Notes

Notes to Introduction

1. 1   John Schmidt, Growing up in the Oil Patch (Toronto: Dundurn, 1989), 104–5.

2. 2   “Disciples invite all followers to unite,” Calgary Morning Albertan (hereafter cited as CMA), July 13, 1909, 5.

3. 3   Contemporary newspaper coverage and court documents occasionally spelled Jennie Earl’s last name as “Earle.” However, examination of various documents shows that she signed her surname without the second “e”; therefore, the text will reflect her preference unless referring to the title of a specific newspaper article.

4. 4   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al., Examination for Discovery, Ada Buck, Calgary, January 15, 1915, 4.

5. 5   June Danforth, “Shady Deals,” in In the Light of the Flares: History of the Turner Valley Oil Fields, ed. Turner Valley Historical Society (Turner Valley: Turner Valley Historical Society, 1979), 74.

6. 6   Library and Archives Canada (hereafter LAC), R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck (1916), Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio, December 27, 1915, 307–11.

7. 7   “Many outfits are busy in oil fields,” Calgary Herald (hereafter cited as CH), March 24, 1914, 5.

8. 8   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 6342, reel 118, Calgary District Court, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Statement of Claim, Calgary, April 24, 1914; Letter, George E. Buck to Grant Wolverton, Calgary, March 25, 1914; Letter, Jennie Earl to Grant Wolverton. Calgary, March 30, 1914.

9. 9   “Action over oil claim,” CH, April 25, 1914, 1; “Wolverton suit in Black Diamond case under way,” CH, November 14, 1914, 9.

10. 10   Natural Gas and Oil Record, April 25, 1914, 3.

11. 11   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Deposition of Norman R. Fletcher,” Preliminary Inquiry, Calgary, 332; “Black Diamond Foreman tells of salting well,” CH, November 12, 1915, 11.

12. 12   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio, December 27, 1915, 306; “More oil litigation,” CH, May 5, 1914, 8.

13. 13   “Impressions of Calgary before and just after,” Vancouver Daily World, May 30, 1914, 19.

14. 14   Vaclav Smil, Energy and Civilization: A History (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2017), 246–48.

15. 15   Mahan’s writings spurred major naval building campaigns in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States and contributed to the flurry of colonial expansion in the late nineteenth century. Arguably, they also produced a naval arms race between Imperial Germany and Great Britain that served as one of the long-term causes of the Great War. Although Germany was a traditional land power, Kaiser Wilhelm II’s infatuation with Mahan’s writings and Germany’s sudden foray into shipbuilding in the late 1890s and early 1900s alarmed the British, prompting the Royal Navy to commission a new class of battleship, the HMS Dreadnought, which, among other technological innovations, included oil-fired turbine engines. Despite indications that Britain intended to preserve its naval supremacy, the Germans persisted, seemingly determined to scare the British into signing an alliance with them. Finally, eighteen months before the outbreak of the Great War in August 1914, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Spencer Churchill ordered the Royal Navy to convert its ships from solid fuel (coal) to liquid (petroleum) because of the innumerable advantages oil provided, including a greater steaming radius, the ability to refuel at sea and travel further and faster than coal-powered ships, and the simplification of a ship’s architecture. See Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 153–58.

16. 16   Brian Black, Crude Reality: Petroleum in World History (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), 59–60; Yergin, The Prize, 150.

17. 17   Harold F. Williamson & Arnold R. Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 1: The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899 (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1959), 255; Timothy C. Winegard, The First World Oil War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 50.

18. 18   Oil and Gas Journal, August 28, 1913, 1.

19. 19   David H. Breen, “Anglo-American Rivalry and the Evolution of Canadian Petroleum Policy to 1930,” Canadian Historical Review 62 (1981): 284; “Mother country watches with interest development of oil prospects in the northwest,” CMA, October 2, 1913, 12; “Naval use of fuel oil a most vital question: United States rests secure while Great Britain and others look for a supply,” Wall Street Journal, May 15, 1914, 1.

20. 20   Earle Gray, The Great Canadian Oil Patch, 2nd ed. (Edmonton: JuneWarren, 2005), 66–67.

21. 21   GWRC, M6745, John Schmidt Fonds, Manuscript re oil well drillers, Frosty Martin and Tiny Phillips, “George E. Buck,” n.d., box 1.

22. 22   David Laycock, “Populism in Alberta: Then and Now,” Alberta Views, January 1, 2023.

23. 23   James H. Gray, Troublemaker! A Personal History (Toronto: MacMillan, 1978), 36–37.

24. 24   David H. Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry and the Conservation Board (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993), 16.

25. 25   “Four years in jail oil man’s penalty,” Great Falls Leader, November 26, 1916, 2.

26. 26   “The gaudy failures get lost in the shuffle,” Western Oil Examiner, July 9, 1955, 6.

Notes to Chapter 1

1. 1   Theodore A. Link and P.D. Moore, “Structure of Turner Valley Gas and Oil Field, Alberta,” AAPG Bulletin 18, no. 11 (1934): 1417, https://doi.org/10.1306/3D932C80-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.

2. 2   David Finch and Gordon Jaremko, Fields of Fire: An Illustrated History of Canadian Petroleum (Calgary: Detselig, 1994), 26.

3. 3   Paul Andrew MacKay, “A Geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of the Structural Geology at Turner Valley, Alberta” (PhD diss., University of Calgary, 1991), 12, 18–19.

4. 4   Aritha van Herk, Mavericks: An Incorrigible History of Alberta (Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2001), 16–21; Peter McKenzie-Brown, Gordon Jaremko, and David Finch, The Great Oil Age (Calgary: Detselig, 1993), 22–23;Canadian Encyclopedia, “Geography of Alberta,” published June 18, 2020, last edited March 15, 2023, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/geography-of-alberta; Imperial Oil Review (June–July 1937): 28.

5. 5   R.A. Price, “Cordilleran Tectonics and the Evolution of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin,” in G.D. Mossop and I. Shetsen (eds.), Atlas of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (Edmonton: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, 1994), 1.

6. 6   G.D. Mossop and I. Shetsen, “Introduction to the Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin,” in Mossop and Shetsen, Atlas of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, 1.

7. 7   G.S. Hume, “Fault Structures in the Foothills and Eastern Rocky Mountains of Southern Alberta,” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 68, no. 4 (1957): 397; Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 85; Sandy Gow, Roughnecks, Rock Bits and Rigs: The Evolution of Oil Well Drilling Technology in Alberta, 1883–1970 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005), 30.

8. 8   Daniel Lebel, “Reading the Rocks Reloaded: A Celebration of The Geological Survey of Canada 175th Anniversary with a View to the Future,” Geoscience Canada 45, nos. 3–4 (2019): 152.

9. 9   Morris Zaslow, Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1842–1972 (Toronto: Macmillan, 1975), 3.

10. 10   Aubrey Kerr, Corridors of Time (Calgary: S.A. Kerr, 1988), 2.

11. 11   Hugh M. Grant and Henry Thille, “Tariffs, Strategy, and Structure: Competition and Collusion in the Ontario Petroleum Industry, 1870–1880,” Journal of Economic History 61, no. 2 (2001): 391; Graham D. Taylor, Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2019), 26.

12. 12   Taylor, Imperial Standard, 26–27.

13. 13   The well produced natural gas continuously until 1954. Philip Smith, The Treasure-Seekers: The Men Who Built Home Oil (Toronto: Macmillan, 1978), 7; George De Mille, Oil in Canada West: The Early Years (Calgary: Northwest Printing, 1969), 63–64.

14. 14   G.M. Dawson, “Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Bow and Belly River Region, North West Territory, with Special Reference to Coal Deposits,” Geological Survey of Canada, Report 1880–81–82, B, 1–23 (1883).

15. 15   Wyatt Malcolm, “Oil and Gas Prospects of the Northwest Provinces of Canada,” Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 29-E (1913), 56–62.

16. 16   GWRC, 4545, Hugh Dempsey Fonds, box 1, file 1, Interview with Harold F. Herron by Hugh Dempsey, June 6, 1956 (Calgary); David H. Breen, William Stewart Herron: Father of the Petroleum Industry in Alberta (Calgary: Historical Society of Alberta, 1984), xxiii–xxiv; “Discovery oil well and story of how it was exploited,” CH, October 25, 1913, 16; Frank Dabbs, Branded by the Wind: The Life and Times of Bill Herron (Calgary: Marjorie A. Herron, 2001), 7–10.

17. 17   There appears to be a dispute as to how much time Herron spent in the Pennsylvania oil fields. One feature article from 1914 claimed Herron spent approximately three years in Pennsylvania before moving back to Cobalt. Herron’s son, on the other hand, maintained that he only “visited” Pennsylvania briefly before travelling out west. GWRC, RCT-890-1, Interview with W.S. Herron by Jack Peach, 1987, Tape 1, Side A; “How the great oil boom in Calgary commenced,” Vancouver Daily World, May 26, 1914, 14.

18. 18   Smith, The Treasure-Seekers, 17–18; Breen, William Stewart Herron, xxiv; De Mille, Oil in Canada West, 118–25; “Natural gas discovered on Sheep Creek,” CH, August 3, 1904, 1; “Pioneers of oil-search see Turner Valley rise to Dominion’s greatest,” CMA, January 25, 1929, 26; “City fathers failed to file,” CH, May 21, 1964, 2.

19. 19   “W.S. Herron, pioneer of Alberta oil field, is very optimistic,” CH, October 25, 1913, 16; The report Herron referred to is DeLorme Donaldson Cairnes, “Moose Mountain District of Southern Alberta,” Geological Survey of Canada, Report 968 (Ottawa: GPO, 1907).

20. 20   GWRC, RCT-890-1, Interview with W.S. Herron by Jack Peach, 1987, Tape 1, Side B; Petroleum Industry Oral History (hereafter cited as PIOH), William Herron II, 1981, 4, 5; Breen, William Stewart Herron, xxv; Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 66–69; Diana Davids Hinton and Roger M. Olien, Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 17; Brian Frehner, Finding Oil: The Nature of Petroleum Geology (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 40–41, 71–73.

21. 21   GWRC, 4545, Hugh Dempsey Fonds, box 1, file 3, Arthur Graves, “McDougall-Segur,” June 11, 1956 (Calgary); Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 76; Statistics Canada, The Canada Year Book, 1927/1928, available at https://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb02/1927/acyb02_19270777005a-eng.htm (accessed September 24, 2022).

22. 22   Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 66–67; Dabbs, Branded by the Wind, 34–35.

23. 23   GWRC, M6840, McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 87, file 920, “To the Shareholders of the McDougall-Segur Exploration Company, Limited,” March 23, 1929.

24. 24   Henry Klassen, Eye on the Future: Business People in Calgary and the Bow Valley, 1870–1900 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2002), 113. van Herk, Mavericks, 291.

25. 25   “David McDougall, one of Confederation pioneers, still Calgary Resident,” CH, June 30, 1927, 29; “Pioneer fur trader of north dies at the ripe old age of 82,” CMA, December 7, 1927, 2; Grant MacEwan, Fifty Mighty Men (Saskatoon: Modern Press, 1958), 330. One of David McDougall’s granddaughters, Eleanor Luxton, posthumously published a vernacular history of her grandparents’ life in the pioneer west: Eleanor Luxton, Latch String Out: Annie McDougall, A Woman’s Pioneer West, ed. George Colpitts (Banff: Summerthought, 2015), 280.

26. 26   “At the oil fields,” CH, December 16, 1912, 18; Douglas Cass, “Investment in the Alberta Petroleum Industry, 1912–1930” (MA thesis, University of Calgary, 1984), 56–57; Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 71.

27. 27   GWRC, 4545, Hugh Dempsey Fonds, box 1, file 1, Interview with Floyd K. Beach by Hugh Dempsey, June 6, 1956 (Calgary); Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 61; “Pioneers of oil,” Calgary Albertan, January 24, 1929, 26.

28. 28   GWRC, M330, Dingman Family Fonds, box 1, file 6, Claude Dingman, “Highlights of the ‘Pioneer Days’ of the Gas and Oil industry in Alberta,” 1956, 1–2; CH, July 24, 1905, 8; CH, October 23, 1911, 3; Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 59–63.

29. 29   GWRC, M6840, McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 88, file 936, Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Agricultural Committee Turner Valley Hearings, Part II, William Stewart Herron Testimony, March 19, 1932, M70–M71; Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry, 12–15; “How the great oil boom in Calgary commenced,” Vancouver Daily World, May 26, 1914, 14.

30. 30   Ralph Armstrong, “Dingman well 50 years old,” Calgary Herald Magazine, May 2, 1964, 1; Jim Armstrong, “Dingman success 50 years ago launched Alberta’s oil industry,” Calgary Herald, May 21, 1964.

31. 31   Brian Black, Petrolia: The Landscape of America’s First Oil Boom (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 64–65.

32. 32   Like many oil patch myths, the story varies greatly in its details with the telling. Versions differ over who Herron brought (Dingman, Lougheed, and Bennett, alone or in some combination), what meal was prepared (lunch or dinner), and the food Herron cooked (eggs and bacon are the most common; ham has also been mentioned, as has boiling water for coffee). PIOHP, William Herron interview by Jack Peach, Calgary, July 1981. 5; Eric J. Hanson, Dynamic Decade: The Evolution and Effects of the Oil Industry in Alberta (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1958), 43; “Discovery oil well and story of how it was exploited,” CH, October 25, 1913, 16; Canadian Western Natural Gas Company ad, CH, June 14, 1956, 38.

33. 33   GWRC, M6119, Memorandum of Agreement, William Stewart Herron and James A. Lougheed, Alfred E. Cross, Isaac Kendell Ker, Richard Bedford Bennett, William Pearce, Thomas J.S. Skinner, William Henry McLaws, A. Judson Sayre, A.W. Dingman, July 16, 1912; Contract, Dingman and Herron, July 1, 1912; GWRC, 4545, Hugh Dempsey Fonds, box 1, file 1, Interview with Floyd K. Beach by Hugh Dempsey, June 6, 1956 (Calgary); David Breen, William Stewart Herron, xxvi; “How the great oil boom in Calgary commenced,” Vancouver Daily World. May 26, 1914, 14. Brian Hutchinson, “As the Bust Paralyzes Calgary One Word Reignites the City: Oil,” in Alberta in the 20th Century: A Journalistic History of the Province in Twelve Volumes, vol. 3: The Boom and the Bust, ed. Ted Byfield (Edmonton: United Western Communications, 1994), 360.

34. 34   GWRC, M330, Dingman Family Fonds, box 1, file 4, C.L. Dingman; “A.W. Dingman the soapman turned wildcatter,” Western Oil Examiner, July 9, 1955, 33; Jack Peach, “Rumors of oil deposits lured adventurers west,” CH, June 15, 1965, G7; “Calgary to be an oil center,” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, August 20, 1913, 3.

35. 35   GWRC, M968, A.P. “Tiny” Phillips Fonds, box 1, file 1, Blue Scribbler.

36. 36   “Discovery oil well and story of how it was exploited,” CH, October 25, 1913, 16; Claude Dingman, “Natural gas brought prosperity to Calgary,” Calgary Herald Magazine, August 30, 1958, 3; Torchy Anderson, Calgary Herald, May 21, 1964, 55; Chester Bloom, “Reporter recalls ‘mud and mosquitos,’” Calgary Herald, May 21, 1964, 67.

37. 37   F. John Sur, “Method of Drilling for Oil in the Calgary-Alberta District,” Mining and Engineering World 40 (June 27, 1914): 1234; Carl O. Nickle, “Valley of Wonders: The Turner Valley Story” (Calgary: The Oil Bulletin, n.d.), 2; Gow, Roughnecks, Rock Bits and Rigs, 5, 103, 275; James H. Gray, Talk to My Lawyer: Great Stories of Southern Alberta’s Bar and Bench (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1987), 141.

38. 38   Aubrey Kerr, Corridors of Time II (Calgary: S.A. Kerr, 2000), 122; Smith, The Treasure-Seekers, 75–76, 81; Roger M. Olien and Diana Davids Hinton, Oil Booms: Social Change in Five Texas Towns (University of Nebraska Press, 1982), 6.

39. 39   Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry, 6.

40. 40   Terence Daintith, Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2010), 429–30.

41. 41   Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 56.

42. 42   Hinton and Olien, Oil in Texas, 18–19.

43. 43   Schmidt, Growing up in the Oil Patch, 88.

44. 44   Brian Hutchinson, “Blowouts, fires and injuries were all part of the job on those first cable rigs,” in Alberta in the 20th Century: A Journalistic History of the Province in Twelve Volumes, vol. 3: The Boom and the Bust, ed. Ted Byfield (Edmonton: United Western Communications, 1994), 364–65; Schmidt, Growing Up in the Oil Patch, 14–15.

45. 45   David Finch, Hell’s Half Acre: Early Days in the Great Canadian Oil Patch (Surrey: Heritage House, 2005), 13.

46. 46   “Says Calgary oil is on sounder basis,” Manitoba Free Press, February 2, 1915, 10.

47. 47   Herron’s claim about drilling time to completion in GWRC, M8160, Herron Fonds, box 4, file 102, Letter, Herron to J.I. McFarland, January 15, 1927; Gow, Roughnecks, Rock Bits and Rigs, 5; Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry, 15–16; Aubrey Kerr, Corridors of Time III (Calgary: S.A. Kerr, 2004), 22; “The gaudy failures get lost in the shuffle,” Western Oil Examiner, July 9, 1955, 6.

48. 48   “Standard Oil Co. sends man here to investigate,” CH, March 22, 1913, 1; “Promise of early discovery made by promoters,” CMA, March 24, 1913, 8; A.W. Dingman, Open Letter, CH, May 21, 1913, 1; “Manager Dingman not booster of oilfield,” CMA, May 22, 1913, 1, 8; Prospectus, Calgary Petroleum Products Limited, Calgary, December 1914; “Drillers say oil will be struck soon,” CH, August 4, 1913, 1, 11; “Discovery oil well and story of how it was exploited,” CH, October 25, 1913, 16; Finch, Hell’s Half Acre, 20; “The Royalite story starts before Dingman,” Western Oil Examiner, July 9, 1955, 22.

49. 49   GWRC, M4540, J. McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 87, file 918, McDougall-Segur, Minutes – Directors, October 11, 1913; Minutes – Directors October 30, 1913; Minutes – Directors, May 4, 1914; Minutes – Directors, May 15, 1914.

50. 50   By way of comparison, in 2017, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers estimated the costs of drilling a conventional well in Alberta at between C$0.6 million and C$4.8 million. “Predicted costs for drilling and completing a well in the Cardium this summer,” Daily Oil Bulletin, June 15, 2017.

51. 51   Donald G. Paterson, British Direct Investment in Canada, 1890–1914: Estimates and Determinants (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), 63; Ranald C. Michie, “The Canadian Securities Market, 1850–1914,” Business History Review 62, no. 1 (1988): 44, 50.

52. 52   Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), 79; Lynn Dumenil, Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 18.

53. 53   “Newspaper men get leases,” Kingston Daily Standard, August 4, 1913, 4. The original eight businesspeople were William Toole, Archibald Dingman, Louis P. Strong, Oscar Grant Devenish, Thomas J.S. Skinner, Edmund Taylor, Hugh MacLean, and J. Edward A. MacLeod. “Finally decided to form stock exchange,” CH, August 26, 1913, 12; Dabbs, Branded by the Wind, 34; GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, box 1 file 2; Bill No 23 of 1913 (Second Session), An Act to Incorporate Calgary Stock Exchange, assented to October 25, 1913; GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, file 36, “History and Review of the Calgary Stock Exchange,” July 25, 1951.

54. 54   Michie, “The Canadian Securities Market, 1850–1914,” 44, 50.

55. 55   A.R. Thompson, “Sovereignty and Natural Resources – A Study of Canadian Petroleum Legislation,” Valparaiso University Law Review 1, no. 2 (Spring 1967): 291.

56. 56   Michie, “The Canadian Securities Market, 1850–1914,” 50.

57. 57   Cass, “Investment in the Alberta Petroleum Industry,” 9; “Reported oil discovery precipitates rush to file on land,” CH, October 10, 1913, 1, 22.

58. 58   LAC, “Bulletin XVIII. Fifth Census of Canada. Ages of the People for the year 1911 as Enumerated Under Date First June,” Ottawa, Officer of the Census and Statistics Office, January 7, 1914; LAC, Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1916; “Table XXVI Per cent distribution of population of Prairie Provinces according to country of birth by provinces, 1916 and 1911” (Ottawa: Census and Statistics Office, 1918), 223; Clark Banack, God’s Province: Evangelical Christianity, Political Thought, and Conservatism in Alberta (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016), 56, 59–60.

59. 59   “Oil strike reported to have been made this week at the Dingman well,” CH, October 9, 1913, 1; “Dingman statement of oil discovery electrifies city,” CMA, October 10, 1913, 1, 8; “Authoritative statement on extent of oil strike given to public today,” CH, October 10, 1913, 1; “Oil strike near Calgary probable,” Edmonton Journal (hereafter cited as EJ), October 10, 1913, 1.

60. 60   “New report says well is full of oil,” CH, October 11, 1913, 1, 13; “Gasoline from Dingman well on the market,” Calgary News Telegram (hereafter CNT), October 16, 1913, 10; “Dingman well is highest grade recorded,” CNT, October 18, 1913, 21, 25; “Oil from Alberta fields is phenomenal in value,” CNT, October 23, 1913, 16.

61. 61   “Dingman strike is more consequential than first thought,” CMA, October 13, 1913, 1, 8; “Automobile was run from well to Calgary on product of the discovery well,” CMA, October 13, 1913, 1; “Epidemic of oil fever is more pronounced,” CNT, October 13, 1913, 1; “Discovery oil well and story of how it was exploited,” CH, October 25, 1913, 16; Editorial, CMA, January 7, 1914, 3.

