Index
A
advertisements, 3, 4, 8, 95, 103, 194, 228; as cultural narratives of wealth, risk, and redemption, 7, 8, 10–11, 14, 73, 104, 119–120, 141–142, 168, 170–171, 213, 235, 238–239, 247, 252, 419–422; Calgary Daily Herald, 76, 111, 161, 187; Calgary Morning Albertan, 119, 131, 133–134, 161, 194, 197–198, 242, 391; Calgary News Telegram, 161, 194; progress, 7–8, 11, 12, 97, 102–105, 119–120; salvation narratives, 7–8, 11, 18, 94–95, 97, 102–105, 111–112, 117–121, 163–164, 166, 171–172, 180, 239, 420; Saskatoon Daily Star, 210; target the “small investor” and working-class, 63–64, 72, 95–96, 104, 117–121, 163–164, 180, 187, 239
Alberta: anglophilia, 240–241; conservatism, 12, 222; economy, 7, 13, 44, 61; laissez-faire capitalism, 12, 44, 148, 190, 296–297, 421–422, 429; liberalism, 13; limited government, 222, 296, 420
Alberta culture and oil, 12, 73, 96, 183, 218, 420
Alberta attorney general’s office, 276, 335, 340; alleged political motives of, 298, 310–312, 313; complaints to, 226–227, 229–230, 234, 255, 259, 270, 271, 274, 353; investigations, 227, 259, 262, 271, 280, 295; Pinkertons, 226–227; pressure on, 254, 327, 367–368; Trainor, Gregory, 271, 277, 298, 299, 301, 303, 304
Alberta exceptionalism: belief in mission, 7–8, 24–25, 72–73, 143; compared to eastern Canada, 73, 149, 168, 169, 170–171, 172; cultural identity, 11, 12, 33, 119, 124, 239, 420–421; “spirit of enterprise” and pioneer legacy, 73, 97, 103–105, 183
Alberta Liberal Party, 12–13, 216, 252, 356, 373
Alberta oil, 40; Admiralty, 10, 97; assumptions, 50–51, 78; automobile demonstration, 47, 48, 233; banks, 44; boosters, 11–12, 35, 47, 51, 56, 57, 65, 77, 83, 86, 89, 97, 102, 109, 121, 141, 150, 170, 217, 232, 252, 258, 271; bootstrap individualism, 12, 97, 172, 420, 422, 424, 426; democratization of wealth, 63–64, 72, 95–96, 104, 117–121, 158–159, 163–164, 180, 186–187, 239; economic saviour, 7–8, 14, 18, 83, 85–86, 94–95, 97, 102–105, 115–116, 111–112, 117–121, 163–164, 166, 171–172, 180, 239, 420; entrepreneurialism, 7, 12, 28, 33, 72, 120, 183, 218, 284, 420; faith in, 12, 15, 50–51, 64, 96, 102, 150–153, 166–167; independent producers, 96; investment, 11, 15, 40, 43–44, 253; laissez-faire capitalism, 44, 55, 82–83, 127; liabilities of, 80–81, 225; markets for, 51; national asset, 81; negative opinions of (see critics; knockers); potential, 5, 20; price, 48, 224; private sector development, 222; production costs, 40–41, 71, 223–224, 225; refining, 51; reputation, 13, 15, 176, 216, 252, 255–256, 356, 373; Royal Navy, 49; self-regulation, 44, 96; special qualities, 47, 48; transportation of, 51; US interest and involvement in, 46, 48, 49
Alberta’s oil culture: abundance and, 3, 10, 22, 73, 97, 425; advertisements shape/reflect, 95, 97, 101, 239; Alberta Oil Development Association, 82–86; American values, influence on, 46, 239–240; characteristics of, 95–96, 97, 102–103, 218, 239; choice, 55, 93–95, 119, 120, 271; “Christopher Columbus” analogy, 72, 77, 143; crusading impulse, 86, 233; destiny, 51, 72–73, 149, 152; dreams, 13, 53, 64, 65, 97, 102, 189, 191, 194, 238; entrepreneurialism, 7, 11–13, 17, 28, 30, 33, 46, 50, 55, 72, 74, 76, 78–79, 96, 101, 120, 152, 162, 168, 172, 174, 183, 190, 191, 218, 239, 246, 284, 348, 420, 424; faith, 2, 3, 7, 15, 33, 34, 35, 51, 56, 64–65, 68, 69, 72, 74, 79, 81, 97, 102, 119–120, 124, 142, 149, 183, 246, 301, 325, 360, 366, 397, 416; identity and, 85–86, 97;
Alberta’s oil culture (continued); independent producers, 55, 96, 99–102, 104–106, 117, 124, 131–132, 166, 169, 173, 202, 219, 229, 245, 246, 263, 417, 420, 424, 426, 453n4, 454n12; industrialization, 9, 12, 21, 47, 51, 53, 72, 73, 94, 104, 105, 167, 180; insulate against recession, 8, 11, 64, 73, 85, 91, 111, 151, 188, 340; intolerance of criticism, 3, 42, 84, 85–86, 232–234, 235–238; limitless resources, belief in, 50–51, 97, 424–425; local roots, 14, 29, 45–46, 49, 50, 56, 65, 78, 87, 99, 101, 102, 111, 152, 154, 156, 160, 163, 164, 170, 173, 174, 190, 191, 204, 238, 239, 246, 252, 344, 420, 421; modernity, 8, 12, 13, 95, 104, 106, 167; mythmaking, 13–15, 32–33, 50–51, 97; power of nature, 32–33, 74, 78, 97, 103, 118–120; progress, 95, 102–103; prosperity, 3, 8, 11, 12, 35, 61–62, 64, 73, 82, 85, 91, 95, 102–104, 111, 119, 151, 161, 188, 239, 340; religion and, 1–3, 149, 236, 420; rugged individualism, 33, 64, 97, 120, 168, 172, 422, 426, 453n1; strategic significance, 8, 10; strength, 101–103, 105; transformative qualities, 3, 8, 11, 102–105, 166; wealth and, 11, 12, 28, 73, 78, 79, 82, 84, 89, 96, 97, 100, 104, 119, 151, 153, 155, 159, 166, 188, 218, 236, 239, 423
Alberta Oil Development Association (AODA), 82–86, 88–92, 96; Calgary Daily Herald, 83–84, 89, 92; Calgary Morning Albertan, 84–85; Calgary News Telegram, 89
American influence, 46, 239; cross-border legal and regulatory tensions, 45–46, 216, 234–235, 356; migration of US drillers and oil workers to Alberta, 39–40, 49–50, 169–170; influence of US oil culture and technology, 7, 35, 40–41, 119, 341, 343; parallels with Texas, 96, 245, 453n3; role of US investment capital and promoters, 50, 155–156, 158, 171, 213, 235; Standard Oil and Canadian fears, 97–101, 147
Anderson, Hugh, 226
Anderson, “Torchy,” 36, 154, 247
anti-Calgary oil campaigns, 213, 216–217; Calgarians response to, 232–234, 235–238; Chicago Tribune, 235; Custer Weekly Chronicle, 235; Minneapolis Journal, 235; Oregon Daily Journal, 234–235; reasons for, 13, 60–61, 64–65, 168, 190–191, 216–217, 245, 421; Regina Leader, 231, 234; Robson, J.A., 230–231, 262–263; scope of, 238; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 234; Toronto Daily Star, 168, 170, 172, 201; Victoria Colonist, 231
