Index
Note to reader:
Names using the definite article al are indexed under the subsequent letter in the term, e.g. al Qaeda appears under Q, not A.
t denotes an in-text table.
Able Archer (1983), 55
Abu Ali Express (blogger), 174
Abu Ibrahim. See al Qaisi, Zuhir
action, pre-emptive, 25, 50, 57, 106, 108, 155, 202, 253, 255-57, 259, 337, 340. See also information environment
active measures, 3, 12, 85, 163, 165-66. See also KGB; Russia, information operations of
Agardh-Twetman, Henrik, 72
Ahrar al Sham, 279
Alaska, 51
Aleppo, 281
Almog, Doron, 153
al Aloul, Ibrahim, 146
alternative narratives, 73, 296, 345
American Psychological Association, 275
Amidror, Yaakov, 155-56
anocracy, 33
Antalya, 283
Antifa, 287-88
anxiety, 30, 169, 237, 239, 245, 247-51, 259-61, 288, 332; anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory, 250; economy and, 271; public health and, 271
Armstrong, Michael, 158
artificial intelligence, 27, 167, 199
Aryan Nations, 288
Aryan Resistance Movement, 289
ASEAN. See Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), 226
asymmetric warfare, 68, 172, 194, 219
attacks, kinetic, 41-42, 164, 175, 197, 302. See also attacks, non-kinetic
attacks, non-kinetic, 86, 197, 302, 333
attitude measurement, 305-321, 322nn1–3, 344; affect-misattribution procedure (AMP), 314-15, 317, 321; direct/explicit measures, 305; error choice technique (EC), 309-10, 317, 321; evaluative priming (EP), 312-14, 317; implicit association task (IAT), 311-15, 317; indirect/implicit measures, 304, 306-311, 316-20; lost e-mail technique (LET), 307-308; lost letter technique (LLT), 307-309, 319-20; standardized behavioural assessment, 309, 320
Austin, Lloyd, 24-25
Australia, 128, 173, 177, 213, 215, 229, 277
al Awlaki, Anwar, 279
al Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 294
Balkans, wars in (1990s), 53
ballistic missile defences (BMD), 56; NATO-Russia collaboration and, 56-57
Baltic, the, 87, 89, 92, 94, 203
Batyuk, Vladimir, 42
BBC. See British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
belonging, need for, 237, 239-41, 244-46, 248, 250, 253, 259-61, 285, 293, 296, 298, 332. See also tribes/tribalism
Bensouda, Fatou, 154
Berlin, 45; Berlin Wall, fall of, 327
Biden, Joe, 156. See also United States
Bing, 133
Black Lives Matter, 260
Blair, Bruce, 49
Blood and Honour, 294
Bloomberg, 127
BMD. See ballistic missile defences (BMD)
Bolton, John, 170
booby traps, 149-52. See also Hamas
border walls, 249
Bosnia, 53
bots, bot networks, 90, 97-100, 102, 192. See also propaganda; Twitter
Brazil, 213
Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narrative Project, 296
Brennan, John, 105
Brinkel, Theo, 72-75
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 135, 342
Brooker, Guy, 171
Bucharest,291
Bulgaria, 342
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 8
Bystrov, Mikhail, 99
Cambridge University Press, 130. See also China, information warfare of
Canada, 1, 5, 71, 81-82, 213, 215, 229, 268, 277, 283, 285, 287, 291, 304, 311-14, 328; Atlantic Canada, 295; China, threat from, 226; conspiracy theories in, 8; cyber capabilities of, 226-27; cyberspace, position in, 225; cyber threats to, 225-28; far right in, 269-71, 284-92, 294-95, 297-98; far right in rural areas, 295; functional engagement, candidate for, 227-28; functional principle, use of, 224-25, 227; internationalism of, 226; Iran, threat from, 226; ISIS, members of and, 278-84, 296-97; jihadis and, 267-69, 270, 273, 278-84, 293, 297; multilateral groups, participation in, 226; North Korea, threat from, 226; racism in, 8; Russia, threat from, 226; Sikhs in, 7; terror list of, 294; Toronto, 18, 267-68, 279; values of, 106; violent extremism in, 201, 267-68, 271, 273, 279, 284, 295, 297; white supremacists in, 269, 273, 284-92. See also Canada, Government of; Canadian Armed Forces (CAF); Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS); COVID-19; disinformation, Canada and; foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs); middle powers
Canada, Government of, 9, 106; Anti-Terrorism Act, 294; Bill C-11 and, 9; Bill C-59 (An Act Respecting National Security Matters) and, 227; Consumer Privacy Protection Act, 9; Critical Elections Incident Public Protocol, 200; defence policy of (2017, Strong, Secure, Engaged), 227; Elections Modernization Act (2019), 199; narrative strategy of, 106; National Cyber Threat Assessment (2020), 226; National Security Act (2017), 203; Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal Act, 9. See also Canadian Indo-Pacific Strategy; Digital Charter (Canadian Federal government policy)
Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, 328-29
Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), 9, 106, 226; disinformation, response to, 10-11; EFP in Latvia and, 10, 201; influence operations and, 301, 303-304, 315, 319, 321. See also radicalization
Canadian Incidents Database, 267
Canadian Indo-Pacific Strategy, 15
Canadian Liberty Net, 288-89
