Notes
Index
A
Aankana Clinic, 131
Ababio II, Odeneho Gyapong, 357–58, 506
Abuakwa State College, 66
Academicians (youth-based drama group), 140
Accra (Ghana’s capital), 39, 43
Acheampong, Emmanuel, 238
Acheampong military regime, 513
Ada Secondary School, 73
Addy, Ernestine, 84
Adeladza II, 506
Adjewodah, Patrick, 608
Adjuah Jiawah, ohemaa, 228
administrative chiefs, 652, 658
Afede XIV, 357
afforestation, 357
African National Congress (ANC), 12, 267–68, 270, 276, 278, 290–92, 297, 303–4, 327, 405, 410, 416, 423–24, 578
envisioned ceremonial role for traditional authorities, 579
promise to address the issue of traditional authorities, 271
Reconstruction and Development Programme, 281
“African Renaissance,” 334
African Studies, 547
Afrikadeys (African cultural festival), 196
Afua, Awo, 10
Agamas II, Torgbui, Manrako of Aflakpe, 44
Agave Traditional Area, 361
Agbodemegbe II, 361
Agbogbomefia, King, 357
Agovi, Kofi, 219
Aguda Commission, 526
Agyarko-Poku, Thomas, 84
Agyefi Kwame II, 506
Agyeman Badu, Osagyefo, 104
AIDS competence, 4, 7–8, 49, 89–113, 149–84. See also HIV/AIDS
AIDS orphans, 48–49, 99, 107–8, 111, 167, 194, 196, 655
challenge of long-term care, 179–80
foster care homes, 92
funding for school fees, books, and uniforms, 168
protecting the identity of, 82–83
AIDS Research Centre, 48
Akan female ruler (ahemmaa), 9. See also queenmothers
colonial administrators and male elders connived against, 9, 228, 236
pre-colonial power of, 11, 203, 228, 234
predicament of the Akan ohemaa or queenmother, 201–38
“seniority of the female stool,” 230
suppressed and denied, 225
trusted moral authority, 230
Akan queenmother tales, 202
Akan women’s oral poetry, 219
Akan-Ashaanti Folk-tales (Rattray), 202
Aketse IV, Mama Adobea, 361, 370
Akomea, Antwi, 127
Akosombo Dam, 155
Akosombo International School, 73
Akosua, Adomo, 10
Akuse Government Hospital mortuary, 166
Akwanbo festival, 130
Akyaawa Yikwan (“she who blazed a trail”), 10, 226–27
Akyeampong, E., 10
Akyem Abuakwa state, 6, 104, 357
Akyem Abuakwa Traditional Council, 105
alcohol abuse, 495. See also Chibuku (alcohol)
alienation of land from the poor, 442, 619, 622, 638
Allman, Jean, 9–10, 224, 228, 237
amabutho (young male groups), emergence of, 275
amakhosi
association with apartheid, 277, 420
relationship to post-apartheid South African state, 13
amakhosi (traditional leaders), 275, 287, 658. See also traditional leaders
association with apartheid, 2, 280
constitutional recognition, 4, 281–82
development and, 653
on periphery of the Durban / eThekwini Municipality, 13–14
reinventing themselves as governors in the new South Africa, 14
Amattah IV, Torge Agamah, 361
Ameyaw-Akumi, Christopher, 45
Amotia Otori Panin II, Osagyefuo (Okyenhene), 46, 48, 357
efforts to protect environment, 48
five kilometre race to raise funds for World AIDS Day, 47
HIV/AIDS research centre, 104
impact on HIV prevention, education, 104–5
led 12 kilometre run to mark HIV/AIDS day, 104
publicly tested for HIV, 104
publicly tested for HIV as example to people, 48
scholarship / education fund, 48
setting examples to follow in fight againts HIV/AIDS, 50
Ampadu-Agyei, O., 25
Ampem, Afua Serwaa Kobi, 82
Amponsem III, Odeefuo Boa, 506
Ananse Kikrobo (the Great Spider), 204
Anansemem tales, 11
Andoh, A. S.Y., 67
Anglican church, 152
Angola Carpenters Association (ACA), 73
Aninwaa Medical Scheme, 80
Anloga Carpenters Association (ACA), 73
apartheid government, 280, 405
failure of bantustan and rural-urban migration policies, 278
Homeland system of government, 406
made traditional leaders cornerstone of Bantustan system, 276
not supported by all traditional leaders, 327
relocation and labour migrancy, 546
relocation and labour migrancy by, 546
traditional leaders well regarded, 341
Apeadu-Mensah, Dr., 142
Appau, Ms., 84
Arhin, Kwame, 10, 36, 227–28, 231
“The role of Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance,” 226
Traditional Rule in Ghana, 226, 234
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), 500
Asante, 39, 70–72, 124, 127, 129–30, 202–3, 220, 224–25
female rule topic, 11, 203, 226–32, 234–37
matrilineal rule of descent, 223
Asante, S.K.B., 357
Asante, Susubribi Krobea, Asokorehene, 84
Asante Region, 357
Asante “spinsters,” 237
Asante “War of Resistance,” 10
Asante world view, 125
Asantehamaa. See queenmothers
Asanteman, 78
Asanteman HIV/AIDS Control Project, 82
Asanteman Scholarship Scheme, 66
Asanteman Secondary School, 67
Asantewaa, Yaa (queenmother of Ejisu), 10–11
Asenso-Okyere, Kwadwo, 84
Ashanti Confederacy Council Ordinance (1935), 229
decline in education standards, 71
schools, 69
Ashanti Regional Health Administration, 80
Ashanti Regional Library, 73
asigyafo (women living on their own), 10, 237
Asogli State of Ho, 357
Atim, Chris, 81
Atta I, Sir Ofori, Okyenhene, 66
Atua Government Hospital, 155, 166, 178
Avadali IV, Torgbe, 361
avudwene singers, 219
Avudzega I, Torgbe, chief of Sogakofe, 361
ayerefare or “adultery compensation,” 224
Azu Mate Kole II, Konor Nene, 153, 156
B
Ba Ga Nawa Chieftaincy, 568
BaaMe’we ethnic group, 443
Babirwa ethnic group, 443, 632
alienated from their land during colonial period, 442
Babirwa nationalism, 443
Badu, Agyeman, 506
Bafokeng Royal Authority in South Africa, 294, 659–60
Baisitse, Francis, 570–71, 578
Bakalanga as linguistic group, 443, 632
Bakalanga ba ga Nswazwi, 443
Bakatu festival, 124
Bakgalagadi ethnic group, 389, 440, 444–45
Bakgatla, 442
Bakgatla Ba Ga Pilane Chieftaincy, 568
Bakhurutse ethnic group, 632
Bakwena tribe, 436, 442, 445, 525
Balilima ethnic group, 443
Balopi Commission, 447, 471–72, 474–75, 486–87
on measures for strengthening the House of Chiefs, 482–84
name “kghosi” should replace “chief,” 486
Balopi Commission Report, 492–94
Bamalete tribe, 12
Bambukushu people, 444
Banamini Sandu II, Na, 506
Banff National Park, 594
Bangwaketse people, 452
Banika, Rebecca, 20, 263, 478, 495
on corporal punishment for women, 480–81
Bantu Authorities Act (1951), 277, 572
Bantu Authorities system, 327
Bantu Social Centre in Durban, 276
Bapedi ethnic group, 632
Barberton townships, 404
household size, 414
no clear “class” divisions, 414
residential segregation in, 404
support for chief, 409
Barolong boo Rashidi chiefship, 405, 573
Barolong people, 442
Basarwa ethnic group, 440, 443–45, 639–40
claim aboriginal title to land, 626, 629, 643
land ownership and rights, 26, 620, 623–24
poverty, 625
privatization of their land through the TGLP farms, 625
relocation from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, 446, 625–29
subordination of by British Indirect Rule, 624
Bastian, Misty L., 237
Basubia people, 444
Batawana royalty, 632
resigned from bogosi to join Botswana National Front (BNF), 394, 452
Batlhaping boo Phuduhucwana, 565–66
Batlokwa people, 442
Batswapong ethnic group, 632
Bawa Doshie II, Yagbon-Wura (Gonja King),
denied a voice in Batawana Kgotla system, 444
nationalist tendencies, 444–45
BBC TV, 611
Bechuanaland Protectorate, 622
modified over time (commuted to presents and tributes), 138
Beier, P., 612
Bhengu, Bhekisisa, Felix, 298, 303, 329, 338–39, 341–42
amicable relationship with ward councillor, 338
on co-operative governance, 299
emphasis on consultation with the people, 300
pragmatic view of demarcation and incorporation, 336–37
understanding of operations of local government, 340
willing to share leadership with elected councillors, 299
Bi-Kusi Appiah II, Omanhene of Manso-Nkwanta, 105
spearheaded prevention campaign (for HIV/AIDS), 139
support for people living with HIV/AIDS, 103, 105
Bill of Rights (South Africa), 552
Birafo, Ataa, 231
Black Volta River, 592, 597, 604, 606
blended governance, 656–57, 659
“blood diamonds,” 629
Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, 356
Boakye Tromu Duayaw, 506
Boatema-Afrakoma II, queenmother
responsibilities related to moral education of young girls, 97
responsibilities related to the role of women in society, 97
Boateng, Oti, 104
Boateng II, Daasebre Akuamoah, 506
bogosi, 434, 437, 452. See also chieftaincy; traditional leadership
British Indirect Rule and (Botswana), 436
as instrument for political patronage, 453
Mamdani’s view of, 441
one of four structures of local authorities, 449
reinventing itself to accommodate democratization, 20, 441
role in land allocation, 621
supporting role in democratization, 18, 20, 434–35, 440–41, 448–53, 455, 458
synergy of liberal democratic institutions and, 457
bogosi (chieftaincy) and ethnicity, 18–19, 433, 435, 440
bogosi (chieftaincy) and land, 630–34
