 9, 1973,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1972.htm (private website)

13. 13 For a history of the Interprovincial Home for Women, Coverdale see: Inter-Provincial Homes for Young Women, Inc, Rev. Karl Drew, n.d., https://web.archive.org/web/20201026004841/http://riverviewhistoryproject.ca/clubs-lodges-societies/inter-provincial-homes-for-young-women-inc

14. 14 Rev. Karl Drew, n.d., https://web.archive.org/web/20201031163653/http://riverviewhistoryproject.ca/clubs-lodges-societies/inter-provincial-homes-for-young-women-contd

15. 15 “The report of the Chairman of the Special Planning Committee,” April 24, 1968, Home Executive meeting, as cited in Women, Coverdale, Inter-Provincial Homes for Young Women, Rev. Karl Drew, n.d., https://web.archive.org/web/20201031163653/http://riverviewhistoryproject.ca/clubs-lodges-societies/inter-provincial-homes-for-young-women-contd

16. 16 Glenn R. Thompson, “The Coverdale Report: A Consultation Committee Appraisal of Correctional Services for Women in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island,” December 1972, 21, 49, 55, https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/hv%209506%20c39.1-eng.pdf

17. 17 Frank Fillmore, Debbie Sprague, “The Coverdale Report,” Scotian Journalist, Halifax, NS, August 3, 1972, 11, Author’s collection.

18. 18 Frank Fillmore, “Farewell to the People,” The 4th Estate, Halifax, April 17, 1969, 7. Accessed https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=378&Page=200909211. Also, Lisa Corra, “News to Make a Difference: The Environment and the 4th Estate 1969-77,” (master’s thesis, Saint Mary’s University, 2008), ProQuest dissertations, https://library2.smu.ca/bitstream/handle/01/22435/corra_lisa_masters.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

19. 19 Paul Willes (former reporter), Interview by phone, February 2, 2022.

20. 20 Lyndon Watkins, “Press award is painful to rival,” The Globe and Mail, April 7, 1973, 10, Michener Papers, Carleton.

21. 21 Letter, Gerard McNeil to the Secretary of the Governor-General, April 9, 1973, Michener Papers, Carleton.

22. 22 Gerard McNeil letter.

23. 23 The judging panel was Fraser MacDougall, chair, former Canadian Press executive and now executive secretary of the Ontario Press Council; Yves Gagnon, director of communications at Laval University; Sam Ross, retired radio news correspondent, Vancouver; and Bill Boss, director of public relations at the University of Ottawa.

24. 24 Minutes, Press Clubs of Canada AGM, October 6, 1973, Michener Papers, Carleton.

25. 25 “Michener Awards Foundation, 1973 Michener Award - CTV Television Network,” http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1973.htm (private website)

26. 26 Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 163-64.

27. 27 Hugh Segal, “The media through a looking glass: Building the brand by getting it right,” Policy Options Politiques, February 2010, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/after-copenhagen/the-media-through-a-looking-glass-building-the-brand-by-getting-it-right/

28. 28 Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 163-64.

29. 29 David Lewis, House of Commons Debates, Hansard, 29th Parliament, 1st Session: Vol. 7 6942-3, October 17, 1973.

30. 30 “Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil - The Story behind the ‘Inquiry’ investigation,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/inquiry.htm (private website); and Victor Mackie, “Bugging reaches the Hill.” Winnipeg Free Press, October 18, 1973, Final edition, 1, 4. Author’s collection.

31. 31 “Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil” - The Story behind the ‘Inquiry’ investigation.”

32. 32 David Lewis House of Commons Debates, and Mackie, Winnipeg Free Press.

33. 33 Tim Kotcheff, “‘Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil’ - The Story behind the ‘Inquiry’ investigation.”

34. 34 Columnist Geoffrey Stevens as quoted in Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 164.

35. 35 Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 164.

36. 36 “The 1973 Michener Award - CTV Television Network,” May 16, 1974, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1973.htm (private website)

37. 37 Bill Boss, “Report of the Judging Panel,” April 30, 1974, Michener Papers, Carleton.

38. 38 In May 1973 Otto Lang, Minister of Justice introduced Bill C-175, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code, the Crown Liability Act and the Official Secrets Act [Assented January 14, 1974], https://historyofrights.ca/wp-content/uploads/statutes/CN_Privacy.pdf. Also, Canada’s Human Rights History, “Most of the privacy bills introduced between 1971 and 1973 shared the same essential characteristics. They made it illegal to use wiretaps and other electronic listening devices without the consent of the target . . . ” https://historyofrights.ca/encyclopaedia/main-events/privacy/#:~:text=The%201973%20Protection%20of%20Privacy,restraints%20placed%20on%20the%20police

39. 39 CBC-TV Host Warner Troyer’s introduction to “Connections: An Investigation into Organized Crime in Canada,” CBC Television, June 12, 1977, as cited in Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 96. A follow-up CBC-TV documentary series “Connections: a further investigation into organized crime in Canada” was broadcast on March 26, 27, and 28, 1978.

40. 40 Herrndorf, Interview.

41. 41 See Rosner, Behind the Headlines, Chapter 11, “Investigative Journalism Matures,” 143-52.

42. 42 For details see Rosner, Behind the Headlines, Chapter 10, “Dirty Tricks,” especially 132-35.

43. 43 John Sawatsky, “Break-in trail leads to RCMP coverup,” Vancouver Sun, December 7, 1976, A1.

44. 44 “The 1976 Michener Award Winner - The Vancouver Sun,” October 7, 1977, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1976.htm (private website)

45. 45 Investigative journalist John Sawatsky as cited in Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 134.

46. 46 For example, in 2000, CBC-TV’s the fifth estate was the Michener winner from among forty-four entries for its six investigative reports on how police and justice officials do business. In the citation for the Michener Award, the judges wrote that the six stories broadcast in 2000 revealed the ugly underbelly of the police and justice system. The May 24, 2001 news release noted that one program showed how “an aggressive, politicized Toronto police union threatened to target political enemies and carried out the threats.” Two other programs looked at errors of police and prosecutors in the case of Steven Truscott, a fourteen-year-old boy who had been wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death for the rape and murder of a female classmate. The other fifth estate programs described how police paid criminals to be secret informers and examined injustices in the Saskatchewan justice system that allowed “preposterous charges ranging from sexual abuse to murder to proceed, knowing they were false.”

47. 47 Statistics Canada, Literary and journalistic awards In Canada = Le prix de littérature et de journalisme au Canada: 1923-1973.

48. 48 Minutes. Press Club Canada, sixth AGM, October 6, 1973, Michener Papers, Carleton.

49. 49 Minutes, Press Club Canada, October 6, 1973.

50. 50 Letter, Bill Boss to Bill MacPherson, May 27, 1976, Michener Papers, Carleton.

51. 51 Letter, Boss to MacPherson.

52. 52 Minutes, Tenth Annual Meeting of Press Club Canada/La Federation Des Cercles Des Journalistes Du Canada, October 8, 1977, 7, Michener Papers, Carleton.

53. 53 Environment Canada, “St. Clair River: area of concern,” updated March 16, 2023, https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/great-lakes-protection/areas-concern/st-clair-river.html

54. 54 Al Hayden, “Mercury in Lake St. Clair Walleye,” n.d., State of the Strait, http://web2.uwindsor.ca/softs/keyindicators/old/hg-walleye.htm

55. 55 George Hutchinson (journalist), Interview by phone, May 1, 2022.

56. 56 Hutchinson, Interview.

57. 57 George Hutchinson, “Cats’ ‘dance of death’ tells story of reserve disaster,” London Free Press as distributed by CP and republished in the Calgary Herald, July 23, 1975, 42.

58. 58 Hutchinson, Interview.

59. 59 For visual documentation see George Hutchinson, Dick Wallace, Grassy Narrows (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977).

60. 60 Hutchinson, Interview.

61. 61 George Hutchinson, “Poisonous post-mortem on a northern native tragedy,” Toronto Star, April 9, 2010, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/2010/04/09/poisonous_postmortem_on_a_northern_native_tragedy.html

62. 62 Supreme Court of Canada, “Case in Brief - Resolute FP Canada Inc. v. Ontario (Attorney General),” https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2019/37985-eng.aspx. This gives background to and overview of the 1977 lawsuit and the 1985 initial settlement with the First Nations Community; also, “Supreme Court says companies must pay for Grassy Narrows mill site maintenance,” Turtle Island News, Ohsweken, ON, December 6, 2019, https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2019/12/06/supreme-court-says-companies-must-pay-for-grassy-narrows-mill-site-maintenance/

63. 63 Michael Butler, “Hunger Strike for Grassy Narrows after Report Hidden by Ontario Government Comes to Light,” Council of Canadians, July 28, 2014, https://canadians.org/analysis/hunger-strike-grassy-narrows-after-report-hidden-ontario-government-comes-light/

64. 64 Jim Bronskill, “Supreme Court says companies must pay for Grassy Narrows mill-site maintenance,” The Canadian Press, December 6, 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grassy-narrows-supreme-court-1.5386602 also Annette Francis, “Grassy Narrows members demand compensation because of mercury poisoning,” APTN, July 22, 2022, https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/grassy-narrows-members-demand-compensation-because-of-mercury-poisoning/

65. 65 Jody Porter, “Ontario announces $85M to clean up mercury near Grassy Narrows, Wabaseemoong First Nations,” CBC Online, June 27, 2017, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/ontario-mercury-cleanup-1.4180631

66. 66 Government of Canada, “Government of Canada and Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek (Grassy Narrows First Nation) sign revised Framework Agreement for Mercury Care Home,” July 26, 2021, https://www.canada.ca/en/indigenous-services-canada/news/2021/07/government-of-canada-and-asubpeeschoseewagong-netum-anishinabek-grassy-narrows-first-nation-sign-revised-framework-agreement-for-mercury-care-home.html

67. 67 George Hutchinson, Interview.

68. 68 Gillian Cosgrove (journalist), Interview by phone, May 29, 2020.

69. 69 Gillian Cosgrove, “Jail handcuffs girls and straps them to concrete bed,” The Gazette (Montréal), January 2, 1975, 1, 3.

70. 70 Cosgrove, Interview.

71. 71 Rapport du Comité d’étude sur la réadaptation des enfants et adolescents placés en centre[s] d’accueil: guide des centres d’accueil de transition et de réadaptation du Québec (Canada, Ministère des affaires sociales, Direction des communications), 1976.

72. 72 Cosgrove, Interview.

73. 73 Cosgrove, Interview.

74. 74 Cosgrove, Interview.

