Index
A
Aberhart, William, xi, 145–46, 155
Acres, H.G., 126
Adams, Ansel, xv
Adshead, H.B., 110
Agriculture, Department of, 195
Aitken, Max, xi, 23–33, 35, 53, 60, 61, 71, 75–76
Aitken, Reverend William, 23
Aitken, Traven, 52
Alberta, Government of, xii, 20, 80, 94–95, 126, 131, 156–64, 191
Alberta Energy Marketing Agency, 197
Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board, 194
Alberta Fish and Game Association, 144
Alberta Government Telephones, 125, 162
Alberta Nitrogen Company, 134–35, 144, 146, 179
Alberta Portland Cement Company, 17, 26, 27, 121
Alberta Power Commission, 157–61
Alberta Power Research Association, 109–10
Alberta Public Utilities Board, 193, 195
Alberta Public Utility Commission, 102, 106, 108
Alberta Rural Electrification Association, 162–63
Alberta Southern Coal Company, 186
Alberta Water for Life, 220
Alberta Water Resources Commission, 198–99, 200, 219–20
Albertan, The, 31, 95–96
Alexander, W.M., 17–18, 20, 22–23, 54
Alpine Club of Canada, 81, 83–84, 86–88, 115, 215
Anthracite, 62, 66, 75, 77, 129, 130
anti-socialism, 156, 159, 162
Assiniboine, Mount, 85–87
ATCO, 196
Athabasca River, 188
B
Banff, 130, 143–44, 168–69, 173
Banff Citizens’ Council, 67
Banff National Park, vii, viii, xvi, xvii, 6, 12, 13–14, 16, 183, 185
boundaries, 214–19, 222
created, 115
Lake Minnewanka, Ghost River diversion, 192, 208
park power station, 69 (photo)
storage 1912, 54–55 (photos), 56–58, 59 (photos)
storage negotiations 1920’s, 61–78, 82, 95, 103, 119, 127–31
streamflow, 209, 216
water levels, 152–54, 165–67, 176–80, 193, 201, 217;
WWII dam, 133–37, 139–42, 143 (photo), 144–46, 148–49, 150 (photo), 167, 177–78, 180–81, 193, 208–9, 216 (photo)
Spray Lakes, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80–84, 88–96, 97–117, 119–25, 127–28, 131, 136–53, 165–85, 200, 204, 208, 216–17
storage in, 119, 127, 129, 133
See also Rocky Mountains National Park
Banff Springs Hotel, 74, 113, 120, 166, 180, 217
Bankhead, 16, 57
Barrier dam, 167, 184, 208
Baxter, R.P., 125
Bearspaw dam, 185, 201, 208, 214
Bearspaw, Chief Moses, 20, 22 (photo), 42 (photo)
beavers, 219
Belcourt, Senator N.A., 37
Bell, Helen “Nellie”, 75
Benjamin, Jonas, 49
Bennett, R.B., xi
advisor to Max Aitken, 28, 30–31, 40
Calgary lawyer, 17, 23, 25
Kananaskis negotiations, 43, 45, 50, 54
Spray Lakes negotiations, 105–6, 114, 119, 129
Bennett, Rosamond, 75
Bennett, W.A.C., 206
Big Bend project, 188, 200
Bighorn River, 190–91
Big Stony, Amos, 20, 22 (photo)
Blake, Jim, 199
boating, 199, 201, 218
Borden, Robert, 40, 41
Bow Falls, 11, 12, 13, 14, 75, 215
Bow River, vii, viii, x, xvii, 2, 4, 6–8, 10, 13–14, 100, 109, 113, 120, 151, 165, 183, 188, 195, 200
changes in, 214, 218, 219, 222
description, 11–12
flow, 11, 12 (graph), 29, 30, 35, 52, 53 (graph), 58, 61, 77, 167, 185, 199, 200, 201, 209–14, 211–13 (graphs)
Horseshoe Falls development, 17–23
Kananaskis development, 35–50
Bow River Water Quality Council, 220
BC Hydro, 197
Brazeau River, 188, 200
Brewster Brothers, 87
British High Commission, 137, 151
British North America Act, 21
Brownlee, Premier John, 95, 97–100 (photo), 105–6, 107, 108, 111–13, 121, 124–26
Budd, W.J., 17–18, 20, 22–23, 54
Byng, Lord, 105
Byrne, J.H., 137
C
Calgary, Alberta, City of
electricity, 2, 7, 9–10, 14, 35, 54, 70, 74, 203, 219, 222
growth of, 7, 8, 15–16, 39, 60