bogwera, 583
Boim festival, 124
Bonus, Osei, 10
Botchwey, Kwesi, 515
administrative chiefs, 652–53, 658
blend of traditional and modern institutions, 383, 400, 434, 448, 456, 620
British protectorate, 435, 441 (See also British colonial rule)
chiefs (See dikgosi; traditional leaders)
chieftaincy (See bogosi)
Chieftainship Act, 448, 518–19, 632–33
Citizenship Act (1982), 251
citizenship through the father, 251–52
constitution gives equality of status, 249, 251, 253 (See also Constitution [Botswana])
constitutional recognition of chieftaincy, 4
Customary Courts Act, 520–22, 526 (See also customary courts)
customary laws, 21, 253–54, 257, 259
Customary Marriages Act, 552
customs and practices restrict women, 12, 249–50, 252–53, 264
Deeds Registry Act, 258
democracy, 18, 437, 448, 453–54
English as major state language, 4
ethnic minorities (See ethnicity)
first woman in House of Chiefs, 262
free and fair elections, 383
gender and traditional leadership in, 11, 262, 265
government commitment to retaining House of Chiefs, 495
House of Chiefs (See House of Chiefs in Botswana)
human rights record, 383
Kgotla or village assembly (See Kgotla)
Land Boards, 448
land pressures both urban and rural, 621
land speculation, 642
land tenure system, 26–27, 622–30, 643
Local Government District Council Act, 632
majority still believe chieftainship is useful, 397
The Marriage Act, 257
marriage under common and customary laws, 257–61
mourning periods (discriminate against women), 255
multi-party democracy, 454
National Parks and Game Reserve Act, 627
National Policy for Rural Development, 636
Native Administration Proclamation Act (1934), 386
need for adequate training and support to chiefs, 656
neo-colonialism, 644
Ntlo ya Dikgosi (See House of Chiefs in Botswana)
parliament as only legislative body, 446
perceptions still rooted in traditional institutions, 18
police (See Botswana Police; local police [Botswana])
political stability, 434
Presidential Commission on Local Government Structure (1979), 397
Presidential Commission on Local Government Structure (2001), 398
Presidential Commission on the Judiciary, 526
Presidential Commission on the Judiciary (1997), 528, 530
property rights through male head of family, 256–57
similarities to South Africa, 434
squatter settlements and self-allocation of land, 640
stable democratic rule, 18, 437, 448, 453–54
Tribal Land Act (1968), 26, 448, 632–33
Tribal Land Boards, 26, 620, 632–33
Tribal Territories Act, 26, 623, 631
violence against women, 12
Women’s Affairs department, 265
Botswana Boundaries Act, 623
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), 395, 451–52
The Botswana Gazette, 523
The Botswana Guardian, 523
Botswana Human Development Report, 637
Botswana National Front (BNF), 394, 452
Botswana Peoples Party (BPP), 451
Botswanas Revised White Paper, (2002) in response to Balopi Commission Report, 488–92
bottom-up planning, 391
boundaries, 545. See also demarcation
colonially constituted, 546
Bowdich, T.E., 124
brago (puberty rites for girls)
reversion to (to prevent promiscuity), 139
Breutz, P.L., 585
British colonial rule, 203, 224–25, 228–29, 352, 546
chiefs right to allocate land under, 275
chieftaincy, institution of, 62
denied women rights that had been theirs, 9
loss of power for traditional rulers, 1–2, 6, 62, 122
preserved former pre-colonial kings as “chiefs,” 38
subordination of Basarwa and other minorities, 624
traditional leaders coopted into system (South Africa), 275, 327
weakened but did not supplant traditional institutions, 436
British South Africa Company (BSACo), 442, 622–23
Bronconnier, David, 594
Brong Ahafo Region, 43–44, 67–68, 144, 202
Bui National Park, 604
building capacity for disease surveillance, 83. See also HIV/AIDS
Burchell, G., 269
Bushmen, 445
The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti, 230
Busia regime (1962–72), 67, 500, 513
Butale, C.J., 490
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 339, 345
C
Calgary, Alberta, 111
Calgary South Rotary, 602
Calgary Sun, 610
Calgary Zoo, 24–25, 591, 601–3, 610, 655
Calgary Zoo Conservation Fund, 593
Calgary Zoological Society (CZS), 609, 611
Calgary Zoo’s Destination Africa exhibits, 593–94
Canadian Association of African Studies “Into the 80’s” conference (1981), 2
“cash and carry” health care, 78, 180
Catholic church, 152
Catholic Relief Services (CRS), 168
cattle, 25, 436, 621, 627, 631, 635
Cele, Ndoda, inkosa, 329
Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), 446, 625–30
relocation of Basarwa, 643
as untapped tourist potential, 628
Champion, A.W.G., 276
Chibuku (alcohol)
depleting manual labour base, 478
link to HIV/AIDS, 477
Chieftain: The Journal of Traditional Governance, 37
chieftaincy, 403, 566, 579. See also bogosi; traditional leadership; ubukhosi
catalyst for social cohesion and harmony, 61
as institution of civil society, 404, 407
legitimacy rooted in pre-colonial period, 95
perceptions and definitions, 62–63
reinvention as it interacts with the environment and development, 24–25
reinvention as part of anti-AIDS development strategies, 4
resilience and adaptability, 365
as subject suitable for policy analysis, 2
subordination of by government, 566–67
Chieftaincy Act of 1961 (Ghana), 64, 499
Chieftaincy Act of 1971 (Ghana), 64, 500, 505, 507–10
chieftaincy secretariat, 504, 506–7, 515
Chieftainship Act (Botswana), 448, 632
provisions for appointment and removal of chiefs, 518–19
reserves dikgosi a broad mandate in development, 633
child-headed families, 91, 167
Chimsi festival, 124
Chu Yu (festivals), 124
Churcher, Christine, 45
Citizen and Subject (Mamdani), 17, 556
civil liberties, 454
Civil Servants Association, 80
Clarke, Tacita A.O., 669
“Coalition of Life Preservers” campaign, 104
colonial administrators and male elders, 228
colonial boundaries, 441
arbitrary nature, 19
colonial state, 9, 15, 122–23, 228, 236. See also British colonial rule
“kings” became “chiefs,” 94
sovereignty based on violence and racism, 94
colonialism, 543
Comaroff, John and Jean, 24, 567, 587
commercialization of agriculture, 636
Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF), xiii, 4, 36–37
communal land (or tribal land), 547, 621
shrinking of, 636
communal land ownership, 22, 275, 305, 548, 556
social insurance, 557
Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM), 639
power-sharing in name only, 640
community-based management approach, 611
community-capacity building, 3, 654. See also AIDS competence
community-managed animal conservation. See also Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary (WCHS)
involvement of local chiefs, 25
computer training, 358
condoms, 160, 162, 167, 172, 477
Conference on the Contribution of Traditional Authority to Development..., 36
Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa. See CONTRALESA
consensus, 503
Constitution (Botswana), 448
fundamental human rights to all, 447
reflects social stratification of earlier eras, 446
Constitution (1957) (Ghana)
confined traditional rulers to informal leadership, 122
Constitution (1960) Ghana, 499
Constitution (1969) Ghana
provision for establishment of the National House of Chiefs, 499
Constitution (1979) Ghana, 352
Constitution (1992) Ghana, 123, 353, 356, 361, 366–68, 507
decentralization policy for local government, 15
includes queenmothers in definition of chief, 233
on sharing of royalties, 377
statutory functions of traditional leaders, 64
traditional authorities kept out of partisan politics, 365
Constitution (1996) South Africa
established National House of Traditional Leaders, 282
CONTRALESA, 270, 294, 297, 406–7, 569, 578
Convention People’s Party (CPP), 38
co-operative governance, 271–72, 285, 287–88, 299, 315
Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs (South Africa), 14
opposition to, 523
part of Tswana tradition, 393
corruption, xii, 37, 122, 396, 558
cost-recovery system for services (eThekwini)
wedge issue (exclude many), 309–10
cost-recovery system in health care
Côte d’Ivoire, 155
Cotton Farmer’s Association, 43
crown land (became state land), 622
cue cards. See flip chart (HIV) for social marketing with girls and women
cultural practices (Ghanian) related to transmission of HIV/AIDS, 49, 163–64, 170
cultural values theory, 19, 439, 441, 455
culture, 433, 476, 483, 494, 566–67
culture democracy, 450
“culture” in South Africa, 407–8, 428
identification with African institutions such as chiefship, 427
Customary Court of Appeal, 522, 524–31, 535
autonomy, 530
implementation of decisions, 531
