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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Introduction
  6. 1. Water Falls
  7. 2. Power Struggle
  8. 3. Doubling Down
  9. 4. Downstream Benefits
  10. 5. Selling Scenery
  11. 6. Political Logic
  12. 7. Minnewanka Redux
  13. 8. War Measures
  14. 9. Public Power
  15. 10. Reversing Rivers
  16. 11. Leaving the Bow
  17. 12. Conclusion
  18. Appendix
  19. Notes
  20. Index
  21. Back Cover

Index

A

Aberhart, William, xi, 145–46, 155

Acres, H.G., 126

Adams, Ansel, xv

Adshead, H.B., 110

Agriculture, Department of, 195

Aitken, Max, xi, 23–33, 35, 53, 60, 61, 71, 75–76

Aitken, Reverend William, 23

Aitken, Traven, 52

Alberta, Government of, xii, 20, 80, 94–95, 126, 131, 156–64, 191

Alberta Energy Marketing Agency, 197

Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board, 194

Alberta Fish and Game Association, 144

Alberta Government Telephones, 125, 162

Alberta Nitrogen Company, 134–35, 144, 146, 179

Alberta Portland Cement Company, 17, 26, 27, 121

Alberta Power Commission, 157–61

Alberta Power Research Association, 109–10

Alberta Public Utilities Board, 193, 195

Alberta Public Utility Commission, 102, 106, 108

Alberta Rural Electrification Association, 162–63

Alberta Southern Coal Company, 186

Alberta Water for Life, 220

Alberta Water Resources Commission, 198–99, 200, 219–20

Albertan, The, 31, 95–96

Alexander, W.M., 17–18, 20, 22–23, 54

Alpine Club of Canada, 81, 83–84, 86–88, 115, 215

Anthracite, 62, 66, 75, 77, 129, 130

anti-socialism, 156, 159, 162

Assiniboine, Mount, 85–87

ATCO, 196

Athabasca River, 188

B

Banff, 130, 143–44, 168–69, 173

Banff Citizens’ Council, 67

Banff National Park, vii, viii, xvi, xvii, 6, 12, 13–14, 16, 183, 185

boundaries, 214–19, 222

created, 115

Lake Minnewanka, Ghost River diversion, 192, 208

park power station, 69 (photo)

storage 1912, 54–55 (photos), 56–58, 59 (photos)

storage negotiations 1920’s, 61–78, 82, 95, 103, 119, 127–31

streamflow, 209, 216

water levels, 152–54, 165–67, 176–80, 193, 201, 217;

WWII dam, 133–37, 139–42, 143 (photo), 144–46, 148–49, 150 (photo), 167, 177–78, 180–81, 193, 208–9, 216 (photo)

Spray Lakes, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80–84, 88–96, 97–117, 119–25, 127–28, 131, 136–53, 165–85, 200, 204, 208, 216–17

storage in, 119, 127, 129, 133

See also Rocky Mountains National Park

Banff Springs Hotel, 74, 113, 120, 166, 180, 217

Bankhead, 16, 57

Barrier dam, 167, 184, 208

Baxter, R.P., 125

Bearspaw dam, 185, 201, 208, 214

Bearspaw, Chief Moses, 20, 22 (photo), 42 (photo)

beavers, 219

Belcourt, Senator N.A., 37

Bell, Helen “Nellie”, 75

Benjamin, Jonas, 49

Bennett, R.B., xi

advisor to Max Aitken, 28, 30–31, 40

Calgary lawyer, 17, 23, 25

Kananaskis negotiations, 43, 45, 50, 54

Spray Lakes negotiations, 105–6, 114, 119, 129

Bennett, Rosamond, 75

Bennett, W.A.C., 206

Big Bend project, 188, 200

Bighorn River, 190–91

Big Stony, Amos, 20, 22 (photo)

