Index

Achuzie, Joseph “Hannibal,” 85

Addis Ababa, 91, 117, 131, 143, 152, 173; Sudan agreement, 167–168, 169, 180

Afwerki, Isaias, 274

Aguiyi-Ironsi, Johnson, 69, 70, 80, 81

Ahiara Declaration, 76–77, 82, 96, 97

Aideed, Mohamed Farah, 205, 207, 208, 216

Algeria, 194, 231, 232, 238, 240, 242–243, 245, 254, 258, 261; Kel Tamasheq haven, 240–241, 244, 259; liberation struggle 4, 55, 104, 119; mediation 248, 256

Ali, Muhammed, 131, 158

Angola, 3, 5, 13, 104–105, 106, 107, 111, 182, 193, 197, 272; Cabinda region, 13, 18, 199

Anya-nya, 20, 164, 165, 167–168, 169, 170, 177, 178, 179–180, 186

Anya-nya II, 20, 169, 170, 172, 174, 183

Azania Liberation Front (ALF), 165

Azawad, 22, 149, 231, 245, 249, 253, 255, 257, 261, 280, 282, 283

Babangida, Ibrahim, 197

al-Bashir, Omar, 172, 174, 175, 176, 185–186

Belgium, 8, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 52, 57, 59, 62, 91, 265; aid to Katanga, 42, 47, 55, 56, 57–58, 78, 88; colonialism, 52, 53

Berlin Conference, 27, 29, 131, 193, 258

Biafra, Republic of, 14, 23, 53, 67, 74, 75–78, 81, 82, 87, 95–97, 99, 129, 130, 134, 149, 152, 179, 180, 189, 226, 267, 268, 272–273; administrative state, 29, 79, 241; as nation state, 79–80; declaration of independence, 72; international recognition, 35, 74, 91–93, 263

Biafran army, 73, 74, 76, 83–86; Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, 83, 85; 4th Commando Brigade, 83, 85, 94; Mid-West offensive, 73; ogbunigwe, 75, 84; struggle for Onitsha, 73–75; supply issues 83–84; strategies and tactics 84–86

Border War, 107

Burco, 206, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216

Cabral, Amilcar, 105, 135

China, 19, 90, 100, 101, 103, 108, 120, 135, 145, 286; first republic, 100; civil war, 101, 135, 140

Cold War, 12, 29, 51, 128, 182, 191–192, 195, 232, 252, 253, 254, 256, 261, 264, 267–270, 272, 277–278, 284, 286; African dynamics, 14, 22, 39, 64, 186, 189, 192–194, 257; end of, 20, 94, 174–175, 184, 187, 190, 195, 197, 199, 203, 207, 256, 269, 283

Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga, (CONAKAT), 17, 40, 41–42, 52, 53–54, 55

Congo, 5, 11, 14, 30, 35, 39, 41, 54, 61, 81, 87, 88, 97, 99, 130, 179, 192, 272, 285; crisis, 17, 39, 42, 44–45, 49, 56, 62, 64, 94, 180; Democratic Republic of, 21, 193, 197; First Congo War, 272; Free State, 52; relations with Belgium 26, 40, 43, 48, 52, 57, 59, 91, 93; Second Congo War, 272; Zaire, 20, 21, 197, 198

Coordination de la résistance armée (CRA), 260

Cuito Cuanavale, battle of, 3, 107

Diori, Hamani, 258

Effiong, Philip, 77, 79, 82

Egal, Mohammed Ibrahim, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222

Elisabethville, 41, 45, 48, 49, 51, 54

Enugu, 72, 73

Eritrea, 5, 111, 115, 121, 123, 126, 128, 134, 139, 140, 147, 181, 186–187, 224, 226, 264, 273; development under Italians, 116, 131–132, 220–221; early nationalism, 117–118; federation with Ethiopia, 116–117; historical separation from Ethiopia, 53, 130–131, 133; independence referendum, 115, 129, 152, 270; post-independence authoritarianism, 274–275, 278; relations with Sudan, 174–175, 185; war with Ethiopia, (1998–2000), 2