municipal electric system, 10, 16, 26, 204
Max Aitken, 24–25
power contracts, 17, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 44, 46, 57, 60, 68, 71, 78, 102, 105, 121–22, 125, 187, 189
power shortages, 19, 68–69, 78–80, 95, 101, 103, 105–7, 110–11, 113, 116, 121, 123, 145, 150, 161–64, 165–69, 172, 176, 179, 181, 185
sewage, 200–201
Calgary Automobile Club, 81
Calgary Board of Trade, 80, 101–2, 123–24, 128, 129
Calgary Electric Commissioner, 168
Calgary Electric Company, 7–9
Calgary Power Company, vi (map) vii, viii, ix, x, xii, xvii, xviii, 6, 27, 36, 46, 51, 54, 60–61, 73, 76, 159, 204–6
Alberta negotiations, 99–116
Depression, 119, 127, 133
dividend, 122, 195
generating capacity, 160, 184–85, 188, 200, 208, 225–26 (chart)
Horseshoe development, 28, 30–33, 54
Kananaskis development, 35, 44, 45–46 (photos), 47–50, 54
Minnewanka storage, 1912, 54–55 (photos), 56–58, 59 (photos), 60
North Saskatchewan developments, 191
park boundaries, 97–117
power contracts, 17, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 44, 46, 57, 60, 68, 71, 78, 102, 105, 121–22, 125, 187, 189
profitability, 71, 157, 161, 207 (graph)
public ownership, 125–27, 155–64
rates, 192–93, 195
rural electrification, 157–59, 163
Spray Lakes, 74–96, 99–117, 120–23, 136–37, 142–43, 165–81
storage negotiations 1920’s, 61–78, 82, 95, 103, 119, 127–31
thermal generation, 136–37, 173, 183–201, 204–5, 208, 221
water levels, 152–54, 165–67, 176–80, 193, 201, 217
WWII dam, 133–37, 139–42, 143 (photo), 144–46, 148–49, 150 (photo)
Calgary Trades and Labour Council, 128
Calgary Water Power Company, 8, 9 (photo), 16, 17
camouflage, 151–52
Campbell, Glen, 43–44, 47–49
Camsell, Charles, 134, 138
Canada Cement Company, 26, 57
Canadian National Parks Association, 74, 121, 215
Spray Lakes, 89, 90–91, 97, 106–7, 109, 112, 115, 129
Lake Minnewanka, 142, 146, 176, 215
Canadian Pacific Railway, vii, ix, xii, 26
Banff National Park, 7, 12–14, 57, 63, 67–68, 86, 144
Horseshoe Falls, 19, 20, 26, 38
Spray River, 120–22 (photo)
Spray Lakes Storage, 1920’s, 91, 120–21, 166, 168, 172, 175, 180
Spray Lakes storage, 1950’s, 181
Canadian Utilities, 157–59, 196
Canmore, Alberta, 74, 136, 167, 169, 179, 184
capitalism, imperative of, 35, 50, 51, 71
carbon emissions, 221
Cascade project, 130, 135, 150 (photo), 185, 192, 201, 208, 216, 218
Cascade River, 54, 60, 63, 67
Cautley, R.W., 111, 112
Central Council of Unemployed, 128
Chace, W.G., 23, 27
Challies, J.B., 14, 21, 37, 39, 41–44, 48, 62, 64–65
Chiniquay, Chief, 19
Christie, A.G., 126
Church, T.L., 149
Clearwater River, 104
clientalism, x
climate change, 221
coal, 90–91, 109, 136, 150, 183–201
Cochrane, 167, 201
Cold War, xii, 156, 159, 206–7
Columbia River, xi, xvii, 10
company promotion, 24, 27–28
conservation, 54–56, 90–91
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, 156
Cory, W.W., 65, 77–78, 107, 129, 134
Cottingham, Herbert, 158, 159
Crawler, Hector, 20, 22 (photo)
Crerar, T.A., 135, 138–39, 145, 148
Cronon, William, xvii, 212
D
Daily Herald, 95
Dalemead, 199
dams
Barrier, 167
Eau Claire, 7–8
hydroelectric, 33–50
Lake Minnewanka, 59 (photo), 133–54
removal, 219, 220, 221
Spray Lakes, 113, 165–76
storage, 52
Denis, Leo G., 2, 11, 14
Depression, Great, xii, 128, 130, 133–35, 155, 206–8
Devil’s Lake, x, 216
diversions, 208
Doctrine of Usefulness, ix, 57, 216