Blake, Jim, 199

boating, 199, 201, 218

Borden, Robert, 40, 41

Bow Falls, 11, 12, 13, 14, 75, 215

Bow River, vii, viii, x, xvii, 2, 4, 6–8, 10, 13–14, 100, 109, 113, 120, 151, 165, 183, 188, 195, 200

changes in, 214, 218, 219, 222

description, 11–12

flow, 11, 12 (graph), 29, 30, 35, 52, 53 (graph), 58, 61, 77, 167, 185, 199, 200, 201, 209–14, 211–13 (graphs)

Horseshoe Falls development, 17–23

Kananaskis development, 35–50

Bow River Water Quality Council, 220

BC Hydro, 197

Brazeau River, 188, 200

Brewster Brothers, 87

British High Commission, 137, 151

British North America Act, 21

Brownlee, Premier John, 95, 97–100 (photo), 105–6, 107, 108, 111–13, 121, 124–26

Budd, W.J., 17–18, 20, 22–23, 54

Byng, Lord, 105

Byrne, J.H., 137

C

Calgary, Alberta, City of

electricity, 2, 7, 9–10, 14, 35, 54, 70, 74, 203, 219, 222

growth of, 7, 8, 15–16, 39, 60

municipal electric system, 10, 16, 26, 204

Max Aitken, 24–25

power contracts, 17, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 44, 46, 57, 60, 68, 71, 78, 102, 105, 121–22, 125, 187, 189

power shortages, 19, 68–69, 78–80, 95, 101, 103, 105–7, 110–11, 113, 116, 121, 123, 145, 150, 161–64, 165–69, 172, 176, 179, 181, 185

sewage, 200–201

Calgary Automobile Club, 81

Calgary Board of Trade, 80, 101–2, 123–24, 128, 129

Calgary Electric Commissioner, 168

Calgary Electric Company, 7–9

Calgary Power Company, vi (map) vii, viii, ix, x, xii, xvii, xviii, 6, 27, 36, 46, 51, 54, 60–61, 73, 76, 159, 204–6

Alberta negotiations, 99–116

Depression, 119, 127, 133

dividend, 122, 195

generating capacity, 160, 184–85, 188, 200, 208, 225–26 (chart)

Horseshoe development, 28, 30–33, 54

Kananaskis development, 35, 44, 45–46 (photos), 47–50, 54

Minnewanka storage, 1912, 54–55 (photos), 56–58, 59 (photos), 60

North Saskatchewan developments, 191

park boundaries, 97–117

power contracts, 17, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 44, 46, 57, 60, 68, 71, 78, 102, 105, 121–22, 125, 187, 189

profitability, 71, 157, 161, 207 (graph)

public ownership, 125–27, 155–64

rates, 192–93, 195

rural electrification, 157–59, 163

Spray Lakes, 74–96, 99–117, 120–23, 136–37, 142–43, 165–81

storage negotiations 1920’s, 61–78, 82, 95, 103, 119, 127–31

thermal generation, 136–37, 173, 183–201, 204–5, 208, 221

water levels, 152–54, 165–67, 176–80, 193, 201, 217

WWII dam, 133–37, 139–42, 143 (photo), 144–46, 148–49, 150 (photo)

Calgary Trades and Labour Council, 128

Calgary Water Power Company, 8, 9 (photo), 16, 17

camouflage, 151–52

Campbell, Glen, 43–44, 47–49

Camsell, Charles, 134, 138

Canada Cement Company, 26, 57

Canadian National Parks Association, 74, 121, 215

Spray Lakes, 89, 90–91, 97, 106–7, 109, 112, 115, 129

Lake Minnewanka, 142, 146, 176, 215

Canadian Pacific Railway, vii, ix, xii, 26

Banff National Park, 7, 12–14, 57, 63, 67–68, 86, 144

Horseshoe Falls, 19, 20, 26, 38

Spray River, 120–22 (photo)