62. 62   Recall that Cunningham Craig also served as a consultant for Ira Segur’s company, McDougall-Segur, and picked that company’s well site, too.

63. 63   “Tremendous oil possibilities about Calgary,” EJ, October 15, 1913, 1; “Cunningham Craig says prospect is good one,” CMA, October 17, 1913, 1, 8; “Ex-alderman tried to file oil claim in centre of city,” CH, October 17, 1913, 26; “Vice president Bury arrives to inquire into oil situation,” CH, October 18, 1913, 1; “Calgary oil fields attract investors,” Vancouver Sun, November 3, 1913, 7.

64. 64   Smith, The Treasure-Seekers, 19; “Oil discovery causes flurry of excitement,” CNT, October 10, 1913, 1; “Oil has been struck at the Dingman well,” CNT, October 10, 1913, 20; “Reported oil discovery precipitates great rush to file on land in region,” CH, October 10, 1913, 1; “Would-be O.K.’s (oil kings) besiege land offices to lay basis of fortune,” CNT, October 21, 1913, 13.

65. 65   Harold F. Williamson and Arnold Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 2: The Age of Energy, 1899–1958 (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1959), 16–17, 34; Hinton and Olien, Oil Booms, 21; Hugh M. Grant, “The Petroleum Industry and Canadian Economic Development: An Economic History, 1900–1961” (PhD diss., University of Toronto, 1986), 212; Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 1913, 6.

66. 66   Kerr, Corridors of Time III, 21–25.

67. 67   “Wildcatting in Calgary real estate as told by C.A. Owens, CMA, October 1, 1913, 1; “Record rush at Calgary land office,” CNT, October 13, 1913, 1; “Great rush for lease in the oil field continues,” CNT, October 16, 1913, 1; “Frost testifies that Dingman well is worth $1,250,000; Owens organizes New York company,” CMA, October 20, 1913, 1.

68. 68   Yergin, The Prize, 81–88.

Notes to Chapter 2

1. 1   In many ways, different meanings of the word “speculation” reveal a great deal about the underlying assumptions of Davidson and Woods toward the boom. Davidson was more apt to equate speculation to investment because there are more similarities than differences between the two terms. Both deploy capital in the pursuit of profits. A simple definition is that the goal of investment is to preserve wealth while speculation aims to increase wealth. But as historian Edward Chancellor observed, such a definition means the line separating speculation from investment is razor thin—perhaps to the point where successful speculation can be regarded as an investment and failed investments are speculation. A more sophisticated argument acknowledges that investing is usually regarded as a wealth-preserving activity that typically takes fewer risks, involves careful consideration and analysis by the investor, produces modest returns, in part because investors tend to mitigate risk by diversification, seeks modest returns, and tends to have longer terms. On the other hand, speculation involves greater short-term risk and offers higher rewards, leaving greater room separating the two terms. Woods tended to favour the latter definition and defined speculation as a reckless, and fraught, activity. See Edward Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation (New York: Farrar, Straus and GIroux, 1999), xi.

2. 2   Ralph W. Hidy and Muriel E. Hidy, Pioneering in Big Business, 1882–1911, vol. 1: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), 9–23; Yergin, The Prize, 35–55; Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998).

3. 3   R.H. Mottram, A History of Financial Speculation (Boston: Little, Brown, 1929), 20.

4. 4   See Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

5. 5   Pierre Berton, “Papers, Pickets and Profits,” MacLean’s, July 15, 1950, available at https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1950/7/15/papers-pickets-and-profits (accessed July 15, 2022).

6. 6   Howard Palmer, Alberta: A New History (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1990), 57; CH, May 14, 1940, 2; Jessica Potter, “Southam Inc.,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, published July 20, 2009, last edited December 16, 2013, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/southam-inc; CH, May 21, 1941, 10.

7. 7   “Davidson, William McCarney, M.P.P” in Hector Willoughby Charlesworth, A Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography (Toronto: The Hunter-Rose Company, 1919), 225–26; Jack Peach, Thanks for the Memories: More Stories from Calgary’s Past (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1994), 45.“Loss in CMA fire estimated at $200,000,” Edmonton Bulletin (hereafter EB), April 19, 1913, 11; W.M. Davidson, “Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow,” CMA, August 23, 1941; “W.M. Davidson, pioneer editor, dies at coast,” CH, March 24, 1942, 9; “The Albertan: 1902–1980,” Calgary Albertan Magazine, July 27, 1980, 3.

8. 8   “Cecil Armstrong visits hub city,” Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, June 16, 1933, 3; “S-P founder dies at coast,” Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, February 11, 1971, 3.

9. 9   Saskatoon Phoenix, June 21, 1912, 4.

10. 10   Peach, Thanks for the Memories, 44–45.

11. 11   L.G. Thomas, The Liberal Party in Alberta: A History of Politics in the Province of Alberta, 1905–1921 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1959), 10; Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. August 15, 1908, 4; Saskatoon Phoenix, June 21, 1912, 4; Windsor Star, August 9, 1912, 5; “Secretary of Tories insists Riley will be a candidate,” CMA, March 25, 1913, 1; CMA, October 20, 1916, 3; “George M. Thompson announces pending plans of re-organization,” Saskatoon Daily Star, October 25, 1917, 2; “Newsman dies, founded paper,” Windsor Star, December 20, 1949, 10; “G. Thompson Star-Phoenix founder dies,” Kingston Whig-Standard, December 20, 1949, 15; “Mrs. George Thompson obituary,” Kingston Whig-Standard, September 20, 1963, 9; “S-P founder dies at coast,” Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, February 12, 1971, 3.

12. 12   Bob Shiels, Calgary: A Not Too Solemn Look at Calgary’s First 100 Years (Calgary: Calgary Herald, 1974), 77.

13. 13   Hugh A. Dempsey, “Robert Chambers Edwards,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 26, 2022, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/edwards_robert_chambers_15E.html.

14. 14   GWRC, M353, Bob Edwards Fonds, Letter, Edwards to Jessie McCauley Ross, February 7, 1915.

15. 15   van Herk, Mavericks, 313; Grant MacEwan, Eye Opener Bob: The Story of Bob Edwards (Calgary: Brindle & Glass, 2004), 3.

16. 16   Chris Armstrong, Blue Skies and Boiler Rooms: Buying and Selling Securities in Canada, 1870–1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 39–40.

17. 17   “Official warning in regard to oil strike is issued,” CH, October 24, 1913, 1.

18. 18   Michie, “The Canadian Securities Market, 1850–1914,” 35.

19. 19   John Feldberg and Warren Elofson, “Financing the Palliser Triangle,” Great Plains Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1998): 259. 

20. 20   David Bright, The Limits of Labour: Class Formation and the Labour Movement in Calgary, 1883–1929 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1998), 99.

21. 21   Palmer, Alberta: A New History, 153–56.

22. 22   Tony Ward, “The Origins of the Canadian Wheat Boom, 1880–1910,” Canadian Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (1994): 873–74; Palmer, Alberta: A New History, 51, 106–7; Kenneth H. Norrie, Doug Owram, and John Charles Herbert Emery, A History of the Canadian Economy, 4th ed. (Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2008), 203–10. Eric J. Hanson, Eric J. Hanson’s Financial History of Alberta, eds. Paul Booth and Heather Edwards (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2004), 7, 32, 87.

23. 23   Warren Elofson, So Far Yet So Close: Frontier Cattle Ranching In Western Prairie Canada and the Northern Territory of Australia (Calgary: University Calgary Press, 2015), 143–44; Palmer, Alberta: A New History, 51–58.

24. 24   “Year’s total for building is $4,000,000,” CH, December 11, 1914, 1.

25. 25   Bright, The Limits of Labour, 101.

26. 26   “Unemployed request relief measures,” CH, December 31, 1913, 12.

27. 27   Arthur I. Bloomfield, Patterns of Fluctuation in International Investment Before 1914 (Princeton: Princeton University, 1968), 1–2; C.P. Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict, vol. 1: 1867–1921 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), 169. John Feldberg and Warren Elofson, “Financing the Palliser Triangle,” Great Plains Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1998): 259; Hutchinson, “As the bust paralyzes Calgary” 358; David C. Jones, “The Dance of the Grizzly Bear: Boom to Bust, 1912–13,” in Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed, ed. Catherine Anne Cavanaugh, Michael Payne, and Donald Grant Wetherell, vol. 2 (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press; Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2006), 380; Palmer, Alberta: A New History, 166.

28. 28   “George Bury advises people to go slow in oil speculation,” CH, October 21, 1913, 18.

29. 29   Dilwyn Porter, “‘Speciousness is the Bucketeers’ Watchword and Outrageous Effrontery his Capital:’ Financial Bucket Shops in the City of London, c. 1880–1939,” in Perspectives on Consumption and Society since 1700, eds. John Benson and Laura Ugolini (London: Routledge, 2006); CH, December 29, 1913, 1.

30. 30   “Official warning in regard to oil strike is issued,” CH, October 24, 1913, 1; “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 25, 1913, 1.

31. 31   “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 25, 1913, 1

32. 32   “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 27, 1913, 1.

33. 33   GWRC, M4545, Hugh Dempsey Fonds, file 2, “T.A.P. ‘Tappy’ Frost”; CH, June 11, 1915, 6; “‘Tappy’ Frost is taken by death,” EJ, October 5, 1927, 1; “‘Tappy’ Frost passes after years of service,” CH, October 7, 1927, 10; “‘Tappy’ Frost laid to rest Saturday,” CH, October 6, 1927, 25.

34. 34   “Tappy Frost on oil,” CMA, October 29, 1913, 8; “The Floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 29, 1913, 1; for further context and discussion of Cunningham Craig’s comments, see below.

35. 35   Historian Chris Armstrong writes that the buying and selling of securities in Canada became commonplace and mining stocks in particular became the favoured investment of people previously uninvolved in securities. Between 1901 and 1914 individual buyers purchased $446.2 million worth of stocks and bonds. See Armstrong, Blue Skies and Boiler Rooms, 20–22.

36. 36   “Concerned Citizen,” Letter to the Editor, CH, October 30, 1913, 1.

37. 37   “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 28, 1913, 1; “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 29, 1913, 1; “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 30, 1913, 1; Archibald W. Dingman, Letter to the Editor, CH, November 1, 1913, 1; “A word of advice,” CH, November 1, 1913, 1.

38. 38   Calgary Eye Opener, December 20, 1913, 2.

39. 39   “Wildcat schemes,” Ottawa Journal, December 5, 1913, 9; “Object and effect,” CMA, October 30, 1913, 3; CNT, October 30, 1913, 1; “Local oil flotations: an unbiased analysis,” CMA, October 31, 1913, 1; Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 1, 1913, 3.

40. 40   Editorial, “The question of ‘oil,’” CNT, November 5, 1913, 4.

41. 41   Editorial, “The question of ‘oil,’” CNT, November 5, 1913, 4.

42. 42   Editorial, “The question of ‘oil,’” CNT, November 5, 1913, 4.

43. 43   “True every word,” Rocky Mountain Oil Fields Ad, CNT, November 6, 1913, 5; “Alberta oil and asphalt,” Financial Post, November 22, 1913, 8; “Exaggerated Canadian reports,” Petroleum Gazette, November 1913, 12.

44. 44   “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 31, 1913, 1.

45. 45   “The Oil Record’s position,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 21, 1913, 6.

46. 46   Henderson’s Calgary Directory, 1914, 712; “At the hotels,” CH, November 7, 1913, 5; Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 8, 1913, 2, 3.

47. 47   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 5, file 280, Calgary District Court, S.E. Beveridge v. James H. Woods, Testimony of Charles Pohl, December 5, 1913, 39.

48. 48   Ad, “Cause and Effect,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 7, 1913, 8; “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, November 4, 1913, 1; “Regarding the black spot,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 14, 1913, 1.

49. 49   “Interesting comment on the oil situation by a Chicago Man,” CH, November 7, 1913, 22.

50. 50   “Oil optimist discusses the present Alberta situation,” CNT, November 15, 1913, 29.

51. 51   “Oil optimist discusses the present Alberta situation,” CNT, November 15, 1913, 29.

52. 52   GWRC, M4540, J. McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 87, file 918, McDougall-Segur, Minutes – Directors, October 11, 1913; Minutes – Directors October 30, 1913; “Better to have ‘chanced’ and lost than never had a chance at all,” CNT, November 24, 1913, 4.

53. 53   “A duty of the government to protect the oil industry,” CNT, November 28, 1913, 4.

54. 54   CMA, November 19, 1913, 11; “Alberta oil possibilities,” Victoria Daily Times, November 20, 1913, 11.

55. 55   The Toronto Globe, Ottawa Journal, Quebec Telegraph, and Montreal Gazette, among others, published articles/editorials endorsing the Herald’s campaign.

56. 56   Editorial, CMA, November 20, 1913, 3; “Oil stock promoters and their methods,” CH, November 20, 1913, 1.

57. 57   “Banded for protection,” Lead Daily Call (South Dakota), December 3, 1913, 2.

58. 58   “Oil men at meeting form organization for self protection,” CH, November 24, 1913, 1, 11.

59. 59   “Oil men at meeting form organization for self protection,” CH, November 24, 1913, 1, 11.

60. 60   “Will sane men control?” CH, November 25, 1913, 11; Petroleum Gazette, December 1913, 5.

61. 61   Editorial, CMA, November 26, 1913, 1.

62. 62   Editorial, CMA, November 27, 1913, 1.

63. 63   Editorial, CMA, November 28, 1913, 1.

64. 64   “Oil development association perfects organization,” CMA, November 27, 1913, 1, 8.

65. 65   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 5, file 280, Calgary District Court, S.E. Beveridge v. James H. Woods, Complaint, November 27, 1913.

66. 66   GWRC, M6745, John Schmidt Fonds, Manuscript “George E. Buck,” 12–13.

67. 67   Gray, Talk to My Lawyer, 11–14.

68. 68   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 5, file 280, Calgary District Court, S.E. Beveridge v. James H. Woods, Testimony of Stephen E. Beveridge, December 5, 1913. 2.

69. 69   Editorial, “Clean them out!” CH, April 20, 1895, 2; “Editor charged in court with criminal libel,” CNT, November 28, 1913, 1; “Facts about floatation of oil companies are brought out in court,” CH, December 3, 1913, 1, 14; “An anonymous telegram,” CH, December 10, 1913, 1.

70. 70   “The oil wealth,” CMA, December 10, 1913, 3.

71. 71   “Publicity is slogan of oil association,” CMA, December 11, 1913, 1, 8; “Oil men discuss anonymous wire,” CH, December 11, 1913, 1, 11; “Oil Association news,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, December 12, 1913, 1.

72. 72   “Oil development association may secure organizer,” CNT, December 11, 1913, 1; “Oil Association news,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, December 12, 1913, 1.

73. 73   “Oil secretary resigns,” CH, December 12, 1913, 1, 30; Editorial, CMA, December 13, 1913, 3; “Oil association raises #2,000 to exploit the petroleum fields of southern Alberta,” CMA, December 17, 1913, 1; “Oil association officials resign, then reconsider,” CH, December 17, 1913, 11; “Alberta oil association executive decides upon sweeping campaign of publicity,” CMA, December 19, 1913, 1, 5; “Oil association in suspended condition,” CH, January 6, 1914, 1; “Calgary oil association to meet in near future,” CMA, February 19, 1914, 1.

74. 74   Between December 25, 1913, and January 5, 1914, similar ads appeared in The Minneapolis Star-Tribune, The Ottawa Citizen, The North Bay Daily Nugget, The Idaho Daily Statesman (Boise), The Detroit Free Press, The Los Angeles Times, The Indianapolis Star, The Star Press (Muncie, IN), and The Omaha Daily Bee.

Notes to Chapter 3

1. 1   The metropolis-hinterland thesis assumes there are two kinds of regions: metropoles (sometimes called heartlands) that serve as the core of the economy and exert dominance over its hinterlands; and peripheral areas that are subservient to the core. As cities evolve outward, so too does the pattern of development, replicating and expanding into new regions. For western Canada, this meant control by the metropolitan centres of Montreal and Toronto. J.M.S. Careless advanced the thesis by arguing that the growth of cities in the West, like Calgary, meant these new metropolitan areas would dominate the surrounding hinterland of southern Alberta. But as historian R. Douglas Francis observed, the fundamental relationship between western and central Canada remained unaffected, as the Prairie West is consistently depicted “as a hinterland to metropolitan centers outside its borders.” Where Innis describes a series of subordinate, dependent relationships evolving from these arrangements, Turner sees successive waves of settlers on the frontier replacing European norms with American values of freedom, independence, individualism, democracy, egalitarianism, inventiveness, coarseness, idealism, and progress.

   Contrary to US historian Frederick Jackson Turner’s conception of the frontier as the “true America,” successive Canadian historians working in the tradition of Harold Innis, particularly Donald Creighton and J .M.S. Careless, developed the metropolitan-hinterland school to describe the Canadian frontier. Influenced by geography, climate, and communications, the frontier regions of Canada and the United States emerged differently. In the United States, the frontier, broadly defined, extended from the Midwest to the Pacific coast and contained seemingly endless waves of arable land and favourable climates, Where Turner sees the frontier as the cradle of uniquely American values and beliefs separate from Europe, Innis concluded unequivocally that, due to transportation and communication networks along the St. Lawrence River, European influences still prevailed in Canada, where “the civilization of North America is the civilization of Europe.” The corollary of this argument is that while cities in the United States were eventually linked together by railroads and canals, the development of transportation and communications infrastructure took time, providing a period of isolation on the American frontier that, Turner argued, left a mark. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Microfilms, 1966), 200–201; R. Douglas Francis, “Turner Versus Innis: Bridging the Gap,” American Review of Canadian Studies 33, no. 4 (2003): 474–75; Walter D. Young, Democracy and Discontent: Progressivism, Socialism and Social Credit in the Canadian West (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 2–3; John Richards and Larry Pratt, Prairie Capitalism: Power and Influence in the New West (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1979), 15; Gerald Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), 162–63; Michael Bliss, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987), 293; J.C. Herbert Emery and Ronald D. Kneebone, “Socialists, Populists, Resources, and the Divergent Development of Alberta and Saskatchewan,” Canadian Public Policy 34, no. 4 (2008): 419–40.

2. 2   After reaching a peak of an average price of $1.07 in 1900, crude prices fluctuated between a low of $0.61 and a high of $2.21 per barrel of crude in 1919: Williamson and Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 2, 40.

3. 3   Scholars John Richards and Larry Pratt observed that, prior to 1947, oil and gas development “provoked a populist response in Alberta” which held that the people should benefit economically, politically, and socially from development rather than some large industrial combination: Richards and Pratt, Prairie Capitalism, 24, 91.

4. 4   John D. Rockefeller Sr. and Standard Oil’s preferred strategy for dealing with all inquiries into their business was to say as little as possible, but this strategy proved wanting as public attitudes toward trusts more generally changed ay the late 1880s. Hinton and Olien argue Standard Oil’s greatest weakness was political because its opponents “perfected political infighting” to offset Standard’s strengths. Using rhetoric that equated monopoly with conspiracy and corruption, independent oil men mobilized political power against Standard’s economic strengths by bringing it before investigating committees and the courts. The Republic of Texas’s 1836 constitution enshrined the state’s anti-monopoly sentiment by barring grants of exclusive privilege by the state, and the provision found its way into subsequent iterations of the constitution. By 1893 twenty-one states and two territories had either constitutional or statutory measures opposing the operation of monopolies or trusts within their borders. Hidy and Hidy, Pioneering in Big Business, 208, 306–9; Chernow, Titan, 294–95; Hinton and Olien, Oil in Texas, 20–23; Bryan Burrough, The Big Rich: The Rise and Fall of the Greatest Texas Oil Fortunes (New York: Penguin, 2009), 11–12.

5. 5   Diana Davids Hinton and Roger Olien, Easy Money: Oil Promoters and Investors in the Jazz Age (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), x.

6. 6   In various sources he is referred to by surname as Craig, Cunningham-Craig, or Cunningham Craig. For the sake of consistency, we will use Cunningham Craig throughout.

7. 7   George Colpitts, Game in the Garden: A Human History of Wildlife in Western Canada to 1940 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2002), 104, and especially Chapter 4.

8. 8   Black, Petrolia, 8; Gordon Jaremko, “Turner Valley: The Beginning of a Long Apprenticeship,” Alberta History 62 (Spring 2014): 8, available at https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CA365891752&v=2.1&it=r&sid=AONE&asid=a0060098.

9. 9   “The Standard Oil’s gigantic spider web of pipes,” CH, October 9, 1911, 13.

10. 10   “U.S. Supreme Court orders the dissolution of Standard Oil Co.,” CMA, May 16, 1911, 1; “Standard Oil will still grip Canada,” EJ, May 17, 1911, 1.

11. 11   “May investigate Standard Oil’s operations in the dominion,” EB, May 17, 1911, 1; “Judgement is not taken seriously,” CMA, May 17, 1911, 7; A.W.N. Gogay, Letter to the Editor, CH, June 28, 1911, 10.

12. 12   Roger Olien and Diana Davids Hinton argued that the petroleum industry applied a very elastic definition of the term. At various times, the term “independent” was applied to “wildcatters, mail order promoters, lease brokers, producers, stripper well operators, royalty owners, refiners, and retailers, and to giant corporations with production in many countries as well as to one-man operators working in shared offices.” Meanwhile, leading petroleum business authors Andrew Inkpen and Michael Moffett apply a much narrower definition that describes an independent as a non-integrated company that generates nearly all its revenue from oil and gas production or downstream (transportation, refining, and marketing) operations, although they allow that some only apply the term to oil and gas producers. See Roger M. Olien and Diana Davids Hinton, Wildcatters: Texas Independent Oilmen (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007), 2–5; Andrew Inkpen and Michael H. Moffett, The Global Oil and Gas Industry: Management, Strategy and Finance (Tulsa: PennWell, 2011), 11–12; Morgan Downey, Oil 101 (Albany: Wooden Table Press, 2009), 4.

