Index
1935 Order-in-Council, 25, 186-190, 194-97, 214-15, 239, 263
1944 membership transfer, 1, 8, 31, 39, 43-45, 49, 60, 116, 159, 209-11, 212-13, 217-18, 224-25, 254, 262, 267n12
See also Chapter 4
27th Baseline, 83, 103, 125, 148, 187, 188, 194-97
A
ACFN Chief and Council, xii-xiii, 77, 248, 254-56
ACFN Elders Declaration of Rights to Land Use, xxi-xxii, 19-21, 68-69
ACFN Elders Council, xii, 248, 256
Adam, Allan, xi, xiii, xv-xvii, 2, 32-34, 113, 130, 132-34, 202, 214-15, 244, 245, 257
Adam, Horace, xxiii, 92, 113, 129, 140, 216, 259
Alberta Energy Regulator (AER), 287n34
Alberta oil sands. See resource extraction
and national parks in Canada, 10-14
See also residential schools
Athabasca River, 2-3, 4-5, 38-39, 45, 54, 58, 60, 67, 83, 103, 124-25, 135, 187, 216, 232, 261
B
Banff National Park, 9, 10, 13, 14-15, 94, 98, 111, 212-13
Birch Mountains, 4, 5, 38, 45, 64, 120, 206
Birch River, 3, 38-39, 56, 64-65, 67, 83, 120, 141, 232, 261
Dene settlements at, xv, xix, 5, 15, 31, 39, 43, 47-48, 49-50, 54, 60-62, 107, 115, 127-29, 132, 134, 135, 136-37, 140, 140-42, 149, 155, 156, 169, 182-83, 194, 203, 206, 208, 212, 214, 216, 219-20, 222-23, 265n1
Boucher, Louis, 67-68, 113-14, 161
brucellosis, 101, 151, 166, 242
Bruno, Alec, xi, xv-xvi, xxiii, 30-31, 51-53, 73, 89, 111-12, 114-15, 132-34, 134-35, 161, 216, 248
Bruno, Rene, xxiv, 25, 48, 51, 53, 68-69, 73-77, 162, 256
C
Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS), 2-3
Caribou Mountains, 4, 39, 45, 64-65, 92,273n4
co-management (in national parks), 8-9, 33, 236-42, 244, 291n15
Committee for Cooperative Management [of WBNP] (CMC), 123-24, 237, 238-39
community steering committee, xi-xii, 25, 28
See also Appendix 1
competition with white trappers, 106, 145, 151-54, 180, 185-88, 195-97, 204-5, 208
conservation (as justification for parks), 10, 12-13, 16, 97, 107, 121, 146-47, 174
For conservation regulations in the Park, see Chapter 5
Conservation through Reconciliation Partnership (CRP), 241
controlled bison slaughter
rations program, 118-19, 122, 149-50, 155, 166, 280n87
controlled burning practices, 42, 147, 151
Cumming, Austin L., 108-9, 180-81
cumulative impacts, 47, 102-3, 107, 108-9, 148, 158-59, 182-84, 262, 264
D
Dempsey, M.J., 47, 102-103, 107, 108-109, 148, 158-59, 182-84, 262, 264
Dene language, xiii, xix, 5, 23, 27, 38, 51, 53, 54-55, 190, 202, 203, 209-10, 211, 225, 228, 229-30, 254-55, 257, 266n2
Deranger, Fredoline Djeskelni, xxv, 47, 54, 77, 115
Deranger, Jim, xiii, xxv, 1-2, 4, 23-24, 24-25, 37, 40, 54-55, 68, 78, 98-99, 110, 115-17, 163-64, 216-17, 256
Dominion Parks Act, 97-98
E
Egg Lake, 45
Eklund, R.I., 98
elimination, 2-3, 8-9, 10-13, 16, 17-22, 27, 31-33, 34, 72, 90-91, 93, 99, 146, 150-51, 159-60, 190-91, 201-206, 207-8, 211, 237, 249
Elk Island National Park, 98, 176
epidemics, xv, 32, 48-49, 202, 222
influenza, 22, 132, 202-4, 220, 231
establishment of the Park, 1922, 1-4, 5-6, 9, 17, 30-31, 89-99, 123-24, 124-25