legal representation, 528
qualifications and training for, 531
customary courts, 283, 449–50, 517–37
accepted by people in rural areas, 21, 520
authority and jurisdiction, 520–21
chief’s inadequate knowledge and training, 527, 537
civil and criminal jurisdiction, 520
legal representation not allowed, 528
quality of justice, 535
review of cases tried by, 526–27
Customary Courts Act, 520–22, 526
Customary Courts Commissioner, 526, 529, 532
women as minors, 253–54, 257, 259
customary laws and common law, 524–25
customary laws and inheritance, 256, 524
Customary Marriages Act, 552
customary social control
discrepancies with democratic law, 552–53
discrepancies with municipal authorities, 553
D
Dabutha, M., 483
Dagomba festivals, 126
Damba festival, 124
Dan village, 405
Dankwa, J.B., 66
Degenu III, Torgbe Azaxie, 361
demarcation, 280–82, 287, 326, 331, 343, 542, 546, 548–49
added to land dispossession, 343
cut accross chiefdom boundaries, 285, 303, 330, 337, 343, 553
lack of consultation, 296, 330–31, 337
not a value-free exercise, 290
overcoming apartheid planning, 290
perceived as territorial invasion and usurpation of power, 330
undermined territorial integrity of tribal authority areas, 311
usurpation of powers (fear of), 332
demarcation and the land problem, 342–43
demarcation and the traditional authorities, 289–303, 326, 330–32, 544, 549
Demarcation Board for Durban, 291, 329–30
demarcation criteria, 289–90, 292–93
democracy, 278–79, 385, 398, 433, 437
constitutional democracies with monarchies, 657
contested process that is evolving, 454
dynamic process, 455
mixing Western style with African democracy, 551
Mlaba on, 297
relation to development, 628
socially constructed and contested process, 20, 441
strengthened by Kgotla, 17
Democracy Research Project (University of Botswana), 395–96
Democratic Alliance (DA), 410
democratic consolidation, 434–35, 440, 447, 453–58
democratic decentralization, 15–16
democratic decision-making, 333
democratic governance, 3
Denkyira, Appiah, 81
Destination Africa exhibits, Calgary Zoo, 593–94
electrification projects and water systems, 43
in framework of shared legitimacy, 42
and traditional authorities, 340–41
undermined by HIV/AIDS, 92, 112
development chiefs and queenmothers, 9, 24, 63, 123, 195–96, 595
“development” legitimacy of traditional leaders, 652
development partners, 144
dikgosi, 435–37, 442, 450–51, 623. See also traditional leaders
absolute sovereigns during pre-colonial period, 437–38, 518, 621, 630
administration of customary courts, 21, 449, 519–37
advise government on matters of tradition and custom, 449
ceremonial heads of tribal districts, 632
controlled and held land in trust for the people, 25–26, 631
corruption, 396
ex-officio members of VDCs, 633
important judicial function, 449
maintenance of law and order, 260, 393
mobilization for development purposes, 449, 620
operate as civil servants, 449, 451
party politics and, 395, 448, 451
patronage and loyalty from their people, 25
power curtailed by post-colonial state, 25, 632
relationship with politicians, 632
role in transition to a more democratic society, 400
servants of colonial administration, 386
still have a lot of respect and influence, 18, 399, 434, 449, 467, 632
symbolic association with land, 620
Tribal Land Act (1968) removed function of land allocation, 26
trust, 396
use offices to articulate needs of their communities, 658
dipo ceremonies, 107, 109, 164
District Health Management Team (DHMT), 156, 163
Ditshwanelo (Botswana Centre for Human Rights), 629
divided legitimacy in post-colonial state, 38, 41, 51, 90, 95, 378, 653
conceptual tool of, 6
in development of land, 42
in economic development, 42
in post-colonial Ghana, 36
divided sovereignty, 378
divorce, 10, 222, 224, 232, 235, 257
women’s right to property after, 259
Dlamini, Kenneth, 405
transnational affiliation, 408
Dlamini royal family, 406
Dolphyne, Florence Abena, 70
Domaa Akua, the queenmother (tale figure), 11
Donahue, Mark, 608
Donkoh, Wilhelmina J., 6, 8, 669
Dorm-Adzobu, C., 25
Dow, Unity, 252
Duah, Peter Osei, 84
“Dual Leadership with Gender Parallelism,” 203
The Dual Mandate (Lugard), 17
dual political identity (ethnic identity and national citizenship), 19, 440–41, 456, 652–53
semi-rural areas around, 281
Durban Metropolitan Region (DMR), 12–13, 269, 272–73. See also eThekwini Municipality
traditional authority areas included in, 293, 329
durbar (or grand durbar), 134, 136, 141
forum for anti-AIDS campaign, 138, 140
E
Earthwatch Institute, 606, 610–11
Eastern Cape, 283
ECOFEST, 129
ecotourism, 607–8, 610, 639–40
education, 6, 66–67, 357, 393, 413. See also Otumfuo Education Fund
declining educational quality in Ghana, 46, 71
funding for school fees, books, and uniforms for orphans, 168
HIV/AIDS education in school curriculum, 105
scholarships for marginalized or poorer students, 45, 68–69, 72
ticket to wealth, 44
user-fee for university education, 72
Edweso-Dwaben, 80
elderly-headed families, 91
elders, 154
Emang Basadi (“stand up women”), 264
Emjindini population
accommodation or housing, 414
allegiance to the ANC, 416
expectations of political parties, 423–24
loyalties strategically deployed, 427–28
marriage not a priority, 412–13, 415
no seen benefits from central government, 426
perceptions of chiefship and municipal government, 417–24
political naiveté, 425
social and economic background, 412–15
strong sense of local identity, 410
support determined by tradition or loyalty to office-holders, 423
support for chief and chiefship, 405, 409–10, 420–23
support for the municipality, 405
Emjindini Royal Swazi Chiefdom of South Africa, 17, 403–28
enskinment ceremonies, 594, 601
enstoolment ceremonies, 601
environmental conservation, 24
linkages with traditional religious beliefs and authority, 25
environmental stewardship, 96
equality of individuals
possible clash with “custom,” 552
Essah, Kwame, 156, 173–74, 182
eThekwini Municipality, 13–14, 273–74, 282, 285, 293, 302, 336, 552, 560. See also Durban
services on cost-recovery basis, 309–10
traditional leaders’ relationship with, 339–40
ethnic identity, 455
ethnic minorities, 27, 442, 445, 483
contestation of Tribal Land Boards, 26
language and land rights, 26
saw political independence as liberation from rule of dikgosi, 446
ethnic nationalism (or ethnonationalism), 19, 435
ethnic tension between Bakalanga- and Tswana-speaking groups, 443
ethnicity, 437
definitions, 438
democratic consolidation and, 435
new site for democratization, 447, 458
European imperialism and colonialism, 93. See also British colonial rule
F
Fairweather, Ian, 238
Family Health International (FHI), 108–10, 112, 156–57, 159–60, 163, 168–69
Fanon, Franz, 271
Federation of Canadian Municipalities, 37
female land ownership, 152
female traditional leaders, 11–12, 107, 262–64, 478–79, 655. See also Akan female ruler (ahemmaa); queenmothers
expected to play complementary (to male) roles, 63
reinventing themselves, 9
suppressed by male leaders and colonial powers, 203, 228, 230
female-headed families in Botswana, 254
Festival of Art and Culture (FESTAC), 129
festivals in Ghana, 8, 65, 121–46. See also Munifie Kese festival
associated with Christianity and Islam, 126
brings together residents, government officials, donor agencies, 126
continuity and change in, 129–31
creation of new festivals, 127–29
historical evidence on, 123–24
occasions for societal purification, 125
prayers for harvest, 125
prayers for welfare of the community, 125
promoting tourism, 129
public relations devices, 145
revived as means of economic development, 130–31
ritual aspect serving as social control, 126
sponsorship by modern organizations, 128, 132, 134
strengthens authority of traditional rulers, 126
traditional leaders use to highlight problems in their areas, 145
traditional leaders use to reinvent roles, 8
used to publicize disease outbreaks, 135
Fiema-Buaben Monkey Sanctuary, 133
Fiervier Traditional Area, 361
Finance and Staff Committee of the National House of Chiefs, 502, 504
First People of the Kalahari (FPK), 629–30
Fixed Period State Grant (FTSG), 622
flip chart (HIV) for social marketing with girls and women, 110, 159–60
food security, 637
foreign investors, 643
“Kinship and Marriage among the Asante,” 223
free press, 383
Free State, 283
Freedom International, 104
freedom of speech, 388–89, 437
“freedom square,” 18
Frempong, Dwabena Osei, 127
Frempongmaa II, Nana, 105
Frimpong, Nana, 43
Frimpong II, Ako, 43
Fuller, Francis, “The last (Asante) rising,” 227
funeral expenses (exorbitant spending on), 476–77, 495, 509
