Index
Note: Page numbers in bold refer to photographs.
A
AANDC. See Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
abandoned mines
in Auditor General’s report, 11–12
definition, xi
Giant Mine, 12
Pine Point, 142, 145
Schefferville, 182, 182, 183, 184, 186
“Abandoned Mines in Northern Canada” (research project), 5, 140–41, 378
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC). See also Canadian government
comments on IBAs, 273, 275
remediation projects, 12, 358–65
Aboriginal rights
Crown’s duty to protect, 272
IBAs as infringement of, 270–71
Labrador Inuit movement, 240–41
northern and southern activists on, 326
Aboriginal self-determination
and IBAs, 279, 281
and neoliberal practices, 233, 235, 252, 266–67, 268, 279, 280
acculturation, Rankin Inuit, 45–46, 52
acid mine drainage
defined, xi
in Nanisivik tailings, 303–4
Adriana Resources, 194
affirmative action programs, 126, 218–19, 222
Agnico-Eagle Meadowbank Mine project, 1
agreements. See also comprehensive land claim agreements (CLCAs); impact and benefit agreements (IBAs)
Alsands, 222
connected to hegemonic neoliberal values, 233, 235
IOC’s gender equality programs, 126
Labrador Inuit land claim, 240, 243–44, 245, 248
Nanisivik employment agreement, 326
Strathcona Sound, 296–97
Syncrude and community, 223
Agricola, Georgius, 337
air quality
Fort McKay area, 211–12
Yellowknife, 347
Akumalik, Joanasie, 305
Akumalik, Moses, 298
Akumalik, Mucktar, 299
Alberta
GCOS expansion approval, 214
on GCOS tailings ponds seepage, 211
health warnings to Fort McKay, 212
on indigenous employment in oil sands, 218–19
“one window” review policy, 217
priority of oil development, 208, 210
on Suncor pollution spill, 215–16
Alberta Clean Water Act regulations, 211, 216
Alberta Conservation and Utilization Committee, 218
Alberta oil sands. See oil sands industry
Albo, Greg, 265–66
Alexco Resource Corporation, 104–5, 113
Alsands project, 216–17, 221–22
Alternatives North, 365, 385
Andersen, William, III, 243–44
Andre, Leroy, 72
ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg), 192
Arctic Bay, Ikpiarjuk Inuit
concerns about tailings, 303
mine impacts on, 297–99
on participating in monitoring, 305–6
arsenic trioxide at Giant Mine
environmental assessments, 347
management and remediation plan, 355–57, 360
in mining processes, 343–44
roaster complex, 362
storage remediation options, 350–51
assimilation. See also modernization of the North
Alberta position on, 218
Rankin Inuit, 45–46, 52
with resource development, 7
ATC. See Athabasca Tribal Council (ATC)
Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, 221, 225
Athabasca River, 208, 210–11, 213–14, 215–16
Athabasca Tribal Council (ATC), 209, 221–22
Atkinson, Marion, 126
Atlantic Gateway and Trade Corridor Strategy, 193
Aurora Energy Resources Ltd., 245, 249, 251
Austin, John L., 60
Ayha (Dene Prophet), 72–74
B
Bacon, Joséphine, 169
Balsillie, George, 144
Bankeno Mines, 322
Barnes, Trevor, 6
Barnett, Clive, 279
Barrett, J. E. and Associates, 322, 323
BC Research, 325
Beaulieu, Angus, 144, 149, 157
Beaulieu, Gord, 148, 152, 156, 157
Beaulieu, Leander, 149
Beaulieu, Leonard, 146–48, 153
Beaulieu, Ronald, 152
Beaulieu, Tommy, 152
Beckwith, Karen, 119
Belgium global radium supply, 63–64
Bell, J. Macintosh report, 66–67
Bellekeno Mine, 88, 99, 104
Berger, Thomas, 139, 144
Beyonnie (Sahtúot’įnę elder), 70–71
Blondin, George, 72
Blondin, Joe, 72
Bolivian indigenous mining experiences, 38, 61
boom and bust cycles
brief history in northern mining, 1–2
gold mining, 342
iron ore, 178
Keno Hill mining district, 88–90
studies on community impacts, 5–6
Boucher, Catherine, 154, 157
Boucher, Jim, 221
Boulter, Patricia J.
biography, 383
chapter by, 18, 35–58
Boutet, Jean-Sébastien, 53
biography, 383
chapter by, 19–20, 53, 169–206
comments, 331
Bowes-Lyon, Léa-Marie, 329
Bradbury, John H., 6, 181
Bridge, Gavin, 37–38
Brinco. See British Investment Company (Brinco)
Brinex. See also British Investment Company (Brinco)
Kitts-Michelin project, 239, 242–43
response to Aboriginal rights recognition, 242
British Investment Company (Brinco), 236, 237, 239
Brodie Consulting, 306
Bugghins, Sam, 145
Buyck, Debbie, 97–98
Buyck, Helen, 112
C
Caine, Ken, 261, 270, 282
Cameron, Emilie
biography, 383
chapter by, 259–90
comments, 141
Cameron Bay, 63
Canada–Délįnę Uranium Table (CDUT), 64–65, 79
Canadian Arctic Resources Committee (CARC), 7, 139, 324–26
Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), 348
Canadian government. See also Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC); Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND); Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources; Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC)
1969 White Paper, 240
affirmative action programs, 126, 222
on Alberta’s indigenous employment policy, 219
archives on northern mining, 14
assistance to industry, 1, 7–8, 63–64, 138, 295
authority over resources, 342
clawbacks, 49, 278
colonial legacy in the North, 280
defense of wage gap, 44
employment programs, 49
environmental reports, 148
Giant Mine maintenance, 346, 353–54
health reports, 347
and IBAs, 262, 271–78
land and asset purchases, 48, 178
and oil development, 210
voiced criticisms of, 71, 81, 139, 266, 267–68
Canadian Public Health Association, 346
CanZinco Ltd.