Athabasca River, 22, 39, 114, 115
B
banker, 43, 150, 151, 173, 185, 278, 316
bankruptcy, 4, 6, 136, 138, 260, 342, 352, 363–364
banks, 74, 153, 146, 151, 195, 204, 280, 282, 285; British, 43, 168, 244; Calgary, 173, 197; Canadian, 44; frozen account, 303; private savings, 154, 158, 173, 183, 241; prosperity, 150
Beattie, Harry C., 89, 138, 193–194, 197, 287, 288, 298, 381, 471n60
Beaty, Elizabeth, 2, 138, 194–196
Bennett, Richard B., 29, 133, 288, 341; Alberta Hotel, 342; Calgary Petroleum Products, 32, 34, 96, 448n32; Herron, William S., 424
Berkeley, Mowbray S., 48, 109, 271
Beveridge, Stephen, 76–77, 102; conflict with the Herald, 86–87, 88; Rocky Mountain Oil Fields, 110, 258
Black Diamond Oil Fields, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 204, 239; ads and promotion, 3–4, 6, 135–136, 198–199; Carpenter Commission, 287, 289–290; claims of strikes and stock manipulation, 7, 123, 141, 195, 196, 206–207, 210, 289; Coalinga Oil Syndicate, 2–3, 128, 133, 183, 192–196, 200, 207, 256, 287, 289, 462n12; Earl, Jennie, 182–183; financial difficulties, 3, 5, 123, 128–129, 136, 191–192, 287–288, 380, 390; International Supply Company, 5, 123, 128–129, 136–137, 192, 209, 211–212, 287–288; investigations of, 14, 227, 271, 289–290, 300, 370, 383, 398; lawsuits, 5–6, 134–135, 208, 287–288; press and public perception, 6, 68, 128–129, 196–197, 199–200, 212; “salting” well, 6–7, 123, 137–139, 209, 212, 390, 398; self-promotion and staged events, 200, 204–205, 242; stock, 4, 5, 146, 191, 193–196
Black, Brian, 9, 32–33, 97, 131
Black Diamond #1, 5, 129, 132, 134, 140, 176, 195–196, 198–199, 205–207, 209–212, 243, 287, 296, 303, 380, 382, 392–393, 416–417
Black Diamond #2, 195, 198, 208, 212, 242, 287–288
Black Diamond Press, 200–201, 235; Knowles, Vernon, 200, 227–228; Rose, Frank, 227–228
Black Diamond v. Carpenter (1916), 354, 365, 366, 367, 369
blue sky laws, 66, 189, 217, 236, 275, 287, 340, 355, 356, 419
boosters, 11–12, 35, 47, 51, 56, 86, 97, 102, 109, 121, 170, 217, 232, 252, 258; advertising campaigns, 7, 8, 10–11, 14, 18, 73, 94–95, 102–105, 111–112, 117–121, 141–142, 163–164, 166, 170–172, 180, 213, 235, 238–239, 247, 252, 419–422; Alberta Oil Development Association, 82–86, 88–92, 96; Calgary Morning Albertan, 48, 65, 90, 117, 150–151, 158, 159, 250–251, 271; Calgary News Telegram, 73–74, 78–80, 151, 232; Cheely, William, 141; Davidson, William, 57, 65; economic progress, 102; Frost, “Tappy,” 83; “Petroleus” op-ed, 78–80; Tucker, J.L., 1, 77, 95
Britain, 9, 60, 61, 66, 244, 256, 378 445n1; attempts to attract British capital, 251; Canadian investments by, 43, 61, 155; immigration from, 63, 176–178; oil suppliers, 9, 245; profits, 160; scepticism, 45, 167–168; Webster-Ashburn Treaty 316
brokers, 132, 155, 157–158, 160, 201, 228; aggressiveness, 184; boosterism, 172; Carlile, R.C., 207; Clark, Allan, 235–236; Clarke, Basil, 176–178; commissions, 192–193, 194; incentives, 207; licensing, 184, 186; office spaces, 158–177, 178; price discrepancies, 173–176; profits, 177–178, 207; qualifications, 183–184; self-regulation, 174; spaces, 183; stock sales, 195, 207, 229; women, 178–180
Brown, Joe, 50
Buck, Elizabeth Ada (Beaty), 1, 2, 128, 303, 310, 322, 332, 410, 412, 462n11; divorce, 414–415
Buck, George E.: advertisements, 131, 134, 194, 197–198, 212; appeals and final release, 397–403, 407, 411–413; automobiles, 4, 127–128, 306, 308, 311, 314, 323, 338; Beattie, Harry, 193, 194; Black Diamond #1, 198, 209, 243; Black Diamond #2, 198; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 123, 146; Black Diamond Press, 209, 235; Calgary Daily Herald, 199, 207, 210–211, 298–299, 314, 323, 331, 332, 336–337, 380, 391, 395; Calgary Eye Opener, 140–141, 143, 207, 210, 332, 377, 380, 388, 398, 411, 412, 420; Calgary Morning Albertan, 140–141, 143, 207, 210, 332, 377, 380, 388, 398, 411, 412, 420; Calgary News Telegram, 139–140, 199–200, 209, 298, 300, 331, 373, 391, 401–402, 406; Carr, Clara, 414–415; Chewelah Basin Oil Company, 413–414; Church of Christ, 127; Clark, Allan, 192–194; Coalinga Oil Syndicate, 128, 192–193; commissions, 192–193, 194; competition, 207; Crandell, E.H., 129–130, 209; criminal trial and appeals of, 376–392, 398–402, 407–409; Cunningham Craig, Edward Hubert, 197; divorce, 414; dreams, 197; Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 242–243; Earl, Jennie, 209, 288, 303, 311; early life, background, and religious convictions, 1–2, 124, 127, 132–133; escalating legal troubles and flight from Calgary, 5–6, 133, 135, 207–208, 287–288, 303, 310–311; evades subpoena, 288–289; evangelical mission of, 1–2, 124, 127, 199, 395; extradition battle in the United States, 306–311, 313–315, 318–321, 324–326, 330; financial instability and the “salting” conspiracy, 3–7, 191–192, 209–210; financial problems, 3, 4, 5, 6, 191–192; Hayes, James, 6, 211, 213; International Supply Company, 123, 129, 192, 209, 211; legacy and impact, 14, 355, 419–420; life after the boom, 413–416; Martin, “Frosty,” 192, 198, 209; McGillivray, Alexander A., 271, 289; Natural Gas and Oil Record, 128, 134, 185, 242–243; Oil Finding, 128, 197; Phillips, “Tiny,” 192, 198, 209, 211–212; preacher, 127; promoter, 4, 128, 199, 205, 210–211; promotional tactics and public persona, 4–5, 14, 127–128, 196–197, 416; real estate, 128; Regina Leader, 200–201; Rice, Garnet, 210, 211; Ritchie, J.M.D., 205–206; rumours, 196, 199, 206; sales agents, 196; Smith, Fred, 192–194, 197–198; stock manipulation and media control, 191, 193–194, 197, 199–200, 204–205, 207; stock sales, 193–194, 197, 207; Spokane, 299, 413; Texas, 306, 308; transition to oil promotion, 2, 123, 128, 146, 192–193, 197; trial and conviction, 336, 378, 380–383, 385, 390, 393–394; Tucker, J.L., 199–200, 212; United Oils, 131–135, 192; Vancouver Daily World, 196–197, 205, 242–243; Wolverton, Grant, 133–134, 207–208; “Wildcat Christianity,” 2, 124