Spray Lakes Storage, 1920’s, 91, 120–21, 166, 168, 172, 175, 180

Spray Lakes storage, 1950’s, 181

Canadian Utilities, 157–59, 196

Canmore, Alberta, 74, 136, 167, 169, 179, 184

capitalism, imperative of, 35, 50, 51, 71

carbon emissions, 221

Cascade project, 130, 135, 150 (photo), 185, 192, 201, 208, 216, 218

Cascade River, 54, 60, 63, 67

Cautley, R.W., 111, 112

Central Council of Unemployed, 128

Chace, W.G., 23, 27

Challies, J.B., 14, 21, 37, 39, 41–44, 48, 62, 64–65

Chiniquay, Chief, 19

Christie, A.G., 126

Church, T.L., 149

Clearwater River, 104

clientalism, x

climate change, 221

coal, 90–91, 109, 136, 150, 183–201

Cochrane, 167, 201

Cold War, xii, 156, 159, 206–7

Columbia River, xi, xvii, 10

company promotion, 24, 27–28

conservation, 54–56, 90–91

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, 156

Cory, W.W., 65, 77–78, 107, 129, 134

Cottingham, Herbert, 158, 159

Crawler, Hector, 20, 22 (photo)

Crerar, T.A., 135, 138–39, 145, 148

Cronon, William, xvii, 212

D

Daily Herald, 95

Dalemead, 199

dams

Barrier, 167

Eau Claire, 7–8

hydroelectric, 33–50

Lake Minnewanka, 59 (photo), 133–54

removal, 219, 220, 221

Spray Lakes, 113, 165–76

storage, 52

Denis, Leo G., 2, 11, 14

Depression, Great, xii, 128, 130, 133–35, 155, 206–8

Devil’s Lake, x, 216

diversions, 208

Doctrine of Usefulness, ix, 57, 216

Dome Petroleum, 196

Dominion Water Powers Act, 131

Drumheller, Alberta, 93

Drury, Victor M., 43, 49, 67, 69–70, 92

Duncan, Fraser, 170, 175–76, 179

Dunn, T.E., 171–72

E

Eau Claire Lumber Company, 7–8, 9 (photo)

Economic Affairs, Department of, 157

Edison, Thomas, 2

Edmonton, Alberta, 73, 74, 77, 79, 93, 106, 111, 124, 126, 150, 157, 163, 186, 188, 193, 197, 203–4, 206

Elbow River, 30–31

elections

1925, 98

1926, 105–6

electricity demand, x, xxi, 6

uses, xi, 7

Engineering Branch, 134–37

Engineering Institute of Canada, 134

Evenden, Matthew, xviii

Exshaw, Alberta, 26

F

Farmers’ Union, 163

federal politics, 97–116, 119, 129, 134–35, 159, 172

fire, xiv

fish, 78, 110, 144, 208, 216, 218–20

Fleetham, T.I., 20

Fleming, Sir Sanford, 26

Fording Coal, 196

fur trade, 10

G

Gaby, Fred, 81

Gaherty, Geoffrey A., xi, 64, 123

career, 75–77

Lake Minnewanka storage, 77, 123, 125, 128, 130, 134, 135–38, 149–50, 167, 169–70, 173–75, 180, 185 (photo), 186–8

Spray diversion, 74, 75–77,102, 108, 120, 122

thermal power, 186–87

Ghost Falls, 121

Ghost Lake Summer Village, 199

Ghost River, xvii, 121–23, 129, 130

diversion, 63

Ghost River dam, 123 (photo), 131, 167, 184–86, 199, 201, 208

Gibson, R.A., 134–35, 138–39, 149, 169, 173–75, 177, 178

Glacier National Park, 115

Goat Creek, 171–79

green energy, 221

Greenfield, Premier Herbert, 80, 92–94

Grunsky, H.W., 64–65

H

Harkin, J.B.