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), 6, 9, 199, 226, 294; CSIS Public Report 2020, 6-7
Capitol riot (January 2021), 5, 247, 271-72, 294; conspiracy theories and, 272; role of disinformation in, 5
Caucasus, 280
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
censorship, 31t, 33-34, 91, 97, 120, 128-29, 132, 172, 177, 330, 345n2. See also China, People’s Republic of; Israel; Russia
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 105
C4ISR. See command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR)
China Daily, 133
China, information warfare of, 120, 131-34, 171, 217; academia and, 127-28; Cambridge University Press and, 130-31; categories of, 120; Central Propaganda Department (CPD) of, 126–27; definitions of, 123; “informationalization”, 120-25, 330; information operations, 120-21; cyber warfare, 120, 124; computer network operations, 120, 127; electronic warfare, 120, 124; foreign media/video game companies, purchases of, 130; hacking and, 129–30; intellectual property theft and, 122, 217; international audiences, messaging for, 130, 133; journalists, use of, 126; legal warfare, 120; media (tv/radio), use of, 121, 126; non-official media and, 126; proxies, use of, 126; psychological operations, 120; Russia, cooperation with, 135–36; space-based operations, 120, 124; state media and, 126. See also China Daily; COVID-19, Chinese disinformation about; Global Times; People’s Liberation Army (PLA); propaganda; social media; WeChat; Weibo
China, People’s Republic of, 1, 7, 9, 24-25, 40-41, 48, 57, 122, 200, 211-12, 216, 220, 226, 229, 302, 329-30, 343, 349-50; anti-Asian hysteria and, 8; Canadian official view of, 15; censorship in, 33-34, 120, 128-29, 132, 330, 345n2; Central Military Commission of, 123; corruption in, 125; COVID-19, exploitation of, 136; Djibouti, base in, 125; foreign media organizations/journalists, treatment of, 127; “Golden Shield” (firewall) of, 129, 340; “Great Firewall of China” (firewall), of 330, 345n2; “Historic Missions for the New Phase of the New Century” (2004), 123; independent media, elimination of, 128; India, relationship with, 52; Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of, 124; National Strategy for Informationalization Development for 2006 to 2020 (2005), 123; Seventeenth Party Congress of, 124; Sixteenth Party Congress of, 123; society, weaponization of, 125-26; Tenth Five-Year Plan of (2001–2005), 123; war as constant, view of, 41, 330. See also China, information warfare of; Chinese Communist Party (CCP); COVID-19, Chinese disinformation about; hacks, hacking; People’s Daily; People’s Liberation Army (PLA); Shanghai Cooperation Organisation; Taiwan; Ukraine
China Quarterly, 130-31
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 121, 330; information, perception of, 122
Church of the Creator, 291
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Citizen Lab (University of Toronto), 7
Clinton, Bill, 345n2
Clinton, Hillary, 86-87, 98, 101-105; QAnon and, 272. See also hacks, hacking; Russia, information operations of
Cohen, Eli, 173
Cold War, 1, 11-12, 39-42, 44-46, 48-49, 51-52, 57, 63-64, 75, 176, 194, 224, 243, 330, 334, 340; general deterrence and, 40, 52, 67; inevitability of war, belief in, 47; peace/war boundary and, 41; SIOP and, 49. See also cyber weapons; deterrence, nuclear; propaganda
command and control systems, civil-military, 50
command, control, and communications, 49, 54, 56. See also command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR); nuclear command, control, and communication (NC3)
command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) 41, 337. See also United States; weapons, nuclear
Commonwealth, The, 226
Communications Security Establishment (CSE), 9, 199; defensive cyber operations of, 202; offensive cyber operations of, 227
communications, strategic, 10, 83-84, 105-108, 195, 201, 339-41
compellence, 63, 66-68, 196, 204
conflict termination, 56
conspiracy theories, 4, 8, 87, 103, 133-34, 271-72, 332. See also Canada; Capitol riot (January 2021); jihadis; QAnon; white supremacists
Council of Europe, 216
Council on Foreign Relations, 211
counter-intelligence, 84
counter-narratives, 7, 17, 107, 197, 201, 275, 296, 339. See also alternative narratives
counter-radicalization, 17
counterterrorism 67-68, 73, 175, 243, 267, 273, 292, 297, 334. See also social media
COVID-19 1, 7-8, 31, 175, 248, 250, 260, 271-72, 274; anti-Asian feelings and, 271; bioweapon origins and, 169, 272; Canadian political establishment and COVID-19, 272; disinformation about, 5-6, 8-10, 131-35, 168, 193, 272, 328; fraud, financial losses caused by, 328-29; hate crimes and, 271; as “infodemic”, 169; origins of, 1, 6, 8; Trump administration and, 119; US origin, rumours about, 132-33; vaccines against, 5, 170; Wuhan Seafood Market and, 132. See also COVID-19, Chinese disinformation about; Department of National Defence (DND); radicalization; Russia