13. 13   “Oil men complete their organization at further meeting,” CH, November 27, 1913, 1.

14. 14   “Standard Oil Co. sends man here to investigate,” CH, March 22, 1913, 1; “When oil is discovered,” CMA, October 13, 1913, 3; “A petrol railway projected,” CNT, October 17, 1913, 20; “Drilling at the Dingman well started again,” CNT, October 17, 1913, 20–21.

15. 15   Editorial, “The millionaire and Canadian resources,” CNT, October 27, 1913, 4.

16. 16   Prospectus, Rocky Mountain Oil Fields, Limited.

17. 17   “Pessimists and Otherwise,” Rocky Mountain Oil Fields Limited ad, CMA October 23, 1913, 8; “Are You Playing the Long Shot?” Rocky Mountain Oil Fields Limited ad, CMA, November 1, 1913, 15.

18. 18   “The Okotoks Oil Fields,” Rocky Mountain Oil Fields Limited ad, CMA, October 20, 1913, 9; “The Future,” Rocky Mountain Oil Fields Limited ad, CMA November 10, 1913, 11; “A Great Future,” Rocky Mountain Oil Fields Limited ad, Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 21, 1913, 6; Chicago Tribune, January 13, 1914, 23.

19. 19   D. Austin Lane, “Difficulties getting cash,” Calgary Albertan, June 15, 1956, 18.

20. 20   Thomas Anthony Buchanan Corley, A History of the Burmah Oil Company, 1886–1924 (London: Heinemann, 1983), 131.

21. 21   Arthur Beeby-Thompson, Oil Pioneer: Selected Experiences and Incidents Associated with Sixty Years of World Wide Petroleum Exploration and Oilfield Development (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1961), 116.

22. 22   “Noted geologist makes inspection of Mitford mine,” CH, October 1, 1912.

23. 23   E.H. Cunningham Craig, Oil Finding: An Introduction to the Geological Study of Petroleum (London: Edward Arnold, 1913), ix.

24. 24   Boverton Redwood, “Introduction,” in Craig, Oil Finding, ix.

25. 25   United States Geological Survey, C.W. Hayes and William Kennedy, “Oil Fields of the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coastal Plain” (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903), 137.

26. 26   Craig, Oil Finding, 1, 4.

27. 27   Craig, Oil Finding, 189.

28. 28   Craig, Oil Finding, 151.

29. 29   Craig, Oil Finding, 190.

30. 30   “At the oil fields,” CH, December 16, 1912, 18.

31. 31   “Calgary oil may be used for the navy,” CH, October 15, 1913, 1; “Ex-alderman tried to file oil claim in centre of city,” CH, October 17, 1913, 26.

32. 32   “Cunningham Craig may not make statement regarding oil fields until he returns to England,” CMA, October 29, 1913, 1.

33. 33   “Alberta can supply fuel oil for navy,” Victoria Daily Times, November 14, 1913, 15.

34. 34   “Warning against oil boomsters,” Montreal Gazette, November 13, 1913, 22.

35. 35   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Letter, Julian Langner, Calgary, June 1914.

36. 36   “Extensive development campaign said to be contemplated by the petroleum company and others,” CMA, November 6, 1913, 1.

37. 37   “Craig tells of oil find in Alberta,” CH, December 2, 1913, 1.

38. 38   Herron-Elder ad, CMA, December 4, 1913, 9.

39. 39   “Interest in oil,” CH, January 13, 1914, 1.

40. 40   Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” in The Petroleum World, February 1914, 60.

41. 41   Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” 60.

42. 42   Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” 62–63.

43. 43   Malcolm, “Oil and Gas Prospects of the Northwest Provinces of Canada,” 5; Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” 63.

44. 44   Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” 63

45. 45   Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” 63, 65.

46. 46   Cunningham Craig, “The New Oil Fields of Canada,” 65.

47. 47   Editorial, “An authority speaks,” CH, January 22, 1914, 6.

48. 48   “Chancellor and First Lord appear in public together,” Vancouver Daily World, January 21, 1914, 1; “Calgary oil boom is doing much mischief,” Toronto Star, January 21, 1914, 1.

49. 49   Editorial, EJ, January 24, 1914, 4.

50. 50   Editorial, CMA, January 22, 1914, 3.

51. 51   Editorial, CMA, February 7, 1914, 3.

52. 52   Bliss, Northern Enterprise, 316–17.

53. 53   “Seven drills are at work in Calgary oil fields,” Weekly Albertan, March 1, 1914, 6; Piedmont Petroleum Products Company ad, CMA, May 12, 1914, 7; Piedmont Petroleum Products Company ad, CMA, May 13, 1914, 9.

54. 54   Frederick Buell, “A Short History of Oil Cultures, or The Marriage of Catastrophe and Exuberance,” in Ross Barrett, Daniel Worden, and Allan Stoekl, Oil Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 74–75.

55. 55   Wall Street Journal, April 27, 1914, 2; Herron-Elder ad, CMA, May 16, 1914, 9.

56. 56   Breen, Herron, Section II, Document 15, “W.S. Herron statement regarding dispute with A.W. Dingman, April 10, 1919 and attachment of February 3, 1914,” 52–54.

57. 57   Breen, Herron, xxvi; “No controversy over location of second well,” CH, February 4, 1914, 14; “Calgary oil men in warring factions,” EB, February 5, 1914, 7; “Litigation started over valuable oil lease in proximity to No. 1 well,” CH, February 7, 1914, 1, 13; “Fight starts over valuable oil land,” CMA, February 9, 1914, 8.

58. 58   “Rapid developments are taking place in oil circles,” CH, May 20, 1914, 1.

59. 59   Leishman McNeill, Calgary Herald’s Tales of the Old Town (Calgary Herald, 1966), 26.

60. 60   Hinton and Olien, Easy Money, 25.

Notes to Chapter 4

1. 1   Gray, Troublemaker, 38.

2. 2   Darren Dochuk, Anointed with Oil: How Christianity and Crude Made Modern America (New York: Basic Books, 2019), 39. Several scholars note the influence of US-style evangelism in Alberta politics and culture. See, for example, Trevor W. Harrison, “Petroleum, Politics, and the Limits of Left Progressivism in Alberta,” in Alberta Oil and the Decline of Democracy in Canada, ed. Meenal Shrivastava and Lorna Stefanick (Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2015), available at https://www.aupress.ca/books/120251-alberta-oil-and-the-decline-of-democracy-in-canada/.

3. 3   Bright, The Limits of Labour, 18–30.

4. 4   Will Ferguson, “Introduction,” in MacEwan, Eye Opener Bob, viii; Hugh A. Dempsey, Calgary, Spirit of the West: A History (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1994), 81.

5. 5   Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History, 390.

6. 6   James H. Gray, Red Lights on the Prairies (Toronto: Macmillan, 1971), 125.

7. 7   van Herk, Mavericks, 359; Gray, Red Lights on the Prairies, 105, 125–27; Dempsey, Calgary: Spirit of the West, 101.

8. 8   “Woman testifies she believes there were three to four hundred houses of ill-fame in the city during March last,” Edmonton Capital, June 12, 1914, 1; “Mayor M’Namara denies evidence given by Lancey,” EB, June 27, 1914, 11.

9. 9   “Ex-chief Carpenter causes sensation,” CH, June 19, 1914, 5.

10. 10   “Statement from Evangelist [J.A.L.] Romig of Christian Church,” CH, May 27, 1909, 2.

11. 11   Derren Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism (New York: W.W. Norton, 2011), 213; Banack, God’s Province, 70–71; CH, November 5, 1910, 7; CH, November 12, 1910, 11; CH, November 19, 1910, 11; CMA, November 19, 1910, 11.

12. 12   McNeil, Tales of the Old Town, 68. McNeil misidentifies George Buck as “George Brick.”

13. 13   John Schmidt, Growing Up in the Oil Patch, 105–6; Luxton, Latch String Out, 279; “More gifts of land to the university,” CH, February 3, 1913, 1; “Feature event of auto races to be run in two heats,” CH, September 17, 1913, 9.

14. 14   “Financial stringency gives way to oil fever throughout Alberta,” Vancouver Daily World, May 23, 1914, 10, 12.

15. 15   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination for Discovery, Jennie L. Earl, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 3–8.

16. 16   PAA, GR1979.0285, file #7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Affidavit, George E. Buck, Calgary, January 8, 1915, 3; PAA, GR1979.0285, file 8673, reel 145, Calgary District Court, International Supply Company v. Black Diamond Oil Fields, Statement of Claim, Calgary, December 18, 1914; GWRC, M1232, Percival Timms Fonds, box 1, file 5, Prospectus: The Black Diamond Oil Fields, Limited. (1913); “Two Calgary girls file on oil leases,” CH, August 12, 1912, 1; “Mineral claims near city are filed on,” CH, August 23, 1912, 20; “Many filings on copper and coal claims in Sheep Creek and Highwood districts,” CMA, August 23, 1912, 1; “The floatation of oil companies,” CH, October 28, 1913, 1; “Calgary oil flotations: an unbiased analysis,” CMA, November 1, 1913, 1, 12; “Martin will drill for Black Diamond Oil Fields,” CMA, December 11, 1913, 1; “Financial stringency gives way to oil fever throughout Alberta,” Vancouver Daily World, May 23, 1914, 10, 12; Hutchinson, “As the Bust Paralyzes Calgary One Word Reignites the City: Oil,” 372. Schmidt, Growing Up in the Oil Patch, 104–7; GWRC, M968, A.P. “Tiny” Phillips Fonds, box 1. file 1, Blue Scribbler. Tiny Phillips left two handwritten accounts of his career in the oil patch and dealings with George Buck—a short one in a receipt book, and another longer one in a blue scribbler. The accounts both contain the same basic story, but the blue scribbler contains greater detail. For ease of reference, they will be referred to as “Receipt Book” and “Blue Scribbler.” J.M.D. Ritchie, “The truth about the Black Diamond well,” CMA, June 8, 1914, 1, 5.

17. 17   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 8673, reel 145, Calgary District Court, International Supply Company v. Black Diamond Oil Fields (1915), Statement of Claim, Calgary, December 23, 1914.

18. 18   “Oil strike is expected soon at Black Diamond,” CH, June 13, 1914, 13.

19. 19   Examination of Discovery, George Buck, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 35.

20. 20   “Brick and stone for Calgary,” CMA, January 4, 1906, 5; “Red Cross home to be opened Wednesday,” CMA, July 13, 1920, 3; “City pioneer Crandell dies,” Albertan, June 5, 1944, 7; Ken Liddell, “Brick plant area rests in pieces.” CH, October 9, 1953, 3; Jack Peach, “Crandell homes characterized by solid workmanship,” CH, July 11, 1981, F14; Susan Scott, “Preserving the brickwork,” CH, July 14, 1994, Neighbors, 1; “Then and now,” CH, December 30, 2003, B2.

21. 21   “Drilling is started on Black Diamond,” CMA, January 31, 1914, 1; “A square deal in oil, for you” ad, CMA, February 2, 1914, 7; “Autoists travel to Black Diamond field derrick,” CMA, February 2, 1914, 7, 12.

22. 22   “Everybody enthusiastic about Black Diamond” ad, CMA, February 3, 1914, 7.

23. 23   George Buck, “Important Announcement on Oil,” CMA, February 3, 1914, 9; “Look out for wet gas at 200 feet” ad, CMA, February 6, 1914, 7; “Caveat out on Black Diamond property,” CMA, February 16, 1914, 3.

24. 24   Black, Petrolia, 39–42.

25. 25   “Oil strike is expected soon at Black Diamond,” CH, June 13, 1914, 13.

26. 26   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 128, file 6873, Calgary District Court, Taxation of the costs of Lougheed, Bennett, McLaws & Company against George E. Buck & Black Diamond Oil Fields, Limited (1914).

27. 27   PAA, GR1987.0246, box 8, Case 222, Appellate Division, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Appeal Book, Testimony of Carlton M.S. Kipling, 8; Testimony of Grant S. Wolverton, 9, 17.

28. 28   “Devenish company to be launched Monday,” CMA, November 15, 1913, 1.

29. 29   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 6342, reel 118, Calgary District Court, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Examination of Discovery, Grant S. Wolverton, Calgary, November 13, 1914, 4, 8; PAA, GR1987.0246, box 8, Case 222, Appellate Division, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Testimony of Grant S. Wolverton, 10.

30. 30   PAA, GR1987.0246, box 8, Case 222, Appellate Division, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Testimony of George E. Buck, 33, 35.

31. 31   “Good morning, Baron! Are your surface rights all right?” CMA, February 18, 1914, 5; “Buck’s friends say he is being persecuted,” CMA, February 18, 1914, 8; “Charge against George E. Buck not substantiated,” CMA, February 19, 1914, 1; “Injunction against G.W. [sic] Buck is dissolved,” CMA, February 21, 1914, 1; George Buck ad, CMA, February 21, 1914, 8.

32. 32   Natural Gas and Oil Record, March 7, 1914, 3.

33. 33   “Caveat on the Black Diamond withdrawn,” CMA, March 18, 1914, 1, 7; “New caveat filed on Black Diamond,” CH, March 21, 1914, 1.

34. 34   Ad, Canadian Press Association, “The Poor Man’s University,” CH, January 15, 1914, 15; Russell T. Johnston, Selling Themselves: The Emergence of Canadian Advertising (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 145–47.

35. 35   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck (1916), Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio, December 27, 1915, 307–11; “Deposition of Norman R. Fletcher,” Preliminary Inquiry, Calgary, 311–12. GWRC, M968, A.P. “Tiny” Phillips Fonds, box 1, file 1.

36. 36   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, George E. Buck, Calgary, January 8, 1915, 39–45; Examination of Discovery, John A. Campbell, Calgary, February 9, 1915, 4–5; GWRC, M1232, Percival Timms Fonds, box 1, file 5, Prospectus: The Black Diamond Oil Fields, Limited.

37. 37   Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 2, 1914, 1.

38. 38   LAC R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Deposition of Norman R. Fletcher,” Preliminary Inquiry, Calgary, 332; “Black Diamond Foreman tells of salting well,” CH, November 12, 1915, 11.

39. 39   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, “Deposition of Norman R. Fletcher,” Preliminary Inquiry, Calgary, 332.

40. 40   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio. December 27, 1915, 283.

41. 41   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, Buck v. Rex, “The Crown’s Factum,” 1917, 1–3; Supreme Court of Alberta, Rex v. Buck, “Appellant’s Factum,” 1917, 8–11.

42. 42   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Charles E. Tryon, Direct Examination,” 236–50; “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio, December 27, 1915, 305.

43. 43   “Crude oil found in Black Diamond oil well,” CMA, May 8, 1914, 1, 8.

44. 44   “Death overtakes W.W. Cheely, one of Montana’s most widely known citizens and newspaper man,” Miles City Star, April 4, 1939, 8.

45. 45   “William W. Cheely,” Montana Standard, April 2, 1939, 4.

46. 46   “W.W. Cheely has leap year birthday fete,” Great Falls Tribune, March 1, 1936, 19.

47. 47   CMA, April 28, 1939, 4.

48. 48   “Montana loses widely beloved editor in death of William W. ‘Bill’ Cheely,” Cascade Courier, April 19, 1939, 7.

49. 49   “Cheely a millionaire strike in oil did it,” Anaconda Standard, June 2, 1914, 9; “William Cheely rites to be in Great Falls,” Butte Daily Post, April 1, 1939, 3; “William W. Cheely writes ‘30’ on last copy,” Miles City Star, April 4, 1939, 4.

50. 50   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck (1916), Appeal from the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Alberta, Appellate Division, “Wm. Winbourne Cheely, Direct Examination,” 88–98; GWRC, Tiny Phillips Fonds, box 1, file 1, W.W. Cheely, “Black Diamond find gives promise of petroleum values,” CMA, May 9, 1914, 1, 8; “Cheely testifies in the Buck case,” CH, October 28, 1916, 4; “Buck before court,” Western Standard, November 14, 1915, 7; Brian Hutchinson, “The cigar-chomping pastor and his oilfield scam,” in Alberta in the 20th Century: A Journalistic History of the Province in Twelve Volumes, vol. 3: The Boom and the Bust, ed. Ted Byfield (Edmonton: United Western Communications, 1994), 372.

Notes to Chapter 5

1. 1   The truce between Dingman and Herron proved temporary and reignited in 1919 when Herron filed a countersuit against Dingman. See Breen, Herron, 52–61;“Fight starts over valuable oil land,” CMA, February 9, 1914, 8; “Rumors of strike are discredited in city today,” CH, April 8, 1914, 1; Natural Gas and Oil Record, April 11, 1914, 3.

   Luke 6:24–30 (King James Version) reads: “But woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received your consolation. Woe unto you that are full! for ye shall hunger. Woe unto you that laugh now! for ye shall mourn and weep. Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for so did their fathers to the false prophets. But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you, Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you. And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also. Give every man that asketh of thee; and of him that taketh away thy goods ask them not again.”

2. 2   W.S. Herron to A.W. Dingman, December 11, 1912, in Breen, William Stewart Herron, 25; “Sprays from the derrick,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, November 21, 1913, 3; “Drilling at Dingman well discontinued,” CNT, November 21, 1913, 1; “Eyes of men of oil world are on the Calgary fields,” CMA, February 19, 1914, 1; “Directors of the Dingman company believe drill is working in capping just above oil deposit,” CMA, April 13, 1914, 1; “Fate of fortunes is hanging in balance: feeling is tense,” CMA, April 14, 1914, 1; “Oil within the next 100 feet is idea of Dingman,” CMA, April 17, 1914, 1.

3. 3   GWRC, M4540, J. McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 87, file 918, McDougall-Segur, Minutes – Directors, May 4, 1914; Minutes – Directors, May 15, 1914; “Segur now trying to interest Standard Oil in local field,” CH, March 6, 1914, 1; CH, March 12, 1914, 1; “Ira E. Segur Back,” CH, March 23, 1914, 1; Taylor, Imperial Standard, 119; Cass, “Investment in the Alberta Petroleum Industry,” 57; Gray, Great Canadian Oil Patch, 63; Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry, 17.

4. 4   GWRC, M330, Dingman Family Fonds, box 1, file 6, Claude Dingman, “Highlights of the ‘Pioneer Days’ of the Gas and Oil industry in Alberta,” 1956, 3; De Mille, Oil in Canada West, 117.

5. 5   W.W. Cheely, “1,000 feet of oil in Dingman Well,” CMA, May 15, 1914, 1.

6. 6   “Oil strike is food for thought to W.S. Herron,” CH, May 16, 1914, 1.

7. 7   “How the great oil boom in Calgary commenced,” Vancouver Daily World, May 26, 1914, 14.

8. 8   “Bill Cheely is sure discovery is ‘real thing,’” CNT, May 15, 1914, 11; “Oil discovery will mean that problem of unemployment is solved,” CH, May 16, 1914, 1; Editorial, CMA, May 16, 1914, 6; “The discovery of oil will be of incalculable benefit to Calgary and Alberta,” CNT, May 15, 1914, 1; “Calgary is oil mad stocks are booming,” Victoria Daily Times, May 16, 1914, 3; “The new Calgary,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 18, 1914, 1; “Oil strike may end stringency,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 1.

9. 9   CMA, May 16, 1914, 1.

10. 10   “Fourteen drilling outfits for the Calgary district,” CMA, May 19, 1914, 1.

11. 11   “The discovery of oil will be of incalculable benefit to Calgary and Alberta,” CNT, May 15, 1914, 1; “Calgary is oil mad stocks are booming,” Victoria Daily Times, May 16, 1914, 3; “The new Calgary,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 18, 1914, 1; “Oil strike may end stringency,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 1.

12. 12   “The discovery of oil in Alberta; What it is and what it promises,” Western Standard, June 20, 1914, 19–20.

13. 13   “Mackie boys rich strike,” Ottawa Citizen, May 27, 1914, 7; Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 23, 1914, 23.

14. 14   The council meeting loomed as a potential bloodbath between the mayor and his detractors over the issue of the tender of municipal contracts. Before his departure, Mayor McNamara issued an inflammatory statement alleging that he alone protected the city “against a gang of wolves,” including some on city council who received bribes, kickbacks, or otherwise profited from the awarding of city contracts. “Oil fever here,” EJ, May 16, 1914, 1; “Many visit oil fields near Okotoks,” EB, May 18, 1914, 1; “Mayor stricken with an attack of ‘Oilitiritis,’’ EJ, May 19, 1914, 1; “Aldermen to know who are gang of wolves to whom mayor referred,” EB, May 20, 1914, 1.

15. 15   Statistics Canada, “Average wages of farm help in Canada, by province, 1909, 1910 and 1914 to 1916,” available online at https://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb02/1917/acyb02_191702028-eng.htm (accessed May 27, 2022); “Putting savings into holes,” National Post, January 2, 1915, 25.

16. 16   The number of Alberta-based CPR employees is inferred from a few different pieces of data. Dominion government data places the average monthly salary for all Canadian railroad workers in 1915 at $60.56. Contemporary newspaper reports suggested that the CPR’s monthly payroll of $6 million required the company to issue 120,000 cheques. Further analysis of Dominion data suggests the average railroad worker across Canada worked approximately 305.8 days a year, with the number of days worked for hourly employees based on a ten-hour workday. This results in an average daily salary of $2.58. In October 1914, the CPR reported that its Alberta division donated $15,000 to the Patriotic Fund, a private initiative that took donations to support soldiers and their dependents during and after the Great War. The donations were part of a campaign inaugurated by CPR president T.G. Shaughnessy to donate a day’s salary. See Canada, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Department of Railways and Canals, Sessional Paper 20b, “Railway statistics of the Dominion of Canada for the year ended June 30, 1915” (Ottawa: King’ Printer, 1916), lviii–lx; “A wage bill of $6,000,000,” Brantford Daily Expositor, July 4, 1914, 7; “When pay day comes,” Bassano Mail, August 13, 1914, 1; “New York sentiment is unanimously in favor of allies,” CMA, October 14, 1914, 8.