75. 75 “The forgotten: the children of Marion Hall speak,” the fifth estate, 26:20, October 6, 2019, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cT310zw-0Jk&ab_channel=TheFifthEstate

76. 76 Quebéc Superior Court, No: 500-06-001022-199, Eleanor Lindsay vs. Attorney General of Quebec et al., January 17, 2020, https://cbaapps.org/ClassAction/PDF.aspx?id=12545

77. 77 “Laurent Commission report on Quebec youth protection to be released Monday,” The Canadian Press, May 2, 2021, https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/laurent-commission-report-on-quebec-youth-protection-to-be-released-monday-1.5410989

78. 78 Selena Ross, “Kids at risk of abuse need earlier intervention, with more help for their parents: youth protection commission,” CTV News Montreal, May 3, 2021, https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/kids-at-risk-of-abuse-need-earlier-intervention-with-more-help-for-their-parents-youth-protection-commission-1.5411886; and Instaurer Une Société Beinveillante Pour Nos Enfants Et Nos Jeunes, Govuernement du Québec, avril 2021, https://www.csdepj.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_clients/Rapport_final_3_mai_2021/2021_CSDEPJ_Rapport_version_finale_numerique.pdf

79. 79 “1979 Michener Award Winner - The Kingston Whig-Standard,” November 8, 1980, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1979.htm (private website)

80. 80 “1979 Michener Award Winner - The Kingston Whig-Standard,” November 8, 1980.

81. 81 “The 1996 Michener Award Winner - Toronto Star,” May 1, 1997, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1996.htm (private website)

82. 82 “Michener Award goes to the Telegraph Journal,” The Michener Awards Foundation June 14, 2019, http://www.michenerawards.ca/michener-award-goes-to-the-telegraph-journal/

83. 83 Kenneth Jackson, “The 2020 Michener Awards Ceremony,” June 16, 2021, 5:30, https://vimeo.com/564770591

84. 84 “APTN wins the Michener Award for searing investigation into a 12-year-old’s death in care,” The Michener Awards Foundation, June 21, 2021, https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/aptn-wins-the-michener-award-for-searing-investigation-into-a-12-year-olds-death-in-care/

85. 85 Minutes, Press Club Canada Ninth Annual Meeting, October 9, 1976, Michener Papers, Carleton.

86. 86 Chief Judge Fraser MacDougall, adjudication report to the Board, July 4, 1980, Michener Papers, Carleton.

87. 87 Letter Bill MacPherson to W.R. Anderson, president of Press Clubs Canada, July 5, 1979, in Michener Papers, Carleton.

88. 88 The Governor General of Canada, “The Duke of Argyll,” https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general/former-governors-general/duke-argyll

89. 89 The Governor General of Canada, “Edward Richard Schreyer,” https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general/former-governors-general/edward-richard-schreyer

90. 90 The Canadian Encyclopedia, “Ed Schreyer,” https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edward-richard-schreyer

91. 91 Edward Schreyer (former Governor General), Interview by phone, May 13, 2019.

92. 92 Schreyer, Interview.

93. 93 Michener Awards Ceremony program, November 3, 1979. Michener Papers, Carleton.

94. 94 Bill MacPherson, speech, November 3, 1979, Michener Papers, Carleton; and Library and Archives Canada, RG7 1990-91/016 55 620-2-78.

95. 95 Jim Romahn (journalist), Interview by telephone, January 26, 2022.

96. 96 Jim Romahn, “Much wrong with Canada’s meat inspection system, U.S. says,” Kitchener-Waterloo Record, April 13, 1978.

97. 97 Jim Romahn presentation, Eastern Canada Farm Writers Association webinar, January 28, 2020, Author’s notes.

98. 98 Romahn, Interview.

99. 99 Romahn, Interview.

100. 100 The Canadian Press and Citizen staff, “Meat plant exposé brings media prize,” The Ottawa Citizen, November 5, 1979, 33.

101. 101 Access to Information Legislation came into force on July 1, 1983. See Dean Beeby’s “Ged Baldwin’s 50-year-old crusade for freedom of information legislation in Canada,” January 9, 2024, https://deanbeeby.substack.com/p/ged-baldwins-50-year-old-crusade?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1211583&post_id=140510269&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=false&r=1gcdut&utm_medium=email

102. 102 Fraser MacDougall, Report of the Judging Panel, June 28, 1979, Michener Papers, Carleton; and “The 1978 Michener Award Winner: The Kitchener-Waterloo Record,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1978.htm (private website)

103. 103 Romahn, Interview.

104. 104 Romahn, Interview.

105. 105 Keith Davey, “How the Media Withheld the Message in Kitchener: For Good Journalists, Boosterism is Fatal,” Maclean’s magazine, June 1972, 24. Author’s collection.

106. 106 Letter, K.A. (“Sandy”) Baird to Fraser MacDougall, May 1985, Michener Papers, Carleton.

Notes to Chapter 3

1. 1 John Honderich, Interview, October 9, 2019.

2. 2 Report, Fraser MacDougall to Bill MacPherson, July 5, 1982, Michener Papers, Carleton.

3. 3 Alan Fotheringham, “Rideau Rebellion,” Toronto Sun, November 10, 1980. Michener Papers, Carleton.

4. 4 Fotheringham, “Rideau Rebellion.”

5. 5 George Fetherling, A Little Bit of Thunder (Stoddart, 1993), 281.

6. 6 Lennart Krook and George A. Maylin, “Industrial fluoride pollution. Chronic fluoride poisoning in Cornwall Island cattle,” Cornell Veterinarian, 69 (Suppl. 8): 1-69, 1979, PMID: 467082, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/467082/

7. 7 Penny Stuart, “‘I think eventually it will affect people’,” The Whig Standard, June 12, 1979, A1.

8. 8 Report, Chief Judge Fraser MacDougall to Bill MacPherson, July 4, 1980, Michener Papers, Carleton.

9. 9 The factories in Massena, New York, legally continued to emit and pump PCBs, aluminum, mercury and other toxic chemical waste into the St. Lawrence River until the last factory closed in 2014. As of 2022, work continues to remove the contaminated sediment. Officers with Akwesasne Conservation and Compliance patrol the waters and monitor the situation. As recently as April 2019, Nation Valley News published a report advising residents of Cornwall Island (Kawehno:ke) not to eat certain species of fish that still have high levels of PCBs and mercury. See: https://nationvalleynews.com/2019/04/13/new-york-department-of-health-expands-advisory-against-eating-fish-caught-around-cornwall-island/

10. 10 Fetherling, A Little Bit of Thunder, 299.

11. 11 Fetherling, A Little Bit of Thunder, 281.

12. 12 In the 1980s the Whig-Standard received many nominations including a Michener Award in 1984 for its authoritative investigation into Canada’s tax system. In 1983, it received an honourable mention for its “painstaking and detailed examination” of Bell Helicopter’s decision to open Canada’s first helicopter factory near Mirabel Airport in Quebec, which resulted in the loss of 3,800 jobs and $766 million in investment for the Kingston economy. In 1986, the Whig-Standard received another honourable mention for its story of five Soviet prisoners of war supposedly kept in Afghanistan after a failed Canadian rescue mission. The story caught the attention of the Sunday Observer in the U.K., which commented that the Whig’s scoop “was causing considerable embarrassment in Ottowa [sic], where bungling and back-biting between bureaucracies of two Ministries are blamed for the Government’s failure to rescue the men.” Six months later Canada secured the release of the five men. Sources: “1983 Michener Award Winner - Kitchener-Waterloo Record,” November 10,1984, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1983.htm (private website); also Fetherling, A Little Bit of Thunder, 300, 311-16, and The Observer, April 27, 1986, as cited in Fetherling, 314.

13. 13 Senate of Canada, Royal Commission on Newspapers (hereafter referred to as the Kent Report) Ottawa, Minister of Supply and Services, 1981, 1.

14. 14 Kent Report, 215-17.

15. 15 Kent Report, 1.

16. 16 David Hayes, Power and Influence, 64.

17. 17 Kent Report. Also, Mary Vipond, Mass Media in Canada, 3rd ed. (Lorimer, 2000), 61.

18. 18 Kent Report, 2, 9.

19. 19 Kent Report, 215, 225.

20. 20 In 2015, the English language press councils merged to form the National NewsMedia Council “to serve as a forum for complaints against its members and to promote ethical practices within the news media industry,” https://www.mediacouncil.ca/about-us-ethics-journalism/

21. 21 See: Desbarats, p. 56; John Miller, Yesterday’s News: Why Canada’s Daily Newspapers are Failing Us (Fernwood, 1998), chapter 3, “Black Inc.,” 60-85; and Gordon Pitts, Kings of Convergence: The Fight for Control of Canada’s Media (Doubleday Canada, 2002), 9, 316.

22. 22 President’s remarks Michener Awards Dinner, November 12, 1983, Michener Papers, Carleton.

23. 23 Clark Davey, Interview, November 8, 2018.

24. 24 Clark Davey, Interview.

25. 25 Canadian Press, “F. MacDougall, an influential force in journalism,” Toronto Star, January 26, 2000, A 20, author’s collection.

26. 26 National NewsMedia Council, Fraser MacDougall Prize, https://www.mediacouncil.ca/fraser-macdougall-award/

27. 27 Ron Lowman, “Fraser MacDougall steps down after 15 years at press council,” Toronto Star, June 18, 1987, A 8, Michener Papers, Carleton.

28. 28 Clark Davey, Interview.

29. 29 Letters Patent, September 17, 1982. Michener Awards Foundation documents. Lawyers at the founding were John P. Manley, R. John Kearns, Janice H. Vauthier, James R. Hendry, Anne L. MacTavish, and James R. Robertson, Michener Papers, Carleton.

30. 30 Founding president Fraser MacDougall was joined by nine directors: Rennie MacKenzie, vice-president (correspondent with Thompson Newspapers, Ottawa); Gordon Williams, treasurer (manager, Bank of Montreal, Ottawa); William MacPherson, secretary (associate editor, The Citizen, Ottawa); George Bain, (director, School of Journalism, University of King’s College, Halifax, and former national affairs correspondent Globe and Mail); Clark Davey (publisher, Montreal Gazette, former editor Globe and Mail); J. Patrick O’Callaghan, (publisher, Calgary Herald); Doris Anderson, (author, Toronto); Murray Chercover, (president, CTV Television Network, Toronto); and Davidson Dunton (Carleton Institute of Cultural Studies, former chair of CBC, Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Carleton University president), Michener Papers, Carleton.

31. 31 Senator Richard Doyle, “The Late Paul Septimus Deacon,” Senators’ Statements, March 26,1996 https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/352/debates/006db_1996-03-26-e

32. 32 James Deacon, text correspondence with author, August 29, 2019.

33. 33 Doyle, “The Late Paul Septimus Deacon.”

34. 34 Minutes, Michener Awards AGM, November 12, 1983, Michener Papers, Carleton.

35. 35 Minutes, November 12, 1983.

36. 36 “Manitoulin Expositor wins 1982 Michener Award,” November 12, 1983, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1982.htm (private website)

37. 37 Rick McCutcheon (newspaper publisher), Interview by phone, January 20, 2022.

38. 38 Rick McCutcheon, Interview.

39. 39 Peter Carter (journalist), Interview by phone, January 22, 2022.

40. 40 Peter Carter, Interview.

41. 41 “Manitoulin Expositor wins 1982 Michener Award.”