G
Gaborone, Botswana symposium on traditional leadership (1997), 36
Gaborone Block, 622
Gama, Zelda, 411
game farming, 638
gang families, 92
Gaolathe, B., 491
Garages Association, 80
Garebekwena, Basiamang, Kgosi, 477–78
Gaseitsiwe, Leema, 452
gate-keeping, 3–6, 47, 49, 654
Gbordzor III, Togbi, Dusifiaga of Anlo, 128
gender and traditional leadership in Botswana, 11–12, 249–65
gender bias, South African media on, 420
gender inequality, 184
gender relations, 223–24, 228, 235–36, 250
gender-targeted violence, 251
Act 462 (1993), 353, 361, 366–67
building HIV/AIDS competence in, 89–113 (See also HIV/AIDS)
chiefs role in mobilizing development resources, 35–52, 652–53
chief-state dynamic in, 20, 38, 51
Chieftaincy Act (1961), 64, 499
Chieftaincy Act (1971), 64, 500, 505, 507–10
community conservation, 24 (See also Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary [WCHS])
constitutional recognition of chieftaincy, 4 (See also Constitution [1992] Ghana)
cost-recovery system in health care, 78–79
educational standards in (See education)
English as major state language, 4
health care access, 77–78, 80, 180
HIV prevalence rate, 81, 91 (See also HIV/AIDS)
honorary or development chiefs and queenmothers, 9, 24, 195–96, 595
Houses of Chiefs (See National House of Chiefs [Ghana]; Regional Houses of Chiefs)
Local Government Act 462 (1993), 368
Ministry of Health, 108, 110, 134
National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), 157, 159, 163
National Commission on Culture, 129
National Redemption Council (NRC), 500
nationalism, 38
political legitimacy divided between chiefs and post-colonial state, 38, 51
post-colonial state, 15, 38, 51
President’s Special Initiative on Cassava Production (PSI), 141
reinventing chieftaincy, 20 (See also chieftaincy; traditional leadership)
reservation of seats for traditional authorities on District Councils, 352
royalties from land, 42
31 December Revolution (1981–93), 512
31 December Women’s Movement, 512
tradition of festivals (See festivals in Ghana)
Ghana AIDS Commission (GAC), 46–47, 91, 100, 108–10, 168, 174, 357, 654
anti-stigmatization campaigns, 111
Ghana Brewery Limited, 83, 128
Ghana Health Service (GHS), 81
Ghana HIV/AIDS National Strategic Framework (NSFI), 98–100
Ghana HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework, 2001–2005, 46
Ghana Private Road Transport Union (GPRTU), 367
Ghana Social Marketing Foundation, 162–63, 179
Ghana Tourist Board, 24, 604, 607–8, 610
Ghanaweb news site, 40
Ghanian Chronicle, 75
Glassco, Colin, 602
Global AIDS Awareness Group (GAAG) at UC, 193, 195–96
donation for support and education of AIDS orphans, 111–12
globalization, 643
challenges to traditional institutions, 16
pressure on government to privatize land, 610, 619
goats, 414, 597–99, 603, 628, 645
Golden Stool, 227
governance, 1–3, 24, 268. See also co-operative governance
Burchell’s definition, 269
Western approach to, 546
Governance and Traditional Leadership Act (2003), 345
Grassroots Governance, 37
grassroots governance, building on, 93–97
grassroots initiatives, 89, 92, 102, 390
grassroots links between Canada and Ghana, 193–97
GTV, 611
Guiness Ghana Limited, 83
Gurmakrom farmers’ association, 138
Gwala, Thandizwe Frank, 298, 329, 331–32, 334–35, 339
critical of interference of municipality in his area, 333
on present government’s view of traditional leaders, 341
uncomfortable with elected councillors,
willingness to work with city council, 340
Gwallu Traditional Area, 43
H
A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom (Schapera), 585
Harare Commonwealth Roundtable on Democratisation and Decentralisation (1995), 36–37
“cash and carry,” 78, 178, 180
mutual health organizations (MHO), 80
Health Economics and AIDS Research Division. See HEARD
health infrastructure inadequacy
challenge in building AIDS competence, 178
health insurance plans, 143–44. See also Otumfuo Health Fund (OHF)
HEARD, xiii
HIV Foundation, 84
HIV/AIDS, 1–5, 46, 49, 77–78, 81, 96, 653. See also AIDS competence; AIDS orphans
antiretroviral treatment (ART), 111, 170, 173
correlation with having lived in CÔte d’Ivoire, 155
correlation with minimal schooling, 155
development of tourism capacity and, 133
as developmental issue, 46, 82
effects for society, 92
focus of Munufie Kese festival (2001), 133–34, 138–39
gate keeping in area of (See gate-keeping)
heterosexual transmission (primary method in Ghana), 107, 135, 181
Home Based Care for the HIV/AIDS patients, 395
House of Chiefs should focus on, 476
in Manya Krobo, 154–55 (See also MKQMA)
myths and misinformation, 139, 157, 162
prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), 163, 166, 169–70, 173
reversal of age-specific mortality patterns, 91
rights-based approach to, 99
sexual behaviour change to prevent, 102
social marketing campaigns (See social marketing)
social vaccine, 3, 7, 46, 52, 113, 653
support for people living with, 48, 50, 97, 99–100, 111, 140, 163, 169, 174
threat to economic and social development, 138
traditional and social practices increasing risks, 49, 163–64, 170, 184
transmission through sexual activity, 135
treated as superstition or curse, 162
virginity testing and, 552
voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), 163, 166, 169, 173, 178
Hlady, Mark, 602
Hlengwa, Mhlabunzima Wellington, inkosi, 329
Ho Secondary School, 73
Hobsbawm, Eric, The Invention of Tradition, 3
Hodgson, Dorothy, “Wicked” Women and the Reconfiguration of Gender in Africa, 236
Hodgson, Frederick, Sir, 227
Hogbetsotso festival, 124–25, 128
Holomisa, Patekile, 543, 546–48
Home Based Care for the HIV/AIDS patients, 395
homelands, 277, 280, 405–7. See also apartheid government
homeless children. See AIDS orphans
honorary queenmothers, 9, 112, 195. See also development chiefs and queenmothers
House of Chiefs in Botswana, 18, 20, 446, 448, 469–95, 632, 639, 653, 658
administrative machinery, 471–72, 475, 483
Balopi Commission recommendatons, 484–94
budget, 475
culture, chieftainship, and tribal matters (should focus on), 476, 483, 494
deliberations not limited to matters of tradition and culture, 633
effectiveness, 474–75, 492, 494
on funeral expenses, 476–77, 495
increased cordiality between government ministers and, 481, 494
on its (dis)continuation, 486
leadership on HIV/AIDS, 476, 494 (See also HIV/AIDS)
measures for strengthening, 482–84
media coverage, 483
Ntlo ya Kikgosi (new name), 20
quality of debates, 494
role as defined by Constitution of Botswana, 469–71, 473–74
training of members, 483
women in, 10, 20, 262–63, 478–79, 495
House of Traditional Leaders (South Africa), 282, 345, 408, 551, 653, 658
“How divorce came into the world” (Sikyena), 11, 209–18, 222–25
belongs to category of cyclic tales, 222
new gender relationship in, 223
story remains open-ended, 223
human rights, 5, 82, 383, 447, 522, 628
hut tax, 445
Hwidiem Traditional Area, 44
I
IASIA, 37
Ibn Chambas, Mohammed, 69
“The Ideology of Tribalism” (Mafeje), 436
IDRC, xii, xiii, xiv, 37, 193, 195–96, 651
IFP. See Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
Ikalanga speaking people, 443
alienated from the land, 622
Ilembe Regional Council (former), 273, 278, 285, 292, 306, 308, 330, 339, 341
imizi. See homesteads
Imoru Gomah II, 606
imperialism, new forms of, xii
“In Sickness and in Health” (docudrama), 110, 160, 169, 196
income disparity, 306, 308, 451
income-generating schemes for women, 8, 49, 108, 110–11, 165
indigenous knowledge, 2
indirect rule. See British colonial rule
Industrial and Commercial Workers (ICU), 276
infant mortality, 77
informal dwellings, 307. See also squatters and self-allocation of land
Ingonyama Trust Amendment Act (1997), 295
Ingonyama Trust Board, 548
inheritance rights of widows, 552
initiation schools for boys and girls, 399. See also puberty rites
Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 270–71, 277–78, 291, 294, 303, 345, 410, 416
loosening association with traditional authorities, 304
on meaningful constitutional role for traditional authorities, 268
opposed demarcation (Durban area), 291
popular support in former traditional areas, 290
inkosi preferred to chief (amakhosi is plural), 546
International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration, 37
international capital, 639
International Development Research Centre. See IDRC
International Union of Local Authorities – Africa Section, 37
International Women’s Day, 196
The Invention of Tradition (Hobsbawm), 3
Ipumbu yaShilongo, King, 237
J
K
Kadalie, Clements, 276