Eritrean Liberation Front, 116, 118, 122, 123, 126, 135, 141, 143, 144, 150; internal dissent, 119–120; military strategy, 119, 121, 125, 139–140

Eritrean Liberation Movement, 118

Eritrean People’s Liberation Front, 19, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 183, 274–275; agricultural reforms, 144–145; Battle of Afabet, 128, 142; Battle of Nacfa, 127, 140, 141; education policy, 146–147; gender relations, 147–148; health policy, 147; industrial reforms, 145–146; military strategy, 19, 125, 128, 129, 135, 139, 141, 143; People’s Front for Democracy and Justice, 274; relations with TPLF, 122, 128, 129, 150–151; siege of Keren, 125; social revolution, 126, 127–128, 129, 143–144, 148–149; split with ELF, 120–121

Ethiopia, 2, 3, 5, 19, 20, 92, 115, 117, 118, 121, 124, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 150, 152, 162, 172, 173, 175, 182, 183, 185, 189, 193, 204, 209, 211, 217, 220, 223, 226, 274, 286; Derg Government, 5, 122, 123, 128–129, 141, 150, 151, 170, 172, 183, 204–205, 270, 274; first Italian invasion, 131, 220; “Red Terror,” 122; second Italian invasion, 116, 132, 220; use of Berbera, 224, 279

Ethiopian military, 50, 118–119, 120, 121, 122, 124–125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 139, 142, 143, 205; aid from United States, 119; intervention in Somalia, 227, 278; Peasants’ Crusade, 123, 151; Red Star Campaign, 127, 141, 151; siege of Massawa, 124; Soviet aid, 124, 125, 195, 197, 205

Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, 128–129, 152, 183, 223

Equatoria Corps, 159, 161, 162

Faulqes, Roger, 55, 94

France, 32, 47, 88, 193, 196, 233, 241, 250, 256; decolonization ,25–26, 29, 222, 235, 265; empire 4, 102–103, 220; Operation Serval, 282; support for Biafra, 78, 84, 90–91, 92, 93–94

Front populaire de libération de l’Azawad (FPLA), 249, 251, 255

Front populaire pour la liberation du Niger (FPLN), 259

Ganda Koy, 251, 252, 257

Garang, John, 169–170, 172–176, 183–185, 275

Global War on Terror, 22, 262, 279, 283, 285, 286

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 189, 190

Gowon, Yakubu, 71, 72, 77, 78, 80, 82

Great Britain, 25, 68, 89, 93, 132, 221; decolonization, 26, 32, 108, 109, 222; empire, 4, 26, 29, 67–68, 105, 108, 158, 220, 265; stance towards Biafra, 75, 88–89

guurtis, 209–210, 211, 212, 213

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 49, 60, 61, 62

Hargeisa, 206, 214, 215, 216, 227

Igbo, 10, 18, 67–68, 69–72, 75, 77, 78–81, 83, 96

Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), 273

Islamic Courts Union (ICU), 227, 278

Jadotville, siege of, 49, 56

Kahin, Dahir Riyale, 218, 219

Kasavubu, Joseph, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 59

Katanga, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 29, 35, 44, 51, 62, 64, 79, 81, 86, 95, 97, 129, 134, 149, 192–193, 226, 241, 253, 266, 269; Comité spéciale du Katanga, 30, 40, 52, 80, 130; declaration of independence, 42; European population, 35, 41; International recognition, 263, 267; gendarmerie, 44, 46, 47, 48–49, 50, 55–56, 57–58, 60, 94, 272; negotiations with Congolese government 45–47, 50, 99; province of the Congo, 13, 30, 40–41, 53; relations with Belgium, 43, 47–48, 57–59, 78, 87–88, 93; Union minière du Haute Katanga, 57, 58

Keita, Modibo, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 249, 253

Kel Adagh, 242, 245, 246, 249, 254, 255, 258

Kel Tamasheq, 194, 242, 243, 253–257, 262, 266, 280, 283; Alfellaga (first revolt), 239–242, 244, 245, 254; alliance with Islamists, 281–282, 283; in independent Mali, 236–239; in Libya, 245–246, 281; in Niger, 258–260, 280; origins, 232–233; second Malian revolt, 246–252, 254, 255; social structure, 233–235