COVID-19, Chinese disinformation about: attacks on credibility of other countries, 131; Canada, attacks on, 133; censorship and, 132; evolution of, 134-36; deaths, disinformation about, 136; foreign diplomats, role of, 132; Foreign Ministry, role of, 132; Fort Detrick, rumours about, 133; image of China as proactive and, 131-36; international audiences, messaging for, 132-33, 135; as largest global contributor to COVID disinformation, 119, 131; messaging, volume of, 134; nature of virus, rumours about, 132; news of outbreaks, suppression of, 131-32; role of officials in, 131; Russia, cooperation with, 135; United States, attacks on, 132-35; vaccine safety, attacks on, 5, 119, 132; viral origins, disinformation about, 6, 8, 14, 131-34; West, attacks on, 132-35; western social media content and, 132-36; Wuhan and, 132-33
CPI. See Harvard Belfer Center Cyber Power Index (CPI)
crisis management, 44-51, 335; communication, disruption of, 48-49; cyber-attacks, effect of, 48-52; disinformation during, 49-50, 54; messaging and, 45; nuclear crisis management, 39-40, 44, 49-52, 54, 335-37; signalling and, 44; time pressures and, 45-47, 49-50
Cruz, Ted, 98
Cryptic Studios, 130
CSE. See Communications Security Establishment (CSE)
CSIS. See Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)
Cuba, 46, 50. See also Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis, 12, 14, 46, 50-51
cyber-attacks, 25, 32, 46, 54, 86, 167, 169, 174, 180, 193, 203, 321, 338; attacks from cyber, 30, 31t; attacks in cyber, 29-30, 31t; attacks on cyber, 28-29, 31t, 32, 175, 342; attacks via cyber, 30-31, 31t, 33; attributes of, 43t; data attacks, 29-30; effects/impact of, 25-26, 28-34; falsely detected attacks and, 46; infrastructure attacks, 28-29, 55; Internet, attacks on, 30; NC3, attacks on, 40-42, 44, 46-50, 54, 57; obfuscation during, 28, 49-51; psychological effects of, 51; range of, 43; typology of, 28-31, 31t, 43t; undetected attacks and, 46; vulnerabilities to, 172. See also crisis management; disinformation, Canada and; hacks, hacking; Russia, information operations of; TV5 Monde, cyber-attack on; Ukraine; weapons, nuclear
cyber-bullying, 332
cyber defence, 195, 199-200, 223, 226, 343
cyber espionage, 29, 71, 211, 217, 223-24, 227
cyber-nuclear relationship, 40-43, 43t, 46-50, 333. See also crisis management
cyber operations, 32, 42, 54, 165, 197, 211, 213, 216-23, 226-29, 331, 337; defensive, 202, 227; offensive/aggressive, 32, 42, 202, 222, 226-27
cyber persistence, 213, 218-19; functional engagement and, 223-24, 229; interconnectedness and, 219; persistent engagement and, 223, 229, 343; theory of, 223, 228-29. See also cyberspace; middle powers; United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)
cyber reconnaissance, 124
cyber resilience, 165, 343; defined, 165, 180
cyber security, 23, 25, 30, 96, 180, 216; approaches towards, 25, 32; cyber hygiene and, 32-33; deception and, 40, 42; D5 and, 40; liberal states and, 216. See also cyber-nuclear relationship; information security
cyber sovereignty, 216
cyberspace, 26-28, 31, 57, 197, 216-22, 225-29, 243, 329; ambiguous/multidimensional nature of, 27-28; deterrence, practicality of in, 32; environment of, 211; illiberal ideas of, 220; international law and, 216-17; operational domains, impact on, 211; persistent engagement, strategy of, 197, 213, 221-22; stability/instability of, 216, 220, 225, 227-29; tacit bargaining and, 218-21, 223-24, 229. See also Canada; norms, cyber; United States; United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)
cyber-stalking, 332
cyber verification, 42
cyber warfare, 44, 48, 84, 120, 125, 168. See also China, information warfare of; Hamas; cyber-attacks
cyber weapons, 41; arms control and, 42-43; Cold War era and, 42, 50; D5 abilities and, 41
DDOS. See distributed denial of service attacks (DDOS)
deception, deception campaigns, 40-42, 84, 120, 154, 167, 172, 176, 189, 321
Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), 2, 11
degrade, deny, disrupt, destroy, deceive (D5), 41, 47, 49. See also cyber security; cyber weapons; nuclear command, control, and communication (NC3)
democracy, 5, 33, 72, 191, 241, 301-302; efforts to undermine, 6, 8, 31, 72, 81-82, 105, 164, 193; promotion/defence of, 106-108; values of, 6, 83, 106, 296. See also polarization/division; tribes/tribalism
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, 87, 96. See also hacks, hacking
democratic deterrence (concept), 204
Democratic National Convention, 87. See also hacks, hacking
Democratic Party (US), 96, 102
democratic suasion (concept), 191, 204-205
Department of National Defence (DND), 1-2, 9, 11, 106, 199, 201; COVID-19 pandemic and, 9-10; disinformation, response to, 9-11; Public Affairs office of, 9. See also Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)
Department of Public Safety (Canada), 199, 201
de-programming, 292
de-radicalization, 12, 75, 286, 290. See also counter-narratives; de-programming; disengagement