kaDinuzullu, Solomon, King, 276
Kakobe festival, 130
Kalahari, political economy of, 26
Kalanga nationalism, 444
Kalibe festival, 131
Kamanakao (cultural association), 444
Kamanakao, Kalvin, 445
Kanye area, 452
Kapital Radio, 74
Keane, J., 453
Keating, Brian, 24–25, 592–93, 669
Kedikilwe, Ponatshego, 523
Kgari Sechele III, 395
Kgatleng District, 525
Kgotla, 16, 18, 254–55, 262, 383–400, 434, 450, 518–19, 621, 630
changes after independence, 389
changes during colonial period, 385–87
communicative function, 387, 434
consultative mechanism, 387, 392, 434, 437, 457
decline in attendance, 392, 395
democratic discourse, 16, 18, 435, 451
developmental functions, 385, 397–99
diverse and complex issues, 393
education issues discussed at, 395
excluded ethnic minorities, 440
excluded women and children, 440
fiscal functions (taxes), 385
governmental use to disseminate information, 387–88, 434, 450, 567
health issues (HIV/AIDS), 395
importance to government five-year plans, 389
land management functions, 385, 393
party politics not allowed in, 394–95
power and decision-making lies elsewhere, 634
protection of wildlife, 394
role in urban areas, 393
status and who can speak, 389, 392, 440
and traditional leadership in Botswana, 383–400
women’s access to, 254–55, 258, 262, 440
Kgotleng, Kereng Danial Lebogang, 23–24, 669
Khama, Ian, 262
dual status as politician and chief, 394
Khama, Seretse, Sir, 434, 449, 451, 485
straddled both traditional and modern elites, 448
supporter of democracy, 433
Khama, Tshekedi, 386
Khama dynasty, 451
Khanyile, Winnie, 411
Khonkhobe, Mr., 570
Khoransa Dam, shrine to, 133
Khune, H., 124
KIDFEST, 129
“king” (use of term), 106
kinship, 274, 544–45. See also succession disputes
main basis for traditional authority/leadership, 548
matrilineal rule of descent, 223
“Kinship and Marriage among the Asante” (Fortes), 223
Kintampo slave market, 133
Kobi, Afua, 231
Koforidua Municipal Assembly, 358
Koforidua municipality, 104
Komfo Anakye Teaching Hospital (KATH), 80
Konno, Misako, 112
Konrad Adenauer Foundation of Germany, 501
Konyuri festival, 124
Koojiman, K., 384
Korku Ganu III, Dumegah Torgbe, 361
Kpando Secondary School, 73
Kpele, David, 607
Krobo area multi-coloured beads, 110–11, 153
Krobo language (Adangme), 151
patrilineal, 153
diploma in social studies, 142
trained nurse, 142
Kufuor, John, President, 4, 103, 134, 138, 140, 355–56, 358
Kufuor, Theresa, Mrs., 112
Kumah, Aaron, 75
Kumah, Cindy, 73
Kumase and Mampon campuses of the University College of Education, Winneba, 69
Kumase Traditional Council, 70
Kumasi Council of Chiefs, 229
Kumor, Peter, 142
Kunso slave market, 133
Kuntunkununku II, Osagyefo, 506
Kwaku Ananse and the Queenmother Crocodile (tale), 204–9, 220–22
Kwame Bonsu, Nano Osuodumgya Barima,
called for establishment of local hospital, 44
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 67–69, 72
KwaNgcolosi, 336
opted to fall under Metro (1996), 328
KwaXimba Tribal Authority, 297
KwaZulu Amakhosi and Iziphakanyiswa Act (1990), 295
KwaZulu-Natal province, 283, 290–91, 325–26, 339, 345, 542, 546, 548, 554
challenges to government policies, 268
Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) stronghold, 294
rural governanance in, 542
women chiefs, 655
KwaZulu-Natal provincial House of Traditional Leaders, 294
Kwelagobe, Daniel, 395, 491–92
Kwerekwere ethnic group, 443
Kyei-Faried, S., 81
L
labour migrancy, 309, 546, 555
Lamboray, Jean-Louis, 158–59, 163, 171–75
land speculation, 642
“The last (Asante) rising” (Fuller), 227
Lebeuf, Annie M.D., “The Role of Woment in the Political Organization of African Societies,” 233
Lefhoko, Duke, 523
Legislative Instrument on Membership of Regional Houses of Chiefs, 510
legitimacy, 4, 7, 13, 17, 22. See also divided legitimacy
competing legitimacies, 571
differently rooted, 112
legitimacy of traditional leadership, 5
beyond grasp of post-colonial state, 95
Lehurutsche Chieftaincy, 568
Lekorwe, Magopodi H., 11, 16, 669
Lerner, D., The Passing of the Traditional Society, 439
Lesedi La Botswana (LLB), 452
Let My People Go (Luthuli), 328
Letsholathebe, 395
Limpopo province, 283
Linchwe II, Chief (Bakgatla tribe), 256, 395, 398–99, 524–25, 528–30
made Botswana’s ambassador to US, 451
linguists, 154
Lobi “Jinn” carvings, 599
local police (Botswana)
integration into national police force, 533–34, 536
love covenants, 103
Lugard, Frederick, The Dual Mandate, 17
Luthuli, Albert, Chief, 327
deposed by the state, 328
Let My People Go, 328
Nobel Peace Prize, 328
Luthuli, Phathisizwe Philibert, 329, 335–39, 341, 343
willingness to work with city council, 340
M
“Ma DRC” (terror group), 393
Mafeje, A., “The Ideology of Tribalism,” 436
mafias (cattle loaning system), 436, 445, 631
Mahama, Alhaji Aliu, 356
Mahama, Ali, 595
“Makgaola seven,” 393
Makhanya, Bhekokwakhe Andreas, 329, 331–35, 337, 340–43
Makinen, Marty, 81
Maku-Kpong, Manye, 167
“malcontents,” 228
Malema, Kgosi, 443
Mamdani, Mahmood, 13–14, 39, 270, 441, 557–58
African leaders as corrupt and undemocratic, 37
belief that bogosi hinders development of democracy, 19
reductionism, 5
Mangope, Lucal Manyane, 573, 577
Manhyia Susu Scheme, 80
Mankuroane, Goitsimodimo, 576
Mankuroane, Kgotlaethata, 577
Mankuroane, Rakuna Andries, 576
arrested, 581
exiled himself to Johannesburg, 577–78
honoured for his role in the resistance, 578
reputation as anti-development, 569, 580, 582
support base dwindling, 582–83
Mankuroane, Scotch, 572–73, 576
Mankuroane, Tshepo, 572–74, 576–77, 584
supported because young and interested in development, 582, 584
Manuh, Takyiwaa, 232
Manya Krobo district, 48, 172. See also HIV/AIDS; MKQMA
English language instruction, 151
health services on a “cash-and-carry” basis, 178
inadequate health infrastructure, 178
land ownership, 152
poor and deteriorating roads, 151, 179
population, 150
successes in, 174
taboo against discussing sexuality, 158
Manya Krobo Local Undertakers Association (MKLUA), 166
Manya Krobo Queenmothers Association. See MKQMA
Maphumulo, Thembisile Virginia, inkosi, 329, 335, 340–41
concerned about land and demarcation boundaries, 343
concerned about land shortage, 336
present government did not care about traditional, 341
working well with councillors, 337
marriage. See also divorce
low rate among Emjindini population, 412–13, 415
polygamy, 151, 162, 180, 219, 544
married women
HIV/AIDS from husbands, 50
at mercy of in-laws for complaints against husband, 258
Marxists, 452
Masire, Ketumile, Sir, 452, 485
Masire, Quett, 394
Mason, John, 595–97, 599–601, 603, 607
“Maspotis” (terror group), 393
maternal mortality, 77
“matimela” (stray cattle), 621
matrilineal Akan-speaking people, 62–63, 226
Mbeki, Thabo, 334
McCurdy, Sheryl, 236
McLean Treaty, 227
merafe (nations), 441–42, 623–24, 630–31
Methodist Church of Ghana, 129
METHOFEST, 129
Metsing, Rocky Malebana, 578
Mfa, Oliphant, 484
Mfecane wars, 441, 443, 544–45, 631
Mgmayem festival, 130
Mhinga, Cedric, 408
Mhlaba, Chief, 405
Miller, Peter, 291
Mkhize, Sibongiseni, 13–14, 285, 670
Mkhize, Zwelinjani, inkosi, 329
MKQMA, 8, 50, 106–13, 149–84, 193, 656. See also queenmothers
advocacy for women’s economic and social empowerment, 167, 180
anti-stigmatization campaigns, 111
attempting to raise age at which girls become women, 109
building AIDS competence, 48–49, 149, 174–75, 184, 656
change agents, 149, 159, 163, 183
debunking erroneus notions of HIV/AIDS, 158
docudrama video on HIV, 110, 160, 169, 196
education on adolescent sexual health and HIV/AIDS, 161
focuses social marketing campaigns on female children and women, 109
food and education aid for orphans, 164, 167–68, 179 (See also AIDS orphans)
identifying traditional or social practices related to HIV, 49, 163–64, 170, 184
income-generation for young women, 8, 49, 108, 110–11, 165
Kimberly Schoon’s visits to, 194
locally and culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS social marketing materials and strategies, 157, 159–60, 162, 174
low-cost or no-cost approach, 160–61, 176
mobilizing community resources to increase AIDS-fighting capacity, 108, 111, 170
partnerships, 161, 164, 168–70
social marketing / public education on HIV/AIDS, 108–10, 182
support for people living with HIV/AIDS, 50, 108
training for local health and service providers, 164
vocational skills training to “Smart Ladies,” 167
MKQMA, Canadian Chapter, 196
Mlaba, Obed, 339
Mlaba, Zibuse, 298, 329, 332–33, 339
development initiatives, 297
early adherent to demarcation policy, 297
on future of ubukhosi, 334
positive view of demarcation, 331