17. 17   “Calgary is oil mad, stocks are booming,” Victoria Daily Times, May 16, 1914, 3.

18. 18   GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, series 9, file 47, “A ‘Share’ of the Business,” n.d.; CH, May 21, 1964, 55; Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry, 16; “Throwing money in for oil shares,” Vancouver Province, May 18, 1914, 22.

19. 19   GWRC, M330, Dingman Family Fonds, box 1, file 6, Claude Dingman, “Highlights of the ‘Pioneer Days’ of the Gas and Oil industry in Alberta,” 1956, 7–8.

20. 20   “Oil in Alberta Reported,” Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 1914, 9; “Canadian oil boom,” Manchester Guardian, May 20, 1914, 9; “Western Canada depressed before the war broke out,” Wall Street Journal, September 15, 1914, 5; “People and capital are pouring into Calgary from all parts of the continent,” CH, May 21, 1914, 15; “Dingman well on holiday yesterday but brokers busy,” CMA, May 26, 1914, 1.

21. 21   “Oil is plentiful but clams scarce,” Tacoma News Tribune, May 19, 1914, 13.

22. 22   Calgary Eye Opener, May 23, 1914, 1.

23. 23   Shiels, Calgary, 191.

24. 24   Adjusted for inflation, that works out to an average of $50.55 per square foot of retail space, nearly double the 2023 price for prime real estate in Calgary. “Impressions of Calgary before and just after,” Vancouver Daily World, May 30, 1914, 19; E.T. Smith, “Sudden riches in oil discoveries,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, June 1, 1914, 5; “The interesting phases of Calgary oil boom,” Toronto Star, May 28, 1914, 18.

25. 25   “100 drilling plants will be in operation within three months,” CMA, May 22, 1914, 1.

26. 26   Financial Post, May 30, 1914, 3.

27. 27   “The brokers are still here, but they are a colorless lot now,” Western Oil Examiner, July 9, 1955, 34; CNT, May 20, 1914; Calgary Herald, May 21, 1964, 55; “All wells will probably strike oil; some will do better than others,” Vancouver Daily World, May 23, 1914, 1, 14.

28. 28   Day Book (Chicago), June 24, 1914, 1.

29. 29   “Impressions of Calgary before and just after,” Vancouver Daily World, May 30, 1914, 19.

30. 30   “Rescued sobbing young investor from vale of woe,” CMA, May 21, 1914, 1.

31. 31   “Impressions of Calgary before and just after,” 19.

32. 32   “Impressions of Calgary before and just after,” 19.

33. 33   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 8496, reel 142, Calgary District Court, Herbert Strong Company v. Black Diamond Oil Fields, Discovery of Herbert Strong, Calgary, April 1, 1915, 12.

34. 34   “The oil excitement in Alberta field,” Vancouver Sun, June 6, 1914, 3.

35. 35   EJ, August 1, 1913, 1; CH, August 7, 1913, 1; CH, August 14, 1913, 1; CH, January 6, 1914, 12; CH, January 9, 1914, 19; CH, January 16, 1914, 19; CH, January 23, 1914, 17; CH, January 30, 1914, 9; CH, February 2, 1914, 11; CH, February 6, 1914, 13; National Post, February 14, 1914, 16; CH, February 20, 1914, 15; CH, February 27, 1914, 14; CH, March 2, 1914, 11; CH, March 6, 1914, 15; National Post, March 7, 1914, 23; CH, March 13, 1914, 19; National Post, March 21, 1914, 16; CH, March 27, 1914, 19; CH, April 3, 1914, 23; National Post, April 4, 1914, 12; National Post, April 11, 1914, 25; National Post, April 18, 1914, 16; CH, April 24, 1914, 17; National Post, April 25, 1914, 18; National Post, May 2, 1914, 16; CH, May 8, 1914, 17; National Post, May 9, 1914, 16; National Post, May 16, 1914, 16; National Post, May 23, 1914, 16; CH, May 29, 1914, 25; National Post, May 30, 1914, 16; CH, June 5, 1914, 23; CH, June 12, 1914, 13; National Post, June 13, 1914, 16; CH, June 19, 1914, 29; National Post, June 27, 1914, 16; CH, July 3, 1914, 23; National Post, July 4, 1914, 16; CH, July 10, 1914, 20; National Post, July 11, 1914, 16; National Post, July 18, 1914, 16; CH, July 24, 1914, 19; National Post, July 25, 1914, 1; CH, July 31, 1913, 17; National Post, August 1, 1914, 16; CH, August 7, 1914, 14; National Post, August 8, 1914, 16; CH, August 14, 1914, 13; National Post, August 15, 1914, 12; CH, August 21, 1914, 11; National Post, August 22, 1914, 12; CH, August 28, 1914, 15; National Post, August 29, 1914, 1.

36. 36   “The interesting phases of Calgary oil boom,” Toronto Star, May 28, 1914, 18.

37. 37   Advertisement, Calgary Furniture Store, Limited, CNT, May 16, 1914, 13; “Peculiar effect of the spectacular oil boom on different businesses,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 2; “To oil advertisers,” CMA, May 23, 1914, 1; Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 23, 1914, 2.

38. 38   The Standard Oil Fields of Alberta, Limited ad, CMA, November 8, 1913, 15.

39. 39   “Oil fever at MacLeod,” Lethbridge Daily Herald, May 18, 1914, 1; “Leases at Lethbridge,” EJ, May 20, 1914, 3; “Oil excitement reaches locations north and north-west of Edmonton,” EJ, May 22, 1914, 1; “Forty oil companies incorporated in Edmonton,” CMA, May 26, 1914, 5; Athabasca Petroleum Company ad, EJ, May 27, 1914, 3; “Rush for oil fields,” CH, May 28, 1914, 1; Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 30, 1914, 3.

40. 40   “The oil fever,” Red Deer Advocate, June 22, 1914, 1.

41. 41   Hartford Oil Corporation ad, Saskatoon Daily Star, June 18, 1914, 12.

42. 42   “Oil in western Canada,” Vancouver Sun, May 19, 1914, 8–9; “Oil companies have big capitalization,” Vancouver Sun, July 14, 1914, 9.

43. 43   “London not aroused,” EJ, May 22, 1914, 1; “Calgary oil ‘boom,’” Scotsman [Edinburgh], May 21, 1914, 5.

44. 44   “The Flame and the Moth,” Toronto Star, May 30, 1914, 30.

45. 45   “Toronto broker sizes up the Calgary oil boom,” Toronto Star, June 16, 1914, 14.

46. 46   Financial Post, June 6, 1914, 12; “Calgary Oil Flotations,” Canadian Mining Journal 35, no. 14 (July 15, 1914): 1.

47. 47   Montreal Gazette, May 29, 1914, 10.

48. 48   “Henshaw writes on Calgary conditions,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 18, 1914, 9.

49. 49   William W. Cheely, “Oil strike sets gold flowing,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, May 31, 1914, 34.

50. 50   “Says oil excitement grows,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, May 31, 1914, 7; Spokane Chronicle, June 2, 1914, 8.

51. 51   “Calgary strikes oil” ad, Courier-Reporter (Waterloo, IA), September 12, 1914, 3.

52. 52   “Calgary oil,” Toronto Star, June 11, 1914, 6.

53. 53   Athabasca Petroleum Company ad, EJ, May 27, 1914, 3.

54. 54   “Outside capital now flocking in to develop oil,” CH, May 20, 1914, 1.

55. 55   GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, box 1, file 1, Committee of Management Minutes, May 25, 1914; Minutes, May 28, 1914; Minutes, June 19, 1914; Minutes, June 22, 1914; CH, May 25, 1914, 1; “Prices of stocks are variable,” CMA, May 26, 1914, 1; “Men who will direct Calgary’s stock exchange,” CMA, May 26, 1914, 1; “Oil stock exchange forms at Calgary,” Vancouver Daily World, May 26, 1914, 14; Advertisement, “Calgary Stock Exchange,” CH, May 29, 1914, 25.

56. 56   “Oil exchange will be opened in city,” Vancouver Sun, July 9, 1914, 11.

57. 57   Armstrong, Blue Skies and Boiler Rooms, 53; “Oil stocks are stronger,” Vancouver Province, May 19, 1914, 18; “Manitoba bars agents of Calgary oil stock,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 13; “‘Peg business men pleased by outlook,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 13; “Brokers asleep,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 25, 1914, 1.

58. 58   GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, box 4, file 35, Letter, R.C. Carlile to A.E. Graves, June 16, 1955.

59. 59   “Calgary oil stocks on two exchanges,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 30, 1914, 7; “Oil brokers are having very busy time these days,” CH, June 13, 1914, 1; “Lively trading continues in oil stocks in Calgary,” Toronto Star, June 18, 1914, 20.

60. 60   Basil Clarke, “Oil madness,” Daily Mail (London), June 8, 1914, 6.

61. 61   Clarke, “Oil madness,” 6.

62. 62   Clarke, “Oil madness,” 6.

63. 63   Historical exchange rates for the dollar into British pound sterling places the pre–First World War pound at roughly $5 per £1. Clarke, “Oil madness,” 6.

64. 64   Clarke, “Oil madness,” 6.

65. 65   “From conservative trading to oil,” The Monetary Times: Trade Review and Insurance Chronicle 52, no. 24 (June 12, 1914): 20.

66. 66   In 1917 Mrs. W.H. Ranlett left Calgary for Spokane for a few years before settling in California. Mrs. Annie Wolley-Dod remained an active member of Calgary society and women’s groups during the Great War and into the Great Depression. She died in November 1945 at the age of eighty-one. Perhaps somewhat ironically, Mrs. Blanche Mason is the most difficult person to trace following the summer of 1914. C.A. Owens ad, CH, April 2, 1912, 13; Eureka Women’s Oil Exchange ad, CH, May 25, 1914, 14; “Calgary Woman’s Oil Exchange,” CH, May 25, 1914, 16; “First lady broker to enter the oil-stock business in Calgary,” CMA, May 27, 1914, 1; Toronto Globe, June 6, 1914, 11; “Member of EWPC goes into ‘oils,’” EJ, June 12, 1914, 10.

67. 67   Calgary Women’s Oil Exchange ad, CH, May 20, 1914, 3.

68. 68   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al., Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 126–28; GWRC, M330, Dingman Family Fonds, box 1, file 3, Calgary Petroleum Products List of Shareholders, 1920; Klassen, Eye on the Future, 299; Mabel Hutton, “Three Thousand Club Women,” Western Standard, June 12, 1913, 9; “Women’s press club to invest in oil,” CH, June 8, 1914, 14; CH, June 13, 1914, 16.

69. 69   Day Book (Chicago), June 24, 1914, 2.

70. 70   “Calgary girls make some lucky oil deals,” CMA, May 19, 1914, 4; “Lease brings fortune to CPR lady clerk,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1.

71. 71   “Two Calgary girls file on oil lands,” CH, August 12, 1912, 1.

72. 72   Day Book (Chicago), June 24, 1914, 2.

73. 73   “No abatement in oil fever is yet reported,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 5; “Minister becomes an oil broker,” CMA, June 22, 1914, 1.

74. 74   “No abatement in oil fever is yet reported,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 5; “Oil brokers may form an association,” CNT, May 20, 1914, 11.

75. 75   Allan Anderson, Roughnecks and Wildcatters (Toronto: Macmillan, 1981), 69; Calgary City Council Minutes, May 18, 1914, 3–4 (hereafter cited as CCC); “Fifty-dollar fee for brokers is finally passed,” CH, May 20, 1914, 5; “Curb brokers in oil stock are mulcted,” CNT, May 20, 1914, 11; “Over a hundred oil brokers have already taken out licenses,” CH, May 21, 1914, 1; Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 23, 1914, 3, 13, 21; “Oil brokers locked up by village cops,” CH, May 25, 1914, 1; “Another rumor about Monarch nipped in bud,” CH, July 9, 1914, 1; “We should give duke a good time,” CMA, July 15, 1914, 3; CCC, Legislative Committee Report, July 15, 1914, 1; CCC, Finance Committee Report, October 23, 1914, 2.

76. 76   The term “policeman” is used advisedly, as the CPF under Alfred Cuddy pointedly refused to hire female officers. David Bright, “Technology and Law Enforcement: The Transformation of the Calgary Police Force, 1900–1940,” Urban History 33, no. 2 (2005): 31, 32.

77. 77   “Keep away crook is Cuddy’s advice,” CMA, May 22, 1914, 1; “Near riot started in Calgary office,” Saskatoon Phoenix. June 6, 1914, 1.

78. 78   M. Elizabeth Langdon, “Female Crime in Calgary,” in Louis A. Knafla (ed.), Law and Justice in a New Land: Essays in Western Canadian Legal History (Calgary: Carswell, 1986), 301–2; “Police trying to rid Calgary of flood of undesirables,” CNT, June 18, 1914.

79. 79   “Police will not let loose women roam this city,” CH, June 19, 1914, 7; “Are pushing crusade against undesirables,” CH, June 24, 1914, 12.

80. 80   City of Calgary Archives, City Clerk’s Department Fonds, City Clerk’s Correspondence, box 73, file 564, Letter, Chief Constable A. Cuddy to Mayor and commissioners, Calgary, June 29, 1914.

81. 81   The cozy partnership between business and municipal government was a feature of early Alberta. Across the province, it was believed that business owners made the best mayors and councillors and that this “meant that business interests were promoted.” See Donald G. Wetherell and Irene R.A. Kmet, Town Life: Main Street and the Evolution of Small Town Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1995), 36–37.

82. 82   City of Calgary Archives, City Clerk’s Department Fonds, City Clerk’s Correspondence, box 73, file 564, Letter, City Clerk to Chief Constable A. Cuddy, Calgary, November 24, 1914; CCC, Legislative Committee Report, July 15, 1914, 1; CCC, Finance Committee Report, October 23, 1914, 2; “Wouldn’t sell stock on the sabbath,” CMA, May 18, 1914, 10; “Chief on trail of Sunday stocksellers,” CH, May 18, 1914, 9; Gray, Talk To My Lawyer, 15.

83. 83   Luxton, Latch String Out, 286.

84. 84   “Future millionaires are now pounding police beats,” CMA, June 15, 1914, 1; “No abatement in oil fever is yet reported,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 5; “We should give duke a good time,” CMA, July 15, 1914, 3.

85. 85   The Apparel Service Company ad, CH, June 13, 1914, 16.

86. 86   The Regent ad, CH, June 8, 1914, 12.

87. 87   “Peculiar effect of the spectacular oil boom on different businesses,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 2; “Oil brokers locked up by village cops,” CMA, May 25, 1914, 1.

88. 88   Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 23, 1914, 8.

Notes to Chapter 6

1. 1   Day Book (Chicago), June 24, 1914, 3.

2. 2   EJ, June 16, 1914, 2; plot summary of The Widow’s Investment (1914), IMDB.com, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0437562/ (accessed July 5, 2022).

3. 3   “Oil companies have big capitalization,” Vancouver Sun, July 14, 1914, 9.

4. 4   “To the public,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 25, 1914, 1.

5. 5   “Companies all getting enough money to drill,” CH, May 25, 1914, 23.

6. 6   Norman Fletcher, perhaps the most reliable witness regarding the plot to salt the well, testified on November 11, 1915, that Allan Clark helped secure a case of oil shipped from Vancouver to salt the well but could not recall whether Clark asked Buck to pay the freight for it or if Buck volunteered to do so himself.

7. 7   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al., Affidavit, George Buck, Calgary, January 8, 1915; Examination of Discovery, George Buck, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 49–50; Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 22–24, 61, 76–77; Examination of Discovery, Fred C. Smith, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 11–14; Examination of Discovery, Jennie L. Earl, Calgary, January 12, 1915, 5–16; GWRC, M1232, Percival Timms Fonds, box 1, file 5, Prospectus: The Black Diamond Oil Fields, Limited.

8. 8   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, George Buck, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 16; Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 62; Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 10–11.

9. 9   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 22.

10. 10   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, Fred C. Smith, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 19.

11. 11   Mother and daughter both shared the same name—Elizabeth Ada. While she was married to George Buck, all references to her use the name “Ada.” Later in life, she used the name “Elizabeth.” PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, George Buck, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 12, 16; Examination of Discovery, George Buck, member of Coalinga Syndicate, Calgary, January 8, 1915, 13–15.

12. 12   There is a significant difference in the testimonies of Buck and Earl regarding the leasehold shares allocated to the Coalinga Oil Syndicate. Earl claims the shares were the property of the syndicate and were not distributed to individual members. Buck, on the other hand, clearly differentiates between shares he considered “his” and those of the other partners. PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Statement of Claim, Calgary, January 9, 1915; Examination of Discovery, George Buck, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 9–12; Examination of Discovery, Jennie Earl, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 10–13, 27, 29.

13. 13   PAA, GR1986.0166/235j, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Letter, Alex Hannah to G.P.O. Fenwick, Calgary, June 24, 1914; PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 25–26, 56–60; Examination of Discovery, Fred C. Smith, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 5, 21–22; Examination of Discovery, George Buck, Calgary, January 9, 1915, 32; Examination of Discovery, George Buck, member of Coalinga Syndicate, Calgary, January 8, 1915, 33–34; PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7055, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Kolb et al. v. Buck et al., Affidavit, Allan Clark, Calgary, August 25, 1914; Affidavit, Frederick C. Smith, Calgary, August 25, 1914; Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, March 4, 1915, 16, 20–23, 27; Examination of Discovery, Amos Scott, Calgary, March 3, 1915, 26–31, 32, 33–34; Allan Clark ad, CMA, May 16, 1914, 16; Black Diamond ad, CH, May 25, 1914, 5; “Nothing definite from Buck,” CMA, May 21, 1914, 1; “People and capital are pouring into Calgary from all parts of the continent,” CH, May 21, 1914, 15; “100 drilling plants will be in operation within three months,” CMA, May 22, 1914, 1.

14. 14   Recall that on January 30, 1914, the Black Diamond Board of Directors had reduced the original public offering from 75,000 shares to 50,000, meaning more lease-shares would have to sell if the figure of 69,450 shares sold by Clark and Smith is accurate. PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, Allan Clark, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 27–28, 51, 91, 116–23; Examination of Discovery, Fred C. Smith, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 8.

15. 15   Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 23, 1914, 18; “Fake oil news-mongers should be discouraged,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 30, 1914, 16.

16. 16   “Investors urged to look into promotions carefully,” Vancouver Daily World, May 21, 1914, 1; “Black Diamond Co. to open office in Vancouver,” Vancouver Daily World, June 17, 1914, 10.

17. 17   “Financial stringency gives way to oil fever,” Vancouver Daily World, May 23, 1914, 10, 12.

18. 18   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1915), Examination of Discovery, Fred C. Smith, Calgary, January 7, 1915, 19.

19. 19   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 8673, reel 145, Calgary District Court, International Supply Company v. Black Diamond Oil Fields, Statement of Claim, Calgary, December 23, 1914.

20. 20   “Nothing definite from Buck,” CMA, May 21, 1914, 1; “Some scepticism in Saskatoon,” CMA, May 28, 1914, 1.

21. 21   “Nothing definite from Buck,” CMA, May 21, 1914, 1; ”Some scepticism in Saskatoon,” CMA, May 28, 1914, 1.

22. 22   “We drill for oil” ad, CMA, May 25, 1914, 20; “Far in the lead” ad, CMA, May 26, 1914, 7.

23. 23   “Was not a strike,” CMA, May 28, 1914, 1; “Dingman spouted yesterday; some oil in Black Diamond,” CMA, May 29, 1914, 1; George Lonn, “Canadian Oil Pioneers,” in Dusters and Gushers: The Canadian Oil and Gas Industry, ed. James D. Hilborn (Toronto: Pitt, 1968), 35.

24. 24   George Lonn, “Canadian Oil Pioneers,” in Hilborn, Dusters and Gushers, 35.

25. 25   “Fake oil newsmongers should be discouraged,” CNT, May 28, 1914, 4; “‘Wildcatters’ are outside the pale of decency,” CNT, May 29, 1914, 4.

26. 26   Vernon Knowles, “Scores of oil companies but few boring; Star man’s first view of the oil mad town,” Saskatoon Daily Star, May 28, 1914, 3; Vernon Knowles, “Star Man after visiting oil fields in quest of facts, believes Calgary’s boom has real substantial basis,” Saskatoon Daily Star, May 29, 1914, 13; Vernon Knowles, “Many uncertain propositions mixed with the sound in Calgary fields; be sure of promoters before buying,” Saskatoon Daily Star, May 30, 1914, 7.

27. 27   “An announcement,” Regina Leader, June 1, 1914, 1.

28. 28   Editorial, “The Calgary oil craze,” Regina Leader, June 23, 1914, 4; The Leader also reprinted the Black Diamond Press’s story under the title “The oil madness” in the same issue.

29. 29   “Crops in Alberta,” Monetary Times, Trade Review and Insurance Chronicle 52, no. 24 (June 12, 1914): 61.

30. 30   “Calgary oil boom is quieting down,” Spokane Chronicle, May 29, 1914, 8.

31. 31   Advertisement, Calgary Alberta Petroleum Company, Spokane Spokesman-Review, June 20, 1914, 3.

32. 32   “Calgary goes wild when news arrives,” Vancouver Daily World, June 18, 1.

33. 33   “What’s your number?” Red Deer Advocate, June 19, 1914, 1.

34. 34   “Great oil field in Red Deer District,” Red Deer News, June 24, 1914, 6.

35. 35   “Great oil field in Red Deer District,” Red Deer News, June 24, 1914, 6.