on Nanisivik as pioneer project, 295–96
Nanisivik closure, 297, 308
on soundness of scientific methods, 306–7
tailings cover engineering, 304
valuation of reclamation costs, 300–303
CARC. See Canadian Arctic Resources Committee (CARC)
Cardinal, Lloyd, 145–46, 157
Careen, Noreen, 127
Carol Lake Mine. See Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC)
Carreau, Bob, 297
Cassell, Linda, 124
Cater, Tara, 317
CDUT. See Canada–Délįnę Uranium Table (CDUT)
Chesterfield Inlet, 41, 46, 49
childcare facilities, 124
children, recruited for secondary industry jobs, 128
Chinese steel industry, 170, 191, 192, 193
Chipewyan Prairie First Nation, 221, 225
climate panels, warming estimates, 304
Cloutier, Richard, 139
collective memory of mining
formation and value of, 316, 317
Resolute experience, 320–21, 331, 332–33
College of the North Atlantic, 127
colonialism
and legacy of the state, 266–67
mineral development as, 7, 8, 17–18, 37–38, 196–97
neoliberalization as new form of, 268
Port Radium as symbol of, 61, 70, 74–75, 80–82
redressing through IBAs, 276, 280–82
Cominco
criticisms of, 145, 146, 330
development of Polaris Mine, 321, 322
hiring plans for Polaris Mine, 326–27
meetings with Resolute Inuit, 322–24
Pine Point Mine, 138, 142–43
Polaris Mine closure, 329
town facilities built by, 151
commemorations of mining life and landscape. See also collective memory of mining
instances of, 9–10, 35–36, 100–101, 139–40
oral history as correction to, 138
Committee for Original People’s Entitlement (COPE), 322
communities. See also specific groups and towns
company influence on, 46–47, 119, 120, 123, 151
connectedness to, 49, 50–51, 120, 140
debates on environment vs. economy, 80–81, 109–10, 111–13, 245–51, 252
recording of experiences, 13–17
compensation expectations
Arctic Bay Inuit, 298–99
by CARC on behalf of Resolute, 325
Pine Point, 143–44, 145–46, 157
Port Radium, 71
Schefferville, 179, 180–81, 189, 198
comprehensive land claim agreements (CLCAs), 10, 103–4, 263–64, 271
Con Mine, 17, 50, 343, 344, 353
consent. See consultation and consent; impact and benefit agreements (IBAs)
Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company. See Cominco
consultation and consent. See also impact and benefit agreements (IBAs)
absent in Plan Nord, 170
absent in Schefferville development, 175, 198–99
in Alberta oil sands industry, 222, 223
Arctic Bay Inuit, 305–6
Fort McKay excluded from, 216–17
Labrador calls for, 239
Pine Point expectations, 142, 145–46, 157
Resolute Inuit experiences, 321, 323–24, 330
Yellowknife exclusions and concerns, 350, 356–57, 358–63
Contact Lake, 63
Courteorielle, Lawrence, 222
Crown. See Canadian government
Cruikshank, Julie
on narratives, 60, 62, 68, 75, 81, 94, 113
on oral history approach, 93
culture
diversity at Pine Point, 151–52
and language barriers, 41, 44–45
in oral history research, 15
protection through resource development, 247
cyclonics of hinterland resource development, 6
Cyprus-Anvil Mine, 2, 8, 17
D
Dailey, Robert C. and Lois, 46
Davidson, Jacob A., 88
Délįnę, Northwest Territories
land and resource ethics, 77–79
mine impacts on, 59–60, 64
narratives about Port Radium, 62, 69–74
on remediation efforts, 65, 79–80
demolition of Schefferville infrastructure, 181, 188–89
Dempsey, Jessica, 268
Dene Nation. See Sahtúot’įnę
Deninu K’ue First Nation, 143–44, 264
Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND). See also Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC); Canadian government
on Alsands project assessment, 217
Giant Mine management and remediation planning, 350–51, 355–57
and IBAs, 262–63, 274–75
Polaris development, 326
sale of Giant Mine, 353
Strathcona Sound Agreement, 296–97
subsidies to Miramar, 354
working with Royal Oak Mines, 352
Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources. See also Canadian government
advocacy for Inuit miners, 45
monitoring of relocations, 50
promotion of wage labour for Inuit, 39–40, 45–46
responses to mine closure, 47–48
settlement policies, 42–44
Deprez, Paul, 139
DEW Line, 39, 46
DIAND. See Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND)
Dickins, Clennell Haggerston “Punch,” 76
Dion, Joe, 222
Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, 39, 46
distrust. See trust and distrust
Doran, Barbara, 126
Dragon, Larry, 151
Dunn, Lawrence, 241
Durham Miners’ Gala, 317
E
Easton, J. Andrew, 41, 45, 49
EBA Engineering, 302
economies. See also land-based living
combining wage labour with subsistence, 10, 22, 45, 98, 101–2, 150, 153, 158, 190–91, 378
Fort McKay, 208–9, 218–23
Labrador Inuit, 236, 242
limitations of mining to improve, 252
modernization, 7–8, 138
Nunatsiavut, 246–49, 252
Resolute, 321, 328–29, 330–31