42. 42 Rick McCutcheon, Interview.

43. 43 Rudy Platiel, “Tragic honour: Editor risked exploitation charge to sound suicide alarm,” The Globe and Mail, March 26, 1984, retrieved from https://ezproxy.torontopubliclibrary.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/tragic-honor/docview/1313823198/se-2?accountid=14369. This story was first of a three-part Globe and Mail series that looked at social and education issues in Wikwemikong First Nation.

44. 44 Peter Carter, Interview.

45. 45 Rick McCutcheon, Interview.

46. 46 “Report on judging in the Michener Award for Meritorious and Disinterested Public Service Journalism in 1982,” Michener Papers, Carleton.

47. 47 Geoff Chapman, Toronto Star editor, “Letter of Submission to the Michener Awards Committee,” n.d., Michener Papers, Carleton.

48. 48 Frank Jones (journalist), Interview by phone, January 24, 2022.

49. 49 Frank Jones, “Khristine’s downhill run to tragedy,” Sunday Star, April 29, 1979, A3, retrieved from https://ezproxy.torontopubliclibrary.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/page-a3/docview/1395087518/se-2

50. 50 Jones, “Khristine’s downhill run to tragedy.”

51. 51 Frank Jones, “Indian’s ‘murder’ verdict wiped out,” November 21, 1980, A1, A18, retrieved from https://ezproxy.torontopubliclibrary.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/page-a1/docview/1398214954/se-2

52. 52 Jones, “Indian’s ‘murder’ verdict wiped out.”

53. 53 Frank Jones, Interview.

54. 54 Government of Canada, “150 years of immigration in Canada,” Statistics Canada, June 29, 2016, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2016006-eng.htm

55. 55 Olivia Ward, “A Minority Report: Our multiculturalism isn’t perfect, but it works,” The Toronto Star, December 22, 1985.

56. 56 John Honderich, Interview.

57. 57 Victor Malarek (journalist, author), Interview in Toronto, November 20, 2023. Malarek has received four Michener Awards for his investigative work. In 1977, he was part of a team focused on strengthening protections for children. In 1995 and 1998, his stories documented injustices towards refugees and newcomers and detailed flagrant abuses in immigration policy. In 2000, he exposed the aggressive politicization of the Toronto Police Union, detailing how it carried out threats against its opponents.

58. 58 Victor Malarek, “Security guards called ‘ill trained’ Refugee Centre breaks UN Rules: report,” The Globe and Mail, February 15, 1985, A1.

59. 59 Victor Malarek, “Promised investments fizzle as immigrant status granted,” The Globe and Mail, September 30, 1988, A1.

60. 60 For details see: Victor Malarek, “Chapter 9: Nightmare on Bay Street,” Gut Instinct: The Making of an Investigative Journalist (Macmillan Canada, 1996), 178.

61. 61 Paul Palango as cited in Malarek, Gut Instinct, 217.

62. 62 Victor Malarek, Interview.

63. 63 Cecil Rosner, Interview.

64. 64 Government of Canada, “Excessive Demand: Calculation of the Cost Threshold,” Immigration and Citizenship, May 4, 2023, https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/excessive-demand.html

65. 65 Jeanne Sauvé was a journalist between 1952-1972, “Jeanne Sauvé,” Canadian Encyclopedia, February 26, 2018, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jeanne-mathilde-sauve

66. 66 Margo Roston, “Margo’s People,” The Ottawa Citizen, November 15, 1984, Michener Papers, Carleton.

67. 67 Michaëlle Jean, Interview by phone, July 2, 2019.

68. 68 “Speech by Her Excellency the Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé, on the occasion of the presentation of the 1984 Michener Awards for Journalism. Rideau Hall,” November 16, 1985, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/sauve/sauve1985.htm (private website)

69. 69 Letter, Paul Deacon to Leopold Amyot, May 5, 1986. Library and Archives Canada, Sauvé RG7, G29, Vol 42; Sauv 802-9, Five Vol 1, Awards Ceremonies-Governors General Awards-Michener Award for Journalism.

70. 70 David McKie, Interview.

71. 71 Jason Moscovitz, “Jeanne Sauvé: Governor General ceremony delayed,” CBC Archives, January 28, 1984, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1775385927

72. 72 Shirley Wood, Her Excellency Jeanne Sauvé (Goodread Biographies, 1982), 201.

73. 73 Wood, Her Excellency Jeanne Sauvé, 201-202.

74. 74 Wood, Her Excellency Jeanne Sauvé, 228.

75. 75 Esmond Butler as quoted in Wood, Her Excellency Jeanne Sauvé, 202.

76. 76 “Speech by Her Excellency the Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé, on the occasion of the presentation of the 1986 Michener Awards for Journalism. Rideau Hall, November 6, 1987,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/sauve/sauve1987.htm (private website)

77. 77 “Speech by Her Excellency the Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé, . . . November 6, 1987.”

78. 78 Dean Jobb, Media Law for Canadian Journalists, 3rd ed. (Emond, 2018), 211.

79. 79 Jobb, Media Law for Canadian Journalists, 211, 130.

80. 80 Peter Moon, Interview, Toronto, May 3, 2022.

81. 81 Peter Moon, Interview.

82. 82 Peter Moon, Interview.

83. 83 The Criminal Code change was introduced in 1984. Peter Moon, “Law amendment gags media, MPs,” The Globe and Mail, February 14, 1986, A1, ProQuest Historical Newspapers. https://ezproxy.library.dal.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/law-amendment-gags-media-mps-say/docview/1151428281/se-2

84. 84 Peter Moon, “Challenge launched in Supreme Court: Law amendment gags media, MPs say,” The Globe and Mail, February 14, 1986, A1.

85. 85 Peter Moon, Interview.

86. 86 Letter, Geoffrey Simpson to Her Excellency Jeanne Sauvé, November 7, 1987, Michener Papers, Carleton.

87. 87 William Thorsell, “The rights of the innocent can be easily trampled,” The Globe and Mail, March 27, 2006, A17.

Notes to Chapter 4

1. 1 Clark Todd died Sept 4, 1983.

2. 2 “President’s remarks Michener Awards Dinner,” November 12, 1983, Michener Papers, Carleton, 2-3.

3. 3 Paul Deacon, President’s remarks.

4. 4 Tim Kotcheff (journalist, media executive), Interview, Toronto, February 19, 2019. Also see Craig Oliver, Oliver’s Twist: The Life and Times of an Unapologetic Newshound (Penguin, 2011); and Anthony Collings, Capturing the News: Three Decades of Reporting Crisis and Conflict, Chapter 8, “Two Endings” (University of Missouri Press, 2010).

5. 5 Tim Kotcheff, “The Michener Award and the artist who designed it – John Matthews,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/matthews/matthews.htm (private website)

6. 6 “Clark Davey is the recipient of the 2009 Michener Special Award,” June 10, 2009, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/davey/davey2009.htm (private website)

7. 7 Other Special Award recipients have been Tim Kotcheff and Alain Guilbert, June 11, 2014, and David Humphreys, June 17, 2016.

8. 8 James Baxter, Interview.

9. 9 The Governor General of Canada, “The Michener Award for Journalism - Presentation of the Michener Award for Journalism,” May 27, 2010, https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2010/michener-award-journalism

10. 10 “Bryan Cantley: A True Canadian Newspaper Superhero,” Q Media, August 6, 2013, http://qmediasolutions.com/bryan-cantley-a-true-canadian-newspaper-superhero/

11. 11 “Bryan Cantley: A True Canadian Newspaper Superhero.”

12. 12 “Michener Foundation Honours John Fraser,” Michener Awards Foundation, June 18, 2020, https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/michener-foundation-honours-john-fraser/

13. 13 “The 2019 Michener Awards Ceremony | La cérémonie de remise du Prix Michener 2019,” Michener Awards Foundation, December 10, 2020, https://vimeo.com/489538006

14. 14 “Michener Foundation Honours John Fraser.”

15. 15 National NewsMedia Council, “About Us,” mediacouncil.ca

16. 16 “The 2019 Michener Award Ceremony,” Michener Awards Foundation, December 10, 2020, https://vimeo.com/489538006

17. 17 Facebook message, Ken Ingram to author, March 7, 2022. Author’s collection.

18. 18 Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada, “What is Thalidomide,” https://thalidomide.ca/en/what-is-thalidomide/

19. 19 David Walmsley, Interview.

20. 20 Walmsley, Interview.

21. 21 Facebook message, Ken Ingram to author.

22. 22 James Deacon, email to author, August 29, 2019.

23. 23 “Paul Deacon - First President, Michener Awards Foundation: His Remarks at the Michener Awards Dinner,” November 12, 1983. https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/deacon/deaconremarks1983.htm (private website)

24. 24 Minutes, Federation of Press Clubs AGM, October 6, 1973, and “Minutes of the Tenth Annual Meeting of Press Club Canada/ La Federation des Cercles des Journalistes du Canada,” October 8, 1977, 11-12. Michener Papers, Carleton.

25. 25 The Centre for Investigative Journalism changed its name to the Canadian Association of Journalists in 1990. It continues to offer journalists support through advocacy, training, and workshops online and at an annual conference and awards ceremony.

26. 26 Joanne Chianello, “Financial journalist makes Ottawa his home,” Ottawa Citizen, March 25, 1996. Author’s collection.

27. 27 Minutes, Michener Awards executive committee, September 18, 1984, Michener Papers, Carleton.

28. 28 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation membership AGM, November 10, 1984, Michener Awards Foundation documents.

29. 29 Michener Fundraising prospectus, March 21, 1985, Michener Papers, Carleton.

30. 30 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, November 10, 1984, Michener Papers, Carleton.

31. 31 Statistics Canada, “Table 7.1 - Interest rates and exchange rates,” modified December 19, 2012, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-210-x/2010000/t098-eng.htm; Statistics Canada, “Chart 3 -Unemployment rates in Canada and the United States, 1976 - 2016,” modified July 7, 2017, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/170707/cg-a003-eng.htm, and “1983 CPI and Inflation rate for Canada,” Inflation Calculator, n.d., https://inflationcalculator.ca/1983-cpi-inflation-canada/

32. 32 Robert Seamans, Feng Zhu, “Responses to Entry in Multi-Sided Markets: The Impact of Craigslist on Local Newspapers,” Management Science 60(2) (2013) 476-93, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1785

33. 33 Letter, Robert Wright to Paul Deacon, December 13, 1984, Michener Papers, Carleton.

34. 34 Memo, Paul Deacon to the Board of Directors, January 8, 1986, Michener Papers, Carleton.

35. 35 John Honderich, Above the Fold: A Personal History of the Toronto Star, (Penguin Random House Canada, 2022), 186. The first Atkinson, a year-long funded fellowship, went to Ann Pappert in 1988 to investigate reproductive technologies. In 1990, Pappert received a $20,000 Michener fellowship to advance her Atkinson research into the creation of test tube babies.

36. 36 Michener Award prospectus, March 21, 1985, Michener Papers, Carleton.