36. 36   “The oil situation,” Red Deer News, June 24, 1914, 4.

37. 37   Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 4, 9.

38. 38   Ritchie, “The truth about the Black Diamond Well,” CMA, June 8, 1914, 1, 5; “Terrific flow of oil and gas at the Dingman well,” CMA, June 8, 1914, 1; Black Diamond Announcement, CH, June 8, 1914, 5.

39. 39   Stories about the width of the well reached The Saskatoon Daily Star and were debunked by Vernon Knowles a few weeks earlier. “Star Man after visiting oil fields in quest of facts, believes Calgary’s boom has real substantial basis,” Saskatoon Daily Star, May 29, 1914, 13.

40. 40   Ritchie, “The truth about the Black Diamond Well,” CMA, June 8, 1914, 1, 5.

41. 41   “Black Diamond soon to produce,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, June 16, 1914, 11.

42. 42   GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, box 4, file 35, Letter, R.C. Carlile to A.E. Graves, June 16, 1955. The letter misidentifies George Buck as “Tim.” “Latest oil development news,” CH, June 12, 1914, 1; “G.E. Buck thinks Black Diamond is nearing oil,” CMA, June 12, 1914, 1; “Conditions at United well similar to Dingman’s 200 feet before striking oil,” CMA, June 13, 1914, 1; “Sold shares valued at $80,000 on oil exchange,” CMA, June 13, 1914, 1; “Calgary exchange is excited over published report,” EJ, June 13, 1914, 14; “To resume drilling at Black Diamond,” CMA, June 17, 1914, 1; “Monarch Oil Company issues prospectus,” CH, March 7, 1914, 19.

43. 43   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 6342, reel 118, Calgary District Court, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Examination of Discovery, George E. Buck, Calgary, June 16, 1914, 2, 13.

44. 44   “A girl’s charge against George Buck dropped,” CNT, May 29, 1914, 11; “A girl’s charge against George Buck dropped,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 30, 1914, 6.

45. 45   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 6342, reel 118, Calgary District Court, Grant S. Wolverton v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al. (1914), Examination of Discovery, George E. Buck, Calgary, June 16, 1914, 21, 23–24; Clifford Tisdale Jones, Affidavit for further examination of George E. Buck, Calgary, June 23, 1914; Justice Charles Stewart, Chamber Summons, Calgary, June 24, 1914; Chamber Summons, Calgary, June 18, 1914.

46. 46   “Drilling again at Black Diamond,” CMA, June 19, 1914, 1; “Oil share pushing still flourishes,” National Post (Toronto), June 20, 1914, 9; “Reports of oil strike causes flurry in city,” EB, June 20, 1914, 1.

47. 47   “Ald. Crandell has faith in oil report,” CNT, June 21, 1914.

48. 48   “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio, December 27, 1915, 287, 306; “Report of strike at Black Diamond sets the city crazy,” CMA, June 24, 1914, 1.

49. 49   “Persistent report that oil has been struck at Black Diamond well,” CMA, June 24, 1914, 1; “Report of strike at Black Diamond sets all Calgary buzzing again,” Vancouver Daily World, June 24, 1914, 1; “Black Diamond said to have struck oil at depth of 1900 ft,” Vancouver Sun, June 24, 1914, 1, 4.

50. 50   “Report of strike at Black Diamond sets the city crazy,” CMA, July 24, 1914, 1.

51. 51   “‘I see we have a gusher,’” CMA, June 26, 1914, 1.

52. 52   “Real facts about Black Diamond well are told by Buck,” CH, June 26, 1914, 1, 22.

53. 53   O.S. Morris, “Oil-mad mobs in buying frenzy on Calgary streets,” Spokane Chronicle, June 27, 1914, 1.

54. 54   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 8673, reel 145, Calgary District Court, International Supply Company v. Black Diamond Oil Fields (1914), Statement of Claim, Calgary, December 18, 1914; GWRC, M6745, John Schmidt Fonds, Manuscript re oil well drillers, Frosty Martin and Tiny Phillips, “George E. Buck,” n.d., box 1, “Deposition of J.W. Hayes,” Lima, Ohio, December 27, 1915, 306.

55. 55   “The local situation,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, June 27, 1914, 1; “Making statements,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 4, 1914, 1; “Buck tells the truth!” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 4, 1914, 8.

56. 56   Western Oil Examiner, July 9, 1955, 35.

57. 57   Geoffrey Poitras, “Fleecing the Lambs? The Founding and Early Years of the Vancouver Stock Exchange,” BC Studies no. 201 (Spring 2019): 37–66, available at https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/view/189777.

58. 58   Financial Post, July 25, 1914, 2; Financial Post, January 2, 1915, 25.

59. 59   Crescent Menswear ad, Spokane Spokesman-Review, June 13, 1914, 11; “Oil-mad mobs in buying frenzy on Calgary streets,” Spokane Chronicle, June 27, 1914, 1, 2; “Interest is keen in Calgary’s oil,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, July 9, 1914, 5.

Notes to Chapter 7

1. 1   CNT, June 5, 1914, 3.

2. 2   “Beware of Calgary oils,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, June 12, 1914.

3. 3   Monetary Times, Trade Review and Insurance Chronicle 52, no. 22 (May 29, 1914): 15.

4. 4   On Bosworth’s expedition to Northern Alberta, see Peter McKenzie-Brown, “The Bosworth Expedition: An Early Petroleum Survey,” in The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War, ed. Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2016). “Dr. T.O. Bosworth and the Oil Fields of Northwest Canada,” The Petroleum World, May 1914, 92.

5. 5   “Dr. T.O. Bosworth and the Oil Fields of Northwest Canada,” 93.

6. 6   “Calgary oil and misrepresentation,” Monetary Times, Trade Review and Insurance Chronicle 53, no. 3 (July 17, 1914): 9.

7. 7   “Wildcats in the zoo,” CNT, May 20, 1914, 1; “May prosecute wildcats,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 1.

8. 8   “Wildcats in the zoo,” CNT, May 20, 1914, 1; “May prosecute wildcats,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 1; “City will help tame wildcats,” CNT, May 22, 1914, 21; “Police sleuths will check up oil companies,” CNT, May 22, 1914, 20; “Will try to stop fake oil rumors,” CH, June 24, 1914, 1.

9. 9   “Deputy minister of mines issues warning on oil,” CH, May 28, 1914, 1, 11; “Oil prospecting very speculative,” Financial Post, June 6, 1914, 12.

10. 10   D.B. Dowling, “Geological Notes to Accompany Map of Sheep River Gas and Oil Field, Alberta,” Report S2-13577, Geological Survey of Canada (Ottawa: GPO, 1914), 3.

11. 11   Vernon Knowles, “Many uncertain propositions mixed with the sound in Calgary fields; be sure of promoters before buying,” Saskatoon Daily Star, May 30, 1914, 7.

12. 12   “Board of trade discusses fake ‘strike’ rumors,” CH, June 25, 1914, 20; “A sample wildcat,” Bellevue Times, June 26, 1914, 4; “Would make game of oil resemble whist more than poker,” CMA, June 27, 1914, 1; “Number of companies not alarming,” CMA, July 11, 1914, 7.

13. 13   “Says must use receipts that are different,” CNT, May 29, 1914, 21; “Oil share receipts must now be distinctive,” CNT, May 30, 1914, 16.

14. 14   “Official is satisfied with Calgary companies,” CMA, May 25, 1914, 1; “No abatement in oil fever at Calgary,” EB, May 26, 1914, 1; “18 new oil companies secure incorporation,” EB, May 27, 1914, 5; “Cuddy is not after oil honors,” CMA, May 28, 1914, 12; Editorial, CH, May 28, 1914, 6.

15. 15   Calgary Eye Opener, October 23, 1915, 2.

16. 16   “Rotary drills soon to be more generally used,” CH, June 25, 1914, 4; “Company to ship derrick to the Sweetgrass field,” CH, August 26, 1914, 4; “Showing of oil at well of Beaver Co.,” CH, April 30, 1915, 3; “Notes on oil,” CH, May 18, 1915, 10; Captain W.B. Layock, “Potential oil fields of Canada reviewed, Ft. Norman to border,” Calgary Herald Magazine, July 5, 1924, 7; Gow, Roughnecks, Rock Bits and Rigs, 52; Breen, Alberta’s Petroleum Industry, 16.

17. 17   “Premier Sifton refuses to join any oil company,” CH, June 19, 1914, 1; Financial Post, July 11, 1914, 8.

18. 18   Financial Post, July 25, 1914, 2.

19. 19   Financial Post, July 25, 1914, 2.

20. 20   R.C. Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873–1905 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), 57–58; Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History, 163–68; Lesley McIntaggart Massey, “‘Alberta’s Own:’ The Provincial Police” (MA thesis, University of Calgary 1995), 6–9; Sean Moir, “The Alberta Provincial Police” (MA thesis, University of Alberta 1992), 38–39.

21. 21   “May prosecute wildcatters,” CNT, May 21, 1914, 1; “Future millionaires are now pounding police beats,” CMA, June 15, 1914, 1; “Companies making false statement will be prosecuted,” CMA, June 16, 1914, 1; “Thieves made raids on oil offices,” CMA, June 19, 1914, 1.

22. 22   “Warning issued to stock buyers by government,” CNT, June 2, 1914.

23. 23   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Letter, H. Anderson to C.W. Cross, Calgary, July 9, 1914; Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick (acting deputy attorney general) to H. Anderson, Edmonton, July 10, 1914; Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick to British Canadian Oil Company, Edmonton, July 10, 1914; Letter, British Canadian Oil Company to G.P.O. Fenwick, Calgary, July 13, 1914; Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick to British Canadian Oil Company, Edmonton, July 14, 1914.

24. 24   David Ricardo Williams, Call in Pinkerton’s: American Detectives at Work for Canada (Toronto: Dundurn, 1998), 25–26.

25. 25   PAA, GR1986.0166/235i, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Operative P26, Report, “Wild Cat Oil Company,” Winnipeg, June 29, 1914.

26. 26   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 7, Case 365, Calgary District Court, Rex v. Rose and Roberts (1914), Evidence of Vernon Knowles, June 30, 1914, 1–3.

27. 27   “Oil broker pinched as speculator was stung,” Toronto Star, July 3, 1914, 18.

28. 28   PAA, GR1986.0166/235i, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Operative P26, Report, “Re: Wild Cat Oil Company’s,” Winnipeg, June 29, 1914; PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 7, Case 365, Calgary District Court, Rex v. Rose and Roberts (1914); “Sequel to McDougall-Segur strike is the arrest of man on charge of false pretences,” CNT, June 29, 1914; “Oil broker pinched as speculator stung,” Toronto Star, July 3, 1914, 17. Rose and his clerk, Fred Roberts, went to trial in Rex v. Rose and Roberts in October 1914. Press coverage of the trial did not identify the Pinkertons’ role in the case, instead crediting Calgary Police Force Detective Tom Turner with conducting the investigation and consulting prosecutor Shaw before pressing charges. “Two oil brokers taken in custody,” Spokane Chronicle, June 29, 1914, 6; “Frank Rose on trial charged with spreading a false oil rumor,” CH, October 19, 1914, 1.

29. 29   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 7, Case 365, Calgary District Court, Rex v. Rose and Roberts, Evidence of Vernon Knowles, June 30, 1914, 13.

30. 30   “Authorities are to go after fake advertisers,” CMA, June 29, 1914, 1; “Two oil brokers taken in custody,” Spokane Chronicle, June 29, 1914, 6; “Fraudulent oil representations,” EB, July 9, 1914, 11.

31. 31   “Oil rumor case is continued in Supreme Court,” CH, October 20, 1914, 13; “Frank Rose is fined $50 and costs,” CMA, October 21, 1914, 6.

32. 32   “Truth as an investment,” CH, October 21, 1914, 6; Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 4, 1914, 1.

33. 33   “Big oil merger,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 18, 1914, 1; “Herron-Elder, Calgary-Alberta Petroleum, Alberta Petroleum and Okotoks join,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 18, 1914, 6.

34. 34   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Letter, B.W. Collison to C.W. Cross, Calgary, July 22, 1914.

35. 35   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Operative 26 Memo, “Re: Wild Cat Oil Co.’s., Winnipeg, July 25, 1914”; “Action started by shareholders of Herron-Elder,” CH, July 24, 1914, 1.

36. 36   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Letter, J.T. Shaw to G.P.O. Fenwick, Calgary, July 29, 1914; “Effort to enjoin the Herron-Elder fails,” CMA, September 29, 1914, 1; “Supreme Court has refused to grant injunction,” CH, September 29, 1914, 11.

37. 37   F.B. McCurdy (May 26, 1914), “Censorship of Mails,” Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Edited Hansard, 12th Parliament, 3rd session, Retrieved from LiPaD: The Linked Parliamentary Data Project website: https://www.lipad.ca/full/permalink/403828/; “Censor oil matter in mails,” Winnipeg Tribune, May 26, 1914, 1; “Mails may be closed,” Edmonton Journal, May 29, 1914, 17.

38. 38   “Oil stocks and the mails,” Regina Leader, June 2, 1914, 4.

39. 39   “Warn against oil shares,” Toronto Star, June 3, 1914, 15.

40. 40   Editorial, Victoria Colonist, June 2, 1914; “RE” Editorial, Regina Leader, June 17, 1914, 7.

41. 41   “Should oil co’s be registered in Saskatchewan?” Regina Leader, June 3, 1914, 8.

42. 42   Quoted in The Regina Leader, July 16, 1914, 4.

43. 43   “Alberta’s Oilfields Attract Company Promoters,” Monetary Times, Trade Review and Insurance Chronicle 52, no. 24 (June 12, 1914): 18.

44. 44   “Oil brokers putting money in mail sacks,” Vancouver Daily World, May 22, 1914, 28.

45. 45   F. Leslie Sara, “The new ‘oil-phebet,’” CNT, June 10, 1914.

46. 46   “Armed with barrels of oil, Ald. Frost will visit ‘peg,” CMA, June 2, 1914, 1, 4.

47. 47   “Two hundred gallons of Dingman oil will be taken to Winnipeg,” CH, June 3, 1914, 1; “Sealed oil for those who doubt,” CNT, June 5, 1914, 20.

48. 48   Editorial, CMA, June 3, 1914, 3.

49. 49   “Did Winnipeg party even get to the Dingman well?” CMA, June 6, 1914, 1, 11; “Big men watch oil in Alberta,” Vancouver Daily Province, June 6, 1914, 15; “Near riot started in Calgary office,” Saskatoon Phoenix, June 6, 1914, 1; “Tappy Frost talks plainly in Winnipeg,” CNT, June 10, 1914; “Frost furnishes oil proof to ‘peg skeptics,” CNT, June 11, 1914; “Ald. Frost diagnoses tough case,” CNT, June 11, 1914; “Tractor men were delighted with Dingman oil,” CMA, June 12, 1914, 1; “‘Tappy’ Frost’s oil delayed in freight,” CMA, June 29, 1914, 2.

50. 50   “Oil protective association is formed here,” CNT, June 5, 1914; “Joe Brown has been engaged by the Fidelity Co.,” CMA, July 13, 1914, 7.

51. 51   PAA, GR1986.0166/253i, Attorney General Central Files, Companies’ Ordinance General File, Letter, E.T. Trowbridge to G.P.O. Fenwick, Edmonton, July 10, 1914; Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick to E.T. Trowbridge, Edmonton, July 13, 1914; Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick to A.E. Popple, Edmonton, July 13, 1914.

52. 52   “Calgary oil stocks declared as a rule wildcat scheme,” Oregon Daily Journal, June 16, 1914, 18.

53. 53   “‘Calgary Oils; fall flat in Seattle,” Minneapolis Journal, June 18, 1914, 22.

54. 54   “Calgary oil,” Custer Weekly Chronicle (South Dakota), August 15, 1914, 3.

55. 55   “Calgary oil speculation,” Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1914, 16.

56. 56   “Oil stocks offered in Minneapolis,” Minneapolis Journal, August 3, 1914, 16.

57. 57   “Do we worry too much,” Editorial, CH, June 13, 1914, 6.

58. 58   “Pacific coast is very dubious on Calgary oilfield,” CH, June 22, 1914, 11.

59. 59   CCA, Board of Commissioners, series 1, box 52, Letter, G.Y. Burnett to the Mayor of Calgary, Vancouver, June 12, 1914; Editorial, “Government and oil,” CMA, June 23, 1914, 3; “Speaking of thanksgiving,” CH, June 26, 1914, 6.

60. 60   Calgary Eye Opener, June 27, 1914.

61. 61   Earl E. Smith, “Interest is keen in Calgary’s oil,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, July 9, 1914, 5.

62. 62   Editorial, “Those fake oil rumors,” CH, June 22, 1914, 6; Editorial, CH, June 25, 1914, 6; Editorial, CH, June 26, 1914, 6; “Wireless will soon put stop to fake rumors,” CH, July 7, 1914, 16; “Baskins LTD open sale of Atlantic & Pacific Oil Company,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 11, 1914, 10.

63. 63   “To protect the oil industry,” CNT, June 6, 1914, 14.

64. 64   “When thieves fall out,” CH, July 29, 1914, 6; “Is government lax?” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 25, 1914, 1.

65. 65   Bright, The Limits of Labour, 101; “Conditions in the south,” EJ, July 13, 1914, 4.

66. 66   “Oil! Oil! Oil! The Millionaire Maker,” Magnet Oil Company Ad, CMA, June 20, 1914, 17.

67. 67   “Golden opportunity rests today in the palm of your hand,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, May 20, 1914, 2.

68. 68   Oliver S. Morris, “Pays big dividend,” Spokane Chronicle, July 4, 1914, 3.

69. 69   Letter to the Editor, F. Norris, CH, June 26, 1914, 6.

70. 70   Letter to the Editor, John Moore, CH, July 7, 1914, 6.

71. 71   Editorial, “Deporting the surplus,” CH, July 11, 1914, 6.

72. 72   Letter to the Editor by “Eastern Canadian,” CH, July 11, 1914, 6.

73. 73   Margaret MacMillan, The War that Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2013), xxix.

74. 74   Editorial, Leduc Representative, July 24, 1914, 3.

75. 75   Luxton, Latch String Out, 288.

76. 76   “Critical situation,” CH, July 14, 1914, 1; “Relations of Austria and Servia strained,” EB, July 21, 1914, 3; “Situation over Austrian note is realized,” EJ, July 24, 1914, 1; “If supported Servians will declare war,” CH, July 24, 1914, 11.

77. 77   Editorial page, CH, July 29, 1914, 6.

78. 78   “Royal party sees crude oil at Black Diamond,” Vancouver Daily World, July 29, 1914, 1, 2; Black Diamond #2 ad, CMA, July 27, 1914, 11.

79. 79   “Royal party sees crude oil at Black Diamond,” Vancouver Daily World, July 29, 1914, 1, 2.

80. 80   Natural Gas and Oil Record, August 15, 1914, 1.

81. 81   “Royal party sees crude oil at Black Diamond,” Vancouver Daily World, July 29, 1914, 1, 2.

82. 82   Financial Post, August 22, 1914, 5; Natural Gas and Oil Record, August 29, 1914, 1.

83. 83   “Good Times Ahead,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, August 29, 1914, 6.

84. 84   Financial Post, January 2, 1915, 25.

85. 85   “Mr. Englehart has doubts as to Calgary oil fields,” Toronto Star, July 2, 1914, 18; “Opinions on Calgary,” Petroleum Gazette, August 1914, 31–32.

86. 86   Torchy Anderson, CH, May 21, 1964, 55.

Notes to Chapter 8

1. 1   “The Calgary oil boom,” Guardian (London), July 22, 1914, 6.

2. 2   “Alberta oil proclamation,” CMA, October 14, 1914, 9.

3. 3   Keith Brownsey, “The Alberta Oilpatch: Multilevel Regulation Transformed,” in Rules, Rules, Rules, Rules: Multilevel Governance, ed. G. Bruce Doern and Robert Johnson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 284.

4. 4   Daniel Yergin, “Ensuring Energy Security,” Foreign Affairs. 85, no. 2 (2006): 69-82, https://doi.org/10.2307/20031912.

5. 5   Wetherell and Kmet, Town Life, 289.

6. 6   Black Diamond Oil Fields Ltd. v. Carpenter, 1915 CanLII 770 (AB CA), https://canlii.ca/t/g9hrc, 126, 127.

7. 7   On the expansion of state powers, see Brock Millman, Polarity, Patriotism, and Dissent in Great War Canada, 1914–1919 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018).

8. 8   “$4,000,000 is invested in Alberta oil,” CMA, October 14, 1914, 13, 15; Editorial, “The oil commission,” EJ, June 24, 1915, 4.

9. 9   “Extraordinary well in western Canada,” The Petroleum World, May 1914, 275.

10. 10   “Cunningham Craig delivers address on the oilfield,” CH, March 5, 1915, 6.

11. 11   “Oil is discovered in new Calgary well,” Toronto Globe, March 5, 1915, 6; “Boom days over for Alberta oil wells,” Toronto Globe, April 3, 1915, 15; “Big strike of oil at Southern Alberta Monday midnight,” CMA, June 9, 1915, 1, 5.

12. 12   “Drilling operations are discontinued at Mowbray Berkeley,” CH, May 6, 1915, 1.

13. 13   “The Alberta oil field,” Toronto Globe, March 23, 1915, 4.

14. 14   “Disgusts him,” CH, June 26. 1915, 6.

15. 15   “$4,000,000 is invested in Alberta oil,” CMA, October 14, 1914, 13, 15; Editorial, “The oil commission,” EJ, June 24, 1915, 4; Western Standard, June 27, 1915, 4.

16. 16   CH, October 13, 1914, 6.

17. 17   Luxton, Latch String Out, 288.

18. 18   “Craig says oil not yet struck,” Financial Post, October 10, 1914, 6.