Dome Petroleum, 196
Dominion Water Powers Act, 131
Drumheller, Alberta, 93
Drury, Victor M., 43, 49, 67, 69–70, 92
Duncan, Fraser, 170, 175–76, 179
Dunn, T.E., 171–72
E
Eau Claire Lumber Company, 7–8, 9 (photo)
Economic Affairs, Department of, 157
Edison, Thomas, 2
Edmonton, Alberta, 73, 74, 77, 79, 93, 106, 111, 124, 126, 150, 157, 163, 186, 188, 193, 197, 203–4, 206
Elbow River, 30–31
elections
1925, 98
1926, 105–6
electricity demand, x, xxi, 6
uses, xi, 7
Engineering Branch, 134–37
Engineering Institute of Canada, 134
Evenden, Matthew, xviii
Exshaw, Alberta, 26
F
Farmers’ Union, 163
federal politics, 97–116, 119, 129, 134–35, 159, 172
fire, xiv
fish, 78, 110, 144, 208, 216, 218–20
Fleetham, T.I., 20
Fleming, Sir Sanford, 26
Fording Coal, 196
fur trade, 10
G
Gaby, Fred, 81
Gaherty, Geoffrey A., xi, 64, 123
career, 75–77
Lake Minnewanka storage, 77, 123, 125, 128, 130, 134, 135–38, 149–50, 167, 169–70, 173–75, 180, 185 (photo), 186–8
Spray diversion, 74, 75–77,102, 108, 120, 122
thermal power, 186–87
Ghost Falls, 121
Ghost Lake Summer Village, 199
Ghost River, xvii, 121–23, 129, 130
diversion, 63
Ghost River dam, 123 (photo), 131, 167, 184–86, 199, 201, 208
Gibson, R.A., 134–35, 138–39, 149, 169, 173–75, 177, 178
Glacier National Park, 115
Goat Creek, 171–79
green energy, 221
Greenfield, Premier Herbert, 80, 92–94
Grunsky, H.W., 64–65
H
Harkin, J.B.
Minnewanka storage, 58, 62, 65–68
National Parks Act, 114–15
park policy, 56–57
Spray Lakes storage, 78, 81–84, 83 (photo), 86, 88–89, 96, 98, 102–5, 107, 110–11, 120, 127–29, 130, 134, 169
health resort, ix
Health, Department of, 194
Hendry, M.C., 54
Henry, R.A.C., 138
Highvale Mine, 190, 195
Highwood River, 199
Hoadley, George, 93
Hogg, T.H., 130, 146, 149
Holt, Herbert S., 28, 39
Hoover Dam, xi
Horseshoe Falls, 11, 18, 22, 28–29 (photo), 32 (photo), 35, 37, 39, 44, 51, 53–54, 72, 77, 103, 121, 167, 184, 187, 208
hot springs, ix, xv, 12
hotels, x
Howard, W.A., 194
Howe, C.D., xii, 133, 135, 138, 139, 145, 154, 170–71
hydroelectric power, 2, 3–6 (charts), 51, 138, 183, 188, 198, 203, 205, 207, 219
I
ice, 185, 201, 214
Indian Act, 18, 40
Indian Affairs, Department of, xvii, 19, 41, 43, 47, 215
Indian Days Festival, 14
Interior, Department of, 18–22, 34, 41, 53–54, 61–62, 67, 73–74, 91, 94, 107, 114, 129, 134, 192
Interlakes plant, 185
irrigation, 199–200, 219, 220
J
Jasper National Park, 115
Jennings, Neil, 200
Jennings, P.J., 136
Johnston, J.T., 65–66, 79–80, 102–3, 110, 130, 134
Justice, Department of, 145
K
Kananaskis Falls and power station, 11, 19, 30, 36–37 (photos), 45–46 (photos), 51, 54, 68, 72, 77, 103, 167, 184, 198, 205, 208
Kananaskis Lakes, 184, 192, 217
Kananaskis River, 136, 167
Keenleyside, H.L., 168–69
Killam, Isaac Walton, 60, 61, 71, 75, 99, 100–101, 105–6, 108, 112, 123, 125–26, 128, 149, 158, 164
King, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie, xi, 97–100, 105, 113, 114, 117
L
land sales, 20–21, 41–50
Land, Parks and Forest Branch, 166
Lands Branch, 21, 22
Laurier, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid, 40
Lethbridge, Alberta, 189
log drive, 71
Lougheed, Peter, 206
M
Macdonald, Prime Minister Sir John A., 12
Mackenzie King, see King
MacKinnon, J.A., 153, 170, 172–73, 175, 176–77, 179
Macphail, Dr. Andrew, 38
Manitoba Power Commission, 157–58, 161