Minnewanka storage, 58, 62, 65–68

National Parks Act, 114–15

park policy, 56–57

Spray Lakes storage, 78, 81–84, 83 (photo), 86, 88–89, 96, 98, 102–5, 107, 110–11, 120, 127–29, 130, 134, 169

health resort, ix

Health, Department of, 194

Hendry, M.C., 54

Henry, R.A.C., 138

Highvale Mine, 190, 195

Highwood River, 199

Hoadley, George, 93

Hogg, T.H., 130, 146, 149

Holt, Herbert S., 28, 39

Hoover Dam, xi

Horseshoe Falls, 11, 18, 22, 28–29 (photo), 32 (photo), 35, 37, 39, 44, 51, 53–54, 72, 77, 103, 121, 167, 184, 187, 208

hot springs, ix, xv, 12

hotels, x

Howard, W.A., 194

Howe, C.D., xii, 133, 135, 138, 139, 145, 154, 170–71

hydroelectric power, 2, 3–6 (charts), 51, 138, 183, 188, 198, 203, 205, 207, 219

I

ice, 185, 201, 214

Indian Act, 18, 40

Indian Affairs, Department of, xvii, 19, 41, 43, 47, 215

Indian Days Festival, 14

Interior, Department of, 18–22, 34, 41, 53–54, 61–62, 67, 73–74, 91, 94, 107, 114, 129, 134, 192

Interlakes plant, 185

irrigation, 199–200, 219, 220

J

Jasper National Park, 115

Jennings, Neil, 200

Jennings, P.J., 136

Johnston, J.T., 65–66, 79–80, 102–3, 110, 130, 134

Justice, Department of, 145

K

Kananaskis Falls and power station, 11, 19, 30, 36–37 (photos), 45–46 (photos), 51, 54, 68, 72, 77, 103, 167, 184, 198, 205, 208

Kananaskis Lakes, 184, 192, 217

Kananaskis River, 136, 167

Keenleyside, H.L., 168–69

Killam, Isaac Walton, 60, 61, 71, 75, 99, 100–101, 105–6, 108, 112, 123, 125–26, 128, 149, 158, 164

King, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie, xi, 97–100, 105, 113, 114, 117

L

land sales, 20–21, 41–50

Land, Parks and Forest Branch, 166

Lands Branch, 21, 22

Laurier, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid, 40

Lethbridge, Alberta, 189

log drive, 71

Lougheed, Peter, 206

M

Macdonald, Prime Minister Sir John A., 12

Mackenzie King, see King

MacKinnon, J.A., 153, 170, 172–73, 175, 176–77, 179

Macphail, Dr. Andrew, 38

Manitoba Power Commission, 157–58, 161

Manning, Premier Ernest C., xi, 155–56, 157–58 (photo), 159–60, 162–63, 168, 172, 206

maps, vi, 116, 173

Mark, John, 20, 22 (photo)

Master Agreement, Alberta Saskatchewan, 221

McDougall, Reverend John, 19

McLean, George, 20, 49

McLean, J.D., 43, 46

Medicine Hat, Alberta,103

Meighen, Arthur, 93, 98, 105

Melosi, Martin, xvii

Midwest Utilities, 126

Milner, H.R., 160, 162

Mines and Resources, Department of, 134–35, 138, 153–54, 159, 166, 174–75

Minnewanka, Lake, x

Ghost River diversion, 192, 208

park power station, 69 (photo)

storage 1912, 54–55 (photos), 56–58, 59 (photos)

storage negotiations 1920’s, 61–78, 82, 95, 103, 119, 127–31

streamflow, 209, 216

water levels, 152–54, 165–67, 176–80, 193, 201, 217

WWII dam, 133–37, 139–42, 143 (photo), 144–46, 148–49, 150 (photo)