37. 37 Robert Wright, Draft and revised donor letters, August 1985, Michener Papers, Carleton.

38. 38 Robert Wright, Draft and revised letters.

39. 39 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, November 16, 1985, Michener Papers, Carleton.

40. 40 Memo, John Fisher to Paul Deacon, September 10, 1986, Michener Papers, Carleton.

41. 41 Memo, Lisa Balfour Bowen (journalist) to John Fisher, n.d., Michener Papers, Carleton.

42. 42 Memo, Paul Deacon to Board, June 14, 1985, Michener Papers, Carleton.

43. 43 Nieman Foundation at Harvard, “About - History,” https://nieman.harvard.edu/about/history/

44. 44 The William Southam Journalism Fellowships were established in 1962. See https://www.masseycollege.ca/journalism-fellows/

45. 45 “Jim (sic) Tombs Report - 1988 Michener Foundation Fellowship,” March 1989, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/repFellows/reptombs1988.htm (private website)

46. 46 The Kitchener-Waterloo Record received the Michener Award in 1978 for Jim Romahn’s series on violations in Canadian meat processing plants and in 1983 for his series on problems with quality control for animal feed and fertilizer. In 1985, the paper was a finalist for his exposé of the Canadian Dairy Commission and again in 1986 for his coverage of flaws in the scientific research tax credit. Romahn no longer works at the Record but is a self-described semi-retired freelance journalist publishing stories focusing on agribusiness. His blog, Agri 007, states: “It’s my role to report. It’s your role to press for reforms.” http://agri007.blogspot.com/

47. 47 “Jim Romahn Report - 1988 Michener Foundation Fellowship,” February 1989, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/repFellows/repromahn1988.htm (private website)

48. 48 Christopher Grabowski (1999) photo exhibit “Land’s End” documented B.C.’s threatened coastal fishery; Edward Struzik’s (2009) articles on Arctic sovereignty were published in the Edmonton Journal, May 23-June 27, 2010, and his book Future Arctic: Field Notes from a World on the Edge in 2015; and Roger LeMoyne (2013) published images from Canadian mining ventures in Colombia, Guatemala and other locales in numerous publications including Maclean’s magazine, “Mining for the truth in Guatemala,” https://macleans.ca/news/world/mining-for-the-truth-in-guatemala/

49. 49 “Catherine Cano 2000 Michener-Deacon Fellowship Report,” http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/repFellows/repcano2000.htm (private website)

50. 50 “Julie Ireton - 2010 Michener-Deacon Fellowship Recipient,” report 2011, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/repFellows/repireton2010.htm (private website). See Ireton’s blog “Public Service Investigation,” https://www.cbc.ca/ottawa/features/investigations/

51. 51 Margaret Munro’s (2003) series “Drugs, Money and Ethics” was published in CanWest newspapers February 23-28, 2004. Jenny Manzer (2005) study which delved into Health Canada’s drug approval and monitoring system that was published in the Ottawa Citizen, December 19-23, 2006.

52. 52 Jean-Pierre Rogel, La Grand Saga des Genes (1999); Pierre Duchesne, Jacques Parizeau, vol 3: Le Régent, 1985-1995 (2004), the last of three volumes published between 2001-2004; Cecil Rosner Behind the Headlines: A History of Investigative Journalism in Canada (2008); Julian Sher, One Child at a Time: The Global Fight to Rescue Children from Online Predators (2007); Edward Struzik, Future Arctic: Notes from a World on the Edge (2015).

53. 53 Denise Davy’s series “One in Five,” a look into children’s mental health, was published in the Hamilton Spectator in 2009.

54. 54 Jane Armstrong’s series examining foreign aid in Afghanistan was published in the National Post, October 15-19, 2011.

55. 55 Jean-Pierre Rogel, “1998 Michener-Deacon report into work done into explaining genetics,” http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/repFellows/reprogel1998.htm (private website)

56. 56 Melanie Coulson, “Report –2012 Michener-Deacon Fellowship for Journalism Education,” April 2013, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/repFellows/repCoulson2012.htm (private website)

57. 57 Julie Ireton (2013), “Media Innovation and Entrepreneurial Journalism at Carleton University”; Francine Pelletier (2014), “Big Data Journalism”; Matthew Pearson (2017), “Trauma-informed journalism, Carleton”; and Tamara Baluja (2018), “Decoding Social Media, UBC.”

58. 58 Matthew Pearson, (journalist, educator), Interview by phone, November 24, 2021.

59. 59 Canadian Journalism Forum on Violence and Trauma, “Taking Care Report,” May 2022, https://www.journalismforum.ca/taking-care-report

60. 60 It would take another five years of furious fundraising before Paul Deacon would realize his dream.

61. 61 Rob Cribb, (journalist, educator), Interview, Toronto, December 2, 2020.

62. 62 Rob Cribb, Interview.

63. 63 Rob Cribb, “Cash for marks gets kids into university,” Toronto Star, September 16, 2011, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2011/09/16/star_investigation_cash_for_marks_gets_kids_into_university.html

64. 64 Robert Cribb, Patti Sonntag, P.W. Elliott and Elizabeth McSheffrey, “That rotten stench in the air? It’s the smell of deadly gas and secrecy,” Toronto Star, October 1, 2017, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/10/01/that-rotten-stench-in-the-air-its-the-smell-of-deadly-gas-and-secrecy.html; Elizabeth McSheffrey, Mike De Souza, Robert Cribb, Patti Sonntag and Patricia W. Elliott, “Screams from the Yard,” National Observer, October 1, 2017, https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/10/01/inside-saskatchewans-failure-stop-silent-killer; and Global News, “Troubling Issues in Saskatchewan Oil Boom,” October 1, 2017, https://globalnews.ca/video/3779475/troubling-issues-in-saskatchewan-oil-boom

65. 65 Concordia University School of Journalism renamed the “Institute for Investigative Journalism” to “Institute for Inclusive, Investigative and Innovative Journalism,” https://www.concordia.ca/artsci/journalism/research/investigative-journalism.html

66. 66 Taylor Tower, “Concordia’s Institute for Investigative Journalism facilitates the largest collaborative investigation in Canadian history,” November 4, 2019, https://www.concordia.ca/news/stories/2019/11/04/concordias-institute-for-investigative-journalism-facilitates-largest-collaborative-investigation-in-canadian-history.html

67. 67 “Michener Awards Foundation announces finalists for the 2019 Michener Award for meritorious public service journalism, May 5, 2020,” https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/michener-awards-foundation-announces-finalists-for-the-2019-michener-award-for-meritorious-public-service-journalism/

68. 68 Investigative Journalism Bureau, https://ijb.utoronto.ca/

69. 69 Investigative Journalism Bureau, “Generation Distress,” November 23, 2020, https://ijb.utoronto.ca/projects/generation-distress/

Notes to Chapter 5

1. 1 Michener Awards Foundation, Letters Patent, September 17, 1982, Michener Awards Foundation document.

2. 2 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation, AGM, November 16, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

3. 3 Gemma Files, “Dr. Jackman Wants you to Feel Good about Yourselves,” Ryerson Review of Journalism, June 9, 1991, https://rrj.ca/dr-jackman-wants-you-to-feel-good-about-yourselves/

4. 4 Fraser MacDougall, “A system for marking Michener Award entries,” April 23, 1985. Michener Papers, Carleton.

5. 5 Christopher Waddell (journalist author, educator), Interview, Toronto, May 12, 2022.

6. 6 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation’s AGM, May 6, 1996. Michener Papers, Carleton.

7. 7 Russell Mills (publisher, former Michener president), Interview, Ottawa, November 9, 2018.

8. 8 Victor Malarek, Interview.

9. 9 Letter, Paul Deacon to Roland Michener, February 3, 1986, Michener Papers, Carleton.

10. 10 Letter, Paul Deacon to Roland Michener.

11. 11 Confidential letter, Roland Michener to Paul Deacon, March 17, 1986, Michener Papers, Carleton.

12. 12 J. Patrick O’Callaghan, Maverick Publisher: J. Patrick O’Callaghan (Carrick, 2015), 339-40.

13. 13 O’Callaghan, Maverick Publisher, 339-40.

14. 14 The Canadian Journalism Foundation’s media advisory committee was a list of who’s who: Eric Jackman; Bill Dimma; Trevor Eyton; Elly Alboim, CBC-TV’s bureau chief on Parliament Hill; Mickey Cohen, a former federal deputy minister of finance and president and CEO of The Molson Companies; Hershell Ezrin, former chief aide to Ontario premier Peterson and an executive with the Molson Companies; John Honderich, editor of The Toronto Star; Neville Nankivell, publisher of The Financial Post; Robert Lewis, managing editor of Maclean’s; Bruce Phillips, director of communications in the PMO; Peter White, former publisher of Saturday Night and Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister; Paddy Sherman, president of the Southam Newspaper Group; and Hugh Winsor, national political editor of The Globe and Mail; journalism professors Stuart Adam (Carleton), Peter Desbarats (Western) and Fred Fletcher (York); Stephen Bindman, Centre for Investigative Journalism; and William Morgan, CBC. See Anthony Westell, “Journalism Foundation in the Works,” Content, May-June 1989, 6; and Westell, “Group wants to Improve Journalism,” Content, July-August, 1989, 7.

15. 15 O’Callaghan, Maverick Publisher, 342-43.

16. 16 Memo, Paul Deacon to the Board of Directors, October 3, 1989. Michener Papers, Carleton.

17. 17 Letter, Paul Deacon to Bill Dimma, October 3, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

18. 18 John Miller, Interview.

19. 19 Letter, John Miller to Paul Deacon, October 12, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

20. 20 Letter, Paul Deacon to John Miller, November 1, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

21. 21 Paul Deacon, “President’s remarks - Annual Meeting November 16, 1989,” Michener Papers, Carleton.

22. 22 O’Callaghan, Maverick Publisher, 339-40.

23. 23 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, November 16, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

24. 24 Memo, Paul Deacon to Board, December 1, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

25. 25 The closest the Michener Foundation and the Canadian Journalism Foundation would come to forging that relationship came in 2019 when the Michener Foundation contracted the CFJ to do the technical and administrative work of compiling Michener nominations through the CJF’s online portal. That contract ended in the fall of 2021 when the Michener Awards Foundation took back the administrative duties after entering into a partnership with the Rideau Hall Foundation and upgrading its website.

26. 26 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 9, 1994, Michener Papers, Carleton.

27. 27 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation executive, November 5, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

28. 28 Letter, Clark Davey to Tim Kotcheff and other Board members, December 10, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

29. 29 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation executive, November 5, 1997. Michener Papers, Carleton.

30. 30 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 6, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

31. 31 Letter, Clark Davey to Tim Kotcheff, May 28, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

32. 32 Memo, Clark Davey to Michener Awards Foundation Board, April 23, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

33. 33 Chris Waddell, Interview.

34. 34 “Toronto Star wins 2013 Michener Award,” June 11, 2014, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2013.htm (private website)

35. 35 John Honderich, Interview.