bucket shop, 61, 64, 168, 183, 186, 348
C
cable tool rig, 35–38, 51, 80, 246
Calgary, 30; exceptionalism, 78–79, 80; opportunities, 178; real estate boom, 28, 50, 181; reputation, 13, 65, 125, 176, 216, 218–219, 238, 265, 273, 296; unemployed, 61, 63, 150–151, 238, 240, 247; United States, 46
Calgary Board of Trade, 44, 53, 65, 221, 226, 232–233, 237, 244, 256
Calgary Daily Herald, 6, 46, 54, 69, 75, 83, 106, 127, 147, 183, 185, 221–222, 236; advertising, 76, 111, 161, 187; Alberta Oil Development Association, 83–84, 89, 92; banks, 162, 173; Beveridge libel suit, 86–87, 88; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 128–129, 132, 140, 288, 416; Buck, George E., 199, 207, 210–211, 298–299, 314, 323, 331, 332, 336–337, 380, 391, 395; Carpenter Commission, 272, 276, 290; conditions at Turner Valley, 36, 47–48; coverage of Dingman discovery and boom, 140, 150, 155, 158, 161, 173, 180–181, 187, 241–242; critics, 65, 69–70, 71–72, 73, 76–78, 82, 84–85, 103, 109; Cunningham Craig, Edward Hubert, 106, 109, 113, 116; Dingman, Archibald, 34, 41; Dingman #1, 47; ; establishment, 56–57; Flotations series, 68–71, 76–77, 81, 88, 109, 116, 117, 128–129, 169, 285, 452n34; Frost, “Tappy,” 233; Herron, William S., 26, 149; letters to the editor, 53, 70, 71, 88, 240, 254, 280, 357, 365; Lees Commission, 354–354, 365; Monarch Oils, 343, 350; role in oil boom and speculation debates, 61, 64–66, 68, 70–71, 76–77, 81–82, 84, 88; Rose, Frank, 229; rumours, 46, 237; Short, James, 472n3; Sifton government and regulation, 254–255, 262–263, 292–293; speculation, 64, 68, 81, 235, 238; stock exchanges, 249, 257, 266; stock quotations, 176; vision of oil, 54–55, 61, 65, 150, 154; women investors, 178–181, 182
Calgary Eye Opener, 59–60; advertising, 143; criticizes the Herald, 71; criticizes the oil industry, 236–238, 249, 258–259
Calgary Morning Albertan, 6, 7, 41, 46, 47–48, 50; advertising, 119, 131, 133–134, 161, 194, 197–198, 242, 391; Alberta Oil Development Association, 84–85; Black Diamond Oils, 128–129, 131, 133–134, 140–141, 195, 199, 205–206, 210; Buck, George E., 140–141, 143, 207, 210, 332, 377, 380, 388, 398, 411, 412, 420; Calgary Petroleum Products, 46, 48, 88, 149; Calgary Police Force, 184–185, 186; Carpenter Commission, 271, 275, 276, 283, 286–287; Cheely, William, 141–142, 192, 344–345, 358, 364, 383, 393, 398, 402; counter “flotation” articles, 71–72, 128–129; Cunningham Craig, Edward Hubert, 109–110, 117; Davidson, William M., 55–58, 85, 117, 140–141, 150, 271, 286, 361; Dingman, Archibald, 41, 47; Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 186–187, 242; editorial stance and advocacy, 49, 57, 450n1; establishment and characteristics, 10, 57, 161; Frost, “Tappy,” 339, 361, 365; Liberal Party, 87–88; May 9, 1914, article, 143, 192, 344, 377–378, 382–385, 392–394, 398–400, 402, 404, 406–408; Monarch Oils, 341, 343–344, 362; nativism, 84–85; “Oilberta” cartoon, 89, 91; promotional activities and civic boosting, 48, 55–58, 65, 85, 89, 90, 117, 140–141, 150–151, 158, 159, 250–251, 271, 286, 361; regulation, 222, 263; Ritchie, J.M.D., 205–206; role in media debates and feuds, 54, 65, 71–72, 76–77, 82, 84–85, 90, 99–100, 128–129; Rose, Frank, 228; rumors, 46, 199, 203, 207, 210, 295, 349, 352, 359; Sale of Shares Act, 356–357; Short, James, 472n3; Standard Oil, 99–100; stereotypical “oilman,” 55; stock exchanges, 173, 186–187, 257, 266; speculation, 55; women investors, 180, 182
Calgary Natural Gas Company, 30, 31–32, 36
Calgary News Telegram, 54, 55, 58, 71, 77, 141; advertising, 161, 194; Alberta Oil Development Association, 89; Alberta’s exceptionalism, 73; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 123, 139–40; boosters, 73–74, 78–80, 151, 232; Buck, George E., 139–140, 199, 298, 300, 331, 373, 391, 401–402, 406; Carpenter Commission, 277, 286, 290; challenges critics, 172; criticisms of the Herald, 71, 73; Devenish, Oscar, 150; Dingman #1, 100; Dunn, Bird W., 349; independents, 55; Lees Commission, 353, 355, 360; letters to the editor, 71; Monarch Oils, 347; Oil Protective Association, 234; “Petroleus” op-ed, 78–80; regulation, 215, 219, 238; rumours, 209, 228; Standard Oil, 99, 100; Tryon, Charles, 123, 139–140, 387, 404
Calgary Petroleum Products, Ltd., 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 27, 31, 34–37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 46–47, 88, 117, 120, 123, 146, 148, 156, 179, 191, 202, 203, 207, 343, 423–424; accused of fraud, 232; automobile demonstration, 47; Calgary Morning Albertan, 46, 48, 88, 149; Chapin, O.S., 132; Cunningham Craig, Edward Hubert, 49, 115; Dingman, Archibald, 48; drilling costs, 169; Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 244; shareholders, 180–181; stock price, 154, 167, 176, 201, 202; sues Herron, William S., 147
Calgary Petroleum Products #1. See Dingman #1
Calgary Police Force, 44, 49, 184–185, 186, 217, 219, 225–226, 465n28; Calgary Morning Albertan, 184–185, 186
Calgary real estate boom, 28, 29, 50, 61, 63, 70, 102, 126, 128, 130, 133, 158, 177, 247, 270; difference with oil boom, 64, 70–71, 82, 151, 169, 181–183; Langner, Jullian, 270, 278