Manning, Premier Ernest C., xi, 155–56, 157–58 (photo), 159–60, 162–63, 168, 172, 206
maps, vi, 116, 173
Mark, John, 20, 22 (photo)
Master Agreement, Alberta Saskatchewan, 221
McDougall, Reverend John, 19
McLean, George, 20, 49
McLean, J.D., 43, 46
Medicine Hat, Alberta,103
Meighen, Arthur, 93, 98, 105
Melosi, Martin, xvii
Midwest Utilities, 126
Milner, H.R., 160, 162
Mines and Resources, Department of, 134–35, 138, 153–54, 159, 166, 174–75
Minnewanka, Lake, x
Ghost River diversion, 192, 208
park power station, 69 (photo)
storage 1912, 54–55 (photos), 56–58, 59 (photos)
storage negotiations 1920’s, 61–78, 82, 95, 103, 119, 127–31
streamflow, 209, 216
water levels, 152–54, 165–67, 176–80, 193, 201, 217
WWII dam, 133–37, 139–42, 143 (photo), 144–46, 148–49, 150 (photo)
Mitchell, C.H., 38–39, 54
Mitchell, Walter, 68
Monopoly’s Moment, xvii
Montreal Engineering Company, 61, 76
mountain river, viii, 7, 10, 15, 16
Muir, John, xv
Munitions and Supply, Department of, 215
Murphy, Thomas G., 129, 130
N
Nakoda (formerly Stoney) Indians, xii, 11, 14–15, 18–19, 146
and Bow River, 10
and Horseshoe Falls, 18–22
and Kananaskis Falls, 36–50
narrative, xvii, 221–22
National Council of Women, 109
National Parks Act (1930), 98–99, 109, 114–15, 119, 121, 124, 127, 131, 142, 145–46, 165, 172, 177
National Parks Association of the United States, 176
National Research Council, 152
natural resources transfer, 97–116, 119, 166
nature, attitudes towards, xiii, xv
nature preservation, xi, xii
Nature’s Metropolis, xvii
Nesbitt, A.J., 75
Niagara Falls, 3, 4
North Saskatchewan River, 194–95, 200, 204
North West Irrigation Act, 18
North West Mounted Police, 7, 11, 43
Northern Pacific Railroad, 12
O
Oldman River, 11
Oliver, Frank, 18–19, 40–41
Ontario Hydro Electric Commission, xi, 61, 73, 81, 92, 124, 126, 157, 160, 206
OPEC, 193
organic machine, 209
Ottawa Valley Power Company, 158
P
Page, Bob, xviii
Pan Canadian Petroleum, 196
park policy, ix, xiv, 12–14, 56–57, 67, 70–71, 78–82, 87–89, 97–99, 103–4, 109, 110–11, 130, 142–43, 169, 171–72, 175–76, 215–16, 222–23
parks lobby, x
Parks Branch, x
Lake Minnewanka, 1912 storage, 56, 58, 60, 62–63
Lake Minnewanka, 1920’s storage, 65–74, 77–84, 88, 91–96, 119, 127–28, 136, 193
Lake Minnewanka water levels, 152–53, 166, 168, 177–81
park boundaries, 97, 102, 107–8, 110, 112, 114, 117
power station, 69 (photo), 216
Spray Lakes, 1920’s, 120, 121, 127, 137
Spray Lakes, 1950’s, 169–70, 174, 176–77
WWII storage, 137–42, 144–49, 151–52
path dependence, vii, 7, 205
defined, viii–ix, xvii
Pearce, William, 18, 91
Pedley, Frank, 44
Pittfield, Ward, 60
plebiscite 1948, 162, 168
Pocaterra power station, 208
policy hardening, vii
defined, x, xi
pollution control, 186, 194, 198
Power Commission Act, 192
power contracts, City of Calgary, 17, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 44, 46, 57, 60, 68, 71, 78, 102, 105, 121–22, 125, 187, 189
power shortages, 19, 68–69, 78–80, 95, 101, 103, 105–7, 110–11, 113, 116, 121, 123, 145, 150, 161–64, 165–69, 172, 176, 179, 181, 185
Progressive Party, 98–99, 105
public ownership, 73, 93, 124–27, 155–64, 168, 189, 191, 206–7
Q
Quebec, 99
QWERTY, viii
R
Radnor, Alberta, 26–27, 38, 121, 131
ranching, 10–11
rates, electricity, 192–93, 195
Red Deer, Alberta, 93, 103–4, 189, 198
Reid, Ken, 161–62
resources, transfer, 97–116, 193
riparian rights, 19–22