Sahtúot’įnę, 80–81
shaped by hiring practices, 120
Yellowknives Dene, 342
education
“Employee of the Future” program, 127
integration with industry needs, 194, 276–77
as taking control of one’s future, 247
EIAs. See environmental impact review processes
Ekati diamond mine, IBAs, 261, 278
Eldorado Gold Mines Ltd. (later Eldorado Mining and Refining Ltd.), 63–64, 66–68
“Elizabeth Andrews,” 120–21, 123, 125
Elsa, Yukon
hub of Keno Hill district, 90
life in, 97–98, 106
mine closure, 102
townsite remediation, 104
employment
affirmative action programs, 126, 221–22
after mine closures, 49–50, 102
Alberta oil sands, 218–20
Keno Hill mining district, 95–96, 97, 98–99, 101
Labrador City gendered hiring practices, 119–22, 126–27, 129
Labrador City secondary industries, 124, 127–28
Nanisivik, 296–97
North Rankin Nickel Mine, 38, 40–41, 44–46
Pine Point Mine, 144–45
Polaris Mine, 321, 326–27, 327–28
Port Radium, 64, 79–80
preference for local workers, 41, 194
Rankin Inlet industries, 49
Schefferville, 175
employment agreements, 276, 296–97, 326
employment promises, 142, 144–45, 175, 190, 194, 237–38, 251, 323
energy crisis, 209–10
Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)
on affirmative action hiring, 221
Alsands hearings, 216–17
environmental reviews commissioned by, 213
GCOS expansion hearings, 213–14
entertainment. See recreation and entertainment
Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP), 325
environmental impact reviews
to avoid long-term liabilities, 296, 380–81
concerns about process, 157, 210, 211–13, 216–17, 325, 358–63
model for future, 366
environmental impacts
Alberta oil sands, 210–16
anticipated in Labrador, 246
Giant Mine, 344, 347, 349
of industrial mining, 4, 8–9, 225
Keno Hill mining district, 89, 90, 103
Nanisivik, 297–99
Pine Point Mine, 141–44, 146–48
Polaris Mine, 321, 323–24, 327, 329–30
Port Radium, 63, 64–65
understanding through oral histories, 13
environmental legislation
Alberta Clean Water Act, 211, 216
apparent weaknesses, 224
attempts to create, 346–48
Giant Mine negotiations, 349, 351, 358
in Nanisivik reclamation, 300
Polaris development, 324–25
environmental monitoring
advice ignored, 344, 346
demands for participation in, 305–6, 332
Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Program, 225
Environmental Rights Act (NWT), 347
ERCB. See Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)
exploration
Keno Hill, 88, 104
Labrador Trough, 173, 196
Pine Point seismic, 144–45
Port Radium area, 66–67
F
Fabian, Roy, 146
Fabien, Kevin, 144
Fafard (Father), 44
family lifestyles and company policies, 120, 123–24
Faro (Yukon), 2, 8
Feit, Harvey, 269, 279
ferroducts, 193
Fidler, Courtney, 272
financial independence for women, 120, 121, 126, 127, 128–29
First Air, 329
fish and fishing
impacts on, 64, 103, 146, 211, 213, 215, 216, 349
overfishing, 187
food. See also land-based living
importance of country food, 298
purchasing, 152–53
foreign control of resources, 173–74, 197
foreign workers, 128
forests
deforestation in Pine Point, 142, 143
health of in Fort McKay area, 213
used in mining, 8, 60, 64, 89, 96
Fort Franklin. See Délįnę
Fort McKay, Alberta
environmental impacts on, 210–13, 214–16
excluded from Alsands project hearings, 216–17
at GCOS expansion hearings, 213–14
and oil sands development, 208–9
in the oil sands workforce, 219–22
partnership with Syncrude, 223
Fort McKay First Nation, 221, 225
Fort McMurray, Alberta, 209, 211, 212
Fort McMurray First Nation, 221, 225
Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories
compared to Pine Point, 150–51
concerns about Pine Point Mine, 141–48
excluded from economic benefits, 139, 145–46, 154
mine reopening assessment hearings, 157
mixed feelings about Pine Point Mine, 140–41, 156
quality of life changes, 152–53
social changes, 149
Foster, Terrence W., 50
Fox, Bonnie, 118
Francaviglia, Richard V., 9
Frederiksen, Tomas, 37–38
G
Gagnon, Quebec, 178
Galbraith, Lindsay, 263
Garrow Lake tailings disposal, 324, 325, 332
GCOS. See Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd. (GCOS); Suncor
generational differences in views, 80–81, 112–13
Geological Survey of Canada, 66
Giant Mine, 12
arsenic byproducts, 342–44
arsenic storage proposals, 350–51, 352, 360
environmental assessments, 347
environmental issues, 8
heritage preservation, 10
maintenance and remediation costs, 346, 353–54
Oversight Body, 365, 367
remediation proposals, 12, 355–65
roaster demolition, 362
water pollution concerns, 349
Gibson, Virginia Valerie, 19, 22–23
Gilchrist, W. M., 344
GN. See Nunavut
GNWT. See Northwest Territories
Gogal, Sandra, 264, 273, 274, 275, 277
Gold Roast Discharge Control Regulations, 348
Gordon, Sarah M.