deterrence: capabilities for, 23, 26, 32, 257, 341-42; civil, 197; classical ideas about, 11-12; communication, importance of, 23, 333, 335-36; cost-benefit analysis and, 24-26, 66, 196-97; credibility, importance of, 23, 32, 333, 336; defined, 164, 190; denunciation, as form of deterrence, 72; economic, 197-98, 203; evolution of, 63-65, 190; fear, role of, 11; function of, 23; illusion of, 197; information and, 40, 197; information operations and, 40, 58; integrated deterrence, policy of, 24-25; kinetic, 144, 197; as means to counter disinformation, 3, 11, 13, 32, 329; non-kinetic, 68, 197; normative costs and, 202, 204; norms and, 70-71, 197, 202, 334-35; passive measures and, 12; perceived risk and, 39, 333; political, 153-54, 197, 203; psychology of, 26-27, 63, 197, 334-35; punctuated/cumulative nature of, 198; retaliation, reliance on, 32; scholarship of, 63-69, 73, 243; theory-to-policy transition of, 75. See also identities; terrorism; tribes/tribalism; trust. See also individual categories of deterrence
deterrence by counter-narrative, 197
deterrence by de-legitimization, 13-14, 65-66, 68-75, 197, 202, 334, 345; different views of, in scholarship, 73-75
deterrence by denial, 12, 15, 33, 57, 68-69, 73-75, 190, 195-96, 200-201, 204, 243, 254-57, 273, 295-98, 333, 338, 340, 344; strategic, 195; technical, 195. See also resilience; tribes/tribalism
deterrence by entanglement, 197, 202
deterrence by punishment. See deterrence by retaliation
deterrence by retaliation, 12-13, 33, 57, 67-69, 73, 190, 196, 202, 243, 254, 257-58, 335. See also tribes/tribalism
deterrence, nuclear, 11-12, 14, 24, 39, 41, 43t, 44, 54, 57, 144, 165; US attacks on Japan (1945), influence of, 24
deterrence theory, 63-68, 73-75, 190, 193-98, 243, 254, 332, 334; waves of, 63-66, 68, 194; first wave, 63, 65; second wave, 63, 65; third wave, 63-64; fourth wave, 64-65, 73, 194, 252-53; fifth wave, 65, 68, 73, 194
D5. See degrade, deny, disrupt, destroy, deceive (D5)
dictators, dictatorships, 121, 241, 272
Digital Charter (Canadian Federal government policy), 9
Digital Citizen Initiative (awareness campaign), 8
digital footprints, 319
disengagement, 286, 289-90, 297
disinformation, Canada and: academic research on, 6; costs, imposition of, 201-203; cyber-attacks, capability of, 203; education/awareness and, 200; foreign retaliation and, 15; international cooperation and, 199-200, 202; monitoring and, 201; normative costs and, 202, 204; policy on, 14-15, 329; public information about, 6-7, 15; quarantine concentration camps, disinformation about, 7; resilience and, 199-202, 340, 343; responses to, 191, 198-205; scope of, 7-8; securitization of disinformation and, 201; societal resilience and, 200. See also Communications Security Establishment (CSE); social media
disinformation (general): asymmetry and, 16, 168, 172, 174, 217, 219; computational propaganda and 4; critical thinking and, 173, 175, 195, 339; cyber domain/realm and, 26-28; definitions of, 2-6, 87, 191-93; education and, 2, 195, 338-39, 344-45; far right and, 5, 8; global nature of, 179; harm caused by, 1; laundering of, 193-94; rumours and, 3; terrorists/disinformers, similarities and differences between, 13-14; trolls and, 90. See also disinformation, Canada and; misinformation
disinformation, Internet and, 1, 3-4, 7, 31, 54, 92-95, 167. See also social media
disinformation, strategic, 54, 189-90, 193-99, 202-204, 343
distributed denial of service attacks (DDOS), 86
DND. See Department of National Defence (DND)
doxing, 286-88
DRDC. See Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)
elections and election interference, 1, 31, 93-94, 224, 228, 238, 328; Canadian election (2019), 6, 8, 200; European elections (2017), 81; French election (2019), 86; Israel and, 171; North Carolina, problems in (2016), 95; Russian election (2012), 96; US Presidential election (2016), 6, 81-82, 87, 90, 93-105; vote tampering and, 94-95; voter fraud and, 101; voter suppression and, 101-102. See also Elections Canada; hacks, hacking; Internet Research Agency (IRA); Russia, information operations of; social media; United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)
Elections Canada, 199
electronic warfare (EW), 55, 84, 120, 124
Empire, Roman, 349
Epic Games, 130
escalation, 39-40, 44-45, 52-53, 56, 72, 144, 147, 218, 220, 222, 228, 246, 338, 345; escalation control, 52, 56; nuclear, 243. See also cyber escalation; de-escalation
Escape Hate Counter Narrative Project, 296
espionage, 26, 28; commercial, 226; economic, 217. See also cyber espionage
Estonia, 94, 176. See also Russia
European Council on Foreign Relations, 153
European Parliament, 153
European Union, 5, 107, 152-53, 196, 200, 217, 277; General Court of, 153; Hamas and, 153. See also Council of Europe
EW. See electronic warfare (EW)