River Returns, The, xvii, xviii
Roche, Dr. W.J., 44
Rocky Mountains National Park, xvi, 12–13, 28, 36, 40, 52, 56, 62, 66–67, 70–72, 73–74, 79, 82, 84, 91, 94, 95
boundaries and Spray Lakes development, 97–116
See also Banff National Park and Lake Minnewanka
Royal Securities Corporation, 23, 24, 27, 60, 76, 123
Rundle, power station, 184–85, 208
rural electrification, 124, 156–63
S
Saskatchewan River, 104
Scott, Duncan, 46, 48–50
second nature, xvii, 212–13
Shawinigan, 3–4
Sheerness coalfield, 197
Sibbald, A.S., 89
Smart, James, 149, 151–52
Smith, C.B., 23, 25–28, 30, 52–53
Social Credit, 155–56, 157, 159, 160, 191, 206
South Saskatchewan River, 11
South Saskatchewan River Basin Planning Board, 198
South Saskatchewan River Basin Study, 220
South Saskatchewan Water Basin Council, 220
Spray Lakes, xvii, 74, 185, 193, 204
in Alberta resources transfer negotiation, 97–117
park boundaries, 119, 120, 143, 153
storage debate 1920’s, 74–78, 80–84, 88–96, 119–31
storage 1950’s, 165–73 (map), 174–81, 184–85, 200, 208, 217
WWII, 134, 136, 137, 140, 142
Spray Lakes power stations, 184–85, 187, 193, 200
Spray River, 120–22, 122 (photo), 166, 168–69, 172, 174, 176–77, 179, 217, 218
Stairs, Denis, 76
Stairs, John F., 24, 60, 75–76
state, the, 215
Stevens, H.H., 92–93
Stewart, Charles, Minister of the Interior, 65–68, 70, 74, 77, 80–81, 91, 93–94, 97–100, 105–8, 108 (photo), 109, 111–16, 120, 122–23, 128–29, 166
Stoney Indians. See Nakoda
Stoney Plain Fish and Game Association, 198
storage, hydroelectric, vii, x, xvi, 52–72, 208, 215, 216, 218
See also Minnewanka and Spray Lakes
street railway, 17, 25
Stronach, R.S., 86
Sundance power station, 190–91, 193, 195
Swampy, James, 20, 22 (photo)
Symington, H.J., 135, 138
T
Tarr, Joel, xvii
Tennessee Valley Authority, xi
Tesla, Nicola, 2
Thermal electricity, 136–37, 173, 183–201, 204–5, 208, 221
Thompson, G.H., 187
Thompson, Stanley, 146
Three Sisters power station, 208
Toronto Field Naturalists, 91
tourism, 12–13, 56, 63, 70, 78, 83, 104, 116, 139, 216
TransAlta Resources Company, 196
TransAlta Utilities Corporation, xviii, 196–200, 219, 220–21
transmission lines, 68
Treaty 7, 21
Turner Valley, 107, 136, 143
U
United Farmers of Alberta, 81, 92, 97, 113, 124, 126–27
use and enjoyment, 223
V
Van Horne, William, 12
W
Wabamun Lake power station, 186–89, 190 (photo), 191, 193–96
Waddy, J.W., 43, 47, 49
Walker, J. Selby, 90, 106–7, 112, 142–43, 146–47 (photo), 148, 176
walking tours, 85–86
War Measures Act, 135, 145
Wardle, J.M., 134–35, 137
washout, 179–80
Water Power Branch
Horseshoe Falls negotiations, 22, 41, 48, 60, 61
Lake Minnewanka storage, 62, 64–68, 70, 74, 79
Spray Lakes storage, 98, 102–4, 110–11, 121, 130
waterpower, defined, xv–xvi
development of 1–3
on the Bow, 3, 6, 11, 16
water rental, 21, 23
Webster, George, 81, 101, 108
weeds, 194–95
Wesley, Chief Peter, 20, 22 (photo)
Western Canada Coal Operators Association, 90–91
Western Canada Power Company, 25, 76
Wheeler, Arthur O., 83–88, 85 (photo), 90
White, Arthur V., 3, 11, 14
White, Richard, xvii, 209
wild rivers, 221
wilderness, debated, xiii–xv
Wildman, Dan, 49
wind power, 221
Wood, E.R., 26
woodpeckers, 152
World War I, 61, 65, 74, 76
World War II, 6, 133–55, 159, 207–8
Worster, Donald, xvii
Y
Yellowstone Park, 12
Yoho National Park, 115
Young Man, Chief Jonas Two, 20, 22 (photo)