19. 19   “G.E. Hayes dismissed,” CH, January 16, 1915, 12.

20. 20   “All except one exchange favors closing up now,” CH, August 3, 1914, 14.

21. 21   GWRC, M5769, file 1, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, Board of Directors Minutes, August 14, 1914.

22. 22   The Calgary General Stock Exchange resulted from the merger of the Public Exchange, the People’s Stock Exchange, the Dominion Exchange, and the Consolidated and Majestic Exchanges. “Oil exchanges at Calgary merge,” National Post, September 5, 1914, 2.

23. 23   GWRC, M5769, file 1, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, Board of Directors Minutes, November 28, 1914, 89.

24. 24   GWRC, M5769, file 1, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, Board of Directors Minutes, December 16, 1914, 121.

25. 25   “Irregularities on oil exchange to be inquired into,” CH, January 8, 1915, 1; “Those Moose Mountain stock deals,” CH, January 11, 1915, 1, 8.

26. 26   “Bogus certificates of oil stocks in circulation,” CMA, March 5, 1915, 1, 5.

27. 27   GWRC, M5769, file 1, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, Board of Directors Minutes, March 3, 1915, 165–66.

28. 28   GWRC, M5769, file 1, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, Board of Directors Minutes, March 17, 1915, 167.

29. 29   Calgary Eye Opener, May 23, 1914, 1.

30. 30   Calgary Eye Opener, November 21, 1914, 3.

31. 31   Calgary Eye Opener, May 22, 1915, 1; Calgary Eye Opener, June 12, 1915, 1; Calgary Eye Opener, July 3, 1915, 3.

32. 32   Government of the North West Territories, “An Ordinance respecting Companies,” in Ordinances of the North West Territories (Regina: Government Printer, 1901), 63–123.

33. 33   Although it was not an oil company, records associated with Bonnie Brae Coal Company are among the most complete in the Attorney General’s Companies Ordinance general files, as no trace remains of the files created in relation to the oil investigations. This is possibly because after George Buck obtained an injunction halting the operations of the Carpenter Commission, the Appellate Division deemed the commission illegal.

34. 34   The attorney general’s office proved unable to placate Ritchie with the results of its investigation, as he continued to lodge complaints against the company and demanded a public forum to air his grievances. Ultimately, Ritchie’s persistence prompted Bonnie Brae’s inclusion as part of the Carpenter Commission’s activities, making it the only non-petroleum related company investigated in 1915. PAA, GR1986.0166/235i, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Memo, G.P.O. Fenwick to J.D. Hunt, Edmonton, April 22, 1914; “Bonnie Brae Coal Co. investigation has opened,” CMA, August 24, 1915, 2; “Much testimony offered at Bonnie Brae coal probe,” CH, August 25, 1915, 3.

35. 35   Regulations for the Disposal of Petroleum and Natural Gas Rights, the Property of the Crown in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory, the Railway Belt in the Province of British Columbia and Within the Tract Containing Three and One-Half Million Acres of Land Acquired by the Dominion Government from the Province of British Columbia and Referred to in Sub-Section (b) of Section 3 of the Dominion Land Act (Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1912).

36. 36   Editorial, “Lapsing oil leases,” CH, August 8, 1914, 16.

37. 37   “Public Utilities Commission for Alberta is to be established,” EB, March 23, 1915, 8; “Budget debate closes; house to do some work,” EJ, March 26, 1915, 13; “Division in legislature over supply,” CH, March 26, 1915, 6.

38. 38   “Provincial utilities commission,” CMA, March 24, 1915, 3.

39. 39   Editorial, CH, March 23, 1915, 6.

40. 40   “Millions wasted on phone system through political manipulation,” EJ, April 16, 1915, 7.

41. 41   Willie Grieve, QC, “One Hundred Years of Public Utility Regulation in Alberta,” Energy Regulation Quarterly, September 2015, available at https://energyregulationquarterly.ca/articles/one-hundred-years-of-public-utility-regulation-in-alberta#sthash.VxNiol3x.dpbs.

42. 42   “Wide powers will be invested in public utilities commission,” EB, March 30, 1915, 4.

43. 43   CCC, Legislative Committee Report, March 17, 1915; CCC, Legislative Committee Report, April 21, 1915; Legislative Committee Report, May 5, 1915; CCC Minutes, May 10, 1915, 5.

44. 44   “Too many oil exchanges, say Colonel Sanders,” CH, May 26, 1915, 10.

45. 45   “Exchange pleads for remission of brokers’ licenses,” CH, June 14, 1915, 10; “Calgary Stock Exchange,” Western Standard, June 20, 1915, 7.

46. 46   CCC, Legislative Committee Report, June 14, 1915; CCC, Legislative Committee Report, July 14, 1915; CCC Minutes, July 9, 1915, 3; “Members of oil exchange needn’t pay license fee,” CH, July 6, 1915, 11.

47. 47   “Real green crude struck within half-a-mile of Dingman discovery well,” CH. March 15, 1915, 1. “Oil has risen to one thousand foot level now,” CH. March 16, 1915, 1. “Financial position of A.P. Consolidated is explained by pres.” CH. 3 April 1915, 1, 15. “Volume of oil at A.P.C. makes drilling difficult,” CH. April 14, 1915, 1. “Consolidated well is producing at rate of over 100 barrels daily,” CH. May 20, 1915, 1.

48. 48   “Should oil exchanges be closed down in the interest of industry?” CH. May 29, 1915, 1.

49. 49   “A midnight meeting plots manipulation of stock market,” CMA. June 30, 1915: 1, 5. “‘Jugglers’ subdued; Southern steady on stock market,” CMA. 1 July 1915, 8.

50. 50   Letter to the editor, CH, June 23, 1915, 6.

Notes to Chapter 9

1. 1   Judge Carpenter believed the ruling precluded him from writing a formal report about the commission’s activities. To date, no formal records—transcripts, investigatory files, company records, or memoranda—gathered or produced by the Carpenter Commission are in the Provincial Archives of Alberta, meaning that newspaper accounts are the most complete source regarding the day-to-day operations of the commission. The Companies Ordinances General File does, however, contain general documents, letters, memos, and correspondence about both the Carpenter and Lees commissions.

2. 2   “Judge Carpenter to investigate oil business,” CH, June 22, 1915. 1.

3. 3   The Honourable Associate Chief Justice Dennis R. O’Connor, Freya Kristjanson, and Borden Ladner Gervais, “Some Observations on Public Inquiries,” Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice [Conference], Halifax, NS, October 10, 2007, available at https://www.ontariocourts.ca/coa/about-the-court/archives/publicinquiries/.

4. 4   PAA, GR1986.0166/235e, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Order, C.W. Cross to Bulyea, Edmonton, June 22, 1915.

5. 5   “Appointing commission to go into complaints regarding operations of oil companies in the province,” EJ, June 22, 1915, 1; “Echo of oil boom in this province,” EB, June 23, 1915, 3.

6. 6   Province of Alberta, “Commission,” Edmonton, July 5, 1915, in The Alberta Gazette, vol. 11. no. 13 (July 15, 1915), 493–94.

7. 7   “Oil judgment by full supreme court bench stops commission inquiry,” Western Standard, October 10, 1915, 7–8.

8. 8   Louis Knafla and Richard Klumpenhouwer, Lords of the Western Bench: A Biographical History of the Supreme and District Courts of Alberta, 1876–1990 (Legal Archives Society of Alberta, 1997), 25, 45.

9. 9   “The oil inquiry,” CH, June 23, 1915, 6.

10. 10   Editorial, “The oil commission,” EJ, June 24, 1915, 4.

11. 11   “Investigating oil companies,” Red Deer Advocate, July 16, 1915, 4.

12. 12   “The oil companies’ investigation to start this week,” Weekly Standard, July 11, 1915, 8; “Public are not protected, says Col. Sanders,” Weekly Standard, July 11, 1915, 8; Thomas Thorner and Neil B. Watson, “Keeper of the King’s Peace: Colonel GE Sanders and the Calgary Police Magistrate’s Court, 1911–1932,” Urban History Review 12, no. 3 (1984): 52.

13. 13   “Oil investigations,” Claresholm Review, July 8, 1915, 5; “Investigate oil companies,” Kingston Whig-Standard, July 2, 1915, 12.

14. 14   PAA, GR1986.0166/235h, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick to Editor Alsask News, Edmonton, July 9, 1915.

15. 15   PAA, GR1986.0166/235h, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, J. Paton to C.W. Cross, Vernon, BC, July 11, 1915.

16. 16   PAA, GR1986.0166/235h, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, J.A. Ramage to A.G. Browning, Red Deer, July 10, 1915.

17. 17   PAA, GR1986.0166/235h, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, Elizabette Green to G.P.O. Fenwick, St. Vincent, Maine, July 17, 1915.

18. 18   “Oil probe tomorrow,” CH, July 12, 1915, 9.

19. 19   EJ, July 9, 1915, 4; Red Deer News, July 9, 1915, 4.

20. 20   CMA, July 13, 1915, 3.

21. 21   “Fail to furnish detail; oil probe suddenly halts,” EB, July 13, 1915, 3.

22. 22   “Oil company probe opens and adjourns till August 18 next,” CH, July 13, 1915, 9; “Fail to furnish detail; oil probe suddenly halts,” EJ, July 13, 1915, 3.

23. 23   “Oil company probe opens and adjourns till August 18 next,” CH, July 13, 1915, 9; “Definite charges made against eight oil companies,” CMA, August 16, 1915, 6.

24. 24   “Oil probe opens, but goes over until August 18,” CMA, July 14, 1915, 8.

25. 25   Public notice, CMA, August 3, 1915, 5.

26. 26   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Provincial Treasurer’s Office memo for G.P.O. Fenwick, Edmonton, August 5, 1915; Letter, G.P.O. Fenwick to Judge Carpenter, Edmonton, August 7, 1915.

27. 27   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Memo, G.P.O. Fenwick to C.W. Cross, Edmonton, August 10, 1915.

28. 28   “Purging the oil situation,” CNT, August 17, 1915, 4.

29. 29   “Thousands of dollars of oil company’s money disappear,” CNT, August 18, 1915, 3, 7.

30. 30   “Local oil flotations: an unbiased analysis,” CMA, November 4, 1913, 1.

31. 31   “Manager of local company arrested; depositors paid,” CH, February 12, 1912, 16; “Langner arraigned,” CH, February 13, 1912, 20; “Remains in cells,” CMA, February 14, 1912, 2; “Langner case is before court now,” CH, February 16, 1912, 1; “Later manager of Small Investors Co. is on trial,” CH, March 29, 1912, 6; “All losses went into the assets,” CH, March 30, 1912, 1; “Julian Langner gives evidence on stand,” CH April 1, 1912, 3; “Langner is found not guilty by Judge Carpenter,” CH, April 2, 1912, 22.

32. 32   “New appointments,” CH, September 20, 1913, 12.

33. 33   “Carelessness is revealed at oil company investigation,” CNT, August 19, 1915, 3, 7.

34. 34   “Vancouver man buys heavily in Calgary,” Vancouver Sun, June 1, 1914, 4; Western Canada Oil Company Notice to Shareholders, CH, June 13, 1914, 17.

35. 35   PAA, GR1986.0166/235c, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Julian Langner Circular, Peerless Oil Works, Calgary, June 5, 1914.

36. 36   “The signing up of drilling contracts still continues,” CH, June 24, 1914, 10.

37. 37   “Four hundred per cent profit in fifteen days,” Peerless Oil Works advertisement, Spokane Chronicle, June 18, 1914, 9.

38. 38   “Thousands of dollars of shareholders cash has gone somewhere,” CH, August 18, 1915, 1, 9; “Discrepancies in oil company found; money is missing,” EJ, August 18, 1915, 1; “Business of Western Canada Oil Company left to Langner,” CH, August 19, 1915, 1, 9; “Western Canada affairs take up a lot of time,” CH, August 19, 1915, 7.

39. 39   “Western Canada did not receive $200,000 in cash,” CH, July 14, 1914, 16.

40. 40   Letter to the Editor, CH, August 22, 1914, 11.

41. 41   “Western Canada Co.’s good fortune is well founded,” CMA, May 27, 1914, 1; “Attorney General asked to bring J. Langner back,” CH, April 13, 1915, 12.

42. 42   “Trickery shown by the oil concern,” Butte Miner, September 28, 1915, 9.

43. 43   “How money took wings in some oil companies,” CMA, August 19, 1915, 1, 5; “Just signing checks; thought everything was all right,” CMA, August 20, 1915, 1.

44. 44   “Thousands of dollars of oil company’s money disappear,” CNT, August 18, 1915, 3, 10.

45. 45   “Thousands of dollars of shareholders’ cash has gone somewhere,” CH, August 18, 1915, 1, 9; “How money took wings in some oil companies,” CMA, August 19, 1915, 1, 5.

46. 46   “Thousands of dollars of shareholders’ cash has gone somewhere,” CH, August 18, 1915, 1, 9.

47. 47   “Thousands of dollars of oil company’s money disappear,” CNT, August 18, 1915, 3, 10.

48. 48   “How money took wings in some oil companies,” CMA, August 19, 1915, 1, 5.

49. 49   “Thousands of dollars of shareholders cash has gone somewhere,” CH, August 18, 1915, 1, 9; “Discrepancies in oil company found; money is missing,” EJ, August 18, 1915, 1; “Business of Western Canada Oil Company left to Langner,” CH, August 19, 1915, 1, 9; “Western Canada affairs take up a lot of time,” CH, August 19, 1915, 7; Editorial, “The oil enquiry,” EJ, August 21, 1915, 4; “Oil investigation is likely to be lengthy; many companies listed,” CH, August 21, 1915, 1.

50. 50   “Langner is being made scapegoat at oil inquiry,” CNT, August 19, 1915, 10.

51. 51   “How money took wings in some oil companies,” CMA, August 19, 1915, 1, 5.

52. 52   “Business of Western Canada Oil Company left to Langner,” CH, August 19, 1915, 1, 9; “Just signing checks; thought everything was all right,” CMA, August 20, 1915, 1.

53. 53   “Clamping on the lid in the oil investigation,” Western Standard, October 24, 1915, 8.

54. 54   “Probe into oil companies will be thrust deep,” CNT, August 20, 1915, 3.

55. 55   “Trickery shown by the oil concern,” Butte Miner, September 28, 1915, 9.

56. 56   CMA, August 20, 1915, 3.

57. 57   “Phillips-Elliott Oil Company is under inquiry,” CH, September 2, 1915, 10; “Probing of the Phillips-Elliott Company started,” CNT, September 2, 3; “Evidence closes at inquiry into Phillips-Elliott,” CH, September 3, 1915, 5; “Herron-Elder gas company investigated,” CNT, September 7, 1915, 3.

58. 58   CMA, September 16, 1915, 3.

59. 59   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7055, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Kolb et al. v. Buck et al., Affidavit, Allan Clark, Calgary, August 25, 1914; Affidavit, Frederick C. Smith, Calgary, August 25, 1914; Discovery of Allan Clark, March 4, 1915, 16, 20–23, 27; Discovery of Amos Scott, Calgary, March 3, 1915, 26–31, 32, 33–34; “Oil company brought into court,” CH, August 25, 1914, 1, 11; “Injunction asked against Buck et al.,” CH, September 1, 1914, 1; “Legal probe of the affairs of Black Diamond deferred,” CMA, September 2, 1914, 5.

60. 60   McGillivray had the charge reduced to disorderly conduct, for which Beattie paid a five-dollar fine. “H.C. Beattie Arrested,” CMA, September 4, 1914, 5; “Pays five spot for privilege of striking officer,” CH, September 9, 1914, 13.

61. 61   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 8673, reel 145, Calgary District Court, International Supply Company v. Black Diamond Oil Fields, Statement of Claim, Calgary, December 23, 1914; Statement of Defense, Calgary, February 19, 1915; “Black Diamond is sued by drilling co. for $4,400,” CH, December 21, 1914, 4; “Another writ faces Black Diamond head,” CH, December 24, 1914, 1.

62. 62   “Allen Clark claims big sum from Buck,” CH. January 8, 1915, 5; “Garnishee against Black Diamond for $30,000,” CMA, January 9, 1915, 8.

63. 63   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al., Letter, Sheriff F.H. Graham to Bailiff D. McKay Murray, Calgary, November 18, 1914; Letter, Bailiff D. McKay Murray to Sheriff Graham, Okotoks, November 21, 1914; Affidavit, D. McKay Murray, Okotoks. December 17, 1914.

64. 64   PAA, GR1979.0285, file 7056, reel 132, Calgary District Court, Allan Clark et al. v. Black Diamond Oil Fields et al., Letter, Bailiff D. McKay Murray to Sheriff F.H. Graham, Okotoks, December 15, 1914.

65. 65   “G.E. Buck of Black Diamond fame, is defendant,” CMA, November 14, 1914, 7; “G.E. Buck is assessed $250 damages in oil case,” CMA, November 16, 1914, 5; “Wolverton wins case against oil company,” CH, November 16, 1914, 4.

66. 66   Knafla and Klumpenhouwer, Lords of the Western Bench, 120–21; Gray, Talk To My Lawyer, 61–62; “A.A. McGillivray, Justice, is dead,” EJ, December 12, 1940, 1, 7.

67. 67   “Black Diamond Oil,” National Post, May 8, 1915, 11.

68. 68   “Injunction to prevent probe of Black Diamond,” CNT, September 22, 1915, 3.

69. 69   “Injunction to prevent probe of Black Diamond,” CNT, September 22, 1915, 3; “He attacks authority of oil commission to force any witnesses,” CH, September 24, 1915, 1; “Oil probe is halted,” EJ, September 24, 1915, 13; “Appeals to court to halt oil probe,” EB, September 24, 1915, 4; “Counsel argues that oil probe prejudices sits,” CH, September 25, 1915, 6.

70. 70   Black Diamond Oil Fields Ltd. v. Carpenter, 1915 CanLII 770 (AB CA), https://canlii.ca/t/g9hrc.

71. 71   Black Diamond Oil Fields Ltd. v. Carpenter, 125–26.

72. 72   Black Diamond Oil Fields Ltd. v. Carpenter, 127–28.

73. 73   “Alberta oil probe has been declared illegal by appellate judges,” CH, October 5, 1915, 1, 9; “Black Diamond probe enjoined by full court,” CNT, October 6, 1915, 6; “Decision of the Supreme Court will stop oil companies probe,” EB, October 6, 1915, 2.

74. 74   CH, October 6, 1915, 6.

75. 75   Calgary Eye Opener, October 23, 1915, 3.

76. 76   “Outlook for any further inquiry is problematic,” CH, October 8, 1915, 1.

77. 77   PAA, GR1986.0166/235g, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Memo, Judge A.A. Carpenter to G.P.O. Fenwick, Edmonton, November 1, 1915.

78. 78   “Bulyea, Stocks and Carpenter appointed as members of first Alberta Utilities Board,” CMA, October 21, 1915, 1, 5.

79. 79   “Many legal actions will likely follow stopping of inquiry,” Vancouver Sun, October 12, 1915, 8.

80. 80   “Western Canada Oil Co. to be wound up,” CH, June 18, 1916, 8.

Notes to Chapter 10

1. 1   Armstrong, Blue Skies and Boiler Rooms, 39.

2. 2   Short retained an abiding interest in education, serving as a secretary-treasurer of the school board from 1892 to 1904; thereafter, Short served as an elected school board trustee between 1904 and 1914, where he acted as the board’s chair in addition to serving three years as board chair (1908–10, and 1914). He was also intimately involved in the establishment of the first private boy’s school in Calgary, Western Canada College (1903) and sat on the board of governors for Calgary’s anticipated university, Calgary College, until it closed in 1915. Furthermore, Short served on a delegation that lobbied the provincial government to establish the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art—the forerunner of the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Harry Sanders, “A Bit of Space Between: Chinatown and the Former James Short Park and James Short Parkade” (City of Calgary, 2022), 10–11; “Successful man or woman does not stop studying, James Short tells pupils,” CH, December 3, 1938, 20; “Short recalls pioneer schools,” CMA, December 3, 1938, 13; “Early teacher, lawyer, James Short, K.C., dies,” CMA, May 11, 1942, 1, 2; “James Short dies at 80,” CH, May 11, 1942, 9, 15; “Pioneer lawyer James Short dies,” EJ, May 11, 1942, 5.

3. 3   Reflecting the community’s gratitude for years of public service, in December 1938, the Calgary school board renamed the Commercial High School, which served as the same location for the original brick schoolhouse Short taught at in 1889, as James Short Junior High School. Former editor of the Albertan, William Davidson, confided to his readers that Short had resisted previous attempts by the city to honour him. The city demolished the school, with the exception of the cupula, in 1968, and thirteen years later, the city named both the park and underground parkade built on the site after Short.

   However, like many others of his era, James Short held several prejudices and assumptions regarding race that eventually became glaringly outdated in an increasingly multicultural country. In the same 1938 speech dedicating the new James Short Junior High, where Short urged students to be lifelong learners, Short used the term “half-breed” to refer to the Metis of Calgary. More controversial, however, is Short’s opposition to the establishment of Chinatown in Calgary, as well as efforts to segregate Chinese residents. A front-page story in the Calgary Herald on October 4, 1910, quoted Short as saying, “When [Chinese] come to reside in a place [they] ought to be treated much the same as an infectious disease or an isolation hospital. They live like rabbits in a warren and 30 of them crowd into where five white people would ordinarily reside. have not the first idea of cleanliness or sanitation. Everywhere they go they are undesirable citizens and furnish a problem to the municipality.” On the Chinatown controversy, see Dempsey, Calgary: Spirit of the West, 93–97; Sanders, “A Bit of Space Between”; “Withdraw Chinese permit,” CH, October 4, 1910, 1, 3; “The Chinese question,” CMA, October 15, 1910, 3; “Chinese can get permits,” CH, October 20, 1910, 1; “To check Chinese,” CH, October 25, 1910, 1; “Council turned down petition of residents,” CMA, October 28, 1910, 1; Editorial, CH, October 28, 1910, 6; W.M. Davidson, “Today, Tomorrow, and Yesterday,” CMA, December 14, 1938, 4.