biography, 383–84
chapter, 18, 59–85
Grace, Sherrill, 68
Great Bear Lake. See also Sahtúot’įnę
Dene settlements, 59
Gilbert Labine at, 66–67, 70
as “uninhabited,” 75
Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd. (GCOS). See also Suncor
development, 208, 209
ERCB hearings, 213–14
tailings pond seepage, 211
Great Slave Lake, 138, 341
Green, Heather
biography, 384
chapter by, 21, 315–39
H
Hager, Dave, 88, 92, 95–96, 95, 107
Haida Nation vs. British Columbia, 272
Hale, Charles, 235
Halvaksz, Jamon Alex, II, 190, 198
Hamilton, Paula, 320
Hammond, Jane
biography, 384
chapter by, 19, 117–35
Harper, Stephen, on vision for the North, 1
harvesting. See also hunting and trapping
Fort McKay, 213
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, 89, 90, 97–98
Pine Point area, 143
Schefferville Innu, 175
Yellowknives Dene, 344
Hay River Reserve. See K’atl’odeeche First Nation
health impacts
Alberta oil sands pollution, 211–13, 214–15, 215–17, 225
demolition of hospitals, 181, 188–89
from mine development, 8–9
from mining work, 99–100, 110–11
Pine Point Mine, 146–48
Port Radium, 64–65, 71–72
Yellowknife gold mines, 344, 347
Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador, 238, 250
Hickling-Partners Inc., 297
Hills of Silver (Aho), 96
Hiroshima in Délįnę narrative, 72–74
historical political ecology framework, 7
historical records
Délįnę community, 60
exclusions of Aboriginal peoples, 14, 74–76
history societies, 9–10, 101, 138
Hitch, Michael, 272
HNSE. See Hollinger North Shore and Exploration Company (HNSE)
Hogan, Joella
biography, 384
chapter by, 18–19, 87–116
Hollinger North Shore and Exploration Company (HNSE), 173, 176
Horatio Alger myth, 68, 75
housing
Labrador City, 123–24
Rankin Inlet, 42–44, 43
Howlett, Cathy, 268–69
Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment (HHERA), 301–2
Hummel, Kaylie-Ann, 94, 100, 102
hunting and trapping. See also land-based living
activities maintained, 10, 101–2, 107–8, 153, 158
retaining connections to, 42, 45–46, 220, 323–24
territories damaged, 8, 139, 142–44, 175, 183, 210, 214, 298–99
Hydro-Quebec, 191
hydroelectric dams, 8, 90, 175
I
IAA. See Indian Association of Alberta (IAA)
IBAs. See impact and benefit agreements (IBAs)
identity
with mining, 9, 11, 36, 51–52, 139–40
and solidarity challenges, 240, 241
with territory, 184–87
Idle No More movement, 267
Iglukak, David, 48
impact and benefit agreements (IBAs)
and government clawbacks, 278
negotiations, 262–64
private nature of, 260–62
as private resource deals, 272–75
role for, 279, 281–82
as solution to social problems, 275–77
undermining Aboriginal rights, 270–71
and unplanned events, 277
use of, 10, 145
INAC. See Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC)
incomes
clawbacks from, 49, 278
from mining work, 152
pensions, 180–81
wage gaps, 44
workers compensation, 100
Indian Act (1876) on enfranchisement, 97
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), 261, 300. See also Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC); Canadian government
Indian Association of Alberta (IAA), 217, 218, 222
Indian Eskimo Association (IEA), 322
Indian steel industry, 170, 192–93
indigenous peoples
in colonial and neocolonial processes, 81
experiences with mining, 6–7, 37–38, 61
experiences with the state, 266, 280
relationship with environment, 61–62
infrastructure. See also hydroelectric dams; roads and railways
access to markets, 174–75, 193
access to resources, 191
in boom and bust cycles, 1, 4
demolitions of, 181, 188–89
linking communities, 4, 104, 149
negotiations in IBAs, 275
subsidization of, 7–8, 138, 295, 296
value after mine closure, 301
Innis, Harold Adams, 5–6, 139
Innu
combining mine work with subsistence, 190–91
feelings after mine closure, 179–81, 186–87, 188–89, 197–98
identification with territory, 184–85
on landscape damages, 181–84
lawsuit against IOC/Rio Tinto, 198
on life in Schefferville, 187–88
relocation to Schefferville, 175
on reopening of mines, 199
Inuit and qallunaat (non-Inuit) relations, 45, 46–47
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), 322, 324–26
IOC. See Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC)
Ipkarnerk, Peter, 44, 45, 50, 51
Irniq, Piita, 52
iron and steel industry, 170, 177–78, 191–94
Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC)
founding of, 174, 177
gender equality actions, 127, 128
Innu and Naskapi criticisms of, 180, 184, 188–89
Innu lawsuit against, 198
labour division by gender, 119–22, 126–27, 129
Labrador City housing policies, 123–24
Schefferville mine closure, 178, 180–82
training and recruitment, 127–28
Isaac, Thomas, 262
ITC. See Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC)
Ittinuar, Ollie, 41, 50
Ittinuar, Peter, 47, 48
J
John, Angela, 118
Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Program, 225
justice
law courts on affirmative action hiring, 221–22
lawsuits, 198
pollution charges, 216
in reciprocity and exchange values, 71–72, 78–79
Justus, Roger, 219–20
K
Kablunângajuit (people of mixed Inuit-settler ancestry), 240, 241, 251
Kabvitok, Jack, 45, 49
Kangiqiniq. See Rankin Inlet (Kangiqiniq), Nunavut
Kapuk, Francis, 41, 42, 49
K’atl’odeeche First Nation, on mine impacts, 141, 145, 146, 148, 156, 157
Kavik, Joachim, 41, 42, 50
Keeling, Arn
biography, 384
chapter by, 18, 35–58, 377–81
comments, 317