Calgary Stock Exchange, 13; incorporation and purpose, 44–45, 54–55, 265; decline and suspension, 207, 253–254, 256–257, 422–423; formation and early operations, 45, 168, 173–174; resumption 424; self-regulation, 44, 168, 174–175, 254, 256–257, 265, 266
Canadian economy: bank clearings, 160–161, 162, 229; British capital, 43, 61, 155, 167–168, 241, 256; domestic capital, 173, 190–191, 231–232, 239, 251, 420–421; foreign investment, 43, 45, 61, 100–101, 155, 167, 171, 173, 239, 251–252, 253–254; investment capital, 13, 15, 39, 43, 74, 191, 221, 222, 257, 264, 423; metropolis-hinterland thesis, 95, 453n3; National Policy, 22; private sector investment, 64, 99, 100, 164, 186, 421; recession, 8, 61, 83, 160; role of government, 13–14, 81, 100, 222, 236, 252, 254–255, 421–422; role of natural resources, 21–22, 43, 97, 103–104, 166–167, 236; US capital, 45–46, 50, 61, 155, 171
Canadian Pacific Railway, 22, 24, 26, 35, 57, 60, 64, 77, 98, 125, 126, 146, 148, 154, 159, 182, 181
Canadian Western Natural Gas, 22, 32–33
Carpenter, Alexander A., 270, 271–273, 274–278, 283, 286–287, 290, 292, 294, 340, 353–354
Carpenter Commission: establishment and mandate, 270–272; investigation and findings, 275–277; legacy, 292–293, 295, 340, 354–355, 370, 422; legal challenges, 271, 287, 290–292; press coverage, 271–272, 275–277, 283, 286–287, 290; Western Canadian Oil Company, 270, 277–278, 280–285. See also Black Diamond v. Carpenter (1916)
Cheely, William “Bill” Winbourne, 124, 141–143, 149, 171, 349, 359–361, 364, 376–377, 382–384, 386–387, 392–393, 405–406; May 9, 1914, article, 143, 192, 344, 377–378, 382–385, 392–394, 398–400, 402, 404, 406–408; Monarch Oils, 344–346, 349, 358, 478n17
Church of Christ (disciples), 1, 127, 128, 395
Clark, Allan, 235–236; Buck, George E., 192–194
Coalinga Oil Syndicate, 2–3, 128, 133, 182, 183, 200, 287, 289, 462n12; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 2–3, 128, 133, 183, 192–196, 200, 207, 256, 287, 289, 462n12; Buck, George E., 192–194; market manipulation, 192–195, 207
Coykendall, M. Arthur, 321, 324–327, 328, 329, 330
Companies Ordinance, 217, 218, 219–220, 221, 230, 259, 260, 291, 353–354, 406, 468n33
Coste, Eugene M., 22, 32–34, 35, 50
Crandell, Edward Henry, 129–131, 137, 139, 140, 141, 209, 301, 302, 305, 382, 387, 410, 412, 420
critics: eastern Canada, 149, 168, 169, 170, 172; external, 43–44, 167–169, 245–246; geological, 70, 75–76, 81–82, 110, 113, 165–166, 220, 246, 253, 255; market, 165–166; regulatory, 168, 232, 245, 253, 356; reputational damage, Alberta, 15, 65, 213, 216, 231–232, 245, 253–254, 296; United States, 75–76, 156, 169–170, 216, 235, 245, 356
Cross, A.E., 32
Cross, Charles W., 271, 277, 313, 314, 331, 334, 353, 373, 399, 421
Cuddy, Alfred, 184–186, 220, 221–223, 226, 264, 266, 461n76; and Buck, George E., 298, 299; wildcatters, 220
Cunningham Craig, Edward Hubert, 1, 4, 30, 48–49, 105–111, 449n6; background and expertise, 1, 96–97; cautious assessments and warnings, 109, 113–116; consulting and endorsements, 106–107, 109–111, 113–116, 253; impact and legacy, 96, 99–101, 103–106, 197, 244, 253; Oil Finding, 1–2, 106–108, 110, 128, 197; public statements and media coverage, 99–101, 103–106, 109, 244, 253
curb brokers, 13, 64, 168, 174, 176, 177, 180, 184, 186
D
Dakota sandstone, 17, 18, 22, 27, 113–115, 131, 140–141, 196, 198, 206, 259, 363, 383
Davidson, William M., 420, 472n3; background, 57–58, 71; beliefs and ideology, 56–57, 99–100, 236, 450n1; civic and oil industry boosting, 57, 89–90, 117, 140, 150, 271; rivalry with James Hossack Woods, 54–55, 65, 71–72, 85, 88, 92; The Morning Albertan newspaper, 55–58, 85, 117, 140–141, 150, 271, 286, 361
Dawson, George W., 22
Devenish, Oscar, 5, 47, 65, 77, 131, 132–135, 145, 150, 173, 251, 300, 363
deportation, 240, 315, 320–321, 324–330
Dingman #1, 30, 36, 37, 41, 43, 49, 50, 147, 205, 352, 424–425; Calgary Daily Herald, 47; “doctored” well allegations, 231–233, 253; Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 244; quality of oil from, 47, 49, 81, 148–149, 153, 156, 170, 224, 253
Dingman, Archibald W., 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 30–31, 34–35, 41, 44, 46–48; Calgary Petroleum Products, 71; Herron, William S., 32–34, 120, 132, 146–147, 458n1
Dingman, Claude, 36
Dominion of Canada: extradition and international relations, 315–318, 320, 335–336; Geological Survey of Canada, 17, 21–23, 24, 26–27, 31, 81, 109, 113–114, 220; jurisdiction and control of resources, 41, 91–92, 172, 217, 260–261; petroleum regulations, 38–39, 45, 59, 91–92; regulatory role and limitations, 21, 43, 45–46, 92, 98, 220, 236; Royal North West Mounted Police, 86, 217, 225, 298, 376; “specialty principle,” 316, 321, 376, 410
Drilling: costs, 37, 40–41, 43; crews, 39, 50; challenges and limitations, 37–41; Geological Survey of Canada, 22, 220; jurisdiction, regulation and oversight, 2, 38, 42–43, 220, 223, 227; safety and technology, 36–40
Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 156, 240, 242–244
E
Earl, Jennie L., 5, 182–183, 193, 195, 205, 209, 288, 303, 313, 445n3; auto accident, 311, 314; investor, 182–183
Edmonton, 40, 57, 128, 189, 220, 221, 241, 271, 327, 330, 424; Appellate court, 290, 360; attorney general’s office, 298, 308, 319, 320, 324, 325–326, 331, 335, 337, 409; brokers, 203; Carpenter Commission, 271; crime, 125, 226–227; Dingman, A.W., 30–31; investing, 153–154, 164–165; McDougall, J., 29; McDougall-Segur Exploration company, 30; Nicholson, J.D., 304, 306, 312; oil prospects, 241; penitentiary, 394, 411; Pinkertons, 227; Police force, 126–127; unemployment, 63