4. 4   David Mittelstadt, The MacLeod Dixon Century: 1912–2012 (Calgary: Legal Archives Society, 2012), 42–43, 46–47.

5. 5   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Report, G.A. Trainor, February 5, 1916.

6. 6   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, October 23, 1915; Report, G.A. Trainor, February 5, 1916; “Three warrants out for the arrest of George E. Buck,” CMA, October 16, 1915, 8; “President Buck, of Black Diamond Co. is still at large,” CH, October 16, 1915, 6; “George E. Buck is still among missing,” CH, October 20, 1915, 9; “Warrant issued for oil magnate,” EB, October 16, 1915, 1; “George E. Buck cannot be located,” CMA, October 18, 1915, 1; “George E. Buck is still among missing,” CH, October 20, 1915, 9; Editorial, CH, October 21, 1915, 6; Calgary Eye Opener, October 23, 1915, 2.

7. 7   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, G.F. Owen Fenwick to J.T. Shaw., Edmonton, November 12, 1915; Letter, J.T. Shaw to G.P.O. Fenwick, Calgary, November 12, 1915; Letter, J.T. Shaw to G.P.O. Fenwick, Calgary, November 13, 1915; Letter, J.C. Duguid to G.F. Owen Fenwick, Calgary, November 16, 1915; Report, G.A. Trainor, February 5, 1916; “Geo. E. Buck gives himself up to police,” CH, November 1, 1915, 1; “George E. Buck gives himself up to police,” CNT, November 1, 1915, 1; “George E. Buck is released by police on $10,000 bail,” CMA, November 2, 1915, 1, 2.

8. 8   “Action is taken by shareholders against G.E. Buck,” CH, November 6, 1915, 9.

9. 9   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, pt. 1, Supreme Court of Canada The King v. Buck – Alberta (1917), “Appeal Book” (hereafter cited as “Appeal Book”), 204; “‘Salting’ of Black Diamond well is charged in court,” CNT, November 10, 1915, 3, 10.

10. 10   “N.A. Fletcher tells of alleged preparations of Buck to salt well,” CH, November 10, 1915, 1, 11; “Say he ‘salted’ an oil well,” Toronto Star, November 2, 1915, 12; “President of Black Diamond Oil Co. Surrenders to Calgary police,” Vancouver Daily World, November 2, 1915, 16; “Says crude oil was bought in Vancouver,” Victoria Daily Times, November 11, 1915, 12; “Oil well salted, witness declares,” Vancouver Province, November 11, 1915, 1; “Committed for trial,” Saskatoon Daily Star, November 16, 1915, 7; “Oil company head sent up for trial,” Free Press Prairie Farmer (Winnipeg), November 7, 1915, 1; “Declare oil well ‘salted,’” Montreal Gazette, November 7, 1915, 9.

11. 11   “Says Buck offered to pay freight on oil from coast,” CMA, November 11, 1915, 6.

12. 12   “Black Diamond employees say they helped to ‘salt’ well,” CNT, November 2, 1915, 3.

13. 13   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, G.P. Owen Fenwick to J.T. Shaw, Edmonton, November 12, 1915; Letter, J.T. Shaw to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Calgary, November 12, 1915; Letter, J.T. Shaw to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Calgary, November 13, 1915; Report, G.A. Trainor, February 5, 1916; Letter, G.A. Trainor to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Calgary, February 9, 1916; “Fletcher admits he put oil in sluice, but not down bore,” CH, November 11, 1915, 1, 11; “Buck still in jail,” CH, November 13, 1915, 14.

14. 14   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, G.A. Trainor to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Calgary, February 9, 1916.

15. 15   “Black Diamond re-elects George Buck president,” CH, December 6, 1915, 1.

16. 16   “Big Black Diamond suit now settled,” CH, November 16, 1915, 1; “Another suit is settled by consent,” CH, November 29, 1915, 10.

17. 17   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, January 19, 1916; “Black Diamond re-elects George Buck President,” CH, December 6, 1915, 1; “Evidence against Geo. Buck to be taken in States,” CH, December 6, 1915, 12; “They called Buck’s name but George failed to appear,” CH, January 11, 1916, 1; “George E. Buck of Calgary oil fame, missing,” EB, January 12, 1916, 5; “Application to estreat bail is made by counsel,” CH, January 14, 1916, 14; “Prosecution drove him away; weeps when telling of flight,” Wichita Beacon, April 24, 1916, 4.

18. 18   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, January 19, 1916; Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, January 20, 1916; GWRC, M5769, Alberta Stock Exchange Fonds, box 5, file 60, Alberta Oil Review and Industrial Record (April 1916): 3.

19. 19   “New law partnership,” EJ, September 24, 1915, 13; “Deputy attorney general leaving Alberta shortly,” EJ, April 30, 1923, 3; “Former official Law Branch dies,” EJ, July 8, 1941, 11; “Former North Bay pioneer Arthur G. Browning dead,” North Bay Nugget, July 8, 1941, 3; “N. Bay’s 1905 phone book had 2 Smiths, no Browns,” North Bay Nugget, March 25, 1966, 11; “North Bay lawyer, George E. Wallace, QC, chronicles District of Nipissing judiciary,” North Bay Nugget, August 2, 1975, 35; Hartley Trussler, “Reflections,” North Bay Nugget, April 21, 1979, 4; “Legal presence felt in 1886,” North Bay Nugget, August 7, 1982, 31.

20. 20   John William Horan, On the Side of the Law: A Biography of J.D. Nicholson (Edmonton: Institute of Applied Art, 1944), 30, 208.

21. 21   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.T. Shaw to A.G. Browning, Calgary, February 9, 1916.

22. 22   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Report, G.A. Trainor, February 5, 1916.

23. 23   PAA, GR1972.0026 box 1, File 1C, Letter, A.G. Browning to J.T. Shaw, Edmonton, February 11, 1916.

24. 24   PAA, GR1972.0026 box 1, file 1C, Letter, James Short to A.G. Browning, Calgary, February 14, 1916; Letter, James Short to A.G. Browning, Calgary, February 15, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to R.R. Carrington, Edmonton, February 29, 1916; Letter, E.H. Crandell to C.W. Cross, Calgary, March 31, 1916.

25. 25   One version of the story has Buck crossing into the United States in Montana. Nicholson’s report to the attorney general has him crossing in Detroit. PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, J.D. Nicholson Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916.

26. 26   Dale E. Bennett, “Extradition – A Comparison of Louisiana Law and the Uniform Act,” 20 Louisiana Law Review (1959): 32–33, available at https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol20/iss1/14.

27. 27   J.E. Pember, “Buck caught in drag net that spread continent wide,” CMA, July 22, 1916, 1, 7; Horan, On the Side of the Law, 212–13; “Prosecution drove him away; weeps when telling of flight,” Wichita Beacon, April 24, 1916, 4.

28. 28   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, A.G. Browning to Superintendent Horrigan, Edmonton, April 6, 1916.

29. 29   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, May 27, 1916; J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916.

30. 30   Earl K. Nixon, “The Petroleum Industry of Kansas,” Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 51, no. 4 (December 1948): 386–87, 406.

31. 31   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916; “Wichita oil man is arrested as a fugitive from Canada,” Wichita Beacon, April 22, 1916, 6; “Buck weeps bitter tears when telling of wife and family,” CH, April 24, 1916, 1.

32. 32   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G. Browning to John K. Clark, Edmonton, February 29, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to McWain and Miller Detective Agency, Edmonton, July 18, 1916.

33. 33   Portions of the attorney-general’s file on Buck that were either police records or records subject to solicitor-client privilege remain classified under Alberta’s Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIP). It is possible that such a telegram might be in files still protected by FOIP.

34. 34   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G. Browning to Jack Hays, Edmonton, April 12, 1916; “Printer’s mistake may place reward,” Hutchinson Gazette, May 5, 1916, 2.

35. 35   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, McWain & Miller Detective Company to A.G. Browning, Wichita, April 20, 1916; “Wichita oil man is arrested as a fugitive from Canada,” Wichita Beacon, April 22, 1916, 6; “Buck weeps bitter tears when telling of wife and family,” CH, April 24, 1916, 1.

36. 36   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 1, 1916; J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916; “Claims arrest spite,” Wichita Eagle, 23 April 1916, 10; “George Buck under arrest at Wichita,” EB; April 24, 1916, 1; “Buck weeps bitter tears when telling of wife and family,” CH, April 24, 1916, 1.

37. 37   “Claims arrest spite,” Wichita Eagle, April 23, 1916, 10; “Prosecution drove him away; weeps when telling of flight,” Wichita Beacon, April 24, 1916, 4; “George Buck under arrest at Wichita,” EB, April 24, 1916, 1; “Buck weeps bitter tears when telling of wife and family,” CH, April 24, 1916, 1.

38. 38   “Griffiths girl dead; Miss Earle held by police,” CH, April 20, 1915, 9; “Coroner Costello opens inquest on motor fatality,” CH, April 21, 1915, 6; “Miss Earle on wrong side of street when fatality occurred,” CH, April 22, 1915, 6; “Miss Earle appears,” CH, April 22, 1915, 1; “Soldiers on stand at Miss Earle’s trial,” CMA, April 28, 1915, 5; “Miss Earle held for trial,” CMA, April 30, 1915, 5; “Jennie Earle charge goes over to next criminal session,” CMA, October 27, 1915, 1; “Jennie Earl now on trial on charge of manslaughter,” CH, January 23, 1916, 7; “Miss Earl tells of tragic motor accident,” CMA, January 26, 1916, 1; “Miss Earl guilty; sentence was suspended,” CMA, January 27, 1916, 1; “Judge suspends sentence in case of Jennie Earl,” CH, January 27, 1916, 9.

39. 39   “Prosecution drove him away; weeps when telling of flight,” Wichita Beacon, April 24, 1916, 4. On Buck’s claim that the province attempted to use his extended family to lash out at him, see also the letter to the editor published by The Wichita Beacon, April 28, 1916, 14.

40. 40   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 1, 1916; J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, June 1916.

41. 41   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, April 27, 1916; Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, April 27, 1916; “George Buck, Calgary oil man, arrested in Wichita, Kan.,” CMA, April 24, 1916, 1; “Canadian detective takes Wichita prisoner,” Leavenworth Times, April 28, 1916, 6; “Buck poured oil in the dry well,” Wichita Beacon, April 27, 1916, 9; “Here to get oil operator,” Wichita Eagle, April 28, 1916, 2; “Canada officer comes to get Buck in Wichita,” Topeka Daily Capital, April 28, 1916, 2; “Geo. Buck will resist extradition to Alberta,” CMA, April 29, 1916, 1.

42. 42   “Accused oil man presents defense,” Wichita Beacon, April 28, 1916, 14.

43. 43   “Accused oil man presents defense,” Wichita Beacon, April 28, 1916, 14; “Buck revels in publicity of poor sort,” CH, April 29, 1916, 1.

44. 44   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G. Browning to Ross McCormick, Edmonton, April 29, 1916.

45. 45   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G. Browning to Secretary of State, Edmonton, April 27, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to Secretary of State, Edmonton, April 27, 1916; Telegram, Thomas Mulvey to A.G. Browning, Ottawa, April 28, 1916.

46. 46   US Congress, U.S. Statutes at Large, Volume 32 – 1903, 57th Congress. United States, – 1903, 1902. Periodical. https://www.loc.gov/item/llsl–v32/.

47. 47   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, W.D. Scott to A.G. Browning, Montreal, May 1, 1916; Telegram, W.I. Dick to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Milton, ON, May 1, 1916; Telegram, G.P. Owen Fenwick to W.D. Scott, Edmonton, May 1, 1916; Telegram, G.P. Owen Fenwick to W.I. Dick, Edmonton, May 1, 1916; Telegram, W.D. Scott to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Ottawa, May 1, 1916.

48. 48   Gary Norman Arthur Botting, Extradition Between Canada and the United States (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2005), 75–76; Bradley Miller, Borderline Crime: Fugitive Criminals and the Challenge of the Border, 1819–1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018), 112–13.

49. 49   Botting, Extradition Between Canada and the United States, 110–11.

50. 50   W.J. O’Hearn, “Extradition,” Canadian Bar Review 8, no. 3 (March 1930): 178–79.

51. 51   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 1, 1916.

52. 52   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, Ross McCormick to A.G. Browning, Wichita, April 29, 1916; Telegram, A.G. Browning to Ross McCormick, Edmonton, April 29, 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 1, 1916.

53. 53   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G. Browning to Thomas Mulvey, Edmonton, April 29, 1916; Telegram, A.G. Browning to J. Bruce Walker, Edmonton, April 29, 1916; Telegram, J. Bruce Walker to A.G. Nicholson, Winnipeg, April 29, 1916; Letter, Thomas Mulvey to A.G. Browning, Ottawa, May 2, 1916.

54. 54   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 1, 1916.

55. 55   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Wichita, May 1, 1916.

56. 56   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 3, 1916; J.D. Nicholson Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916.

57. 57   LAC, RG 7, G21, vol. 246, file 350, part 9b, Letter, Thomas Mulvey to the Governor General, Ottawa, April 29, 1916; Telegram, Governor General to Sir Cecil Spring Rice, British Ambassador to the US, Ottawa, April 29, 1916; Letter, Sir Cecil Spring Rice to Governor General, Washington, DC, May 4, 1916; PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, Canadian Consul General (New York) to G. Owen Fenwick, New York, May 4, 1916; Letter, Thomas Mulvey to A.G. Browning, Ottawa, May 6, 1916.

58. 58   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, E.L. Newcombe to A.G. Browning, Ottawa, May 4, 1916; Telegram, G.P. Owen Fenwick to E.L. Newcombe, Edmonton, May 4, 1916; LAC, RG 7, G21, vol. 246, file 350, part 9b, Telegram, Governor General to Sir Cecil Spring Rice, Ottawa, May 5, 1916; Letter, Undersecretary of state to the Governor General, Ottawa, May 5, 1916.

59. 59   LAC, R927, RG125-A, vol. 398, file 3906, part 1, Supreme Court of Canada, The King v. George Buck, Affidavit, James Short, Calgary, October 7, 1916.

60. 60   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, G.P. Owen Fenwick to US Department of Labor (Kansas City), Edmonton, May 5, 1916; Telegram, M.A. Coykendall to G.P. Owen Fenwick, Kansas City, May 6, 1916; Telegram, G.P. Owen Fenwick to M.A. Coykendall, Edmonton, May 6, 1916; Letter, G.P. Owen Fenwick to M.A. Coykendall, Edmonton, May 6, 1916; Telegram, G.P. Owen Fenwick to J.D. Nicholson, Edmonton, May 6, 1916.

61. 61   LAC, RG 7, G21, vol. 246, file 350, part 9b, Telegram, Governor General to Sir Cecil Spring Rice, Ottawa, May 5, 1916; Letter, Undersecretary of state to the Governor General, Ottawa, May 5, 1916; RG 13-A-2, vol. 215, file 1917–1530, Letter, Deputy Minister of Justice to Under Secretary of State, Ottawa, May 5, 1916.

62. 62   “They make the fur fly,” Wichita Eagle, May 4, 1916, 9.

63. 63   “Hint at kidnapping in the Buck case,” Wichita Beacon, May 3, 1916, 3; “Detectives are afraid Buck may be kidnapped; will he be deported?” CH, May 3, 1916, 1.

64. 64   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916; “Here to get oil operator,” Wichita Eagle, April 28, 1916, 2; “Hint at kidnapping in the Buck case,” Wichita Beacon, May 3, 1916, 3; “They make the fur fly,” Wichita Eagle, May 43, 1916, 9; “Detectives are afraid Buck may be kidnapped; will he be deported?” CH, May 3, 1916, 1; “Oil man goes to prison,” Wichita Eagle, November 10, 1916, 5.

65. 65   “Detectives are afraid Buck may be kidnapped; will he be deported?” CH, May 3, 1916, 1; “A new warrant in the Buck case,” Wichita Beacon, May 12, 1916, 16; “What’s in air bothers,” Wichita Eagle, May 12, 1916, 2.

66. 66   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, A.G. Browning to M.A. Coykendall, Edmonton, May 9, 1916; Letter, W.W. Scott to G.F. Owen Fenwick, Ottawa, May 10, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to M.A. Coykendall, Edmonton, May 11, 1916; “A new immigration officer,” Kansas City Times, 1 July 1915, 4; “H.C. Allen quits federal service,” Kansas City Star, July 16, 1915, 5; “Canada to lose oil man?” Wichita Eagle, May 13, 1916, 12.

67. 67   “Canada to lose oil man?” Wichita Eagle, May 13, 1916, 12; Horan, On the Side of the Law, 215.

68. 68   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 20, 1916; Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 12, 1916; J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 13, 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 2, 1916.

69. 69   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 15, 1916; Request for Writ of Habeas Corpus, May 13, 1916; Case File 109, Law Cases (1891–1938), Records of the U.S. District Court of the District of Kansas, Second Division, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration – Wichita, Kansas; “Canada changes charge,” Wichita Eagle, May 14, 1916, 24.

70. 70   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, J.D. Nicholson, Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 20, 1916; “Thinks Buck will remain,” Wichita Eagle, May 26, 1916, 2.

71. 71   Demurrer, May 23, 1916, Case File 109, Law Cases (1891–1938), Records of the U. S. District Court of the District of Kansas, Second Division, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration – Wichita, Kansas.

72. 72   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, May 23, 1916; Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 24, 1916; “Services held in Victoria for former city prosecutor,” EJ, September 13, 1966, 22.

73. 73   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G Browning to Coykendall, Edmonton, May 25, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to J.D. Nicholson, Edmonton, May 25, 1916; Telegram, Coykendall to A.G. Browning, Kansas City, May 27, 1916.

74. 74   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, A.G. Browning to G.A. Trainor, Edmonton, May 26. 1916; Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, May 26, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to Office of the Police Magistrate, Edmonton, May 27, 1916; Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, May 28, 1916; Letter, Office of the Police Magistrate to A.G. Browning, Calgary, May 29, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to G.A. Trainor, Edmonton, May 29, 1916.

75. 75   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, A.G. Browning to Thomas Mulvey, Edmonton, May 27, 1916; Telegram, Phillip Pelletier to A.G. Browning, Ottawa, May 27, 1916.

76. 76   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, May 27, 1916.

77. 77   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, May 30, 1916.

78. 78   LAC, RG 13-A-2, file 715/16, Telegram to A.G. Browning, Ottawa, May 30, 1916; PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 2, 1916; J.D. Nicholson Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 20, 1916; “Refuse deportation of George E. Buck,” Wichita Beacon, June 1, 1916, 10; “George Buck wins out and will not be deported; now for the extradition case,” CMA, June 2, 1916, 1; “Oil promoter was winner in the first case,” CH, June 2, 1916, 7; “This time Canada wins the round,” Wichita Beacon, June 2, 1916, 8; “Canada to try oil man,” Wichita Eagle, June 29, 1916, 2.

79. 79   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 2, 1916; “Must bring more proof of offence,” CH, June 2, 1916, 1.

80. 80   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, June 2, 2016; Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 2, 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 2, 1916; J.D. Nicholson Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916.

81. 81   LAC, RG 13-A-2, vol. 215, file 1917–1530, Letter, A.E. Popple to H.M. Cate, Edmonton, June 7, 1916; Letter, H.M. Cate to A.E. Popple, Ottawa, June 12, 1916; Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to J.E. Norraway, Wichita, June 14, 1916; Telegram, J.E. Norraway to J.D. Nicholson, Ottawa, June 15, 1916.

82. 82   “Buck is coming back says hon. C.W. Cross,” CH, June 9, 1916, 8.

83. 83   Direct Examination of John D. Nicholson, June 16, 1916, Case File 109, Law Cases (1891–1938), Records of the U.S. District Court of the District of Kansas, Second Division, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration – Wichita, Kansas.

84. 84   In extradition cases, all judges on habeas corpus proceedings can rule on is whether the charged offence falls within the existing extradition treaty and whether the extradition judge has jurisdiction. See W.J. O’Hearn, “Extradition,” 182; PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, June 16, 1916; Crime Report, Wichita, Kansas, June 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Kansas City, July 5, 1916.

85. 85   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 20, 1916; “‘Salted’ well to get cash,” Wichita Eagle, June 17, 1916, 2; “Buck confined to jail; bail not allowed,” EJ, June 17, 1916, 3; “His fifteen days are fleeting away,” Wichita Beacon, June 23, 1916, 3; “He needs $1,000; fight nears end,” Wichita Beacon, June 24, 1916, 12; “A dark outlook for George in the Wichita courts,” CH, June 23, 1916, 1.

86. 86   CMA, June 19, 1916, 3.

87. 87   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 20, 1916.

88. 88   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, July 1, 1916; “His fifteen days are fleeting away,” Wichita Beacon, June 23, 1916, 3; “He needs $1,000; fight nears end,” Wichita Beacon, June 24, 1916, 12; “Fighting against extradition,” Kansas City Globe, June 27, 1916, 1; CH, June 29, 1916, 6; “Buck wins first round of fight for his liberty,” CH, June 28, 1916, 1.

89. 89   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, June 30, 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, July 1, 1916; “Canada to extradite Buck,” Kansas City Globe, June 29, 1916; “Canada to try oil man,” Wichita Eagle, June 29, 1916, 2; “Ordered Buck to Canada,” Kansas City Globe, July 2, 1916, 1; “Buck loses his second appeal before U.S. judge,” CH, July 3, 1916, 5.

90. 90   CH, July 4, 1916, 6.