Keewatin (Kivalliq) region, 41
Keewatin Journal (Smith, ed.), 42
Kennett, Steven, 262–63, 274–75
Kenny, Andrew John “AJ” and Dennis, 70–72, 81
Keno City, Yukon, 10, 88, 104
Keno Hill mining district
closure, 90, 102
development, 2, 88–89
environmental impacts, 103
history preservation, 10
imported workforce, 107
redevelopment, 104–5
as zombie mine, 12
Kitts-Michelin project, 239, 242–43, 245
Kivalliq (Keewatin) region, 41
Klondike gold rush, 62, 88, 342
Knox, Anthony, 262
Kovach, Margaret, 93
Krogman, Naomi, 261, 270, 282
Kuokkanen, Rauna, 268, 281
L
Labine, Gilbert
Eldorado Gold Mines Ltd., 63
narratives about, 66–69, 70–71, 76
Labrador, governance by Newfoundland, 236–37
Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador
development of, 117, 120
employment of women in, 119–21
housing, 123–24
iron mining, 4
recruiting challenges in, 127–28
Labrador Inuit
before resettlement, 236
Brinex response to, 242
debate on resource development, 245–49
founding of LIA, 240–41
lingering social issues, 250–51
relocations and resettlement, 237–39
Labrador Inuit Association (LIA), 240–41, 243–44
Labrador Trough
development potential, 170, 177, 191–92, 196–97
exploration and leases, 173–74
Labrador West Status of Women Committee, 126
Lafferty, Cecil, 142–43
Lafferty, Priscilla, 148
Lake Athabasca, 209, 215
land and resources. See also mineral resource development
Canadian authority over, 342
in colonialism, 74–75
indigenous relationship to, 61–62
Sahtúot’įnę ethics on using, 78–79
self-sufficiency with, 252
land-based living. See also fish and fishing; harvesting; hunting and trapping
policies to phase out, 7, 175, 190–91, 218, 238
precariousness of, 38, 39, 40, 42
resumption after mine closure, 48–49, 51–52, 90, 298–99
way of life protection, 240–42, 246–47
land claims. See also comprehensive land claim agreements (CLCAs)
IBAs overcoming unresolved, 263–64, 274
Labrador Inuit, 240, 243–44, 245, 248
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, 103–4
Nunavut, 322
landscapes of mining
creation of, 8, 142–44, 181–85
identification with, 9, 36, 185
out of sight and mind, 320, 331–32
as site of scientific knowledge, 308–9
language and cultural barriers
in oral history research, 15
overcome at work, 41, 44–45
Laurier, Sir Wilfred, on northern expansion, 69
lawsuit against IOC/Rio Tinto, 198
Leddy, Lianne, 93
Leetso (Navajo monster), 61
Levitan, Tyler
biography, 385
chapter by, 20, 259–90
LIA. See Labrador Inuit Association (LIA)
Little Cornwallis Island, 322, 330, 331
Lizotte, Garvin, 150, 151–52, 157
Longley, Hereward
biography, 385
chapter by, 207–32
Lorax Environmental Services, 302
Luxton, Meg, 118
Lynn Lake, Manitoba, 8, 50
M
M. A. Hanna Company, 173, 176
MacDonald, Dorothy, 215, 216–17
MacDonald, Fiona, 266, 268
McKay (Quebec) Explorers (MQEC), 173
Mckay, Darrin, 153, 155
McKay, Denise, 148, 154
McKay, Eddy, 150–51, 154
McKay, Henry, 146
McKay, Linda, 150
Mckay, Lorraine, 150, 151, 157
McKay, Ron, 149, 151
McKenzie, Réal, 189, 198
Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board, 360–62, 363–64, 366
Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry
on Pine Point Mine, 139, 141–42, 144
and rise of Aboriginal rights movement, 240
Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act, 358
McPherson, Robert, 322
McQuesten area, 88, 109
Makkovik, Newfoundland and Labrador, 237, 238–39
Mandeville, Melvin, 148, 154
Manhattan project uranium supply, 63–64
Manilak, Veronica, 41, 42, 48, 49
Manitoba mine development, 4
marriages
breakdowns, 126
to non-Natives, 92, 96, 97
women’s dependence on, 123–24, 127
Marsh, Ben, 36, 294, 317
Matimekush-Lac John (Schefferville), 178, 198
Mayo, Yukon
after mine closure, 102, 104
development of, 88–89
hydroelectric dam, 90
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun citizens in, 97
Meadowbank Gold Mine development, 1
Melancon, Bobbie-Lee, 94, 96, 109
Melancon, Herman
about, 87, 92–93, 92, 96–97
on hunting and trapping, 101–2, 108
interview approach, 93–94
on living in Elsa, 106
on mining work, 98–101, 102, 105, 107–8, 110–11
views on mining, 106–7, 109, 111–12
Melancon, Maurice, 92, 96–97
Mellor, M., 317
memories negative and positive juxtaposed, 141, 149–50, 154–56, 187–88
Metheny, Karen, 16
Midgley, Scott
biography, 385
chapter by, 20–21, 293–314
migration experiences
Labrador Inuit, 237–39
Rankin Inuit, 41
Mikisew Cree First Nation, 221, 225, 268
Millennium Iron Range, 193
mine closure impacts
Keno Hill, 90, 102, 104
Nanisivik, 293–94
Pine Point, 139, 142, 154
Rankin Inuit, 47–51
Schefferville, 179–84, 186–89
mine closures. See also CanZinco Ltd.; Nanisivik
nature of, 52, 315–18, 320–21
process, 294
Mine Site Reclamation Policy for Nunavut, 300
mineral resource development
Canadian visions and policies, 1, 7–8, 69, 138, 173–76, 197, 321–22
as colonialism, 7, 8, 17–18, 37–38, 81
community debates on, 80–81, 109–10, 111–13, 245–51, 252
and IBAs, 260, 262, 270–71, 272, 273–74
Nanisivik as test in High Arctic, 295–96
need for reflective examination, 377–81
Plan Nord, 169–72, 189–92, 194
policy alternatives, 194–96
studies on community impacts, 5–6
Mineral Resources International (MRI), 295, 296
mining heritage, 316, 317
“mining imaginary,” 2, 294, 303, 308, 309
mining industries. See also boom and bust cycles; redevelopment of mines
access to markets, 174–75, 193
gold markets, 342, 351