Mmegi, 522
Mmoaninko festival, 130
Mnyika ethnic group, 443
Mobutu’s doctrine of “authenticité” in Zaire, 237
modernization theory, 439, 441
Mogoditshane (peri-urban areas of), 640–41
self-allocation of land, 642
Mogokotleng, Mr., 570
Mogtali, Sanuun, 600
Molale, Heavyfight Sematle, 576
Molale, Modisakoma Steven, 577
Mole National Park (Ghana), 596
Molefe, Popo, 580
Molokomme, A., 254
Molomo, Mpho G., 18, 25, 400, 636, 670
Monare, Kgosi, 530
money economy, introduction in southern Africa, 445
Moremi, Kealetile, 264
Moremi, Mathuba, 523
Moshoette Chieftaincy, 569
Mosinyi, Eitlhopha, 452
Mosojane, Margaret, 523
Mossberger, K., 296
Motshwane, Paul, 523
Moyo, S., 620
Mpumalanga Province, 283, 403, 405
Mufumadi, Sydney, 417
Mugo, M.G., 250
Municipal Demarcation Act (2000), 417–18
Municipal Demarcations Board, 549–50
Municipal Structures Act, 293
Municipal Structures Act (1998), 285
Municipal Structures Act (South Africa), 273, 296, 312
provisions for role of traditional leaders, 302
municipality, 405, 417–24, 569, 580
fear of (regulations and enforcement of rules), 555–57, 569
Munifie Kese festival
invitation to high-profile individuals, 140
publicity campaign, 141
re-purification of the stools and the shrines of the deities, 126
ritual consumption of the new yam, 136–37
Munifie Kese festival (2001), 132–41
brought together development partners, 144
focus on HIV/AIDS, 133–35, 138–39
Mutapa Kingdom, 443
mutual health organizations (MHO), 80
Myburgh, A.C., 421
N
squeezing poor people out of land ownership, 637
Nandom-Na, 506
Nartekie, Manye Esther, 153, 156, 171, 177, 194
Nartekie I, Manye Seyelor, deputy paramount queenmother, 48, 107
Nasha, Margaret, 477
National House of Chiefs (Ghana), 20–21, 95–96, 106, 123, 357–58, 499–516, 653, 658
accused of sycophancy, 513
code of conduct for members, 502
consultative body with no executive powers, 511
destoolable offences, 511
flexible and able to cope with every government, 514
funded by central government, 504, 508, 514
Judicial Committee, 504
judicial functions, 503
link between government and the people, 511
mainly made up of chiefs who are professionals, 511
members should be morally above reproach, 511
membership, 500
Privileges Committee of the, 502
queenmothers excluded from, 182, 233, 513, 656
relationship to central government, 513–15
relationship to Regional House of Chiefs, 512
relationship with queenmothers, 512–13
service on councils, commissions and boards, 515
similarity to House of Lords in the UK, 511
speaking out on HIV/AIDS, 47
Standing Orders of the House, 509
National Master Plan for Arable Agriculture and Dairy Development. See NAMPAADD
Native Administrative Ordinance (Gold Coast), 122
“native reserves” now called tribal territories, 623, 631
natural environmental resources, 305
natural resource management, 25
Nature Conservation Research Centre (NCRC), 24, 591, 593, 595, 603–6, 608–9, 611
neo-colonialism, 644
“neo-traditional,” 93
New Edubiase, 80
New Juaben Traditional Council, 104, 358
New Patriotic Party (NPP), 355
New Village, 404
Ngcobo, Mzonjani, inkozi, 329, 331–32, 334–35
critical of interference of municipality in his area, 333
Ngcongco, L.D., 389
Ngmayem festival, 153
NGOs, 99–100, 131, 140, 144, 342
sponsorship of festivals, 131–32
Ngubane, Simon, 333
Nguni people, 545
Nguni socialistic approach to politics, 546
Ngwato Reserve, 443
Ngwato State, 444
Nigeria, 17
Nkoransa community health insurance scheme, 143–44
Nkoransa people, 132
Nkoransa traditional area, 126, 137
important agricultural area, 132
roads (need for improvement), 141
rural with peasant farmers, 141
tourism potential, 133
Nkoranza Youth Association, 140
Nkosoo (development/progress) stools, 123
Nkrumah, Kwame, 2, 6, 38, 352, 499
Nkrumah and the Chiefs (Rathbone), 6
traditional rulers role ended, 64
Nobel Peace Prize, 328
Nomnga, K., 581
North West province, 283, 405, 565–66
North West provincial government
involvement in succession dispute (See succession disputes)
Nsarkoh, J.K., 360
Ntlo ya Kikgosi. See House of Chiefs in Botswana
nursing training colleges, 69
Nyarko, Charles, 155–56, 169–70, 173, 178
O
Obeng, Dr., 83
Obeng, Kwabena, 220
Obomen Kwawu area, 67
Obsetisibi-Lamptey, Jake, 596
Odumase-Krobo (capital), 150
Oduro, W., 612
Oduro Numapau II, Odeneho, 506
not celebrated between 1896 and 1985, 129
perceived association with human sacrifice, 130
Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands (Ghana), 42
Offinso Traditional Area, 42
Ofosu Bamfo, Kwame, 67
ohemmaa. See queenmother
Ohio State University, 73
Okleyo, Manye, paramount queen of Manya Krobo, 48, 107, 156
Okomfoo Anokye (traditional healer, priest), 225
Okyeman (Akyem State) Scholarship Scheme, 66
Okyir festival, 130
Okyleou, Mamle, 153
“old Ashanti mothers” (position of senior female in ruling clan), 203
Opoku Ware I, 225
Opoku Ware Secondary School, 67
Order-in-Council of 1891 (Botswana)
negatively affected traditional leaders, 385
Osam, Susan, 103
Osei Bonsu, Joseph, 70
Osei Kwadwo, Okoawia, Asantehene, 226
Osei Tutu, 133
first Kumasehene and Asantehene, 225
Osei Tutu, Julia, 82
Osei Tutu I, 135
Osei Yaw Akoto, Asantehene, 227
oshitewo (epic poem), 237
Oteng-Yeboah, A., 612
Ottawa Citizen, 610
Otumfuo Education Fund (OEF), 68–71, 83
accountability and transparency, 75
branches in Canada, US and UK, 70, 73, 76
fundraising strategies, 70
gender sensitivity, 70
incentive packages for teachers, 69, 71
limitations and problems, 74–77
patronage issues, 76
scholarships donated to, 73–74
sponsorship for employable skills, 74
to support bright but needy students, 68–69, 72
Otumfuo Health Fund (OHF), 77–79
achievements of, 83
collaboration with other bodies, 80–81
collaboration with the Health Service, 83
objectives, 78
reinsurance scheme for mutual health organizations (MHO), 80, 83
Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Asantehene, 63, 130, 505
new scholarship scheme, 67
Otumfuo Osei Tutu Ababio, Asantehene, 67, 69, 72, 78–79
campaign against HIV/AIDS, 78
honorary degrees, 68
traditional ruler using influence for welfare of people, 84
vision for development, 68
Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, Asantehene, 48, 357
gate-keeping in area of HIV/AIDS, 6
Our Lady of Apostles, 73
Ovaherero people, 444
Ovambo elite women
gender a negligible part of identity, 237
Ovamboland “of old”
ruling queens and elite women, 238
Owusu, Victor, 66
Owusu-Sarpong, Albert, xiii
Owusu-Sarpong, Christiane, 9–11, 36, 96, 670
P
Pahla Manoge (village), 405
Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 410, 416
Pandamatenga Commercial Arable Farming, 634
Parents Teachers Association (PTA), 390
participation action research framework (PAR), 21
partriarchal system, 264
The Passing of the Traditional Society (Lerner), 439
paternalism, 436
patriarchal abduction of history, 251
patriarchal homestead system (South Africa), 276
eroded by urbanization, 327
Peace Corps Ghana, 609
Pedi chiefships in Sekhukhuneland, 405
people living with or affected by HIV/AIDS, 99–100
fostering supportive environments for, 97
relatives encouraged to support, 140
support for, 48, 50, 108, 111, 163, 169, 174
People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 578
People’s Republic of China, 357
Peters, P., 436
Phuduhucwana chieftaincy. See Tswana chiefship of the Barolong boo Ratshidi
Phumaphi, Joy, 490
Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana (PPAG), 134, 152, 159, 161, 163
Ploughshares Peace Fair, 196
PLWHA, 48, 50, 97, 99–100, 108, 111, 140, 163, 169, 174
polio, 81
“political legitimacy,” 93, 352, 359, 652
politics of identity or “recognition,” 407
polygamy, 151, 162, 180, 219, 544
The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti (Busia), 230
poverty, 77, 104, 307, 625, 637
as cause of poor access to education, 69
challenge in building AIDS competence, 176–78
Manya Krobo district, 151, 176, 179
poorest of poor survive under traditional authority structure, 312
queenmothers, 177
Prempe I, Asantehene
exiled by the British, 129
Prempeh College, 67
Prempeh II, Sir Osei Agyemang, Asantehene, 66, 129, 229, 499
prenatal women tested positive for HIV, 155
prevalence of preventable diseases, 77
prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), 163, 166, 169–70, 173
need for improved access, 163
privatization of land, 636, 639
alienates land from rural communities, 637
widens income differentials, 637, 643
Promoting Partnerships With Traditional Authorities (PPTAP), 83
provincial houses of traditional leaders, 283–84
Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), 130, 353, 361, 502, 512–13
improved relations with traditional authorities, 354
one blade per initiate, 165
Puoure Puobe Chiir VII, 506
purification of stools, 136–37
purification rites, 136
Putnam, R., 439
Q
Qadi Tribal Authority land, 311
queenmothers, 4, 9–10, 153–54, 229, 232. See also MKQMA; women traditional leaders
advocated for education of girls and women, 45, 165
advocated for equitable gender relations, 9
advocated for school-based HIV/AIDS education, 160–61, 165
approached for condoms and HIV/AIDS information, 162
building of AIDS competence, 8, 109, 180–81 (See also AIDS competence)
communication with Family Health International and GAC, 171
considered dangerous force of opposition, 229
contributed to increased use of VCT, PMTCT, and ART sevices, 173
on cultural rites helpful in fighting HIV/AIDS, 8, 49, 139
demonstrated proper use of condoms, 160
destooled, 9
educating girls and women on HIV/AIDS, 109, 166
on educating men on HIV/AIDS, 50
encourage children and youth to abstain from sex, 162
encouraged men to use condoms, 162
exclused from decision-making bodies, 182, 233
foster parents, 107, 168 (See also AIDS orphans)
home visits to discuss HIV/AIDS, 179
key role in puberty rites, 107, 109, 232
mediators between local community and resource sources, 112, 170
as moral leaders of the community, 97, 231
not represented in National or Regional Houses of Chiefs, 10, 233
part of social vaccine, 653
participation in training and information workshops, 108, 157, 171
poverty, 177
rebellion against British recognized chiefs, 228
role in local government and selection of chief, 63, 108, 203
shifts in position during colonial and post-colonial periods, 228
social marketing messages, 8, 110
still struggling to regain lost strength, 202
supported rebellious women, 235
wearing of special blue batik cloth when on AIDS duties, 109, 111
R
racial segregation, 276. See also apartheid government
Radio Botswana, 388
Ramseyer, F., 124
Ranger, Terrance, 3
Rathbone, Richard, Nkrumah and the Chiefs, 6
Rattray, Robert S., Akan-Ashanti Folk-tales, 202
Rattray, R.S., 124–25, 230, 234
on importance of female leadership in pre-colonial Asante, 203
Rawlings, J.J., 353–55, 358, 513
Ray, Donald I., xii, xiii, 4, 6–7, 36, 47, 96, 193–96, 353–54, 602, 670
presentations to Calgary groups (on IDRC funded research), 111
recolonization of Africa, 620, 638
Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), 271, 300
regional and district medical officers, 140
Regional Houses of Chiefs (Ghana), 62, 95–96, 106, 123, 153, 499–500, 505, 508, 658
queenmothers excluded from, 182, 233, 656
right of appeal to National House, 503–4, 507, 512
regional labour market, 445
Remote Area Development Programme (RADP), 627
Report of the Second Presidential Commission on the Local Government Structure in Botswana, 634
Report on the Review of Rural Development Policy, 634
Research Committee of the National House of Chiefs, 501–2
research into customary laws and traditions, 501
“Road to Health Chart,” 83
“The Role of Traditional Rulers as Development Officers” (conference theme), 62, 134
“The Role of Women in the Political Organization of African Societies” (Lebeuf), 233
“The role of Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance” (Arhin), 226
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 594
Royal House, 573, 575, 577, 580, 584
Rural HIV/AIDS Campaign, 179
rural program delivery
inadequate transportation and road systems, 179
S
Sackey, Valerie, 182
sacred element of traditional leadership, 547
Sadique, Boniface, 595
safari companies (foreign bases), 620, 638–39
Sakite II, Konor Nene, 48, 106, 153, 156–57, 175, 356
addresses his people on HIV/AIDS, 181
support for MKQMA, 181
Salokoski, Märta, 238
Sam Jonah Endowment Fund (SAMJE-Fund), 67, 75
Sanctuary Management Board (SMB), 606, 609–11
Sankana Day Care Centre, 131
Sankana Kalibe festival, 130–31
Sankana religion, 131
Savana State University, 68
Schapera, Isaac, 384, 586, 623
A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom, 585
Schoon, Kimberley, 670
honorary Krobo queenmother, 9, 112, 195
Schraeder, P., 438
Sebetela, Boyce, 450
Seboko, Mosadi, 12, 262, 265, 440, 477, 479, 495
self-allocation of land, 620, 640–42
Seretse, L.M., 397
Serwaa Ampem AIDS Foundation For Children, 81–83
childrens identity protected, 83
operates through traditional kinship system, 85
Sesana, Roy, 629
Sewhi Wioso Secondary School, 73
sexual discrimination
South African media on, 420
Sexual Health Awareness Week, 196
Shangawe, Mehlesizwe, inkose, 329
shared legitimacy, 7, 112. See also divided legitimacy
pooled to promote development and response to HIV/AIDS, 95
Sharma, Keshav C., xiii, 20–21, 671
Sheppard, Donna, 602
Shepstone, Theophilus, 546
Shepstone System, 275
Shikongo, Nekwaya Loide, 237–38
Shiyeyi language, 445
Shongwe, Joseph, 409
Shongwe, Selina, 411
Shozi, Emmanual Bhekuzalo, 329
Sikayena, Eno, 220, 222, 224, 235, 238
Sikkens Education Trust, 67
Sikyena, Eno, “How divorce came into the world,” 11
single-parent families, 91
Skevington, Suzanne, 158–59, 163, 171–75
“Smart Ladies Association,” 110, 167
social and customary rituals and taboos
specific to Krobos people, 152
social and traditional practices that increase risk of HIV/AIDS, 49, 163–64, 170, 184
social marketing, 3–5, 7, 103–4, 108, 112, 654
definition, 101
to fight HIV/AIDS, 47, 49–50, 102, 109–10
social vaccine, 3, 7, 46, 52, 113, 653
Sokpoe Traditional Area, 361
apartheid government, 276, 278, 280, 327, 341, 406, 546
Communal Land Rights Act (2004), 23, 542
constitutional recognition of chieftaincy, 4, 281–82 (See also Constitution [1996] South Africa)
Department of Land Affairs (DLA), 404, 416
Department of Local Government and Traditional Affairs, 342
government and traditional leaders collaboration, 560
House of Chiefs (See House of Traditional Leaders [South Africa])
Ministries of Rural Development, 14
National Council of Traditional Leaders Act (1998), 283
Native Land Act (1913), 276
“partition” of, 406
political polarization and violence (1980s and 1990s), 14
promotion of chieftaincies as cultural symbols, 567
role of traditional leaders, 2, 12–13, 280, 328, 410, 425, 652
support for the institution of chiefship, 403, 425–26
Supreme Court, 580
South Tongu District Assembly, 353
composition (1988–2006), 362–63
selection of government appointees, 361–71, 377
squatters and self-allocation of land, 620, 622, 640–42
St. Louis Secondary School, 67
St. Martin de Porres Catholic Mission Hospital, 155–56, 166, 173, 178
St. Paul’s Anglican Church in Calgary, 196
St. Theresa’s Hospital, 143
Standing Committee of National House of Chiefs, 500
Standing Orders of the National House of Chiefs
anti-stigmatization campaigns, 111
de-stigmatization, 102
Stock Theft Act, 521, 527, 535
Stoeltje, Beverly J., 226, 228
Stoker, G., 296
“Stool Lands,” 42
Stool/Skins Committee of the National House of Chiefs, 502
sub-Saharan Africa, 3, 5, 89, 92, 97
disproportionate effects from HIV/AIDS, 92
HIV prevalence rates, 101
succession and appointment of traditional leaders, 252, 260, 283
succession debates, 23–24, 231
as evaluation of a chief’s performance, 584, 587
politics of, 574
state involvement in, 568–69, 571–72, 580, 582
Suglo, K., 131
Sunshine Village Ski Resort, 594
supernatural or curses
believed to cause AIDS symptoms, 158, 162
superstitions and customary taboos
potential to increase risk of HIV transmission, 104
Survival International, 620, 629
Swazi chief in South Africa, 408–10
Swazi chiefdom (Emjindini), 405
Swazi people
transnational politics of cultural identity across South African-Swaziland border, 410
Swazi Royal family, 405
T
TAARN, xii, xiii, 37, 112, 134, 196, 202, 235, 325, 335, 398, 651
conference on traditional rulers, 62
taboos, 104
against discussing sexuality, 158, 162
for girls to become pregnant before puberty rites, 139
Takpo Hospital, 131
tale-texts, 220
Tandoh, Kwabena, 228
Tangu, G.B., 600
Tapko religion, 131
Tapko Wiela festival, 130
Tapscott, C., 277
Tati Concession Company, 622
tattooing, 103
Tawana, 444
teacher shortage, 71
teacher training colleges, 69
technology, 637
unemployment increases and, 638
Tengdaana (officiate at festival), 131
terror groups, 393
Tetteli, John, 75
Tevera, D.O., 620
“textile rhetoric,” 219
Textual Semiotics, 220
tourism, 129, 137, 628, 634, 643
alienation of land from the poor, 638
cultural tourism in Ghana, 110
Tourism Development Committee (TDC), 605, 608
tradition
being reinvented, 20
contestation and negotiation of, 13