expansion of the Park, 1926, 2, 6-8, 30-31, 45, 83, 89, 91-92, 99-104, 105-6, 111-12, 113-26, 141, 150, 261, 263, 265n1
extreme extraction. See resource extraction
F
Finnie, O.S., 11, 92, 98, 99, 103-4, 106, 159, 182, 261
fisheries in the Park, 43, 149, 280n87
McGinnis Fisheries, 195
Flett, Dora, xiii, xxv, 5-6, 45, 55-56, 112, 117, 217, 256
Flett (Piche), Eliza Marie, xxv, xxvii, 117, 140, 193, 219, 280n85
Flett, Elizabeth, xxvi, 43-45, 130, 138-39, 281n9
Flett, Garry, xiii, xxvi, 130, 138-39, 156, 164-65, 217-18, 256, 281n9
Flett, Leonard, xiii, xxvii, 117, 140, 192-93, 219, 256
Flett, Scott, xxvii, 39-40, 41, 56-57, 118, 140-41, 155, 165-66, 219-20, 259
Fort Chipewyan, xiii, xv, xix, 4, 17, 29, 30, 41, 43, 45, 56, 59, 64, 67-70, 77, 79-80, 86, 108, 140, 149-50, 174, 175, 181-82, 183, 184, 190, 196, 203, 204, 227-28, 232, 256, 265n2
Fort McMurray, 16, 19-22, 43, 45, 59, 63, 76, 187, 220, 229, 232, 275n10, 290n8
Fort Smith, 64-65, 164, 174, 200, 232, 238
Fraser, Fred (Jumbo), xxxvii-xxviii, 141, 166-67, 220, 259
G
genocide, 10-11, 18, 203-4, 208, 288n5
Gibot, Felix, 78-79, 118-119, 280n87
Gibson, R.A., 147-148
Graham, Maxwell, 6, 90-91, 92-95, 97-99, 235, 261
gravesites (in and near the Park), 5, 47-48, 50, 54-55, 56-57, 134-35, 203, 216, 222, 231
Grew, J.L., 152, 204, 262, 264
Group trapping areas (1949), 152, 217
Gull River, 3, 38-39, 45, 56, 57, 67, 83, 141, 232, 261
H
Harkin, James, 2, 6, 90-95, 96, 97, 99, 261
History of Wood Buffalo National Park’s Relations with the Dënesųłıné (the original report commissioned by ACFN), xi, 3-4, 250-251, 266n5
See also Appendix 1
Holy Angels Residential School, xix, xxiv, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi, 63, 202, 203-204, 217, 265n2
homelands (of ACFN), xvi, xxi-xxii, 4-8, 18-22, 28-29, 206-10, 266n2, 266-267n8
Dene relations to, 28-29
See also Chapter 1
House Lake. See Birch River settlement
Hudson’s Bay Company, 17, 41, 43, 59, 93, 172-173, 174, 204
I
IISAAK OLAM Foundation, 241
Imperial Oil tailings ponds leak (2022 & 2023), 190, 257, 287-88n34
Indian Affairs, 10-11, 14, 15, 30, 91, 93-95, 97-98, 99, 104, 110-11, 129-30, 137-38, 144, 149-50, 153-54, 172, 179, 186-87, 203, 219, 252
Indigenous consultation, xxi, 8-9, 30-31, 103-4, 110-12, 114, 121, 122, 129, 133-34, 143-44, 186, 291n15
Indigenous Leadership Initiative (ILI), 241
Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs), 241, 290n12, 290n13
Indigenous sovereignty, 16, 17-18, 22, 49-50, 145-46, 150-51, 153-54, 179-84, 207-8, 212-13, 245
intergenerational impacts, xi, 3, 9, 20-22, 26, 27, 32-33, 89, 248, 254-55
See also Chapter 7
IR201 (ACFN reserves), 184-86, 186-87, 194-96, 214, 219, 288n35
J
Jackfish, 39, 57, 58, 61-62, 63, 64, 129, 133, 135, 140, 186-87, 219, 220-21, 227, 231, 233, 265n3
Jasper National Park, 9, 10, 12-13, 14, 15, 94-95, 98, 110-111
K
Keeseekoowenin Ojibway Nation, 12-13, 14-15, 208
Kitaskino Nuwëné Provincial Park, 280-81n88