history in northern Canada, 1–4
iron and steel, 177–78, 191–94
oil sands in Alberta, 208, 209–10, 224
sustainability questions, 379–80
uranium, 63–64, 239, 243, 244, 249, 251
mining work
barriers to getting, 107, 220–23, 327
experiences, 44–45, 99–100, 107–8
gender relations in, 122–23, 129, 130
health impacts of, 110–11
as lifelong vocation, 49–50, 97
Miramar Mining Corporation, 353, 354
modernization of the North
Labrador Inuit, 238, 247, 251
Pine Point Mine, 138
Rankin Inuit, 38, 39–40, 47, 50
Resolute Bay, 322
Schefferville, 175, 190
Momaday, N. Scott, 60–61
money
Dave Hager’s remark on, 96
Sahtúot’įnę ethic on, 78
Moore, Harold, 146
Moses, David, 89–90
motherhood and employment, 124–25
MQEC. See McKay (Quebec) Explorers (MQEC)
MRI. See Mineral Resources International (MRI)
Mulroney, Brian (president of IOC), 178
N
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun
adaptation to mine development, 87, 89–95, 97–98, 101
after mine closure, 102
mining development debates, 111–13
self-governance, 103–4, 105
territory, 88
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun Development Corporation, 104, 105
Nanisivik
baseball games with Polaris team, 330
community concerns about reclamation, 305–6
community responses to mine closure, 293–94, 297–99
development of, 295–97
field monitoring program, 304
Inuit employment agreements, 326
Inuit employment at, 50
reclamation cost valuation, 300–303
as scientifically valued minescape, 303, 308–9
as zombie mine, 12
narratives
as bridges to understanding, 93–95
as corrective to boosterism, 137–38
as reflection of values, 60–62
Nash, June, 61
Naskapi
feelings after mine closure, 179–81, 186–87, 188–89, 197–98
relocation to Schefferville, 175
National Energy Program conditions on hiring, 222
National Film Board, 10, 35, 139–40
Navajo mines, 61
neoliberalism
against self-determination, 268
features of IBAs as, 269–70
and Labrador Inuit goals, 233, 235, 247–48, 251, 252
and self-determination goals, 266–67, 279
and the state, 265–66, 280–81
New Millennium Iron (NML), 193
newcomers influx, 89, 92, 96, 97, 107
Newell, Eric, 223
Newfoundland
governance of Labrador, 236–37
land claims negotiations, 243–44
on protecting traditional way of life, 241
women in the workforce, 119, 121, 127
Newfoundlanders, in Pine Point, 148, 151
Neyelle, Morris, 77–78, 79
NG. See Nunatsiavut (NG)
“Nichole Churchill,” 120
non-Inuit (qallunaat) and Inuit relations, 45, 46–47
North Rankin Nickel Mine (NRNM), 36, 37
closure, 47–48
history, 2, 35, 38, 39
housing and settlement policies, 42–44
post-closure influence, 317
recruitment of Inuit, 40–41
segregation policies, 46–47
workplace, 44–46
as zombie mine, 12
North Slave Métis Alliance, 141
Northern Affairs. See Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources
northern development. See also mineral resource development; modernization of the North
alternative policies, 194–96
Canadian policies, 7–8, 69, 138, 176, 321–22
Plan Nord, 169–72, 189–92, 194
visions and realities, 1, 2, 4
“northern narrative,” 68–69
Northern Transportation Company Ltd. (NTCL), 64
Northwest Territories
environmental legislation attempts, 347–48
Giant Mine remediation plans, 357
and IBAs, 275, 278
liability for Giant Mine, 353–54
Socioeconomic Action Plan, 323, 325
subsidies to Miramar, 354
subsidies to Royal Oak Mines, 351–52
Northwest Territories Water Board
Giant Mine negotiations, 349, 351
Pine Point reclamation plan hearings, 142–43
Polaris development, 324–25
Notley, Grant, 215, 219
NRNM. See North Rankin Nickel Mine (NRNM)
Nunatsiavut (NG), 244–50, 251
Nunavut
concerns about abandoned projects, 299–300
creation of, 322
Nanisivik closure and reclamation plan, 300, 302
Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, 271
Nunavut Water Board (NWB), 300
Nutak, Newfoundland and Labrador, 238, 250
NWB. See Nunavut Water Board (NWB)
NWT Mining Heritage Society, 9–10
O
O’Faircheallaigh, Ciaran, 264, 278
oil sands industry in Alberta
Alsands project hearings, 216–17
and communities, 221–22, 223, 225
development of, 207–8, 209–10, 224
GCOS expansion hearings, 213–14
Ontario mine development, 4
OPEC. See Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
open pit mining, xi, 109, 117
Oqalluk, Leah, 303
oral history research methods
Délįnę community, 62
Kangiqiniq, 38–39
Labrador City, 118, 131n5
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, 93–95
objectives and experiences, 13–17, 138
Pine Point, 140–41
Resolute community, 320
ore concentrates, xii, 327
O’Reilly, Kevin, chapter by, 21, 341–76
biography, 385–86
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 209
Oyukuluk, Kunuk, 298
P
Padlirmiut starvation crisis, 44
Pamack-Jeddore, Rosina, 238–39
Papillon, Martin, 268
Paquette, Pierre, 176
Pearson, Lester B., on northern development, 69
Peck, Jamie, 265
Peet, Fred J. “Tiny,” 76
pensions, 180–81
“People of the Rock” (National Film Board documentary), 35
permafrost as pollution containment
Garrow Lake, 304
Yellowknife, 344
Pine Point, Northwest Territories
after mine closure, 142, 154
commemoration of memories, 10, 139–40
concerns about Pine Point Mine, 141–48
hydroelectric dams, 8
quality of life in, 150–53, 155–56
racism in, 148
Pine Point Mine, 140, 145, 147
community feelings about, 8, 140–50, 154–56
development of, 2, 138
employment at, 50
mine closure, 142
reopening project, 156–57