91. 91   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, July 1, 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Kansas City, July 3, 1916.

92. 92   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, Senator Wm. H. Thompson to C.W. Cross, Washington, DC, June 6, 1916; Memo, C.W. Cross to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, July 3, 1916; Letter, C.W. Cross to Wm. H. Thompson. Edmonton, July 3, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to James Short, Edmonton, July 3, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to J.D. Nicholson, Edmonton, July 7, 1916.

93. 93   “Wichitan to visit Wilson,” Wichita Eagle, June 30, 1916, 5.

94. 94   Convicted in 1914 of fraud, Samuels was sentenced by Judge Pollock to one year plus a day in Leavenworth for using the mails to amass a small fortune selling eye drops to sick people that he claimed could cure any ailment. At trial, the prosecution presented evidence that Dr. Samuels sold his eye drops to “cure” a man with one leg shorter than the other. Laboratory analysis, however, revealed the drops only contained sugar, salt, and rainwater. A federal court found Badders guilty on seven counts of using the mails to defraud creditors after ordering an estimated $70,000 worth of clothing and furnishings from suppliers and then selling the items for less than half their cost. Sentenced to five years in Leavenworth and fined $7,000, the young businessman began serving his sentence on May 19, 1916. “Samuels loses; sentence stands,” Wichita Eagle, February 29, 1916, 1; “Samuels’ sentence affirmed,” Wichita Beacon, February 29, 1916, 1; “Must surrender in thirty days,” Wichita Beacon, May 9, 1916, 6; “His friends are working,” Wichita Eagle, May 11, 1916, 2; “Wilson won’t pardon prof. Henry Samuels,” Wichita Beacon, June 7, 1916, 6; “Samuels to pen; must serve year,” Wichita Beacon, June 9, 1916, 3; “Debate Samuels issues,” Wichita Eagle, June 11, 1916, 3; “Another Badders trial today,” Kansas City Globe, January 20, 1916, 1; “Case of Badders,” Topeka State Journal, January 21, 1916, 6; “Badders loses in high court,” Wichita Eagle, March 8, 1916, 8; “His conviction is affirmed,” Leavenworth Times, March 8, 1916, 1; “Badders denied rehearing,” Wichita Eagle, April 21, 1916, 9.

95. 95   “Wichitan to visit Wilson,” Wichita Eagle, June 30, 1916, 5.

96. 96   Not all the details provided by Brown coincide with the particulars of Buck’s case, and there are some statements that are flat-out fabrications. Brown, for instance, referred to the machinations of a pre-emptive “pardon board” with the power to review court-imposed sentences prior to their imposition on a prisoner. Where Brown’s story begins to fall apart is in its explanation of what Wilson could do to help. In early September, Brown suggested Wilson’s intervention gave the prisoner “immunity” until October 4. Typically, however, only prosecutors or the court have the power to grant immunity from incarceration, and there is no explicit provision in the Constitution that permits a temporary pardon. Then in October, Brown claimed a letter from the president extended the reprieve until “the president has time to go over the voluminous report of the board of pardons and decide whether or not liberty shall be granted.” However, the president of the United States does not have the powers described by Brown to grant temporary immunity from a prison sentence. After Wilson’s victory in the November 1916 presidential election, Brown did not speak of the mystery prisoner again. “Repentant jury tires president,” Wichita Eagle, August 8, 1916, 2; “Not telling,” Wichita Eagle, August 11, 1916, 10; “Put it off,” Wichita Eagle, September 8, 1916, 5; “Hope for Wichitan,” Wichita Eagle, October 31, 1916, 2.

97. 97   LAC, RG 13-A-2, vol. 215, file 1917–1530, Memorandum, H.M. Cate to Thomas Mulvey, Ottawa, July 4, 1916; PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, July 6, 1916; Letter, J.D. Nicholson to A.E. Popple, Wichita, July 7, 1916.

98. 98   LAC, RG 13-A-2, vol. 215, file 1917–1530, Memorandum, H.M. Cate to Thomas Mulvey, Ottawa, July 12, 1916; PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Telegram, J.D. Nicholson to A.G. Browning, Wichita, July 12, 1916; US Department of State, Extradition Order for George Edward Buck, Washington, July 3, 1916.

99. 99   CH, July 18, 1916, 6.

100. 100   “Officer terribly slashed,” Wichita Eagle, June 30, 1916, 2; “Slashed an officer while under arrest,” Wichita Beacon, June 30, 1916, 8; “Slashed coat was enough,” Wichita Eagle, July 12, 1916, 5; “Buck started for Canada in custody today,” CH, July 7, 1916, 1; “Swoop down on Buck and carried him away,” CMA, July 18, 1916, 3; “Buck worked up sympathy for himself,” CH, July 20, 1916, 1; “Say Buck kidnapped,” Wichita Eagle, July 18, 1916, 2; Editorial, “A fine piece of work,” CMA, July 22, 1916, 3.

101. 101   Hill expressly denied making such a claim in a letter to Browning on August 16. PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, Sam P. Hill to A.G. Browning, Wichita, August 16, 1916.

102. 102   PAA, GR1972.0026, box 1, file 1C, Letter, McWain & Miller Detective Agency to A.G. Browning, Wichita, August 15, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to McWain & Miller Detective Agency, Edmonton, August 19, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to James Short, Edmonton, August 21, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to McWain & Miller Detective Agency, Edmonton, August 25, 1916; “Want reward for arresting George E. Buck,” CH, August 19, 1916, 22; “Gossip about town,” Wichita Eagle. September 6, 1916, 7.

103. 103   “Smashes mail motor,” Wichita Eagle, August 8, 1916, 5.

Notes to Chapter 11

1. 1   PAA, GR1986.0166/235a, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, G.P. Ovans to C.W. Cross, Calgary, January 18, 1916.

2. 2   CMA, October 14, 1914, 12.

3. 3   Historian John Schmidt categorically states the Monarch well was “salted.”

4. 4   “Would pipe gas to Winnipeg from Bow Island,” CMA, January 9, 1913, 1; “Elbow River suburban railroad ambitious project to tap rich Springbank district,” CMA, March 1, 1913, 1; “Buying elsewhere is disloyal to Calgary – Buy at home,” CH, March 22, 1913, 6; “City may buy its coal by carload from local mines,” CH, April 24, 1913, 16; “Calgary reunion society has done a splendid work,” CH, May 1, 1913, 11; CH, September 3, 1913, 1; CH, Apri 18, 1929, 1; “W.A. Georgeson,” CMA, October 14, 1914, 12.

5. 5   “Rival Calgary gas men have a wordy row at Moose Jaw,” CH, January 9, 1914, 18; “Mark Drumm makes fight for Georgeson people,” CMA, January 14, 1914, 3; “Gas for Calgary at seven and a half cents per 1,000,” CMA, January 22, 1914, 2; “Coste explains gas offer to Regina,” CMA, January 23, 1914, 1, 8; “Will try for gas in Saskatchewan,” Bow Island Review, January 23, 1914, 1; “Firm of Minneapolis wholesalers take over Georgeson’s,” CH, February 12, 1914, 1.

6. 6   Natural Gas and Oil Record, April 25, 1914, 1; W.W. Cheely, “Crude oil is found at last,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1.

7. 7   CH, October 31, 1913, 1; “Contract let by the Monarch Oil Company for the drilling of eleven wells west of Olds,” CMA, February 18, 1914, 1; “Big drilling contract,” CH, February 18, 1914, 11; “Eleven oil wells to be drilled in the Olds district,” EB, February 18, 1914, 1; Editorial, CH, February 19, 1914, 6; Editorial, EJ, February 21, 1914, 4; “Monarch Oil Company issues prospectus,” CH, March 7, 1914, 19; “Drilling to commence west of Olds next week,” CH, April 4, 1914, 1; CH, May 18, 1914, 9; W.W. Cheely, “Crude oil is found at last,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1.

8. 8   “More wet gas and oil globules at Monarch well,” CMA, May 25, 1914, 1.

9. 9   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Statement of Claim, Calgary, July 12, 1917; Statement of Defense, Calgary, September 1, 1917.

10. 10   “Monarch stock said to be in demand,” CNT, June 5, 1914; “What the Monarch Oil Co. have accomplished on a capital of $5,000,000,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 11, 1914, 1.

11. 11   “Drowsy ones sell stock; lose money,” CNT, June 18, 1914, 1.

12. 12   “More wet gas and oil globules at Monarch well,” CMA, May 25, 1914, 1; “Crude oil is found at last,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1; “Drillers at Monarch Oil cut into heavy black oil,” CH, June 18, 1914, 1; “Monarch strike of black oil now confirmed,” EJ, June 18, 1914, 1, 17; “Monarch oil seems to have both asphalt and paraffin base,” CH, June 18, 1914, 1.

13. 13   Perhaps Dunn referred to the need for a control head. Prior to the Second World War, control heads were a heavy fitting that screwed on the top of the innermost string of casing. The control head could open to allow tools in and out of the hole or be closed to fit around the drilling line as a way of eliminating the waste associated with uncontrolled gushers. See Gow, Roughnecks, Rock Bits and Rigs, 123.

14. 14   “Crude oil is found at last,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1.

15. 15   See Williamson and Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 1 , 151–56; Gow, Roughnecks, Rock Bits and Rigs, 125–28; Francesco Gerali, Torpedoes (Well shooting), Engineering and Technology History Wiki (2019), https://ethw.org/Torpedoes_(Well_shooting).

16. 16   “Dunn’s report of oil at well was believed by Monarch officials,” CH, August 22, 1916, 5.

17. 17   Historian and reporter John Schmidt believed it highly likely that William Cheely knew the details of Monarch’s plot and played an integral part in its execution by whipping up public enthusiasm with some over-the-top coverage. “Cheely,” concluded Schmidt, “became part of this story and others, in which he [helped] promoters fly kites and kept the whole city in ferment and frenzy for some months.” See Schmidt, Growing up in the Oil Patch, 99.

18. 18   “Crude oil is found at last,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1.

19. 19   “Largest oilfield in the world, says O.S. Chapin,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 1; “Big commercial oil field is undoubtedly opened in Alberta,” CH, June 18, 1914, 1; “Crude black oil struck at Monarch,” Toronto Globe, June 20, 1914, 18; “New oil strike in Calgary field,” Spokane Chronicle, June 18, 1914, 1.

20. 20   “‘We have struck the real black oil,’ says president Georgeson of Monarch,” CNT, June 18, 1914, 1.

21. 21   Monarch Oil Co. Ltd. “Notice to Shareholders,” CMA, June 4, 1914, 9; “Thirty barrels of oil blown into Dingman tank in quarter hour,” CH, June 4, 1914, 11, 18; “Wanted to buy $20,000 worth of Monarch stock,” CMA, June 18, 1914, 5.

22. 22   GWRC, M6840, McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 3, file 33, Letter, McKinley Cameron to William Armstrong, July 13, 1914.

23. 23   Catherine Munn Smith, “J. Frank Moodie: The Man and the Mine,” Alberta History 48, no. 2 (2000): 2–9, available at http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/9021.48.2.html; Jack Peach, “Pioneer jeweller alert to Calgary’s growth,” CH, January 2, 1982, C6.

24. 24   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Examination for Discovery, James F.M. Moodie, Calgary, October 22, 1917.

25. 25   W.W. Cheely, “Development may astound the world,” CMA, June 19, 1914, 1; “Second stratum 1,000 feet deep, third 1,200, opinion of Monarch well expert,” CNT, June 19, 1914, 1.

26. 26   “May be memorable day in history of oilfield,” CMA, June 22, 1914, 1.

27. 27   “Report of strike at Black Diamond sets the city crazy,” CMA, June 24, 1914, 1; “Should be on sands now, says geologist Dunn,” CH, June 29, 1914, 1, 20.

28. 28   “Will they drill deeper or plug the hole back for a shot at 800 ft?” CH, July 3, 1914, 22.

29. 29   “What the Monarch Oil Co. have accomplished on a capital of $5,000,000,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 11, 1914, 1.

30. 30   “Geologist Dunn makes report on Monarch again,” CH, July 7, 1914, 11.

31. 31   “Stock exchanges will be numerous in Calgary,” Toronto Star. July 7, 1914, 14; “The Monarch capital will be increased,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 4, 1914, 10.

32. 32   “What the Monarch Oil Co. have accomplished on a capital of $5,000,000,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 11, 1914, 1.

33. 33   “Friendly advice,” Natural Gas and Oil Record, July 18, 1914, 1.

34. 34   “Reorganization of Monarch has been postponed,” CH, July 14, 1914, 1; “Reorganization postponed,” Toronto Star, July 21, 1914, 12; “Monarch Oil stock drops,” Kingston Whig-Standard, July 23, 1914, 2.

35. 35   GWRC, M6840, McKinley Cameron Fonds, box 3, file 33, Letter, McKinley Cameron to William Armstrong, July 13, 1914.

36. 36   “Everything favorable at the Monarch well,” CH, August 1, 1914, 26.

37. 37   “Statutory meeting of Monarch Oil Co. held in Paget Hall,” CH, September 3, 1914, 13.

38. 38   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Amended Statement of Claim, Calgary, September 25, 1917.

39. 39   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Examination for Discovery, James F.M. Moodie, Calgary, October 22, 1917; “Monarch Oil was mud and water with strong smell to it,” CH, August 29, 1916, 1, 4.

40. 40   PAA, GR1986.0166/235f, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, Frank Ford to Marian Gill, Edmonton, October 13, 1915.

41. 41   CNT, March 15, 1916, 4.

42. 42   PAA, GR1986.0166/235f, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, J.M. Murdoch to C.W. Cross, Stettler, March 18, 1916.

43. 43   PAA, GR1986.0166/235e, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, A.G. Browning to Frank Ford, Edmonton, March 22, 1916; Letter, Frank Ford to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, March 25, 1916.

44. 44   Emphasis mine. Alberta, “An Act to amend The Statute Law, SA 1916, c 3, s 34,” in Alberta Annual Statutes (Edmonton: Government Printing Office, 1916), https://canlii.ca/t/54213.

45. 45   “New oil probe to be started in near future,” CH, June 8, 1916, 5.

46. 46   Emphasis mine. PAA, GR1987.0246, box 17A, file 512, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Government of Alberta, The Alberta Gazette, vol. 12. no. 13, Edmonton, July 15, 1916, 403–4.

47. 47   PAA, GR1986.0166/235d, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, Judge J.D.C. Lees to A.G. Browning, Red Deer, June 22, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to Judge Lees, Edmonton, June 27, 1916; Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, June 29, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to G.A. Trainor, Edmonton, June 30, 1916; Letter, Frank Ford to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, July 14, 1916; Editorial, CNT, July 25, 1916, 6.

48. 48   “Col. Morfitt testifies at oil probe today,” CH, July 29, 1916, 18; “Monarch Oil Co., is likely to be probed at start,” CH, August 4, 1916, 12.

49. 49   An Act to regulate the Sale of Shares, Bonds and other Securities of Companies, S.A. 1916, c. 8, https://canlii.ca/t/54219; “Stock salesmen must be licensed to sell securities,” EJ, March 16, 1916, 6.

50. 50   Alberta Board of Public Utilities Commissioners, First Annual Report, 1916 (Edmonton: Government Printer, 1917), 4; Gordon Jaremko, Steward: 75 Years of Alberta Energy Regulation (Edmonton: Energy Resources Conservation Board, 2013), 29.

51. 51   “Stock salesmen must be licensed to sell securities,” EJ, March 16, 1916, 6.

52. 52   “Butte grand jury wants oil stock brokers arrested,” CH, April 28, 1916, 5.

53. 53   Editorial, CMA, August 25, 1916, 3.

54. 54   Letter to the Editor, CH, August 28, 1916, 6.

55. 55   Alberta Board of Public Utilities Commission, First Annual Report, 1916 (Edmonton: Government Printer, 1917), 4, 57–58.

56. 56   Alberta Board of Public Utilities Commission, Second Annual Report, 1917 (Edmonton: Government Printer, 1918), 3–4.

57. 57   “Dunn’s report of oil at well was believed by Monarch officials,” CH, August 22, 1916, 5.

58. 58   Dunn’s report of oil at well was believed by Monarch officials,” CH, August 22, 1916, 5; “Probing of the Monarch Oil Company is commenced,” CNT, August 22, 1916, 3, 10; “O.S. Chapin admits he never denied oil interviews,” CMA, August 23, 1916, 5; “Can’t remember what he did say about oil strike,” Saskatoon Phoenix, August 23, 1916, 2.

59. 59   “Dunn’s report of oil at well was believed by Monarch officials,” CH, August 22, 1916, 5; “Probing of the Monarch Oil Company is commenced,” CNT, August 22, 1916, 3, 10; “O.S. Chapin admits he never denied oil interviews,” CMA, August 23, 1916, 5; “Can’t remember what he did say about oil strike,” Saskatoon Phoenix, August 23, 1916, 2.

60. 60   “Oil companies are under investigation,” Vancouver Daily World, August 23, 1916, 13.

61. 61   “Rocky Mountain Oil Co. has nothing in the treasury,” CH, August 23, 1916, 5.

62. 62   “Probing of the Monarch Oil company is commenced,” CNT, August 22, 1916, 3.

63. 63   CMA, August 24, 1916, 3.

64. 64   EB, August 24, 1916, 4.

65. 65   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Examination for Discovery, James F.M. Moodie, Calgary, October 22, 1917.

66. 66   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Statement of Claim, Calgary, July 12, 1917.

67. 67   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Amended Statement of Claim, Calgary, September 25, 1917.

68. 68   “Say Monarch samples showed little oil,” CH, August 24, 1916, 4.

69. 69   “Startling charge at investigation of oil company,” CNT, August 24, 1916, 3; “Doubt cast on oil taken from the Monarch well,” CMA, August 25, 1916, 5; “Claim refined oil was shown as a Monarch product,” EB, August 25, 1916, 4.

70. 70   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Examination for Discovery, James F.M. Moodie, Calgary, October 22, 1917.

71. 71   “Inquiry into Monarch Oil Company’s affairs resumes,” CNT, August 29, 1916, 3; “Three companies are under investigation in oil probe,” CMA, August 30, 1916, 5.

72. 72   “Inquiry into Monarch Oil Company’s affairs resumes,” CNT, August 29, 1916, 3, 10; “Oil inquiry is postponed,” CNT, August 30, 1916, 3.

73. 73   PAA, GR1986.0166/235c, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, G.A. Trainor to A.G. Browning, Calgary, September 6, 1916; Letter, Frank Ford to G.A. Trainor, Edmonton, September 13, 1916.

74. 74   PAA, GR1986.0166/235c, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, A.G. Browning to W.H. Short, Edmonton, September 11, 1916; Letter, A.G. MacKay to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, September 15, 1916; Letter, A.G. Browning to M.J. Hewitt (Crown prosecutor), Edmonton, September 16, 1915; Letter, A.G. Browning to Superintendent Horrigan (RNWMP), September 16, 1915.

75. 75   “Oil inquiry comes to an end for lack of witnesses,” CMA, September 20, 1916, 5; Letter to the Editor, CH, September 22, 1916, 6.

76. 76   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Amended Statement of Claim, Calgary, September 25, 1917; Plaintiff’s Factum, Calgary, November 20, 1917.

77. 77   “Alberta will be very large producing field,” CMA, July 7, 1917, 7.

78. 78   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Statement of Defence, Calgary, September 1, 1917.

79. 79   In Alberta, a master in chambers is like a judge sitting in chambers. Masters are appointed by the provincial government and derive their power from statutes rather than the Constitution. Their jurisdiction is limited to civil proceedings. “Claims evidence was of privileged nature,” CH, September 11, 1917, 5.

80. 80   “Slander suit in oil controversy again held over,” CH, September 28, 1917, 9.

81. 81   PAA, GR1986.0166/235a, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, Muir, Jephson, Adams and Brownlee to A.G. Browning, Calgary, September 6, 1917; Memo, E.R. Gording to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, September 6, 1917; Memo, E.R. Gording to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, September 8, 1917; Letter, A.G. Browning to Muir, Jephson, Adams and Brownlee, Edmonton, September 8, 1917.

82. 82   PAA, GR1979.0285, reel 214, file 12695, Calgary District Court, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Amended Statement of Claim, Calgary, September 25, 1917.

83. 83   PAA, GR1986.0166/235a, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, Muir, Jephson, Adams and Brownlee to A.G. Browning, Calgary, September 26, 1917.

84. 84   PAA, GR1986.0166/235a, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Orders-in-Council, Edmonton, June 13, 1916.

85. 85   Government of Alberta, The Alberta Gazette, vol. 12. no. 13, Edmonton, July 15, 1916, 404.

86. 86   PAA, GR1986.0166/235a, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Letter, Muir, Jephson, Adams and Brownlee to A.G. Browning, Calgary, September 26, 1917; Letter, James Muir to A.G. Browning, Calgary, September 27, 1917.

87. 87   PAA, GR1986.0166/235a, Attorney General Central Files, Companies Ordinance General File, Memo, E.R. Gording to A.G. Browning, Edmonton, September 29, 1917; Letter, A.G. Browning to James Muir, Edmonton, October 1, 1917.

88. 88   PAA, GR1987.0246, box 17, file 512, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Defendant’s Factum, November 19, 1917.

89. 89   PAA, GR1987.0246, box 17, file 512, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Plaintiff’s Factum, November 20, 1917.

90. 90   PAA, GR1987.0246, box 17, file 512, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Judgement of the Honourable Chief Justice Harvey, Edmonton, December 4, 1917.

91. 91   PAA, GR1987.0246, box 17, file 512, William Georgeson v. James F.M. Moodie (1917), Judgement of the Honourable Chief Justice Harvey, Edmonton, December 4, 1917; “Georgeson-Moodie suit is dismissed,” CH, December 5, 1917, 9; “$50,000 damage suit decided,” CNT, December 5, 1917, 6.