Edmonton Bulletin, 56, 242, 262, 361
Edmonton Journal, 10, 46, 57, 154, 190, 274, 419; advertisements, 164–165; boosting, 10; Calgary Petroleum Products, 46–47; Carpenter Commission, 273; Cunningham Craig, Edward Hubert, 116, 164–165; investments in Alberta oil, 253; Monarch Oils, 343; regulation, 262–263, 273, 283
Edwards, Robert Chambers “Bob,” 59–60, 71, 93–94, 143, 156–157, 222, 249, 258–259, 292–293, 299, 420
Elder, William, 35, 36, 46, 131
entrepreneurialism and risk, 11–12, 50–51, 67–68, 70, 119–120, 121; bootstrap capitalism, 11–12, 97, 119; independent oil man ideal, 12, 55, 95–101; mythmaking and personal branding, 3–4, 6, 14, 110, 135–138, 143, 194, 196–197, 237, 341, 352; public debates on risk, morality, and market freedom, 54–56, 64–65, 71–72, 167–168, 185, 215–218, 230–231, 234–235, 238; risk-taking and financial desperation, 3–4, 6, 66–67, 136–138, 154, 169, 186, 190–192, 219, 277–278
environmental and economic impact, 10–11, 39, 62–63, 83, 94, 238–239, 247; conservation, 39, 424–425; economic inefficiencies in production, 37–38, 40–41, 102, 169; long-term effects on Alberta’s reputation, 13–15, 213, 245, 252–254; Turner Valley flaring and resource waste, 424–426
energy transition, 8, 10–11, 12, 72, 73, 80–81, 103–104, 158, 166
extradition, 286–297, 306, 310, 312–318, 320–321, 324–329, 331, 333, 335–338, 340, 374–376, 378–380, 382, 384, 393, 398–402, 404–410; “specialty principle,” 316, 321, 376, 410
F
federal-provincial dynamics, 217, 251–252, 269–271, 317, 320–321; dominion control of natural resources and mineral rights, 38–39; federal petroleum regulations, 38–39, 45, 59, 91–92; jurisdictional gaps and loopholes, 217, 317, 320–321; provincial limitations on oversight, 217–218, 219–220, 222–223, 252, 275, 291–292, 317, 340–341
fraud and deception, 13–14, 124–125, 172, 206, 246, 254–255; fabricated narratives, 194–195, 197, 352, 393–394, 406; insider dealings, 61, 66, 175, 192–193, 266, 270, 275–276, 281–282, 285–286, 344, 384, 393; misleading advertisements and claims, 3–4, 135–136, 197, 207, 222, 237, 259, 279, 360, 385, 393–394; salting and staged discoveries, 11, 123, 137, 138–139, 211–212, 216–217, 300, 340–341, 352, 363, 391, 393–394, 420; techniques and motivations, 6–7, 61, 66, 123, 137–139, 175, 191–192, 195, 197, 218–219, 220, 226, 266, 275–276, 285–286, 302, 325, 341, 344, 358, 380, 394, 398, 399, 405
Frost, Thomas Alfred Presswood “Tappy,” 68, 69–70, 83, 89, 102, 243, 244; eastern tour of, 232–233
G
gender and class dynamics, 12, 13, 56, 64, 96, 160, 163–164, 180–182, 220, 234; class-based access to oil wealth, 55, 64, 78 100, 119, 142, 159, 163–164, 204, 220, 232, 234, 239; imagery, 102–103, 105, 163–164, 171, 189–190; social mobility and entrepreneurial aspirations, 159, 160, 163–164, 180–183, 239; women’s roles in investment and leadership, 160, 178–181
geology and technology, 1, 21, 24, 26, 30, 106–107, 108, 128, 197, 246, 251, 383; cable tool rig limitations, 36, 37–38, 51, 80, 246; geological surveys and expert opinions, 114–115, 220, 252; Turner Valley’s anticline and subsurface complexity, 17, 19, 36, 37, 139, 246, 253
Geological Survey of Canada, 17, 21–23, 24, 26–27, 31, 81, 109, 113–114, 220
Georgeson, William, 124, 132, 204, 349, 420; Americans, views on, 239–240; business interests, 342, 348; Chapin, O.S., 360, 363; Cheely, William, 395; Coste, Eugene, 342; Dunn, B.W., 343, 345, 349–350; faith in Alberta oil, 183, 366; libel lawsuit, 340, 344, 365, 367–370; Lees Commission, 341, 357, 358, 359–361, 365–369; market manipulation, 341; Monarch Oils, 341, 342, 393; Moodie, James, 348, 352, 353, 361, 362, 363; press statements, 346, 351–352, 358–360, 366; Public Inquiries Act, 367–368; reported oil strike, 344, 346, 347, 348, 364; reputation, 342
Gray, James, 13, 15, 46, 90, 123, 125, 289
Great War, 15, 241–242, 244–245; alters view of government’s role, 252; collapse of investment capital, 61–62, 253–254, 255, 264; decline of exchanges and investor confidence, 255–257, 264–265; failure to attract imperial contracts, 103–104; strategic importance of oil, 103–106
H
hard times, 61, 63, 83, 86, 102, 103, 151, 158, 161, 197, 239; collapse of the Western Land Boom, 8, 61–63, 157–158; decline in economic activity, 8, 61–63, 112, 158, 238
Hayes, James, 5, 6, 7, 206, 211–212, 382, 390, 392
Herron, William Stewart, 15–29, 30, 77, 232, 419, 420; advertisements, 111–112, 119–120, 121, 239; Alberta Oil Development Association, 83, 89; amateur geologist, 26; ambition, 28; booster, 149, 251; Buck, George E., 131; Calgary Daily Herald, 26, 149; Calgary Petroleum Products, 34, 35, 120, 132, 147, 424; Carpenter Commission, 277, 286–287; cartage business, 25; cooking demonstration, 32–33, 448n32; Craig, E.H. Cunninigham, 113; Dingman, Archibald W., 32–34, 120, 132, 146–147, 458n1; Herron-Elder Oil Company, 83, 176, 230; mineral rights, 28, 34, 146; Pennsylvania oilfields, 24, 27–28, 447n17; Pinkertons investigation, 230; rental payments, 423
Hume, G.S., 21
I
immigrants, 61, 63, 95–96, 125, 182, 239; Clarke, Basil, 176–178; nativism, 238, 240
infrastructure; pipelines, 14, 26, 32, 33, 141, 98, 113, 165, 342; railroads, 44, 51, 95, 104, 151, 155, 204, 225; railways, 2–3, 128, 133, 183, 192–196, 200, 207, 256, 287, 289, 462n12; refineries, 47, 51, 55, 74, 77, 80, 81, 98, 99, 100, 104, 147, 152, 167, 245, 252, 450n12; roads, 36, 40, 186, 223, 246; storage, 39, 51, 165
international dimensions: challenges and extradition of Buck, George E., 297, 315–316, 321–322, 327–328; global oil production and strategic importance, 9, 43, 79, 106; international capital and foreign influence, 43, 45–46, 61, 155–156, 171, 239–240; international perceptions and media coverage, 12, 71, 169–171, 213, 216, 235