as zombie mine, 12
“Pine Point Revisited,” 139–40
pitchblende discovery, 63, 66–68, 70, 71
Plaice, Evelyn, 241
Plan Nord, 169–72, 189–92, 194
Pochon, Marcel, 75
Polaris Mine, 328
closure, 329, 331
development, 322–27
operations and employment, 318, 327–28
Resolute community and, 316
“policy of dispersal,” 39
political activism
CARC and ITC on Polaris Mine, 324–26
movements in Northern Canada, 322
pollutants. See toxins and pollutants
Poloski, Murray, 242
Port Radium
in historical records, 75–76
history preservation, 10
mine history, 59–60, 63–64
narratives on, 66–69, 70, 72, 74
pollution and radiation, 8, 64–65
remediation, 79–80
as symbol of colonialism, 61, 80–82
as zombie mine, 12
Power, Rosemary, 316
Prno, Jason, 262
Procter, Andrea
biography, 386
chapter by, 232–58
Q
qallunaat (non-Inuit) and Inuit relations, 45, 46–47
QNS&L. See Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway Company (QNS&L)
Quebec
demolition of Schefferville, 181, 188–89
infrastructure investments, 191
mineral development policy, 173–76, 197
Plan Nord, 169–72, 189–92, 194
resource economies, 176, 177–78
Quebec–Labrador iron ore region, 6, 10. See also Labrador Trough; Millennium Iron Range; Ungava region
Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway Company (QNS&L), 174–75, 198
R
racism memories, 148, 151
Rankin Inlet (Kangiqiniq), Nunavut
government-sponsored enterprises, 49
memories of mining, 35–36, 38–39
mine closure, 47–48
resilience and identity, 10, 50–51, 58n50, 317–18
segregation policies, 46–47
townsite design, 42–44
Rankin Inuit, 35–36
adjustment to mine closure, 47–51
government policies towards, 39–40
identity and resilience, 51–53
migration and recruitment, 41–42
in the mining workforce, 38, 40–41
settlement experiences, 42–44, 43
social life, 46–47
workplace relations, 44–46
RCMP. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Rea, Kenneth J., 139
Reclamation Security Trust, 353
reclamations
definition, xii
as mining project milestone, 297
Nanisivik cost valuations, 300–308
in Strathcona Agreement, 296
recreation and entertainment
Pine Point, 140, 151
Polaris Mine, 330
Rankin Inlet, 46–47
Schefferville, 187–88
redevelopment of mines
implications to communities, 11–12
Keno Hill, 104–5
Labrador Trough, 189–94
relocation programs
Labrador Inuit, 237–39, 250–51
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, 90
Naskapi, 175
Padlirmiut, 44
Rankin Inuit, 50–51
remediation
costs, 11–12
definition, xii
Giant Mine, 346, 350–51, 353–54, 355–65
implications to communities, 11–12
Keno Hill, 104
political action suggestions, 365–66
Port Radium, 65, 79–80
Schefferville, 182
Rennie, Rick, 119
research framework, 6–7, 10
residential schooling, 80, 90, 221, 266
resilience of mining communities, 9–11, 158–59
Resolute Bay (Qausuittuq), Nunavut
collective mining memory, 316, 320–21
criticisms of Cominco, 330–31
employment expectations, 326–27
experiences at Polaris Mine, 321, 330
meetings with Cominco, 322–24
resources. See land and resources; mineral resource development
Rice, Terry, 246
roads and railways
Fort Resolution, 149, 153
Pine Point Mine, 138, 142, 143
Schefferville Mine, 174–75
Silver Trail, 104
Yukon, 90
Robertson, David, 294
Robertson, R. Gordon, 40, 47
Rollwagen, Katharine, 52
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) at Rankin Inlet, 39, 40
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples hearings, 143–44
Royal Commission on the Status of Women, 120
Royal Oak Mines
arsenic removal and reprocessing proposal, 349–50
failing finances, 351–52
labour tragedy, 347
receivership, 343, 352–53
resistance to air quality regulations, 348
water license negotiations, 349
Rumily, Robert, 173
S
Sahtú landscape, 59, 61, 75–76
Sahtúot’įnę
exclusions from historical accounts, 74–76
mine impacts on, 60, 64–65
narratives of Port Radium origin, 69–74
reciprocity and exchange ethic, 77–79
on remediation efforts, 65, 79–81
St. Paul, Charles, 67–68
Sandlos, John
biography, 386
chapter by, 19, 137–65, 377–81
Saskatchewan mines, 4, 17
Sawmill Bay, Northwest Territories, 59, 79
Sayine, Robert, 142
Schefferville, Quebec
after mine closure, 181, 188–89, 197–98
barricades at, 198
community resilience, 10
quality of life in, 187–88
relocations to, 175
Schefferville Mine, 180–81, 182, 183, 184, 186
closure, 178, 179–81
development, 4, 174–75
economic value, 177–78
landscape impacts, 181–84
as zombie mine, 12, 198
scientific expertise, as authoritative and reliable, 307–8
scientific methods in reclamations
modelling for tailings cover, 306
using evidence for cost valuation, 301–3
Searle, John R., 60
security bonds
adequacy of, 380–81
Giant Mine remediation, 351, 353
Nanisivik reclamation project, 300–303
Seddon, Vicky, 118
segregation policies, 42–44, 46–47, 98
Sept-Îles, Quebec, 175, 193, 198
settlement
Makkovik, 238–39
Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, 89
Rankin Inuit experiences, 42–44, 43
Yellowknives Dene First Nation, 342
Shoebridge, Paul, 139
Shopes, Linda, 15, 320
Shore, Cris, 250
Sidbec-Normines (mine), 178
Silver Trail (Yukon), 104
Simonetta, Joanne, 219–20
Simons, Michael, 139
Singiituk (Inuk foreman), 40, 40, 48, 55n16
Slocombe, Scott D., 262
Slowey, Gabrielle, 235, 266, 267
Smallwood, Joey
at Labrador Conference, 237
Terms of Union agreement, 236
Smith, Kitty, 87
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, 252