36. 36 Chris Waddell, Interview.

37. 37 “The 2000 Michener Award Winner,” May 24, 2001, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2000.htm (private website)

38. 38 Jean Pelletier, Entry form for 2015 Michener Award, February 20, 2016, Personal collection. See Enquête, “Abus de la SQ: des femmes brisent le silence,” November 12, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqtxZf9rFCU&ab_channel=Radio-CanadaInfo

39. 39 The broadcast resulted in an independent investigation into police activities at the detachment and the reinstatement of an inquiry into the disappearance of Sindy Ruperthouse, an Indigenous woman whose investigation had sparked the initial Radio Canada coverage. Furthermore, the Quebec government promised $6 million for programs to help Aboriginal women in the remote northern community.

40. 40 Letter, John Honderich to Arch MacKenzie, May 11, 1994, Michener Papers, Carleton.

41. 41 Letter, James Travers to Arch MacKenzie, May 20, 1994. Michener Papers, Carleton.

42. 42 Confidential memo, Arch MacKenzie to Board, May 24,1994, Michener Papers, Carleton.

43. 43 Draft news release, May 26, 1994. The Foundation sent out the final release on May 27, 1994, Michener Papers, Carleton but there is no copy of it.

44. 44 “1994 Michener Award Winner, CKNW/98,” May 12, 1995, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1994.htm (private website)

45. 45 Saskatchewan, Court of Queen’s Bench, “Prince Albert (City) v. Zatlyn, 1995,” https://www.canlii.org/en/sk/skqb/doc/1995/1995canlii5965/1995canlii5965.html?resultIndex=1&resultId=118a262636a54c009acadaa031cf6df7&searchId=897be9c8145a49d1a70ca4fcd51d8468

46. 46 Rafe Mair, Rafe: A Memoir (Harbour Publishing, 2004), 83.

47. 47 Mair, Rafe: A Memoir, 19.

48. 48 Mair, Rafe: A Memoir, 126.

49. 49 Letters: W.J. Rich, Vice president Alcan to Tom Plasteras, Program Director CKNW, June 20, 1994; Les Holroyd, Director of Corporate Information and Public Affairs to the Editor of the Georgia Straight, January 21, 1994; Les Holroyd to the Editor of Equity, June 8, 1994; Les Holroyd, Director of Corporate Information and Public Affairs to the Editor of The Financial Post, October 28, 1994, Michener Papers, Carleton.

50. 50 Mair, Rafe: A Memoir, 126.

51. 51 Letters: Len and Jo Mammerquist, to Alcan’s Les Holryod, September 27, 1994; C.H. Whicher, March 31, 1995; David Dunsmuir, March 30, 1995; L.A. Broddie, March 31, 1995; and Trafford Hall, Municipal Manager, District of Kitimat, May 2, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

52. 52 Letter, Les Holroyd, Director of Corporate Information and Public Affairs to Arch MacKenzie, March 30, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

53. 53 Letter, Trafford Hall, Municipal Manager, District of Kitimat, May 2, 1995; and Motion by District of Kitimat, May 2, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

54. 54 Letter, C.H. Whicher to Clark Davey, May 9, 1995. Michener Papers, Carleton.

55. 55 Minutes of Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 12, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

56. 56 “His Excellency the Right Honourable Roméo LeBlanc - Speech on the Occasion of the Presentation of the 1994 Michener Awards for Journalism. Rideau Hall, Friday, May 12, 1995,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/leblanc/leblanc1995.htm (private website)

57. 57 Roméo LeBlanc, May 12, 1995.

58. 58 Bill MacPherson died a month later. See: Christopher Young, “Farewell to a Champion of Public Interest,” Ottawa Citizen, June 23, 1995, A11, Author’s collection.

59. 59 “The 1994 Michener Award Winner - CKNW/98,” May 12, 1995, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1994.htm (private website)

60. 60 Letters, Allen M. Wakita, Kitimat Community Coalition to Arch MacKenzie, May 27, 1995; Bruce Strachan to Clark Davey, n.d., Michener Papers, Carleton. Michener Papers, Carleton.

61. 61 Mair, Rafe, A Memoir, 127.

62. 62 “950204 Supreme Court of British Columbia between Thomas Siddon (Plaintiff) and Rafe Mair Westcom Radio Group Ltd. (Defendants), Statement of Claim,” January 13, 1985, 2-3 and Schedule “A” 10 -11, 17. Michener Papers, Carleton; Mair, Rafe: A Memoir, 232.

63. 63 Letter, Eric Rice to Arch MacKenzie, August 3, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

64. 64 Letter, Clark Davey to Anthony P. McGlynn, October 3, 1995. Michener Papers, Carleton.

65. 65 Letter, Clark Davey to Eric Rice, October 18, 1995. Michener Papers, Carleton.

66. 66 Letter, Anthony P. McGlynn, Perley-Robertson, Panet, Hill & McDougall to Eric Rice, QC, Campbell Froh May & Rice, Richmond B.C., October 26, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

67. 67 Memo, Clark Davey to the Board, April 23, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

68. 68 Fax, R.J. (“Rod”) Gunn, president and general manager of CKNW to Clark Davey, April 3, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

69. 69 Ross Howard, “Leading B.C. radio station lands in warm water,” Globe and Mail, April 3, 1997, A3, Michener Papers, Carleton.

70. 70 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 1, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

71. 71 Minutes, May 1, 1997.

72. 72 Letter, Michael Flatters, Burnet, Duckworth & Palmer LLB to Kim Kierans, May 24, 2018. Michener Awards Foundation documents.

73. 73 Letter, Grant Stapon to Kim Kierans, May 29, 2018. Michener Awards Foundation documents.

74. 74 Letter, Grant Stapon to Kim Kierans, June 1, Michener Awards Foundation documents.

75. 75 Charles Rusnell and Jennie Russel, “Private Health, Public Risk: How the Alberta government allowed a private foundation to offer an unproven ‘experimental’ health program to its citizens,” CBC News, July 14, 2017, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/topic/Tag/Private%20Health%20Public%20Risk

76. 76 Letter, Grant Stapon, June 1, 2018.

77. 77 Letter, Michael Flatters to Kim Kierans, June 8, 2018.

78. 78 Charles Rusnell and Jennie Russel, update to “Private Health, Public Risk?” CBC News, May 25, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/unproven/

79. 79 Email, Charles Rusnell to Kim Kierans, May 12, 2020, Author’s collection.

80. 80 Email, Charles Rusnell to Kim Kierans, June 19, 2022, Author’s collection.

81. 81 “Daily News wins national award,” Halifax Daily News, April 28, 1998, A3. Author’s collection.

82. 82 Letter, Cameron S. McKinnon to Editor Daily News, April 29,1998, Michener Papers, Carleton.

83. 83 Letter, Arch MacKenzie fax to Cameron S. MacKinnon, April 30,1998, Michener Papers, Carleton.

84. 84 Letter, Dale Dunlop to Michener Awards Foundation, August 2005, Michener Papers Carleton.

85. 85 “The 1997 Michener Award Winter - The Halifax Daily News,” April 28, 1998, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1997.htm (private website)

86. 86 Letter, Dale Dunlop to Michener Awards Foundation, August 2005, Michener Papers, Carleton.

87. 87 “The 1997 Michener Award Winter - The Halifax Daily News.”

88. 88 Stephen Kimber (journalist, author, educator), Interview, Halifax, September 23, 2019.

89. 89 Stephen Kimber, Interview.

90. 90 John Miller, Interview.

91. 91 David Walmsley, Interview.

92. 92 Walmsley, Interview.

93. 93 Margo Goodhand (author, editor, publisher), Interview by phone, March 31, 2023.

94. 94 Goodhand, Interview.

Notes to Chapter 6

1. 1 Library and Archives Canada, RG7G30 Vol 49 HNAT 802-9V1.

2. 2 Fraser MacDougall, interview by Bill MacNeill, Voice of the Pioneer, CBC-TV, May 10 and 23 1990.

3. 3 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, November 16, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

4. 4 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, June 19, 1990, Michener Papers, Carleton.

5. 5 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM , May 1, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

6. 6 “Le Devoir wins1989 Michener Award,” June 19 1990, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1989.htm (private website). La Presse won two more Michener Awards, one in 2003 for its coverage of seniors’ health care, and the second, in 2007, for an exposé of the treatment of Afghan detainees.

7. 7 “The Globe and Mail wins the 2005 Michener Award for series on Breast Cancer,” April 11, 2006, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2005.htm (private website)

8. 8 Michener Awards Foundation judging panel, Citation of Merit, 1989. Michener Papers, Carleton. Also see, Anne Kershaw., Rock A Bye Baby: A Death Behind Bar (McLelland & Stewart, 1991).

9. 9 “The Story behind the Story: Host/Reporter Hana Gartner - the fifth estate,” June 14, 2011, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/reporters2010/gartner.htm (private website)

10. 10 Supreme Court of Canada, “Backgrounder: ‘A Preventable Death’,” Office of Correctional Investigator, April 28, 2014, https://www.falconers.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Smith-A-Preventable-Death.pdf

11. 11 “The Story behind the story: Host/Reporter Hana Gartner - the fifth estate.

12. 12 “Ashley Smith: Out of Control (2010) - the fifth estate,” the fifth estate, CBC, posted August 5, 2015, https://youtu.be/yryXNq00c0

13. 13 “Behind the Wall,” the fifth estate, CBC, November 12, 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2675576109

14. 14 Falconer’s LLB, “Ashley Smith Inquest,” documents, December 19, 2013, https://falconers.ca/casestudy/ashley-smith/; and Government of Canada, “Response to the coroner’s inquest touching the death of Ashley Smith,” December 2014, https://www.canada.ca/en/correctional-service/corporate/library/response-coroners-inquest-death-ashley-smith.html

15. 15 “Hana Gartner on Ashley Smith,” the fifth estate, April 9, 2015, https://youtu.be/sDyBYxD1ouk

16. 16 Randy Richmond, “Indiscernible,” London Free Press, October 11, 2016, https://medium.com/@London.Free.Press/by-randy-richmond-the-london-free-press-507bd5a1d462

17. 17 Judges’ citation, 2016, Michener Papers, Carleton.

18. 18 Emily Colye and Jackie Olmstead, “The use of solitary confinement continues in Canada,” Policy Options Politiques, January 18, 2022, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2022/the-use-of-solitary-confinement-continues-in-canada/. Also see Patrick White, “Despite new laws, inmates still face time in solitary confinement,” Globe and Mail, October 31, 2022, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-despite-new-laws-too-many-inmates-in-isolation-are-indigenous-panel/

19. 19 “His Excellency the Right Honourable Ray Hnatyshyn - Speech on the Occasion of the Presentation of the 1989 Michener Awards for Journalism. Rideau Hall, Tuesday, June 19th, 1990,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/hnatyshyn/hnaytshyn1990.htm (private website)

20. 20 Memo Judith Larocque to His Excellency Raymon Hnatyshyn, Library and Archives Canada, Awards Ceremonies – Governor General Awards – Michener Award 5/02/90 – 10/04/91, RG7-G30 Vol 49, HNAT 802-9 Vol 1.