Kenyatta, Jomo, 30

Khalil, Adbullah, 162, 177

Kiir, Salva, 275, 276, 277

Kountche, Seyni, 258, 259

Lagu, Joseph, 166, 167, 170, 172, 180, 182, 183

Léopoldville, 5, 42, 44, 45, 46, 60, 61

Libya, 2, 3, 26, 124, 231, 232, 242, 243, 245, 258, 259, 261, 280, 281

Lumumba, Patrice, 40, 41, 43, 45, 53, 59, 88; assassination, 44, 45, 59, 60, 267

Machar, Riek, 173, 174, 275, 277

al-Mahdi, Sadiq, 171, 183

Mahgoub, Mohamed Ahmed, 166

Mali, 21, 22, 193, 231, 236, 238, 243, 253–255, 257, 260, 262, 263, 280, 281; coup, 250, 256; elections, 252; independence, 235, 237; Mali Federation, 235–236; rebellion (2007), 280–281; rebellion (2011), 282–284; relations with Algeria, 241

Menelik II, 115, 131, 220

Mengistu Government, 20, 123, 124, 129, 139, 142, 143, 152, 170, 175, 183, 184, 185, 204, 205, 275; Mengistu Haile Mariam, 122, 127, 223

mercenaries, 17, 32, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 58, 62, 81, 87, 93, 94, 272, 281

Mobutu, Joseph, 39, 44, 59, 88,

Mobutu, Sese Seko, 20, 197, 198, 272

Mouvement de libération de l’Azawad (MLA), 245

Mouvement populaire de liberation de l’Azawad (MPLA), 248, 255, 259
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), 273

Mozambique, 3, 4, 5, 104, 105, 106, 107

Munongo, Godefroid, 41, 47, 53, 54, 55

National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), 282, 283

Niger, 22, 74, 194, 231, 242, 243, 245, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 280, 282,

Nigeria, 10, 18, 26, 29, 35, 67, 68, 72, 77, 78, 80, 82, 87, 88, 91, 92, 197, 263, 267, 273; Eastern region, 67, 68, 72, 80, 92; first coup, 69–70, 80, 81; independence, 68, 79; Mid–West region, 67, 72; Niger Delta, 13, 68, 75; Northern region, 21, 68, 80; second coup, 70–73, 79, 80; Western region, 67, 68, 72

Nigerian army, 75, 76, 89, 94; 1st Division, 73, 77; 2nd Division, 73; 3rd Marine Commando Division, 74, 76, 77; battle for Onitsha, 74; capture of Port Harcourt, 74; capture of Umuahia, 76; expansion, 95; international arms support, 75, 89

Nkrumah, Kwame, 26, 30

al-Numeiry, Gaafar Mohammed, 166, 167, 168, 170–171, 180

Nyerere, Julius, 3, 31, 93; recognition of Biafra, 92

O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 48

Ogaden, 2, 3, 123, 124, 151, 204–205, 206, 220, 221, 222, 223

Ojukwu, Emeka Odumegwu, 18, 72, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97

Organisation commune des regions sahariennes (OCRS), 236, 242, 253, 258

Organization for African Unity (OAU), 14, 35, 63, 74, 88, 92, 97, 134, 152, 163, 178, 180, 182, 227, 284; Charter, Article III, 63, 91, 134

Portugal, 26, 78, 104, 265; decolonization conflicts, 4, 104–105, 135

Puntland, 217, 226, 227, 279

protracted war, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 18–19, 103, 104, 109, 110, 129, 134–135, 137, 138, 151, 157, 165, 181, 264, 285; strategic defense, 135, 139; strategic offensive, 136, 141–143; strategic stalemate, 136, 140

Quinlan, Patrick, 56

Rhodesia, 3, 4, 48, 51, 55, 78, 106; Unilateral Declaration of Independence, 4, 104, 108; liberation struggles, 3, 108–109; Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 4, 108–109, 111; Zimbabwean African People’s Union (ZAPU), 4, 108–109, 111