snow blindness, 67–69
Sǫbak’e (the money place), 59
social impacts
Arctic Bay Inuit, 298–99
Fort Resolution and Pine Point, 148, 149, 150–53, 154, 156
Keno Hill, 107, 111–13
Labrador Inuit relocations, 238–39, 241, 250–51
of mine development, 4, 8
social license to operate, 194, 260
social life
Labrador City, 122–23, 128
Pine Point, 150–52, 155–56
Rankin Inlet, 46–47
Resolute, 330
Schefferville, 187–88
Socioeconomic Action Plan, 323, 325
Sonnefrere, Daniel, 156
South Slave region. See Pine Point Mine
southern Canadians
comments on fate of Rankin Inuit, 47
cultural views of achievement, 75, 76–77, 81
disconnected from realities of mining, 380
and “northern narrative,” 68–69
perceptions of northern Canada as underdeveloped, 7–8
southern influences on communities, 149, 152, 156
Ste Marguerite River, 175
steelmaking industry, 177–78, 191–94
Stephenson, C., 317
Stern, Pamela, 51
Stewart River, 89, 96
stories. See narratives
Strathcona Agreement, 296–97
Strathcona Sound dock
contaminants at, 305, 327
investment in, 295, 296
subsidies
infrastructure investments, 7–8, 138, 295, 296
Northwest Territories to Miramar, 353
Northwest Territories to Royal Oak Mines, 351–52
subsistence living. See land-based living
sulphur dioxide emissions at Giant Mine, 347
Suncor. See also Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd. (GCOS)
pollution spill (1981), 214–16
Syncrude
employment of indigenous people, 218, 219–20, 223
environmental impact assessments, 210
founding of, 209
particulate emissions, 212
partnership with communities, 223
T
tailings and tailings ponds
cover for Nanisivik, 303–8
definitions, xiii
GCOS, 211
Giant Mine, 344, 349
Pine Point Mine, 142, 143, 148
Polaris Mine (Garrow Lake), 324, 325, 331–32
uranium in, 63
Tamerlane Ventures Pine Point Mine project, 156–57
Tata Steel (Mumbai), 192–93
temporary foreign workers, 128
Thiobacillus bacteria in tailings, 303, 304
Timmins, Jules, 173, 175
tourism development, 104
Towtoongie, John, 41, 46, 49
toxins and pollutants. See also tailings and tailings ponds
Fort McKay area, 210–12
Giant Mine, 342–44, 347, 348, 362
as loaded terminology, 302
mentions in oral history accounts, 138
permafrost as containment of, 304, 344
Pine Point Mine, 146–48
Port Radium, 64–65
traditional lifeways. See land-based living
Trigger, David S., 322
trust and distrust
on protection of environment, 305–6, 348
in remediation process, 80, 362, 366
Tudlik, Thomas, 41, 42, 45
Twardy, Stanley, 47
U
Uashat mak Mani-utenam (Sept-Îles), 198
UKHM. See United Keno Hill Mines Ltd. (UKHM)
unemployment insurance, 49
Ungava region, 172, 173–78. See also Labrador Trough
Union Miniére (Belgium), 63
union participation in education programs, 127
United Keno Hill Mines Ltd. (UKHM), 90, 98, 102
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 267
United States
iron and steel industry, 177, 196–97
uranium oxide demand, 63–64
Unka, Bernadette, 143–44
Unka, Tommy, 149, 156
uranium
Brinex mining proposal, 240
discovery in Labrador, 236–37
industry and markets, 63–64, 239, 243, 244, 249, 251
Uranium City, Saskatchewan, 8, 10, 209
V
values
conveyed in community debates, 80–81, 109–10, 111–13, 245–51, 252
conveyed in narratives, 60–61, 81
of minerals versus development costs, 377–81
on reciprocity and exchange, 78–79
regarding hard work, 51
regarding land protection, 111–13
Villeneuve, Greg, 145
Voisey’s Bay nickel deposit, 244
volunteer work, 128
W
wage labour
attitudes towards, 51
as economy modernization, 39–40, 138, 175, 237–38, 276–77, 296
indigenous experiences with, 10, 44, 45, 50
waste rock, 140
definition, xiii
water quality
Athabasca River, 213–14
Fort McKay area, 211, 212–13, 214–16
Keno Hill, 103
Pine Point Mine, 142–43, 146–48
Port Radium, 63, 64
Yellowknife, 344, 349
Weber, W.W., 40–41
welfare payments, 49, 278
Wernecke Mountains, 110
Whatmough, Ken, 40
Williamson, Robert G., 46, 50
Wilson, Shawn, 93
Winton, Alexandra
biography, 386
chapter by, 18–19, 87–116
WISCO International Resources Development & Investment (WISCO), 193–94
Wiseman, Alison, 124
Wolfden Resources, Nanisivik, 301, 308
women in mining
labour divisions, 119–21
mine worker relations, 122–23
models for studying, 118
push for opportunities, 126–27, 128–29, 130
social attitudes about, 121–22, 124–26
Women’s Centre (Labrador City), 126
workers compensation, 100
working mothers, 124–25
workplace culture
Carol Lake Mine, 129, 130
North Rankin Nickel Mine, 36, 37, 45
Schefferville Mine, 187
Wright, Susan, 250
Wyckoff, William, 294
Y
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
air quality concerns, 347
area history, 2, 341–42
community today, 9–10, 59
concessions and subsidies, 351–52, 353, 354–55
disappointment with remediation planning, 357–58
principles for remediation plan, 356
push for pollution regulations, 348
push for review process, 358–59
recommendations accepted, 363
water pollution concerns, 349
Yellowknives Dene First Nation
excluded from workshops, 350
government briefing of, 357–58
health impacts from gold mines, 344
lands and settlement, 341–42
loss of trust in government, 348
push for review process, 358–59
recommendations accepted, 363
youth
disconnected from the land, 78
employment in mining towns, 127, 128
Yukon
agreements with First Nations, 103
economic development, 104
employment, 96
Z
“zombie” mines, 11, 12, 198