Kluane Game Sanctuary/Kluane National Park, 12-13, 15, 146, 155-56
L
Ladouceur, Ray, 45, 57, 104, 119-20, 129, 141-42
Lake Athabasca, 5, 29, 54, 56, 68, 78, 115, 135, 141, 274-75n30
Lake Claire, 6, 38-40, 43, 45, 47-48, 56, 62, 64-65, 101, 118, 134, 136, 140-41, 149, 162, 232-33, 263
See also Birch River settlement
Lake Mamawi, 5, 38, 39, 45, 46, 64, 136, 206, 232
Laviolette, Alexandre, xxi, 25, 68, 73-74, 83, 84, 184-86, 194-95, 202, 215, 230, 239
Laviolette, Jonas, 71, 74, 107, 151, 167, 179-181, 184, 187, 194-97, 262, 263
Laviolette, Leslie, xxviii, 42, 47, 57, 120, 167, 206, 220-22
Lower Athabasca Regional Plan (LARP), xxii, 290n9
M
Marcel, Benjamin, 147, 194-195
Marcel, Big John, xxviii, 40, 58, 120, 142, 222
Marcel, Frank, xxviii, 120, 127
Marcel, Margaret and Daniel, 79-80
Marcel, Pat, xi-xii, xxix, 25, 42, 71, 151, 167-68, 186-88, 194-97, 212, 239-41, 244, 247-48
McDougal, J.A., 99, 103, 154, 159, 264
medicines, 40-42, 59-60, 61-62, 229
Melling, John, 107-8, 110, 153, 262
Mercredi Shortman, Donna, xxxi, 3, 131, 143, 246
Mercredi, Charlie, xxix, 51-53, 142, 212, 222-223
Mercredi, Marie Josephine, xxix, 49, 58-59, 80
Mercredi, Victorine, xxx, 30, 59, 72, 80-81
Migratory Birds Convention Act 1916, 146, 175-76
Mikisew Cree First Nation (MCFN), 5-6, 39, 43, 68, 78, 106, 113, 114-17, 169, 212, 215, 217-18, 238, 242, 266n7
For the band membership transfer to MCFN, see 1944 membership transfer
Mission. See Holy Angels Residential School
Moose Island, 5, 45, 47-48, 63, 206
N
Northern Buffalo Management Board (1991), 236-37
northern fur trade, 17, 43, 49, 56, 62-63, 204, 205-206
O
Old Fort, 45, 57, 62, 79-80, 129, 133, 135, 142, 186, 197, 204, 221
one-hundredth anniversary of the WBNP, 2, 253
oral history (theory and importance), 2-4, 22-27, 28-33, 34-35, 245-46, 252-56, 271-72n75
oral promise to return the Park lands to Indigenous communities, 1, 28, 29-30, 89, 103, 111-12, 114-15, 115-19, 122-24, 125-26
Outstanding Universal Value. See UNESCO World Heritage Designation
P
Paul, Keltie, xiii, xxxii, 41, 59-60, 120-22, 168, 209, 223-24, 256
Peace Point settlement, 5, 38-39, 43-50, 64-65, 88, 97, 113-14, 127-28, 136, 138, 159, 173-74, 193, 206
Peace River, 3, 4-5, 6, 8, 38-39, 43-46, 57, 59, 63, 67, 83, 91, 93, 101-104, 105-6, 113-14, 120, 124, 125, 141-42, 205, 216, 226, 232, 289n31
Peace-Athabasca Delta, xix, 4-5, 22, 33-34, 38-39, 41, 50, 54, 56, 90-91, 95, 106, 124, 125-26, 135-36, 152-53, 162, 179, 186, 188, 195, 201-2, 205-6, 207-8, 211, 214, 219-20, 225-27, 231-32, 242, 282n10
permitting system (in the Park), 6-8, 15-16, 22, 31, 32, 63, 89, 91, 104-10, 112, 127-28, 132, 145, 147-49, 151, 153, 155, 159, 172-73, 173-75, 177, 180, 180-84, 188, 206-8, 210-11, 212-13, 262
Piche-Bruno, Helene, xi, xv-xvii, xxiv, 34-35, 130, 132-35, 214, 281n8
Piche, Ester, xi, xix, xxx, 40, 60-62, 134, 135-36, 194, 225
Piche, Johnny, 23-24
Poplar Point, 62, 108, 117, 129-30, 135, 221, 240