extremism, 201, 267-68, 271, 273, 279, 282, 284, 292-95, 297-98, 332; countering, 273, 284, 292, 295-96, 298; far right, 82, 200, 243, 269-70, 273, 288, 294-95; jihadis/Islamists, 243, 273, 282, 293, 297; online content and, 271-72, 292, 296; recruitment into, 271, 273, 292-93, 295-96, 298; social media, 271; white supremacist, 270, 273, 294-95, 297. See also Canada; far right; ISIS (Islamic State); propaganda; terrorism; white supremacists
Facebook, 90, 97-104, 179, 192, 242, 247, 260, 271, 290, 298, 318
fake news, 3, 13, 89-90, 97, 107, 168, 173, 199, 241, 244
false information, 3, 86, 192, 329
far left, 13
far right, 5, 8, 13, 81, 89, 200, 243, 269-73, 275, 284-98; alcohol and, 289-90, 293; music and, 270, 285, 288, 293; underestimation of, 269, 293. See also Canada; Islamophobia; Neo-Nazis; Proud Boys; social media; white supremacists
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 96
Finland, 176
First Lebanon War, 171
Fischerkeller, Michael, 219-20
5G networks, 7, 128; conspiracies about, 170
Floyd, George, 246
Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (US), 55-56
foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs), 268, 293; Canadian FTFs, 268-69, 273, 278-84; motivations of, 268-69, 278-79, 281-82, 284. See also ISIS (Islamic State)
Formosa. See Taiwan
4chan, 271
Freeland, Chrystia, 200
Freeman Centre for Free Communication (Harvard), 169-70
FSB, 43
FTFs. See foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs)
functional engagement. See Canada; cyber persistence; middle powers
functional principle. See Canada; middle powers
Gab, 271
Gates, Bill, 249
Gaza Reconstruction Mechanism (GRM), 150-51
Gaza Strip, 143-44, 147-48, 154, 156-59, 351; anti-tunnel barrier along, 157; Jabalia, 148; Kerem Shalom crossing, 148; Khan Yunis, 148, 157; Rafah, 148; Shati, 148; Sufa crossing, 148; tunnels in, 143, 145-51, 154, 157-58. See also Gaza Reconstruction Mechanism (GRM); Hamas, 7 October 2023 attack of
genocide, 239, 251. See also identicide
George, Alexander L., 47
Georgia, 53, 55, 86, 94. See also Russia
Gerasimov, Valery, 302. See also Russia
Get Cyber Safe (awareness campaign), 8
Giddens, Anthony, 247-49
Gilad Shalit, abduction of, 143, 148-49
Glazebrook, George, 213
Global Affairs Canada, 9-11, 199-200; international partnerships of, 200
globalization, 171, 237, 243, 248, 260, 331
Greatest Story Never Told, The (documentary), 272
GRM. See Gaza Reconstruction Mechanism (GRM)
Group of Governmental Experts, 217
GRU, 95-96. See also hacks, hacking
G7, the, 199, 216, 226; G7 Rapid Response Mechanism 199-200
Guccifer 2.0. See hacks, hacking
gullibility, 5
Haaretz, 175
hacks, hacking, 29, 42-43; Black Shadow (Iran), 174; Cozy Bear (Russia), 96; Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and, 96; Democratic National Committee hack (Hillary Clinton campaign, 2016), 42-43, 86-87, 94-97; French election campaign (Emmanuel Macron, 2019), 86; Guccifer 2.0, 43; Shirbit insurance company, attack on, 174; US Department of Defense and, 96; US Internal Revenue Service and, 95; US Joint Chiefs of Staff and, 95; US Office of Personnel Management and, 129-30; US State Department and, 95; VR Systems, hack of, 95. See also China, information warfare of; Russia, information operations of; spearphishing
Hajin, 280
Halutz, Dan, 153
Hamas, 143-56, 331, 336; air capability of, 145-46, 351; army of, 146; booby traps, use of, 150, 152; civilian casualty figures and, 154-55; cruelty of, 351; cyber warfare and, 175; deterrence of Israel and, 144, 150-58, 336, 351-52; disinformation campaigns of, 144, 152, 155, 336, 351; drones and, 145-46; humanitarian supplies, use of, 151; incendiary attacks of, 145, 148, 151, 156; Iran, links with, 147; Izz ad-Din al Qassam Brigades of, 148; Jerusalem terror attack (2001) and, 148; jihadi groups, rivalry with, 158; Kibbutz Ein Hashlosha, attack on, 149; Kibbutz Erez, attack on, 149; Kibbutz Netiv HaAsara, tunnel at, 149; Kibbutz Nir Am, attack on, 149; Kibbutz Sufa, attack on, 149; kidnappings and, 143, 148-49; Mengistu, Avera, disappearance of, 152; naval forces of, 146-47, 351; Nukhba, elite unit of, 146-47, 154; psychological warfare and, 145, 149, 159; restraint, view of, 155, 159; rocket attacks of, 143, 147, 151, 155-56, 158-59; smuggling and, 148; tunnels of, 143, 145-51, 154, 157-58; warnings to Israel, 143-44. See also European Union; Gaza Strip; Gilad Shalit, abduction of; Hamas, 7 October 2023 attack of; Israel; missiles/rockets; Popular Resistance Committees
Hamas, 7 October 2023 attack of, 351-52; brutality of, 351; ISIS, comparison with, 351
Hammerskins, 290
Harvard Belfer Center Cyber Power Index (CPI), 226-27
Hatay, 279
Heathrow Airport, 153
Hirschmann, Albert, 212
Ho Chi Minh, 13
Holocaust, 285
Huawei, 128
Hungary, 249; Hungarian language, 342
hybrid threats/warfare, 26, 34, 72, 94, 163-65, 182, 194-96, 201, 226; defined, 166-67, 205n1. See also asymmetric warfare; Russia
IAF. See Israeli Air Force (IAF)
ICC. See International Criminal Court (ICC)
ICS/SCADA. See industrial control systems/supervisory control and data acquisition (ICS/SCADA)
Idaho, 288