Mitchell, C.H., 38–39, 54

Mitchell, Walter, 68

Monopoly’s Moment, xvii

Montreal Engineering Company, 61, 76

mountain river, viii, 7, 10, 15, 16

Muir, John, xv

Munitions and Supply, Department of, 215

Murphy, Thomas G., 129, 130

N

Nakoda (formerly Stoney) Indians, xii, 11, 14–15, 18–19, 146

and Bow River, 10

and Horseshoe Falls, 18–22

and Kananaskis Falls, 36–50

narrative, xvii, 221–22

National Council of Women, 109

National Parks Act (1930), 98–99, 109, 114–15, 119, 121, 124, 127, 131, 142, 145–46, 165, 172, 177

National Parks Association of the United States, 176

National Research Council, 152

natural resources transfer, 97–116, 119, 166

nature, attitudes towards, xiii, xv

nature preservation, xi, xii

Nature’s Metropolis, xvii

Nesbitt, A.J., 75

Niagara Falls, 3, 4

North Saskatchewan River, 194–95, 200, 204

North West Irrigation Act, 18

North West Mounted Police, 7, 11, 43

Northern Pacific Railroad, 12

O

Oldman River, 11

Oliver, Frank, 18–19, 40–41

Ontario Hydro Electric Commission, xi, 61, 73, 81, 92, 124, 126, 157, 160, 206

OPEC, 193

organic machine, 209

Ottawa Valley Power Company, 158

P

Page, Bob, xviii

Pan Canadian Petroleum, 196

park policy, ix, xiv, 12–14, 56–57, 67, 70–71, 78–82, 87–89, 97–99, 103–4, 109, 110–11, 130, 142–43, 169, 171–72, 175–76, 215–16, 222–23

parks lobby, x

Parks Branch, x

Lake Minnewanka, 1912 storage, 56, 58, 60, 62–63

Lake Minnewanka, 1920’s storage, 65–74, 77–84, 88, 91–96, 119, 127–28, 136, 193

Lake Minnewanka water levels, 152–53, 166, 168, 177–81

park boundaries, 97, 102, 107–8, 110, 112, 114, 117

power station, 69 (photo), 216

Spray Lakes, 1920’s, 120, 121, 127, 137

Spray Lakes, 1950’s, 169–70, 174, 176–77

WWII storage, 137–42, 144–49, 151–52

path dependence, vii, 7, 205

defined, viii–ix, xvii

Pearce, William, 18, 91

Pedley, Frank, 44

Pittfield, Ward, 60

plebiscite 1948, 162, 168

Pocaterra power station, 208

policy hardening, vii

defined, x, xi

pollution control, 186, 194, 198

Power Commission Act, 192

power contracts, City of Calgary, 17, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 44, 46, 57, 60, 68, 71, 78, 102, 105, 121–22, 125, 187, 189

power shortages, 19, 68–69, 78–80, 95, 101, 103, 105–7, 110–11, 113, 116, 121, 123, 145, 150, 161–64, 165–69, 172, 176, 179, 181, 185

Progressive Party, 98–99, 105

public ownership, 73, 93, 124–27, 155–64, 168, 189, 191, 206–7

Q

Quebec, 99

QWERTY, viii

R

Radnor, Alberta, 26–27, 38, 121, 131

ranching, 10–11

rates, electricity, 192–93, 195

Red Deer, Alberta, 93, 103–4, 189, 198

Reid, Ken, 161–62

resources, transfer, 97–116, 193

riparian rights, 19–22

River Returns, The, xvii, xviii

Roche, Dr. W.J., 44

Rocky Mountains National Park, xvi, 12–13, 28, 36, 40, 52, 56, 62, 66–67, 70–72, 73–74, 79, 82, 84, 91, 94, 95