used in various ways by traditional leaders and government agencies, 271
of women traditional leaders, 4
Traditional Authorities Development Programme (TRADEP) on HIV/AIDS, 357
traditional authority
framework for modest household livelihood, 312
potential tool in combating HIV/AIDS, 193
respect for, 313
“Traditional Authority and Good Governance” (workshop), 355
Traditional Authority Applied Research Network. See TAARN
traditional birth attendants (TBAs), 163, 170
difficulty paying for FHI recommended material, 176
MKQMA organized training for, 166
as targets for HIV/AIDS education, 165
Traditional Councils, 507–8, 658
traditional leaders. See also amakhosi; dikgosi; queenmothers
act as fulcrum, bringing groups together, 123
advise against casual sex, 139–40
benign facilitator of local disputes, 285
building local HIV/AIDS competency, 48, 90, 97, 102, 105 (See also AIDS competence)
changing powers, 326
changing role of, 6, 63–65, 314
as check or balance to post-colonial state, 658–59
co-existence with democracy in a post-colonial situation, 270, 656
conflict prevention and resolution, 66
constitutional recognition, 282
contribute to “legitimacy pool” of post-colonial state, 96
control over land and other forms of local rescues, 16, 22, 41, 44, 295, 308, 544
as development agents, 1, 35–52, 62, 96, 449, 652, 657
development and, 16, 65, 96, 123, 340–41, 344, 354, 651–53
as development partners, 6, 66–67, 287, 356, 358, 653
development role, 312, 333, 359
and education projects, 40–41 (See also Otumfuo Education Fund [OEF])
efforts to protect environment, 24, 48
in fight against HIV/AIDS, 3–5, 7, 46–47, 52, 99–100, 104, 112, 357, 395, 405, 654
as government servants, 327
influence in rural areas, 13, 16, 554
instruments of colonial rule, 63, 94, 546
interveners with regard to those who control resources, 657
involvement in investment drives, 357
legitimacy, 5, 38, 94, 652–53 (See also divided legitimacy)
link between community and outside world, 146
major shifts during colonial and post-colonial periods, 228, 547, 571
material welfare of their people, 85
mobilize support for people living with HIV/AIDS, 102–3
moral authority and usefulness, 122
new well-educated group, 355, 357–59, 361, 369, 374, 400, 453, 510–11
opinion leaders, 96
organization of communal labour, 354
overlooked and underused resource, xi, xii, 100, 360
part of the “social vaccine,” 7, 46, 52, 113, 653
partisan politics and, 64, 365, 394–95, 448, 452, 659
as partners in health and education delivery, 61–85, 104
party politics and, 276, 286, 394–95, 448
personal financing of infrastructure projects, 43
preservation of culture, 399
rallying points of resistance to colonialism, 94
reinventing themselves, 3, 6, 8, 656
reinventing themselves in post-colonial states, 2–3
rooted in pre-colonial period, 36, 63, 94
seen as part of apartheid, 280
serve needs of rural poor, 13, 16, 22
service to their people by managing communal resources, 66
social marketing, 5, 7, 47, 100, 103–4
social policy development, 46
social safety net, 658
sources of pride to colonized people, 94
sources of public education on social issues, 96
suggesting shift to educating men on HIV/AIDS, 50
traditional leadership. See also bogosi; chieftaincy; ubukhosi
authority is befitting to rural lifestyle, 555
constitutional recognition, 4, 274
continuing relevance, 22, 557, 660
finding ways to blend and co-exist with democracy, 400, 542–43
influence recognized, 449
marginalized under colonial and apartheid rule, 274
modified by colonial and post-colonial states, 36, 385–86
overlooked, lost opportunities, 97
socio-economic cushion for the people, 558–59
“Traditional Leadership and Local Governance in Social Policy in West and Southern Africa,” 37
Traditional Leadership Governance Framework Act (TLGFA), 23, 541, 559
Traditional Rule in Ghana (Arhin), 226, 234
traditionalism and modernity, debates around, 374, 376, 434, 544, 657
Transitional Local Council, Taung, 569–70, 580
Treason Trial (1956–61), 328
Tribal Administration, 529, 531–33, 535–36. See also customary courts
tribal authority areas of eThekwini Municipality
cost recovery for services not workable, 307
high-density with high land usage, 309–10
lower level of services, 308
multiple livelihood strategies, 309, 311
poverty, 307
Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP), 634–36
polarizing society between the landed and the landless, 636
privatization of land under, 445, 635
tribal land, 622–23, 631, 635. See also communal land (or tribal land)
moratorium on transfer to non-citizens, 638
security of tenure for, 641–42
social safety net for rural people, 635
Tribal Territories Act (Botswana), 26, 623
subsumes ethnic groups under territorial domain of others, 631
tribes, 437
different meaning to different people, 436
in post-colonial period, 438
Tsabetsa, Thikozane, 411
Tshipinare, Michael, 450
Tsonga chiefs, 408
Tsonga chiefship (Dan village), 405
Tswana chiefship of the Barolong boo Ratshidi, 405, 565–87
Tswana hegemony over other ethnic groups, 445–46, 625
Tswana Law, 571–72, 574, 586–87
Tswana tribal existence, 442
tuberculosis, 81
U
ubukhosi, 14, 22, 274, 280, 297, 326. See also chieftaincy; traditional leadership
based on kinship, 544
colonial period, 275
before colonizations, 274
custodian of African culture and tradition, 334
political ambiguity, 568
post-apartheid, 17, 24, 541–60
tainted with assisting apartheid, 22
UK
Department for International Development (DFID), 157
Ukukhonza, 544
Umbumbulu area, 343
Umjindi, new municipality of, 417, 424
difficulty paying for FHI recommended material, 176
Union of South Africa. See also South Africa
policy of racial segregation, 276
traditional leaders estranged from followers, 275
UNITAR, 165
United Democratic Front (UDF), 278
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 253
University of Cape Coast, 67–68, 72, 75
University of Glasgow, 68
University of Maryland, 68
University of Zululand, 342
unmarried women, 10, 237, 254–55
urban squatter settlements. See squatters and self-allocation of land
Urban Strategy Unit of the Durban Metropolitan Council, 306
urban vs. rural forms of governance, 270, 274
urbanization, 327
undermining of traditional authority, 276
urban-rural distinction, 271
V
Valley of a Thousand Hills, 278
Valley Trust (NGO), 342
Van Rooyen, Mr., 577
Veit, P.G., 25
Venson, P., 398
Venson Commission (2001), 529, 532
Village Development Committees (VDC), 395, 450, 633
composition, 391
have not lived up to expectations, 391
perform best when there are strong links with chiefs, 392
violence against women, 12, 233, 250–51, 481
virginity testing, 552
Volta, Lake, 155
Volta River Authority, 73
Vume Traditional Area, 361
W
Warmelo, N.J. van, 422
Wechiau (village), 596, 600, 606
Wechiau chiefs visit to Calgary Zoo (2003), 593–94
Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary (WCHS), 24–25, 591–612, 655
ecotourism, 607
Wechiau traditional leaders
mobilizing people to partner with Ghanian and Canadian NGOs, 604
Wesley Girls’ High School, 73
White Hatter ceremony, 594
White Paper on Local Government (South Africa), 273, 282, 285, 312
functions of traditional leaders under, 283–84
White Paper on Traditional Leadership and Governance (2003), 23
“Wicked” Women and the Reconfiguration of Gender in Africa (Hodgson), 236
Wiela, local deity, 131
William, M.J.
thesis of “leading from behind,” 434
Wilmsen, E., 26, 436, 445, 624–26
women
abuse of, 250
challenging dominant authorities, 237
discrimination against, 235
empowerment crucial to reduce HIV/AIDS, 181
excluded from public assemblies (Botswana), 252
position in society increases risk of HIV/AIDS, 50, 181
role and status in Kgotla, 388–89
social and economic inferiority, 180
subordinate position, 180
women traditional leaders, 9, 11–12, 45–46, 63, 107, 262–64, 478–79, 655. See also names of specific leaders; queenmothers
Women’s Network on HIV/AIDS (Calgary), 111
women’s right to property after divorce, 259
Worawora, 68
World AIDS Day, 47
funding for AIDS Research Centre, 48
World Health Organization (WHO), 89
Wright, Marcia, 236
Wukudae festival, 125
WWA (research project), 202
Y
Yaa Asantewaa festival, 130
Yaa Dudaa Kani, Nana, 135
Yabumura Timu II, 506
Yeboah, Yaw Ofori, 79
yi-si-pomi (shaving the head), 164–65
Yokama Day festival, 153
young educated chiefs, 355, 357–59, 361, 374, 400, 510–11
attempts to join power politics, 453
Z
Zezuru ethnic group, 443
Zulu state, rise of, 275
Zulu traditional leaders, 21
Zulu tribe, 545
Zuma, Jacob, 294