identicide, 238-39, 241, 251-52, 258, 260; defined 251; as precursor to genocide 251
identities, 69, 192-93, 197, 238-42, 244, 247-54, 258-61, 284, 286, 290, 308-309, 332, 344; autobiographical narratives and, 239, 242, 245-46, 251, 260-61; construction of, 242, 252-53; deterrence and, 253; false/stolen, 99-100; gender, 278; Islamic, 278; loss of, 243; self-identity, 247, 249-50; weaponization of, 239, 241. See also identicide
IDF. See Israel Defence Forces (IDF)
Indochina, 13
industrial control systems/supervisory control and data acquisition (ICS/SCADA), 228
influence operations, 84, 96, 165, 167-68, 172-73, 175, 177-78, 180-81, 301-304, 315, 319, 320-21, 322n1, 334, 338-39. See also Canadian Armed Forces (CAF); social media
information environment, 2, 9, 23, 41, 65, 70-75, 90, 157, 178, 190, 193, 203, 238, 301, 327-45; behavioural norms within, 70-71, 334-35; changes in, 327, 343; geographic boundaries and, 225, 329, 343; pre-emptive actions in, 340
information inoculation, 2, 164-65
information operations, 40, 58, 81-108, 165, 238, 241, 329-30, 339-41; countering, 105-108; definitions of, 192. See also deterrence; Russia, information operations of
information security, 123, 128, 216; illiberal states and, 216
information warfare. See China, information warfare of; information operations; Iran; Israel Defence Forces (IDF); People’s Liberation Army (PLA); Russia, information operations of; social media; Soviet Union
Instagram, 90, 97-98, 100, 246
integrated tactical warning and attack assessment (ITW/AA), 46
intellectual property theft, 122, 217, 228. See also China, information warfare of; cyber espionage; espionage
intelligence, military, 43, 95, 148
International Criminal Court (ICC), 144, 154
international order, 212, 215-18, 220, 225; conflict between liberal/illiberal states over 218, 220
Internet, 1, 3-4, 9, 84, 93, 97, 104-105, 107, 130, 165-67, 176, 178, 181, 228, 238, 240-41, 244, 246, 283, 301-302, 317-19, 321, 329-30, 340-41; attacks on, 28-30; Internet of Things, 30; recruitment and, for terrorism/far right, 270-71, 274, 276-77, 283, 285, 292, 298; sock-puppet websites, 87, 107; tribalism and, 240, 246; usage of, in different countries, 244; Web 2.0, 327. See also disinformation, Internet and; ISIS (Islamic State); radicalization
Internet Research Agency (IRA), 90, 97-105, 221; criminality and, 100; Project Lakhta and, 98-99; Translator Project and, 98; US Presidential election interference (2016) and, 97-105. See also Bystrov, Mikhail; social media; United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)
Iraq, 12, 150, 277, 281, 290, 293, 312; jihadis in, 268, 276, 281; Kurdish autonomous region of, 150; Nineveh Plains of 150; weapons of mass destruction and, 12
Iraq-Iran War, 171
Iran, 1, 9, 147, 155, 164, 200, 211-12, 220, 226, 302, 329; bots, use of, 173; cyber deniability and, 173; deterrence of, by Israel, 164; disinformation campaigns and, 170, 173; influence operations and, 173; information operations of, 170-71; Israel, actions towards, 171, 173; nuclear weapons and, 56; proxies, use of, 164, 173, 331, 351; Stuxnet and, 30; US view of (2018), 170. See also hacks, hacking; Hamas; Hezbollah; propaganda; social media
Iron Curtain, 330
ISIS (Islamic State), 69, 102, 149-50, 158, 164, 168-70, 179, 248, 267-68, 273-84, 293, 297, 351; attacks carried out by former adherents, 268; Caliphate and, 273, 278, 282-83, 293-94, 296; emni (intelligence) of, 268, 282; Internet, role of in recruitment, 274, 276-77; recruitment of foreign members, 268-69, 273-74; resurgence of, 193; torture and, 282; wilaya of, 293; women and, 275-77, 282, 293-94. See also al Baghdadi, Abu Bakr; Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narrative Project; Canada; Hamas, 7 October 2023 attack of; propaganda; radicalization; social media
Islam, 74, 269, 271, 278-79, 281-84, 287, 296-97; converts to, 283; hijrah, 269; shariah law and, 69, 101, 287; Shia Islam, 170; Sunni Islam, 293; takfir ideology, 278, 284. See also identities; Islamophobia; ISIS (Islamic State)
Islamic Jihad, 158
Islamic State. See ISIS (Islamic State)
Islamophobia, 101, 193, 269, 271
Israel, 143-56, 227, 329, 331, 336, 351; arrest of officials, threats of, 153-54; Border Police of, 156; border walls of, 249; censorship and, 172, 177; Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories and, 151; deterrence against Hamas and, 144-45, 151, 159; drones of, 145-46; Emergency Protection Regulations (British Mandate) and, 177; farmers in, 145, 156-57; Iron Dome system of, 145; Kibbutz Ein Hashlosha and, 149; Kibbutz Erez and, 149; Kibbutz Netiv HaAsara and, 149; Kibbutz Nir Am and, 149; Kibbutz Sufa and, 149; Kibbutz Zikim and, 147; LahavOr (Light Blade) system of, 156; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and, 156; Ministry of Defence and, 156; Ministry of Finance and, 156; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 151; National Cyber Security Directorate of, 171, 177-78, 183n1; 916th Division of, 147; Palestinian prisoners, release of, 148; Press Ordinance (British Mandate) and, 177; Prime Minister’s Office of, 171; reputation, attacks on, 152-54; resilience as deterrence, 168, 174, 182; settlement policy of, 154; Shayetet, 13 147. See also anti-Semitism; Iran; Israel Defence Forces (IDF); Israel, operations of