International Supply Co., 4, 35, 40, 50; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 5, 123, 128–129, 136–137, 192, 209, 211–212, 287–288; Monarch Oil, 342, 343, 360
investors, 15, 197; Calgary Petroleum Products, 180; education of, 68–71, 76–77, 81, 88, 109, 116, 117, 128–129, 169, 285, 452n34; losses incurred by, 194, 226, 247; protection of, 55, 216, 234, 245; small investors, 64, 72, 78, 163–164, 220; warnings to, 64, 66, 216, 217, 220, 231–232, 234; women, 177–183, 187
K
“knockers,” 81, 201, 208, 235, 314, 419; definition and characterization, 12, 54; geologists and experts, 110–111, 113–114, 116–117, 169–170, 237; government officials and regulatory bodies, 187, 208, 231; reactions to the “knockers,” 1, 71–72, 77, 83, 85, 172, 232; Calgary Daily Herald, 78–79, 89; Chicago Tribune, 235; Custer Weekly Chronicle, 235; Minneapolis Journal, 235; Montreal Gazette, 110; Natural Gas and Oil Record, 6; Oregon Daily Journal, 234–235; Regina Leader, 231, 234; Seattle Post–Intelligencer, 234; Toronto Daily Star, 168, 172; Victoria Colonist, 231; Winnipeg, 232
Knowles, Vernon, 200, 220, 227–228
L
Langner, Julian, 110, 270–271, 278–286, 420, 455n35
Lansing, Robert, 335–336, 374–375, 378, 400, 408
Laramide Orogeny, 20
Lees Commission: challenges and scope, 340, 355, 364–365; formation and mandate, 340, 354, 365, 367, 370; legal challenge and impact, 340–341, 356–357, 365–366, 369–370, 422; Monarch Oil Company hearings, 357–365
legal and regulatory failures, 191; calls for reform and delayed intervention, 4, 13–14, 67, 123–124, 190, 217–220, 225–226, 245, 275–276, 421; jurisdictional ambiguity, 217–218, 220, 225–226, 251, 261–262; lack of oversight, 168, 174–175, 183, 220, 275–276; litigation and discovery, 270–271, 279–283, 283, 285, 291–292, 296, 316, 321, 339–340, 354, 397, 404, 407; self-regulation, 11, 44–45, 56, 83–84, 173, 175, 234, 254
legacies: cultural and social, 7, 11–12, 54, 97, 120, 129, 239–240, 293, 419–420, 425; economic, 13–15, 61, 161–162, 167, 175, 187, 191, 252–253; individual and personal, 13, 123–124, 132–133, 141–142, 207–208, 270, 283, 296, 311, 358, 361; legal and institutional, 14, 123–124, 217, 252, 255, 271, 291, 316, 321, 340, 355, 357, 369, 378–379, 398, 400, 404–405, 407, 420–422; national and imperial, 9–10, 45–46, 91, 100–101, 166–167, 261; political and regulatory, 13–14, 252–255, 291, 294, 421–422, 424–425
local capital and speculation: Calgary, 54–55, 60–61, 64, 71–73, 74, 145, 153, 156–157, 424; Edmonton, 153–154, 165, 203; impact, 103, 150–151, 155, 158, 161–162; land rushes and ticket trading, 49, 66, 168, 185, 285; public participation, 7, 10–11, 154–155, 157–158, 178, 180, 183, 420; Red Deer, 203–204, 349
Lougheed, James A., 29, 34, 120, 128, 133, 448n32
Luxton, Eleanor, 29, 186, 241, 255, 447n25
M
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 9
Martin, Walter Randall “Frosty,” 4, 35, 50
McDougall, David, 2, 29–30, 186, 303
McDougall-Segur Exploration Company, 2, 10, 29–30, 42–43, 49, 80, 108, 115, 117, 147–148, 169, 182, 186, 191, 203, 209, 227–229, 236, 358, 449n62
McGillivray, Alexander A., 71, 113, 129–136, 185; appeals Buck’s conviction, 384, 397–398, 402, 404–406; background of, 289; Carpenter Commission, 271, 290, 297, 298, 365; legal strategies, 271, 289–290, 378, 379, 383, 384, 386–388, 391
McLaws, William Henry, 34, 390
McWain and Miller Detective Agency, 307, 308–310, 312–313, 317–318, 320–325, 328–330, 331, 337–338
McWain W.A. See McWain and Miller Detective Agency
media and messaging: advertising strategies, 97, 100–105, 119, 131, 136, 163, 187, 194; editorial conflicts, 71, 77–78, 82, 84; film and popular culture representations, 8, 10, 91, 94, 95, 101, 103, 105, 118, 152, 153, 163, 164, 170, 190, 201, 224; media ethics, 46–47, 225–226, 228–229, 237, 361, 383; media resistance, 168–169, 172, 216, 231, 234, 236–237, 354; newspapers as promotional tools, 83, 95–96, 140, 142, 161, 198, 200, 232–233, 385
mineral leases, 28, 42, 49, 180–183; acquisition and value of, 1–3, 28, 49; challenges and exploitation of leases, 91, 115, 343; Dominion revenue from, 49; Earl, Jennie, 182–183; Fitzgerald, Jennie 182; legal and regulatory aspects, 38–39, 66, 69–70, 91–92, 152, 168, 200, 220, 261–262, 276, 285; lottery system for, 49, 184–185
Miller, John “Long John.” See McWain and Miller Detective Agency
Mitchell, John W., 27
Monarch Oil Company, 121, 346, 350, 352, 364; alleged oil strike and promotion, 203, 204, 229, 236, 344–349, 358–359, 362, 478n3, 17; Calgary Morning Albertan, 361; Calgary News Telegram, 347–348, 349; Carpenter Commission, 272, 341–342; Chapin, O.S., 132, 346, 358, 359, 363; Cheely, William, 344–345, 360; declining fortunes and mounting doubts, 342, 350–352; Dunn, Bird W., 343, 358; founding and initial business strategy, 341–343; Georgeson, William, 204, 239, 340, 342, 348, 358, 360, 366, 369; International Supply Company, 342, 343, 360; investors, 347; leaseholds, 343–344; Lees Commission, 339–340, 353, 357–358, 360; Moodie, James F., 348, 352–353, 361, 363; Morfitt, James 348, 355; motives for a false oil strike, 344, 347, 349, 350, 358; Natural Gas and Oil Record, 204, 351; Olds district, 165, 202, 204, 279, 349; Public Inquiries Act (1916), 340; recapitalization, 344, 350, 351; share price, 121, 176, 202, 259, 343, 344, 348, 351, 352; Vancouver Daily World, 359
moral hazard, 217–218, 222, 275, 276
N