preservation (as justification for parks), 10, 11-12, 16, 71-72, 89-91, 92-97, 121, 145
Q
Quatre Fourches, 48, 54, 155, 169
R
Ratfat, Ernie (Joe), xxx, 110, 122, 136-37, 169, 203, 210, 224-25
reconciliation, xix, 33, 237-39, 241, 243-45
Registered Fur Management Areas (RFMAs) [1942], 128, 151-54, 188, 196-97, 204-5
Registered Trapping Areas [1949], 152-54
residential schools, 17, 49, 221, 223-24, 225, 227-28, 288n5
See also Holy Angels Residential School
resource extraction, xvi, 9-10, 17-22, 31-33, 48-49, 56-57, 79-80, 188-89, 201, 205-6, 227, 240-41, 242-43, 287-88n34
Riding Mountain National Park, 12-13, 208
Rigney, Alice, xi, xiii, xix, xxxi, 27, 29, 32, 39-42, 49, 50, 60-62, 71, 81, 122, 130, 135-36, 145-46, 155, 169-70, 205, 213, 225-27, 245, 256-57
Rocky Mountains Park. See Banff National Park
Ronald Lake Bison Herd, 120, 240, 280-81n88, 290n9
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 8, 15, 80, 109-10, 154-56, 165-66, 171-72, 172-73, 176-77, 181-82
S
Simpson, Isidore, 43-45, 138-39, 159, 217-18
Simpson, Mary “Cookie”, 39, 122-23, 137-38, 171, 227-28
Slave River, 3, 4-5, 38-39, 45, 54-55, 67, 83, 92, 101, 216, 232
Southern Tutchone, 12-13, 15, 146, 155-56
starvation (resulting from Park exclusions), 8, 83, 91-92, 94-95, 128, 159, 186, 179-80, 207-8, 262, 264
Stevens, Lori-Ann, xxxi, 39, 62-63, 210-11, 228-31
Stewart, Jack, 8, 127-128, 149-50, 156-57, 262
T
Teck Resources, Ltd., 240, 290n8&n9
Tourangeau, Beverly, xxxi, 123-24, 231-32
tourism (in parks), 10-14, 15, 97
traplines, 58, 59, 120, 128-29, 140, 141, 151-54, 162, 196, 204, 207, 217, 223-24, 225-27, 264
See also Registered Fur Management Areas and Registered Trapping Areas
Treaty 8, xxi-xxii, 2, 5-8, 30, 16, 23-26, 30, 38-39, 48-49, 89, 94-95, 104, 110-11, 112, 114-15, 123-24, 145, 156, 157-59, 175, 180, 182, 184-86, 192-93, 194-97, 202-3, 206, 213, 247-48, 261, 267n12
See also Chapter 2
Treaty and Aboriginal Rights Research (TARR), 23-25, 67-68, 103, 110-11, 115-17, 153-54, 164, 184-85, 256, 272n80
Trippe de Roche, Edouard, xiii, xxxii, 32, 41-42, 63, 110, 112, 120-22, 137-38, 149-50, 151, 172-73, 197, 232, 256
Tssessaze, Lisa, xii, 248, 255, 257
tuberculosis (in bison), 101, 151, 242
U
UNESCO World Heritage Designation, 5, 33-34, 188, 237-37, 242-45
Unorganized Territories Preservation Act 1894, 92
Uranium City, 62
V
Vermilion, Basil, 163-64
Vermillion, Magloire, 81-83, 147, 156, 163-64, 173-75
Villebrun, Olivia, xii, 248, 254
W
W.A.C. Bennett Dam, 22, 48-49, 201, 205-6, 225-27, 233
Wainwright buffalo herd, importation to WBNP, 1, 6-8, 91, 99-104, 156, 170, 181-82, 261
See also Oral Histories in Chapter 3
wardens, xv-xvi, 8, 14-15, 31-32, 47, 82, 83, 93-94, 107-10, 154-60, 164-67, 168-169, 171, 173-75, 176-77, 178, 181-83, 197-200, 232, 264
WBNP Management Plan (1984), 236-37
WBNP Management Plan (2010), 237
Wiltzen, Leslie, xii-xiii, xxxii, 64, 83, 124-25, 127, 129, 143-44, 175-77, 232-33, 237-39, 243-44, 248, 256