21. 21 “His Excellency the Right Honourable Ray Hnatyshyn - Speech on the Occasion of the Presentation of the 1991 Michener Awards for Journalism. Rideau Hall, Tuesday, May 5, 1992,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/hnatyshyn/hnaytshyn1992.htm (private website)

22. 22 “His Excellency the Right Honourable Ray Hnatyshyn - Speech on the Occasion of the Presentation of the 1991 Michener Awards for Journalism.” Rideau Hall, Tuesday, May 5, 1992.

23. 23 Cecil Rosner, Interview.

24. 24 “1991 Michener Award Winner - CBC-TV,” May 5, 1992, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/hnatyshyn/hnaytshyn1992.htm (private website)

25. 25 Library and Archives Canada, HNAT 802-9 Vol 3 22-04-92 3-05-93.

26. 26 Letter, Gail Scott to Don Hoskins October 4, 1991, Michener Papers, Carleton.

27. 27 Bruce Deachman, “Clark Davey, 1928-2019: ‘The true journalist of journalists’,” Ottawa Citizen, February 26, 2019, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/clark-davey-1928-2019-the-true-journalist-of-journalists

28. 28 Richard J. Doyle, Hurly-Burly: A Time at the Globe, 97.

29. 29 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 4, 1993, Michener Papers, Carleton.

30. 30 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 9, 1994. Michener Papers, Carleton.

31. 31 Clark Davey, Interview.

32. 32 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 9, 1994.

33. 33 “Clark Davey - President of the Michener Awards Foundation - His Remarks at the Michener Awards ceremony, May 9, 1994,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/davey/davey1994.htm (private website)

34. 34 In fifty years, media outlets have tied for the Michener Award six times, 1972, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1987 and 1993.

35. 35 “The Ottawa Citizen & The Globe and Mail - Co-winners of 1993 Michener Award, May 9, 1994,” https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1993.htm (private website)

36. 36 “André Picard, “Tenacious activist lobbied for the victims of Canada’s tainted blood tragedy,” The Globe and Mail, August 26, 2022, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-tenacious-activist-lobbied-for-the-victims-of-canadas-tainted-blood/; also see André Picard, The Gift of Death: Confronting Canada’s Tainted Blood Tragedy (HarperCollins Canada, 1995 and 1998).

37. 37 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 6, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

38. 38 In 2022, the Aspen tree was no longer standing. The Experimental Farm has no record of what happened to it.

39. 39 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 6, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

40. 40 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 1, 1997, Michener Papers, Carleton.

41. 41 Richard Doyle, “Senators’ Statements,” Canada, Senate, March 26, 1996, https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/352/debates/006db_1996-03-26-e

42. 42 John Honderich, Above the Fold: A Personal History of the Toronto Star, 199.

43. 43 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 6, 1996.

44. 44 Bryn Matthews, Interview by phone, February 15, 2022.

45. 45 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 12, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

46. 46 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation Executive, April 4, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

47. 47 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation Executive, December 5, 1996, Michener Papers, Carleton.

48. 48 Joseph Jackson, “Newspapers ownership in Canada: An Overview of the Davey Committee and the Kent Commission Studies.”

49. 49 Letter, Clark Davey to Tim Kotcheff, December 19, 1995, Michener Papers, Carleton.

50. 50 Letter, Clark Davey letter, June 15, 2006. Michener Papers, Carleton.

51. 51 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation Executive November 6, 1998, Michener Papers, Carleton.

52. 52 Gail Scott (broadcast journalist, educator), Interview, Toronto, March 13, 2019.

53. 53 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, May 5, 1992. Michener Papers, Carleton.

54. 54 Bryn Matthews, Interview.

55. 55 Tim Kotcheff, Interview.

56. 56 Michener Awards Foundation, Report of the Judges, November 4, 1988, Michener Papers, Carleton.

57. 57 Lindsay Crysler, Interview.

58. 58 Letter, Margaret Pearcy to Paul Deacon March 7, 1988; and Memo, Paul Deacon, December 1, 1989, Michener Papers, Carleton.

59. 59 Margaret Pearcy, “National Public Relations N.P.R. Inc, Communications Planning Phase I for The Michener Awards Foundation 1990-1991,” October 24, 1990, Michener Papers, Carleton.

60. 60 Hayes, Power and Influence, 242.

61. 61 Richard Doyle, Hurly-Burly, 120.

62. 62 Hayes, Power and Influence, 188, 242.

63. 63 Virtual book launch for Webster’s book was held November 25, 2020 at Massey College, University of Toronto, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIkNnOSeb9Y&ab_channel=MasseyCollege

64. 64 Hayes, Power and Influence, 188.

65. 65 Norman Webster (journalist, author, editor, publisher) Interview by phone, June 7, 2021.

66. 66 Pierre Bergeron (journalist, publisher), Interview, Gatineau, PQ, November 9, 2018.

67. 67 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, April 10, 2003, Michener Papers, Carleton.

68. 68 “La Presse wins 2003 Michener Award for reporting on social issues,” April 15, 2004, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2003.htm (private website); and Radio Canada, Léon Lafleur savait que les médias savaient, November 28, 2003, https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/137280/lettre-lafleur

69. 69 The Gazette revisited the issue in 2020 with its focus on horrific conditions inside a nursing home in the Montréal suburb of Dorval. It was early in the pandemic. Reporter Aaron Derfel found residents “dehydrated, malnourished, soiled in their own feces and abandoned by staff after COVID-19 began spreading through the home.” Families and the health authority swooped in, and the premier ordered a police investigation for “gross negligence” inspections of forty privately run operations, https://www.michenerawards.ca/organization/montreal-gazette/

70. 70 Tommy Chouinard, “Saint-Charles-Borromée: des patients maltraités bientôt dédommagés,”La Presse, April 18, 2013, https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/sante/201304/18/01-4642073-saint-charles-borromee-des-patients-maltraites-bientot-dedommages.php

71. 71 Michaëlle Jean (former governor general, broadcast journalist, diplomat), Interview by phone, July 2, 2019.

72. 72 Bergeron, Interview.

73. 73 Email, Pierre Bergeron, January 26, 2019, Author’s collection.

74. 74 Email, David Humphreys, March 24, 2019, Author’s collection.

75. 75 David Humphreys (journalist, communications consultant), Interview, Ottawa, November 12, 2018.

76. 76 Bergeron, Interview.

77. 77 Data between 1970 and 2020 show French language media have won about 9 per cent (or 5/57) of the Michener Awards, and received 1 per cent (23/221) of the honourable mentions or citations of merits. This may reflect the fact that fewer French media enter the Michener Awards. Smaller media are better represented. Twenty-five per cent (14/57) have won Michener Awards, and 27 per cent (60/221) have received honourable mentions or citations of merit.

78. 78 “CBC-TV and Southam News tie for the 1987 Michener Award,” December 8, 1988, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1987.htm (private website)

79. 79 Author’s notes, 2016.

80. 80 “1990 Michener Award Winner — The Elmira Independent,” April 25, 1991, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1990.htm (private website)

81. 81 “1990 Michener Award Winner — The Elmira Independent.”

82. 82 As of 2022 the Elmira Independent (1990) and the Manitoulin Expositor (1982) are the only two weeklies to win a Michener Award. In 1973 the Scotian Journalist, a bi-weekly, won the Michener.

83. 83 Bob Verdun (journalist, publisher), Interview by phone, January 21, 2022.

84. 84 Bob Verdun, Interview.

85. 85 “Uniroyal Groundwater Clean-up and Treatment, Elmira,” Canadian Consulting Engineer, October 1, 1999, https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/features/uniroyal-groundwater-clean-up-and-treatment-elmira/

86. 86 “Manufacturing Facility,” LANXESS, n.d., https://lanxess.ca/sites/elmira/manufacturing-facility/

87. 87 “Frequently Asked Questions,” LANXESS, n.d., https://lanxess.ca/sites/elmira/environmental-remediation/faqs/

88. 88 Bob Verdun, Interview.

89. 89 Robert A. Case (2017) “Environmental oversight and the citizen activist: Lessons from an oral history of activism surrounding Elmira, Ontario’s 1989 water crisis,” Community Development, 48(1), (2017), 86-104, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15575330.2016.1249491?needAccess=true; Jeff Outhit, “Clean up launched after Elmira chemical factory taints farm next door,” The Waterloo Region Record, January 3, 2019, https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/2019/01/03/cleanup-launched-after-elmira-chemical-factory-taints-farm-next-door.html; and, Leah Gerber, “Why you still can’t drink the local water in Elmira,” The Observer, November 2, 2020, https://observerxtra.com/2020/11/02/why-you-still-cant-drink-the-local-water-in-elmira/

90. 90 Verdun, Interview.

91. 91 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, April 19, 1999, Michener Papers, Carleton.

92. 92 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, April 10, 2000, Michener Papers, Carleton.

93. 93 By 2000, Statistics Canada, “The Daily” reported that 41.8 per cent of households had at least one regular user logging on to the Internet though only 28.7 per cent reported having access at home. “The Daily - Household Internet Use,” Statistics Canada, May 19 2000, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/000519/dq000519b-eng.htm

94. 94 “Tim Kotcheff and Alain Guilbert – Recipients of the 2014 Michener-Baxter Special Award,” June 11, 2014, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/reporters2013/kotcheffGuilbert.htm (private website)

95. 95 The Michener Awards Foundation archival website created by Tim Kotcheff was discontinued in 2021 and the Foundation has stored all the archival information. The new website for the Michener Awards Foundation can be found at: https://www.michenerawards.ca/.

96. 96 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, April 19, 1999, Michener Papers, Carleton.

Notes to Chapter 7

1. 1 Chris Cobb, Ego and Ink: The Inside Story of Canada’s National Newspaper War (McClelland & Stewart, 2004), 138.

2. 2 Kenneth Whyte (journalist, publisher), Interview, Toronto, March 24, 2022.

3. 3 Whyte, Interview.

4. 4 Staff, “The Shawinigate affair: a timeline,” The National Post, May 7, 2010, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-shawinigate-affair-a-timeline

5. 5 Cobb, Ego and Ink, Chapter 19, “L’Affaire Grand-Mère,” 250-63.

6. 6 John Honderich, Above the Fold, 226.

7. 7 Honderich, Above the Fold, 231.

8. 8 Honderich, Above the Fold, 232.

9. 9 Karen Howlett and Colin Freeze, “Black abandons his Post, sells out to Aspers,” Globe and Mail, August 24, 2001, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/black-abandons-his-post-sells-out-to-aspers/article4152189/

10. 10 “Black out: CanWest to buy 100% of National Post,” CBC News, August 24, 2001, https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/black-out-canwest-to-buy-100-of-national-post-1.290327

11. 11 Cobb, Ego and Ink, 265.