Natural Gas and Oil Record, 6, 169; advertisements, 105; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 128, 137, 196, 199–200, 212, 229; booster, 77, 94–95, 151–153, 163–164; brokers, 183; Buck, George E., 128, 134, 185; Coalinga Syndicate, 128; Dominion mineral leases, 93; Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 243–244; exposé of Woods, 77–78; Great War, 25; “Greatest Magnet,” 153; Herron, William S., 147; investors, 186, 191; “Scarecrow,” 151–152; “Small Investor,” 163–164; Stephen Beveridge libel suit, 86, 88; stock exchanges, 175, 176; stock prices, 202; telegram to Southam, 89
National Policy, 22
Nicholson, John D., 304–307, 312–315, 317–340, 373–377, 386–387
O
oil culture, 7, 8, 11; advertisements, 8, 33, 91; Black, Brian, 131–132; competition, 132; construction of, 12, 33; Intolerance of criticism, 90–92; rule of capture, 132; self-regulation, 13, 45
Oil Finding (book), 1–2, 49, 106–108; Buck, George E., 126
oil industry: California, 9, 28, 48, 50, 79, 101, 109, 116, 117, 119, 131, 135, 147, 149, 152, 165–167, 169, 173, 190, 183–184, 2 24–2 25, 237, 258; exploration and geological context, 9–11, 20–21, 26, 46–47; global scope, 9, 10, 55, 78, 80, 94–95, 111–112, 421; Kansas, 9, 70, 108; Ohio, 50; Oklahoma, 9, 48, 50, 119, 308; Ontario, 21, 43; Pennsylvania, 21, 24, 27, 40–41, 48, 50; salvation, 8, 83; technology, 39; Texas, 9, 37, 50, 51, 96, 119, 45; US, 9, 49–50; wealth generation, 8, 11, 12
Owens, Clarence A., 50, 88–90, 259
P
Pennsylvania, 8, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 30, 35, 37, 40–41, 48, 50, 75, 79, 100, 108, 109, 146, 258, 307, 326, 345, 447n17
Phillips, Albert Parker “Tiny,” 4, 35, 50
Pinkerton’s Detective Agency, 218, 227–228, 230, 262, 421
populism, 12, 13, 22, 98, 100, 105, 163, 265; civic religion and the myth of the independent oil boom, 7, 65, 67, 76, 98–99, 119–120, 124, 158, 171, 238, 251, 349; mistrust of elites and monopolies, 45–46, 63, 76, 98–101, 174, 232, 237–238, 265, 280
prostitution, 64, 125–127, 185
public trust and disillusionment: breakdown of self-regulation, 60–61, 64, 90–91, 234, 291–293, 355, 364; consequences for investors, 175, 191, 226, 235, 247, 249, 254–255; direct losses from fraud, 4, 14, 191–192, 229, 270, 280, 282; false claims, Buck, George, 3–4, 123, 138, 142, 194, 196–197, 199, 211, 206, 390; false claims, other promoters, 66–68, 103, 117–118, 149, 216, 222, 287; growing doubts, 75–76, 109, 112–113, 116, 167–168, 235; investor losses, 194, 226, 247; systemic financial risks, 65, 70, 169, 252–253
Public Utilities Act (1915), 262–263, 271
Public Utilities Commission, 217, 255, 263–264, 355, 357, 422
R
recession. See hard times
Red Deer, 164–165, 203–204, 273–274, 289, 343
regulation, 42, 251, 261; federal, 21, 38–39, 43, 45, 59, 91–92, 217, 261; King George Hotel 187–188; provincial, 217–218, 219–220, 222–223, 230, 255, 262, 269–271, 275, 296, 340, 354–357, 421–423. See also Companies Ordinance; Public Utilities Commission; Sale of Shares Act (1916); Sale of Shares Act (Manitoba)
regulatory and legal reform, 252, 296; Carpenter and Lees Commissions, 270–272, 275–277, 287, 290–293, 295, 340–341, 354–367, 369–370, 422; government actions, 230–231, 247, 252, 255, 354, 421–422; need for, 12–14, 205, 218, 225, 238, 255; Public Utilities Commission, 255; Sale of Shares Act (1916), 255, 355–357, 422; Georgeson v. Moodie and witness privilege, 255, 355–357, 422; Great War and, 252, 421–422
Ritchie, J.M.D., 205–207, 377, 404
Rockefeller, John D., 51, 55, 97, 100, 120, 150, 189, 453n4; as inspiration, 190, 194
Royal Navy, 9–10, 49, 106, 113, 166, 245, 445n15
Royal North West Mounted Police, 86, 217, 225, 298, 376; Nicholson, John D., 304
rumour, 4, 1, 22, 46, 213, 236–237; motivation for, 200, 210, 229, 237; oversight, 238; Standard Oil, 42; transparency, 237
S
Sale of Shares Act (1916), 255, 355–357, 422
Sale of Shares Act (Manitoba), 231, 263
Sanders, Colonel Gilbert E., 86–88, 185; brokers, 184, 256, 264–265, 266; Buck, George E., 135, 287; Rose, Frank, 228; prostitution, 185
Schmidt, John, 1, 11, 40, 212, 308; Beveridge libel suit, 86; Buck, George E., 127–128; Cheely, William, 478n17
Segur, Ira E., 2, 29, 77, 83, 96, 101, 113, 147, 213, 449n62
self-help, 230–231; advertising ban, 231; anti-Calgary oil campaigns, 232; Calgary Board of Trade, 44, 53, 65, 221, 226, 232–233, 237; Calgary Stock Exchange, 13, 44–45; Oil Protective Association, 234; Oregon Daily Journal, 234–235; Regina Leader, 231, 234; Seattle Post–Intelligencer, 234; “Tappy” Frost’s education campaign, 232–233; transparency, 237; Victoria Colonist, 231
Shaw, Joseph T., 226–228, 230, 297–298, 301–302, 305
Sheep River. See Sheep Creek
“shooting” oil well, 345–347, 349–352
Short, James: background and assignment of Buck’s prosecution, 297–298, 472n3; initial strategy and difficulties, 305, 321, 334, 373–374; fraud case and conviction, 376, 378–380, 383–387, 388–393, 395; appeals and the Supreme Court of Canada, 397, 398–400, 402–403, 404–407, 410–412
Sifton, Arthur M., 222–223, 224, 297
Sifton government, 14, 217, 231, 254, 255, 262, 263, 267, 270, 271–272, 275, 278, 292, 355, 370–371, 421–422
Skinner, T.J.S., 34
Southam, William, 57, 84–85, 88, 92
speculation, 11, 13, 28, 44, 45, 54, 55, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 76, 97, 100, 111, 117, 153, 157, 168, 172, 181–183, 186–187, 213, 219, 223, 231, 235, 238, 239, 245, 252, 263, 283, 350, 450n1; Dingman, A.W., 47, 48, 71, 265; incentives, 187; mineral rights, 109, 261; protection of consumers, 266, 355–356