boundaries and Spray Lakes development, 97–116

See also Banff National Park and Lake Minnewanka

Royal Securities Corporation, 23, 24, 27, 60, 76, 123

Rundle, power station, 184–85, 208

rural electrification, 124, 156–63

S

Saskatchewan River, 104

Scott, Duncan, 46, 48–50

second nature, xvii, 212–13

Shawinigan, 3–4

Sheerness coalfield, 197

Sibbald, A.S., 89

Smart, James, 149, 151–52

Smith, C.B., 23, 25–28, 30, 52–53

Social Credit, 155–56, 157, 159, 160, 191, 206

South Saskatchewan River, 11

South Saskatchewan River Basin Planning Board, 198

South Saskatchewan River Basin Study, 220

South Saskatchewan Water Basin Council, 220

Spray Lakes, xvii, 74, 185, 193, 204

in Alberta resources transfer negotiation, 97–117

park boundaries, 119, 120, 143, 153

storage debate 1920’s, 74–78, 80–84, 88–96, 119–31

storage 1950’s, 165–73 (map), 174–81, 184–85, 200, 208, 217

WWII, 134, 136, 137, 140, 142

Spray Lakes power stations, 184–85, 187, 193, 200

Spray River, 120–22, 122 (photo), 166, 168–69, 172, 174, 176–77, 179, 217, 218

Stairs, Denis, 76

Stairs, John F., 24, 60, 75–76

state, the, 215

Stevens, H.H., 92–93

Stewart, Charles, Minister of the Interior, 65–68, 70, 74, 77, 80–81, 91, 93–94, 97–100, 105–8, 108 (photo), 109, 111–16, 120, 122–23, 128–29, 166

Stoney Indians. See Nakoda

Stoney Plain Fish and Game Association, 198

storage, hydroelectric, vii, x, xvi, 52–72, 208, 215, 216, 218

See also Minnewanka and Spray Lakes

street railway, 17, 25

Stronach, R.S., 86

Sundance power station, 190–91, 193, 195

Swampy, James, 20, 22 (photo)

Symington, H.J., 135, 138

T

Tarr, Joel, xvii

Tennessee Valley Authority, xi

Tesla, Nicola, 2

Thermal electricity, 136–37, 173, 183–201, 204–5, 208, 221

Thompson, G.H., 187

Thompson, Stanley, 146

Three Sisters power station, 208

Toronto Field Naturalists, 91

tourism, 12–13, 56, 63, 70, 78, 83, 104, 116, 139, 216

TransAlta Resources Company, 196

TransAlta Utilities Corporation, xviii, 196–200, 219, 220–21

transmission lines, 68

Treaty 7, 21

Turner Valley, 107, 136, 143

U

United Farmers of Alberta, 81, 92, 97, 113, 124, 126–27

use and enjoyment, 223

V

Van Horne, William, 12

W

Wabamun Lake power station, 186–89, 190 (photo), 191, 193–96

Waddy, J.W., 43, 47, 49

Walker, J. Selby, 90, 106–7, 112, 142–43, 146–47 (photo), 148, 176

walking tours, 85–86

War Measures Act, 135, 145

Wardle, J.M., 134–35, 137

washout, 179–80

Water Power Branch

Horseshoe Falls negotiations, 22, 41, 48, 60, 61

Lake Minnewanka storage, 62, 64–68, 70, 74, 79

Spray Lakes storage, 98, 102–4, 110–11, 121, 130

waterpower, defined, xv–xvi

development of 1–3

on the Bow, 3, 6, 11, 16

water rental, 21, 23

Webster, George, 81, 101, 108

weeds, 194–95

Wesley, Chief Peter, 20, 22 (photo)

Western Canada Coal Operators Association, 90–91

Western Canada Power Company, 25, 76

Wheeler, Arthur O., 83–88, 85 (photo), 90

White, Arthur V., 3, 11, 14

White, Richard, xvii, 209

wild rivers, 221

wilderness, debated, xiii–xv

Wildman, Dan, 49

wind power, 221

Wood, E.R., 26

woodpeckers, 152

World War I, 61, 65, 74, 76

World War II, 6, 133–55, 159, 207–8

Worster, Donald, xvii

Y

Yellowstone Park, 12

Yoho National Park, 115

Young Man, Chief Jonas Two, 20, 22 (photo)

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