12. 12 “When ‘a flood of free newspapers’ washed over Toronto,” CBC Archives, June 27, 2019, 8:30 AM EDT | Last Updated: June 27, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/archives/when-a-flood-of-free-newspapers-washed-over-toronto-1.5180505

13. 13 Honderich, Above the Fold, 255.

14. 14 Dwayne Winseck, 2021, “Figure 2: Major Communications and Media Ownership Changes in Canada 1994-2020, Media and Internet Concentration in Canada, 1984-2020,” https://doi.org/10.22215/gmicp/2021.2. Global Media and Internet Concentration Project, Carleton University, 22.

15. 15 Dwayne Winseck, Media and Internet Concentration in Canada, 23.

16. 16 Canada Parliament, The Uncertain Mirror: Report of the Special Senate Committee on Mass Media, Vol. 1, Senate of Canada (Information Canada, 1970), 6.

17. 17 Canada, Parliament, “Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications Issue 6 - Order of Reference,” Senate of Canada, March 20, 2003, https://sencanada.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/372/tran/pdf/11issue.pdf; and “Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications, Issue 1 - Order of Reference,” Senate of Canada, Special Committee on Mass Media, October 19, 2004, https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/SEN/Committee/381/tran/01or-e

18. 18 Canada, Parliament, Interim Report on the Canadian News Media, The Senate of Canada, April 2004, 1, https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/committee/373/tran/rep/rep04apr04-e

19. 19 Kim Kierans, “Media Concentration in Atlantic Canada: Media by Monopoly,” Center for Journalism Ethics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, August 18, 2016, https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2006/08/18/media-concentration-in-atlantic-canada-media-by-monopoly/

20. 20 Senate of Canada, Final Report on the Canadian News Media, vol. 1, June 2006, 63, https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/committee/391/tran/rep/repfinjun06vol1-e

21. 21 Final Report on the Canadian News Media, vol. 1, 65.

22. 22 Bev Oda, “Response to the Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications: Final Report on the Canadian News Media,” Canadian Heritage, 23 November 2006, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2007/ch-pc/CH44-80-2006E.pdf, 13-14. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2006, Catalogue No. CH 44-80/2006 ISBN 0-662-49675-2.

23. 23 Adrienne Clarkson (former governor general, author, broadcast journalist), Interview, Toronto, May 21, 2019.

24. 24 “Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson’s speech on the occasion of the presentation of the 2002 Michener Awards for Journalism,” April 10, 2003, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/clarkson/clarkson2003.htm (private website)

25. 25 “Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson’s speech on the occasion of the presentation of the 1999 Michener Awards for Journalism,” April 10, 2000.

26. 26 “Background to Manitoba Vote Splitting Scheme - by Curt Petrovitch,” April 10, 2000, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/votesplitting.htm (private website)

27. 27 “Background to Manitoba Vote Splitting Scheme.”

28. 28 “Background to Manitoba Vote Splitting Scheme.”

29. 29 Cecil Rosner, Interview; also Rosner, Behind the Headlines, 3-4.

30. 30 Clinton Free and Vaughan Radcliffe, “Accountability in Crisis: The Sponsorship Scandal and the Office of the Comptroller General in Canada,” Journal of Business Ethics, 84(2), (Jan. 2009), 189-208, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40294737

31. 31 Public Policy Forum, “The Shattered Mirror: News, Democracy and Trust in the Digital Age,” January 26, 2017, https://ppforum.ca/project/the-shattered-mirror/

32. 32 Edward Greenspon, Interview.

33. 33 Russell Mills, Interview.

34. 34 “Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson’s speech on the occasion of the presentation of the 1999 Michener Awards.”

35. 35 Letter, Judy Bullis to Adrienne Clarkson, received April 14, 2000, Library and Archives Canada, Clarkson fonds R178 1339 File CLAR 813-2 VOL1.

36. 36 “The Prince George Citizen Wins 2006 Michener Award,” June 8, 2007, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2006.htm (private website)

37. 37 “The Toronto Star Wins 2013 Michener Award,” June 11, 2014, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2013.htm (private website)

38. 38 “The Story Behind the Story: Greg McArthur, The Globe & Mail & Linden MacIntyre, CBC-TV,” June 13, 2008, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/reporters2007/mcarthur_macintyre2007.htm (private website)

39. 39 Greenspon, Interview.

40. 40 “The CBC/Radio-Canada and The Canadian Press win 2008 Michener Award,” June 10, 2009, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2008.htm (private website)

41. 41 David McKie, Interview.

42. 42 “The Story Behind the Story: Jim Bronskill - The Canadian Press,” June 10, 2009, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/reporters2008/bronskill2008.htm (private website)

43. 43 “The Story Behind the Story: Frédéric Zalac - Radio-Canada,” June 10, 2009, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/reporters2008/zalac2008.htm (private website)

44. 44 Graeme Smith, “From Canadian custody to cruel hands,” Globe and Mail, April 23, 2007, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/from-canadian-custody-into-cruel-hands/article585956/

45. 45 “The Story Behind the Story: Paul Koring - The Globe and Mail,” June 13, 2008, https://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/reporters2007/koring2007.htm (private website)

46. 46 David Ljunggren, “Canada brushes off allegations of Afghan torture,” Reuters, October 29, 2007, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghan-canada-idUSN2949198720071029/ (link broken) and Author’s collection.

47. 47 Greenspon, Interview.

48. 48 “News Release: Michener Awards Finalists Named,” May 1, 2017, Michener Awards Foundation electronic files and Author’s collection.

49. 49 The Michener Awards Foundation / La Fondation Des Prix Michener, “Michener Award goes to the Telegraph-Journal,” Cison, June 14, 2019, https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/michener-award-goes-to-the-telegraph-journal-883276411.html

50. 50 Rob Cribb, Interview.

Notes to Chapter 8

1. 1 “Speech by Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, on the occasion of the presentation of the 2005 Michener Awards for Journalism,” April 11, 2006, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/jean/jean2006.htm (private website)

2. 2 “The Ottawa Citizen & The Globe and Mail - Co-winners of 1993 Michener Award,” May 9, 1994, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1993.htm (private website)

3. 3 John Honderich, Interview.

4. 4 Ed Greenspon, “Reporting and friendship at its best,” Globe and Mail, April 8, 2006, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/reporting-and-friendship-at-its-best/article794398/

5. 5 “The Prince George Citizen Wins 2006 Michener Award,” June 8, 2007, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2006.htm (private website)

6. 6 “The 1995 Michener Award Winner - CBC Radio,” May 6, 1996, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward1995.htm (private website)

7. 7 Anthony Wilson-Smith, John Demont and Luke Fisher. “Somalia Inquiry’s Damning Report.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published March 17, 2003; last Edited March 13, 2014, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/somalia-inquirys-damning-report

8. 8 Department of National Defence, “Update on Madame Arbour’s Independent External Comprehensive Review Final Report and Culture Change Reforms in the Department of National Defence and Canadian Armed Forces to Address Sexual Harassment and Misconduct,” December 13, 2022, https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2022/12/update-on-madame-arbours-independent-external-comprehensive-review-final-report-and-culture-change-reforms-in-the-department-of-national-defence-an.html

9. 9 “Times Colonist wins 2011 Michener Award,” June 12, 2012, http://kotcheff.com/michenerhistory/english/winAward/winaward2011.htm (private website)

10. 10 “Times Colonist wins 2011 Michener Award.”

11. 11 “Enhancing Royal Canadian Mounted Police Accountability Act, S.C. 2013, c. 18, Assented to 2013-06-19,” Justice Laws website, https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2013_18/FullText.html

12. 12 Michel Basterache, Broken Dreams Broken Promises: The Devastating Effects of Sexual Harassment on Women in the RCMP, November 11, 2020, vii, https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/wam/media/4773/original/8032a32ad5dd014db5b135ce3753934d.pdf

13. 13 Hon. John McKay, Chair, “Systemic Racism in Policing in Canada: Report of the Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security,” June 2021, https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/432/SECU/Reports/RP11434998/securp06/securp06-e.pdf

14. 14 Jim Rankin (journalist) Interview, Toronto, May 17, 2022.

15. 15 Jim Rankin, Michener Award acceptance speech, April 10, 2023, Author’s papers.

16. 16 Jim Rankin, Jennifer Quinn, Michelle Shepherd, John Duncanson, Scott Simmie, “Singled Out,” Toronto Star, October 19, 2002, A1; and “Police target black drivers,” Sunday Star, October 20, 2002, A1.

17. 17 Honderich, Interview.

18. 18 Rankin, Interview.

Notes to Chapter 9

1. 1 Linda Monsees, “‘A war against truth’ - understanding the fake news controversy,” Critical Studies on Security, 8(2), (May 2020), 116–29, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21624887.2020.1763708?scroll=top&needAccess=true&role=tab

2. 2 Hunt Allcott, and Matthew Gentzkow. “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), (2017), 211-36, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316712634_Social_Media_and_Fake_News_in_the_2016_Election

3. 3 Kayla, Keener, “Alternative Facts and Fake News: Digital Mediation and The Affective Spread of Hate in the Era of Trump.” Journal of Hate Studies, 14(1), (2019): 137–51, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333010056_Alternative_Facts_and_Fake_News_Digital_mediation_and_The_Affective_Spread_of_Hate_in_the_Era_of_Trump; Amanda Robb, “Pizzagate: Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal,” Rolling Stone, November 16, 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-125877/; and Marc Tuters, Emilija Jokubauskaitė and Daniel Bach, “Post-Truth Protest: How 4chan Cooked Up the Pizzagate Bullshit,” M/C journal, 21(3), (2018), https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/1422

4. 4 Maria Ressa, How to Stand Up to a Dictator: The Fight for Our Future, (HarperCollins, 2022), 4.

5. 5 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation executive meeting, April 7, 2017, Michener Awards Foundation (MAF) electronic files.

6. 6 Alan Allnutt, (editor, publisher, columnist), Interview by phone, May 11, 2022.

7. 7 Christopher Waddell, Carleton University, https://carleton.ca/sjc/profile/waddell-christopher/

8. 8 Christopher Waddell, Interview.

9. 9 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, June 17, 2017, MAF electronic files.

10. 10 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation AGM, June 17, 2017.

11. 11 Waddell, Interview.

12. 12 Email, Edith Cody-Rice to Kim Kierans, September 27, 2017, 7:53 p.m.; Email, David Humphreys to Kim Kierans, September 27, 2017, 12:52 p.m. Author’s collection.

13. 13 Minutes, executive meeting, September 19, 2017. MAF electronic files.

14. 14 Minutes, executive meeting, September 19, 2017. MAF electronic files.

15. 15 Email, Russ Mills to Edith Cody-Rice and MAF executive, September 18, 2:45 p.m. Author’s collection.

16. 16 The Governor General of Canada, “Honours,” https://www.gg.ca/en/honours

17. 17 Office of the Secretary to the Governor General, conversation with the author, April 28, 2023.