speculation and investment culture, 10–11, 19, 55, 61–62, 64–66, 93, 100, 169, 190, 216, 245, 450n1; curb brokers and bucket shops, 60–61, 64, 157–158, 176–177, 183–186, 189; small investors and working-class participation, 55, 64, 72, 117–119, 154–155, 159–160, 163–165, 186, 235; stock exchanges and trading practices, 44–45, 168, 137–175, 201, 264–266, 422–424; women in oil investment, 177–183, 187, 424;
Spokane, 85, 158, 201, 202, 207, 415, 416; advertisements, 202, 213; anti-Calgary oil campaign, 234; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 207, 211, 213; broker, 201–202; Buck, George E., 299, 413; Calgary Petroleum Products. Ltd., 201; importance, 171; investment, 156, 171, 213, 347; Ranlett, W.H., 460n66; rumours, 213
Spokane Daily Chronicle, 213, 228; Black Diamond Oil Fields, 211, 213; Buck, George E., 413; Buck, Kathleen, 413; Georgeson, William, 239–240; Langner, Jullian, 279; Monarch Oils, 347; Rose, Frank, 228
Spokane Press, 413
Spokane Spokesman-Review, 171
Standard Oil, 41, 42, 50, 55, 74, 79, 82, 96–101, 160, 147, 148, 165–166, 174, 343, 421, 424
stock certificates, 5, 155, 158, 161, 181, 191, 219, 226, 236, 249, 264, 282, 284, 289, 423; printers and, 155, 158, 161, 249
stock exchange, 44; Calgary Women’s Oil Exchange, 178–180; Eureka Women’s Oil Exchange, 178; Mason, Blanche, 178–179; unchartered, 168; Woollard’s & Company, 178; Wolley-Dod, Annie, 178–179; Women’s Oil Brokerage Company, 178
stock market manipulation: artificial scarcity and price inflation, 4, 66, 76–72, 117–119, 137, 194–197, 344, 346; consequences and aftermath, 14, 169, 213, 229, 245, 253–254; exploitation of lax regulations and investor psychology, 64, 66, 175, 190, 210, 213, 217, 229, 280–281, 285–286; painting the tape and staged rallies, 191, 207, 237, 257, 266
stockbrokers: emergence and prevalence, 15, 61, 146, 157–158, 176–178, 254; practices and perceptions, 61, 64, 67, 169, 173, 175, 184, 219–220, 258; provincial interventions, 255–256, 263, 355–357; regulation efforts and challenges, 45, 173–175, 183–184, 254. See also Buck, George E.; Georgeson, William; Rose, Frank
Supreme Court of Canada: overview of Chief Justice Sir Charles Fitzpatrick’s court, 397, 402–403, 407; George Buck’s appeal, 379, 397–398, 402, 404–407; Ruling and implications, 407–411
surface rights, 43, 66, 69, 91, 134–135
T
Texas, 9, 26, 32, 48, 51, 141, 306, 453n4
Thompson, George Marshall, 54, 55, 58–59, 71, 72–75, 80–81, 92, 151, 199–200
Trainor, Gregory, 271, 277, 286, 297–305, 323, 327–328, 352–353, 355, 358–359, 361–364
transparency, 66, 173, 190, 220, 237, 245, 255, 267, 340, 355
Tryon, Charles Elmer, 58, 123, 139–140
Tucker, J.L., 77–78, 199–200, 212, 351; advertising, 95; Black Diamond Oils, 199–200; booster, 1, 77, 95; Buck, George E., 199–200, 212; Devenish, Oscar, 77; Dingman, Archibald, 77; exposé of Woods, 77–78; Herron, William S., 77; Monarch Oils, 351; Segur, Ira 77
Turner, Tom (detective), 228
Turner Valley, 11, 29, 42; cable tool rig, 37–38; conditions, 36; drilling costs, 37, 40–41, 223–224, 246; formation, 19–21, 22; geology, 17–20, 26–27, 32, 36; natural gas, 41; production, 11; production costs, 41, 51, 220, 246; railroads, 51, 104, 151, 151, 204, 225; reserves, 17; roads, 36, 40, 186, 223, 246; rotary rig, 38
U
unemployed, 61, 63, 150–151, 152, 238, 240, 245, 247, 260
United Oils, 117, 131–135, 176, 192, 202, 203, 207
United States: as global power and source of oil industry expertise, 9, 22, 28, 29, 50, 99, 101, 131, 170–171, 239–240; investment and promotional activity in Alberta, 35–36, 40, 45–46, 50, 155–156, 171, 179, 213, 347; US media skepticism and warnings, 232, 234–235; flight of George E. Buck to and extradition from, 301, 303, 305–311, 313–315, 318–321, 324–326, 330, 334–335, 400, 414; 477n96. See American influence; anti-Calgary oil campaigns; Canadian economy—US capital; critics—United States
V
Vancouver: investment and capital flow, 30, 166–167, 173, 213, 233–234; newspaper coverage and public perceptions, 158, 171, 196, 232, 236, 242, 279; stock exchanges and brokerages, 174–175
Vancouver Daily World¸ 116, 149, 158, 196, 203, 205, 242, 256, 359
voluntary organizations, 44, 218. See also Alberta Oil Development Association
W
Wall, Paul J., 325, 327–333, 378, 398, 399, 404–405, 408
Ware, John, 26
Western Canadian Oil Company: Carpenter Commission, 270, 277–278, 280–285; formation initial operations, 117, 251, 277–278; involvement of Langner, Jullian, 278–283; financial struggles, 279–280;
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, 20
Wichita, 297, 306–310, 312–315, 317–338, 340, 395
wildcat, 13, 213, 219, 220, 229, 232, 234, 236, 237, 356, 421, 424
wildcat Christianity, 124, 424
wildcatters, 14, 84, 117, 131–132, 169, 184, 213, 219, 220–221, 230, 234, 454n12
wildcatting, 71, 77, 173; deceptive practices, 117, 197–198, 212–213, 237; definition and distinctions, 50, 219; financial misconduct and tactics, 137–138, 143, 168, 191–192, 217; impact on investors, 70, 220; lax regulatory environment, 123–124, 168, 190, 218–219, 221, 356; skepticism of, 14, 168, 213, 231–232, 235, 356
Wilson, Woodrow, 326, 334–335, 477n96
Winnipeg: financial and investment connections, 30, 233; newspaper coverage and public perception, 232–233; regulatory actions and opposition to Calgary oil, 187, 227, 230–231, 275, 318
Wolverton, Grant S.: Black Diamond Oil Fields, 5–6, 133–134; Buck, George E., 5–6, 133–134; Devenish, Oscar, 133–134; Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), 207–208, 288–289
Woods, James Hossack, 54–55, 56–57, 60, 64–65, 71–72, 73, 74, 77–78, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 103, 238, 450n1
World War I. See Great War