Israel Defence Forces (IDF), 143-44, 147-50, 154-55, 158, 171; information operations and, 171-72, 175; public legitimacy/trust of, 171-72, 177; Spokesperson’s Unit of, 171; training and, 178. See also Israeli Air Force (IAF); Israel, operations of
Israeli Air Force (IAF), 147
Israel, operations of: Cast Lead (2008–2009), 143, 153, 155, 171; Grapes of Wrath (1996), 171; Guardian of the Walls (2021), 143, 154-56, 158; Protective Edge (2014), 143, 147, 150, 154; Pillar of Cloud (2012), 171; Returning Echo (2012), 144
Italy, 53
ITW/AA. See integrated tactical warning and attack assessment (ITW/AA)
Jabhat al Nusra, 280
Jaish al Muhajireen wal Ansar, 280
Jenkins, Brian, 167
Jerusalem, 143, 158-59; East Jerusalem, 154. See also terrorism
jihad, 278-79; digital jihad, 294
jihadis, 267-73, 278-84, 293, 295, 297; conspiracy theories and, 271; criminality and, 270. See also Canada; Iraq; Syria
Jones, Alex, 272
Judaism, 177, 285-86, 288-90. See also anti-Semitism
Kahane, Rabbi, 288
Kenya, 280
KGB, 3, 166, 169. See also FSB
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 170
Kotev, Guy, 177
Kruglanski, Arie, 293
Kuijck, Christina van, 74-75
Kuwait, 283
Laing, R. D., 247
Latvia, 10-11; Canadian embassy in, 10, 201; NATO Enhanced Forward Presence (EFP) in, 10, 201. See also Canadian Armed Forces (CAF); Russia
Levi, Ron, 74
liberalism, 4-5; efforts to undermine, 5, 8, 13; trust in, 5, 164, 172. See also cyber security; cyberspace; democracy; information security; international order; tribes/tribalism; trust
Libicki, Martin, 51
Lithuania, 176
Liu Xiaobo, 129
Live Journal, 90
Livni, Tzipi, 153
logic bombs, 55
Lovatt, Hugh, 153
McGill University 269
McInnes, Gavin, 270
Macron, Emmanuel, 86. See also hacks, hacking
mainstream news media, 7, 92, 103, 237
malware, 86, 91, 95, 221; NotPetya, 217
Marcus Aurelius, 349
Martin, Paul, 272
Mayadeen, 280
Menzies Lyth, Isabel, 249
Mexico, 249
middle powers, 211-13, 220, 223, 229; Canada as middle power, 213, 224-25, 229; characteristics of, 213-16; functional engagement and, 223-24, 229; functional principles and, 224-25; global/international order, place in, 215-16; influence of, 215; list of, 213-14; as low-risk/high-payoff cyber targets, 225, 229; persistent engagement and, 223-24; theoretical perspectives on, 214-15; vulnerabilities of, 223. See also norms, cyber
Minassian, Alek, 270
Mishpacha, 155
misinformation, 3, 39, 87, 163, 174, 176, 191-92, 199-201, 243-44, 272, 328, 339; different from disinformation, 192, 329
missiles/rockets, 14, 41, 46, 48, 55-56, 143, 147, 151, 155-56, 158-59; Grad rockets, 143; Jupiter ballistic missiles, 46; Pershing II ballistic missiles, 55; Qassam rockets, 143. See also submarines, nuclear ballistic
Moonshot CVE, 272
Mordechai, Yoav, 151
Morsi, Mohamed, 157
Mossack Fonseca, 98
Mubarak, Hosni, 157
Munich, 330
Muslim Brotherhood, 143, 157. See also Hamas
mutually assured destruction, 11
Nagasaki, nuclear attack on (1945), 54
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 165, 180
National Socialist Black Metal, 289-90
NATO. See NATO Association of Canada; North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO Association of Canada, 7-8; Centre for Disinformation Studies at, 7
naturalistic decision making (NDM), 337-38; “satisficing” and, 337
Navalny, Aleksei, 97
NC3. See nuclear command, control, and communication (NC3)
NDM. See naturalistic decision making (NDM)
Neo-Nazis, 270, 294. See also Blood and Honour; Combat 18
Netanyahu, Benajmin, 155-56
Netherlands, The, 53, 213, 215, 226, 229
New York Times, 127; Caliphate (podcast), 268
Nigeria, 213
Nord Stream 2 pipeline, 29, 32
norms, behavioural, 70-71, 249. See also deterrence; information environment; norms, cyber
norms, cyber, 205n2, 212-13, 216-21, 223, 226, 228-29; middle powers and, 212, 224, 226, 228-29; multilateral efforts to enforce, 212-13, 216-18, 222-23, 228-29
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 10, 46, 53, 56, 81, 107, 165, 190, 196, 200, 217, 226, 304, 333; doctrine, review of (2010), 54; expansion of, 349; nuclear alliance, characterized as, 54; Tallinn Manual of, 216; threat to Russia, characterized as, 81; See also Able Archer (1983); ballistic missile defences (BMD); Latvia
North Korea, 48, 200, 211, 226, 302, 343
nuclear command, control, and communication (NC3), 40, 42, 57; deception of, 46; D5 effects on, 51; disinformation and, 49, 53, 57-58; trustworthiness of, 48. See also cyber-attacks; Russia; United States
nuclear crisis management. See crisis management
OAS. See Organization of American States (OAS)
Obama, Barack, 42
Olmert, Ehud, 155