18. 18 Email, James Baxter to the Michener Board, October 21, 2017, 1:18 p.m., MAF electornic files.

19. 19 Email, Kim Kierans to executive, September 27, 10:15 a.m., Author’s collection.

20. 20 Email, Kim Kierans to executive, September 27, 10:15 a.m.

21. 21 Waddell, Interview.

22. 22 Email, Russ Mills to Kim Kierans.

23. 23 Alan Allnutt, Interview.

24. 24 Email, Chris Waddell to Kim Kierans, September 28,2017, 9:59 p.m. Authors collection.

25. 25 Waddell, Interview.

26. 26 Waddell, Interview.

27. 27 Email, James Baxter to the Board, October 21, 1:18 p.m., Author’s collection.

28. 28 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation, Special Meeting of the Board of Directors, November 3, 2017, MAF electronic files.

29. 29 Allnutt, Interview.

30. 30 Allnutt, Interview.

31. 31 Waddell, Interview.

32. 32 The Board approved updated governance bylaws at its June 12, 2018 AGM to spell out procedures for election and terms of directors.

33. 33 Policy, Board Roles and Responsibilities, June 12, 2018, Michener Award Foundaton electronic documents.

34. 34 The Governor General of Canada, “Biography,” https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general/former-governors-general/julie-payette/biography

35. 35 Other awards include the Canadian Association of Journalists (CAJ), National Newspaper Awards (NNA) and the Radio-Television News Directors Association (now called the Radio-Television Digital News Association (RTDNA).

36. 36 Bruce Campion-Smith, “Julie Payette appears poised to launch into Governor General role,” Toronto Star, July 12, 2017, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/07/12/canadas-next-governor-general-to-be-announced-thursday-by-trudeau.html; and, Jeff Lagerquist, “Julie Payette: Things to know about the woman chosen as the new governor general,” CTVNews.ca, July 12, 2017, 11:02 p.m. EDT, https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/julie-payette-things-to-know-about-the-woman-chosen-as-the-new-governor-general-1.3500650

37. 37 Star Editorial Board, “Julie Payette as GG sends a powerful message: Editorial,” Toronto Star, July 13, 2017, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2017/07/13/julie-payette-as-gg-sends-a-powerful-message-editorial.html

38. 38 B.J. Siekierski, “PMO has no comment on Julie Payette’s expunged 2011 assault charge,” iPolitics, https://www.ipolitics.ca/news/pmo-has-no-comment-on-julie-payettes-expunged-2011-assault-charge

39. 39 Susan Delacourt, “Private lives, public scrutiny: Julie Payette and the media,” iPolitics, June 18, 2017, https://www.ipolitics.ca/news/private-lives-public-scrutiny-julie-payette-and-the-media

40. 40 Kevin Donovan, “Incoming governor general Julie Payette drops fight to keep divorce records sealed,” Toronto Star, August 21, 2017, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/08/21/incoming-governor-general-julie-payette-drops-fight-to-keep-divorce-records-sealed.html

41. 41 Kevin Donovan, “Incoming governor general Julie Payette drops fight to keep divorce records sealed,” Toronto Star.

42. 42 Julie Payette (scientist, astronaut, former Governor General), Interview, Toronto, April 18, 2023, 1:22.

43. 43 David Johnston, Interview.

44. 44 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation Board, February 13, 2018, MAF electronic files.

45. 45 Payette, Interview, 18:46.

46. 46 Payette, Interview, 49:29.

47. 47 John Fraser, Interview.

48. 48 Payette, Interview, 1:59:56.

49. 49 Payette, Interview, 22:00.

50. 50 Payette, Interview, 25:00.

51. 51 Email, Catherine Cano to Michener Board, May 14, 2018, 11:47 a.m., Author’s collection.

52. 52 Julie Payette speech, June 12, 2018, Author’s collection.

53. 53 Robyn Doolittle, “Unfounded: Why police dismiss 1 in 5 sexual assault claims as baseless,” Globe and Mail, February 3, 2017, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/investigations/unfounded-sexual-assault-canada-main/article33891309/

54. 54 Citation, “Globe and Mail - Unfounded,” June 12, 2018, MAF electronic files.

55. 55 Robyn Doolittle, “The Story behind Unfounded, “The Globe and Mail, February 3, 2017, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/investigations/unfounded-backstory-sexual-assault-claims/article33891825/

56. 56 David Walmsley, Interview.

57. 57 Robyn Doolittle, “Police dismissals of sexual-assault claims as ‘unfounded’ dropped by more than half since 2017,” The Globe and Mail, December 26, 2022, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-unfounded-sexual-assault-2022/

58. 58 Payette, Interview.

59. 59 Rideau Hall, “Panel Discussion on Journalism in Canada,” June 14, 2019, Michener Awards Foundation electronic files.

60. 60 Cable Public Affairs Channel (CPAC), “2018 Michener Award Ceremony,” Public Record, June 14, 2019, https://www.cpac.ca/en/programs/public-record/episodes/66004982

61. 61 CPAC, “2018 Michener Award Ceremony.”

62. 62 CPAC, “2018 Michener Award Ceremony.”

63. 63 “Michener-Deacon Education discussion paper,” May 24, 2017, Michener Award Foundation electronic files.

64. 64 “Progress Report: Board Committee on Michener-Deacon Fellowship,” September 15, 2017, Michener Award Foundation electronic files.

65. 65 The Michener Awards Foundation, “The Fellowships,” https://www.michenerawards.ca/the-fellowships/info/

66. 66 “Michener Awards Foundation announces the Michener-L. Richard O’Hagan Fellowship for Journalism Education,” Michener Awards Foundation, December 11, 2019, https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/michener-awards-foundation-announces-the-michener-l-richard-ohagan-fellowship-for-journalism-education/

67. 67 Canada Press Freedom Project, “Homepage”, https://canadapressfreedom.ca/

68. 68 U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/

69. 69 White House advisor, Kellyanne Conway, Interview, NBC Meet the Press and excerpt rebroadcast on Twitter, January 22, 2017.

70. 70 Vivian Fairbank and Allison Baker launched “Truth in Journalism Fact-Checking Guide,” in October 2022, https://thetijproject.ca/guide/introduction/

71. 71 Truth in Journalism Fact-Checking Guide.

72. 72 Viviane Fairbank, https://vivianefairbank.ca/

73. 73 The Trust Project, https://thetrustproject.org/.; and The Globe and Mail, “About Us,” https://www.theglobeandmail.com/about/the-trust-project/. For more details see The Trust Project, thetrustproject.org

74. 74 “The Shattered Mirror 5 years on,” Public Policy Forum, March 3, 2022, https://ppforum.ca/publications/shattered-mirror-5-years-on/

75. 75 Centre d’études sur les médias Centre d’études sur les médias, https://www.cem.ulaval.ca

76. 76 Max Bell School of Public Policy, https://www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/research/centre-media-technology-and-democracyEducators

Notes to Conclusion

1. 1 Alan Allnutt, Interview

2. 2 David Johnston, Interview.

3. 3 Rideau Hall Foundation, “About”, https://rhf-frh.ca/about/

4. 4 Johnston, Interview.

5. 5 Allnutt, Interview.

6. 6 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation Board, January 9, 2020, Michener Award Foundation electronic documents.

7. 7 Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation, January 9, 2020.

8. 8 Allnutt, Interview.

9. 9 Draft Minutes, Michener Awards Foundation Board, August 31, 2020, Michener Award Foundation electronic files.

10. 10 “Michener Awards 2019,” December 16, 2020, https://vimeo.com/489538006

11. 11 Ashley Burke, Kristen Everson, “Gov. Gen. Payette has created a toxic climate of harassment and verbal abuse at Rideau Hall, sources allege,” CBC News, July 21, 2020, 6:02 PM ADT | Last Updated: July 22, 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/julie-payette-governor-general-harassment-allegations-1.5657397

12. 12 Burke, Everson, “Gov. Gen. Payette has created a toxic climate.”

13. 13 Julie Payette, Interview.

14. 14 Her Excellency the Right Honourable Julie Payette “Video Message – 2019 Michener Awards Virtual Presentation” (BILINGUAL TEXT 60/40). Delivery date: December 7, 2020, Author’s collection.

15. 15 Kathy Tomlinson, “False Promises: Foreign workers are falling prey to a sprawling web of labour trafficking in Canada,” The Globe and Mail, April 5, 2019, updated April 6, 2019, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-false-promises-how-foreign-workers-fall-prey-to-bait-and-switch/

16. 16 Stefanie Marotta, “The Globe and Mail’s False Promises investigation wins Michener Award,” The Globe and Mail, December 10, 2020, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-the-globe-and-mails-false-promises-investigation-wins-michener-award/

17. 17 Kathy Tomlinson, “The 2020 Michener Awards Ceremony,” https://vimeo.com/489538006

18. 18 “Protected B, Final Review Report, Privy Council Office, Ottawa, Ontario,” Quintet Consulting Corporation, January 12, 2021, 2, 51, 53, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/editorial/News/GG/Report-into-workplace-conditions-at-Rideau-Hall.pdf

19. 19 “Michener Awards Foundation announces finalists for the 2020 Michener Award for meritorious public service journalism,” April 20, 2021, https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/michener-awards-foundation-announces-finalists-for-the-2020-michener-award-for-meritorious-public-service-journalism/

20. 20 The Halifax Examiner, “The Wrongful Conviction of Glen Assoun,” Michener Awards website, n.d., https://www.michenerawards.ca/organization/the-halifax-examiner/

21. 21 “Investigating police misconduct: Ricochet wins 2021 Michener-Deacon Fellowship,” April 14, 2021, https://ricochet.media/en/3600/investigating-police-misconduct-ricochet-wins-2021-michener-deacon-fellowship

22. 22 Gabrielle Duchaine, “Positive Change for a Public Good: Michener Award Laureates Live,” November 16, 2021; see also La Presse, “The Other Epidemic: sexual exploitation of kids on the Internet,” n.d., Michener Awards website, https://www.michenerawards.ca/organization/la-presse-2/

23. 23 Kenneth Jackson, “Positive Change for a Public Good: Michener Award Laureates Live,” The Michener Awards Foundation, November 16, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XraiJRJW9YI&ab_channel=UniversityofKing%27sCollege

24. 24 Jackson, “Positive Change for a Public Good”; “APTN wins the Michener Award for searing investigation in a 12-year-old’s death in care,” Michener Awards website, https://www.michenerawards.ca/media-release/aptn-wins-the-michener-award-for-searing-investigation-into-a-12-year-olds-death-in-care/; Caroline Touzin, “Positive Change for a Public Good: Michener Award Laureates Live,” November 16, 2021, 1:38; La Presse, “The Other Epidemic.”

25. 25 Pierre-Paul Noreau (journalist, publisher president of Michener Awards Foundation), Interview by phone, March 28, 2023.

26. 26 John Honderich, Interview.

27. 27 David Walmsley, Interview.

28. 28 Noreau, Interview.