Sabbe, Osman Saleh, 118

Selassie, Emperor Haile, 116, 117, 121, 122, 132, 140, 141, 150, 167, 204, 220, 221, 222

al-Shabaab, 227, 278–279

Siad Barre, Mohammed, 123, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 212, 215, 222, 225,

Somali National Movement (SNM), 204, 205, 207, 208, 221, 223, 225,

Somalia, 2, 3, 21, 123, 124, 151, 174, 193, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 215, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 278, 286; Federal Republic of, 217, 227, 279; “Greater Somalia,” 194, 204, 205; Transitional Federal Government, 227; Transitional National Government, 217, 227

Somaliland, 8, 21, 53, 203, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219–228, 278, 279; Berbera Port Authority, 214; Borama Conference, 212, 213’; National Charter, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215; Sanaag Regional Peace Charter, 213,

South Africa, 3, 4, 6, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; apartheid, 4, 104, 106, 107

South African liberation struggles, 106, 107; African National Congress, 4, 106, 107; Pan-African Congress, 4, 106; Poqo, 106; Umkhonto we Sizwe, 106

South Sudan, 20, 53, 111, 149, 157, 176, 186, 187, 226, 264, 271, 273, 275, 276, 278, 286; decolonization, 161–163; plebiscite, 162, 176, 177, 186, 187, 283, 284; separate administration, 159–161

Southern Sudan Liberation Movement, 167, 180

Southern Sudan Provisional Government (SSPG), 165, 167, 179

Soviet Union, 11, 12, 24, 108, 123–124, 128, 151, 182, 195, 204; collapse, 14, 20, 189–191, 205, 270

Stanleyville, 5, 44, 45, 46, 60, 61

Steiner, Rolf, 81, 83, 94

Sudan, 20, 26, 30, 92, 123, 126, 128, 130, 139, 157, 158, 159, 160, 170, 172, 174, 175, 177, 177, 179, 183, 185, 189, 220, 221, 226, 270; Abboud Government, 163–164, 177–187; Declaration of Principles, 175; First Civil War, 161–168, 180, 182; Second Civil War, 169–176, 182; “September Laws,” 171

Sudanese African National Union (SANU), 163, 164, 165, 178, 179

Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM/A), 20, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 276, 277

Tamanrasset Accords, 248, 249, 250, 255, 256

Tenekra, 244, 245, 254, 261

Thant, U, 49, 60, 62–63; U Thant Plan for National Reconciliation, 50, 51

Thyssens, Georges, 47

Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), 20, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 150, 151, 152

Torit mutiny, 161, 169

Toure, Amadou, 250, 256

Traore, Moussa, 248, 249, 250, 256

Treaty of Ucciali, 131, 133

Tse-Tung, Mao, 5, 8, 18, 101, 103, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 149,

Tshombe, Moise, 17, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 87, 272

Tuareg. See Kel Tamasheq

Uganda, 2, 3, 5, 32, 162, 175, 185, 196, 197

United Movements and Fronts of Azawad (MFUA), 250, 251, 256

United Nations, 14, 17, 25, 26, 35, 39, 43, 51, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 91, 97, 99, 115, 116, 117, 129, 134, 176, 178, 182, 191, 193, 194, 221, 226, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 276, 277, 282; chapter XI, 25, 26; chapter XII, 25, 26

United Nations peacekeeping, 43, 45, 47, 56, 58, 88, 192, 208, 227; Operation Grand Slam, 50, 60–61; Operation Morthor, 48, 49, 58, 60; Operation Rum Punch, 48, 58, 60, 61; Operation UNOKAT, 49, 60

United Nations Security Council, 43, 45, 61, 62; Resolution 143, 43, 57, 60; Resolution 145, 43, 57, 60; Resolution 146, 43, 57; Resolution 161, 57, 60

United States, 20, 24, 30, 101, 103, 132, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 208, 269, 270, 278–279, 281, 283, 286; military aid to Ethiopia, 116, 119; policy in the Congo, 42, 43, 44, 58–59; policy towards Nigeria, 88, 89, 93; policy towards Sudan, 175–176, 182, 184, 185, 275, 284

Vietnam, 88, 100, 104, 135, 181; Indochina

War, 102–103, 142

Yoruba, 13, 67, 68, 73