ontological security/ontological security theory (OST), 237-38, 241-42, 244, 247-52, 260
open-source intelligence technologies (OSINT), 174-75, 180, 341
Order, The, 288
Organization of American States (OAS), 226
OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE) 226
Osinga, Frans, 65
OSINT. See open-source intelligence technologies (OSINT)
OST. See ontological security/ontological security theory (OST)
Palestine, 249
Palestinian Authority, The, 150-51
Pamment, James, 72
Panama Papers, 98. See also Putin, Vladimir
Paris, 170
Parler, 247
paternalism, 34
patience, strategic, 44
Payne, Keith B., 45
pedophilia, 179
People’s Daily, 132
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 121-23, 128; information warfare training centre of, 123-24; Strategic Support Force (SSF) of, 124
persistent engagement. See cyber persistence; middle powers; United States
Peshmerga, 149
P5 (nuclear establishment), 52
PGS. See prompt global strike (PGS)
PhotoDNA, 179
PLA. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Podesta, John, 87, 96. See also hacks, hacking
Poland, 248; Law and Justice Party in, 248; Polish language, 342
polarization/division, 90, 93, 101, 103, 182, 191, 193, 245, 272
Popular Resistance Committees, 144
populism, 17, 237-38, 242, 245-46, 248, 260
Portland (Oregon), 285
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 283, 286, 290
Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 99; Concord Management and Consulting and, 99; Putin, relationship with, 99. See also Wagner Group
Privy Council, 9
Project Implicit, 316
prompt global strike (PGS), 56. See also United States
propaganda, 24, 26, 33, 87, 89, 91-93, 97, 100, 120-21, 163, 329, 339, 341, 345; bots and, 99-100; Chinese, 8, 120, 122, 126, 130-31, 330; Cold War and, 1; computational, 4; countering, 335, 339-40; extremists and, 269, 292, 295; Iranian, 170; ISIS and, 280-82, 293-94; rehabilitation of term, 339, 345n3; resistance to, 33, 73; Russian, 89, 91-93, 97, 99, 107, 166, 168
Proud Boys, 269-70, 286-88, 294-95
proxies, 4, 6, 24, 66, 85, 89, 91, 126-27, 163-64, 167, 173, 329, 331, 351. See also China, information warfare of; Iran; Russia, information operations of
pseudo-science, 4
Psychological Defence Agency (Sweden), 33
psychological operations (PSYOPS), 84, 120, 145, 149, 159, 301, 303-304, 309. See also attitude measurement; China, information warfare of; Hamas
PSYOPS. See psychological operations (PSYOPS)
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Putin, Vladimir, 42, 81, 83, 96, 98, 101, 105, 349; disinformation, use of, 53, 101; nuclear threats of, 53; Panama Papers and, 98; West, approach to, 81-82. See also Prigozhin, Yevgeny; Russia, information operations of
al Qaeda, 64, 69-70, 74-75, 158, 248, 267, 279, 293; adherents/recruits of, 69-70; violence of, 69, 71
al Qaisi, Zuhir, 144
QAnon, 260, 272; international following of, 272. See also Clinton, Hillary
Quebec, 7
racism, 8, 247, 285, 290-92. See also Canada; white supremacists
radicalization, 64, 68, 75, 268, 270, 297-98, 303, 332; Canadian Armed Forces members and, 290; COVID-19, impact of, 271-72; Internet, role of and, 270-71, 273, 276-93, 296, 298, 344; reciprocal radicalization, 293; Three N model and, 293. See also counter-radicalization; de-radicalization
Radio Free Europe, 330
Radio Liberty, 330
ransomware, 29
RCMP. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
recruitment into extremist groups. See Internet; ISIS (Islamic State); social media; terrorism
Reimer, Ofek, 71
Reporters without Borders, 126
resilience, 5, 11, 31t, 42, 68, 143, 157, 164-65, 168, 174-82, 191, 194-96, 199, 203-205, 335, 338-40, 343-44; defined, 165, 180, 195; deterrence by denial, link with, 72, 190, 195, 333, 338, 340. See also cyber resilience; disinformation, Canada and; Israel; resilience, societal
resilience, societal, 2, 33, 73-74, 195, 200. See also disinformation, Canada and
retaliation, 12-13, 15, 23-24, 26, 32, 52, 56-57, 67, 240, 243, 253, 331; in nuclear conflict, 14, 43t, 52, 56, 67, 328. See also deterrence by retaliation
revenge porn, 179
Reyhanli, 279
Riot Games, 130
risk society, idea of, 249
Romania, 342
Rossiya Segodnya, 92. See also Simonyan, Margarita Simonova
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 9, 199, 201
RT, 89-92, 100, 126. See also Simonyan, Margarita Simonova
Rubio, Marco, 98
Russia, 1, 6-7, 9, 12, 24-25, 34, 40-41, 44, 48, 52, 56-57, 81, 164, 200, 211-12, 216, 220, 226, 229, 329, 349-50; censorship in, 91; disinformation about EFP in Latvia, 10, 201; disinformation about origin of COVID-19, 6-7, 135; disinformation about vaccine safety, 5, 170; Estonia, information attack on (2007), 94; Georgia, war with (2008), 53, 55, 86, 94; Gerasimov Doctrine, use of, 168; hybrid warfare, use of, 94, 168-69; intelligence services of, 6-7; Kremlin and, 97; military doctrine of, 53-54; NC3 networks and, 42; nuclear arsenal of, 41-42, 53; Putin regime of, 81-84, 88, 94, 97-98, 106, 108; security threats to, 81; strategic aims of, 81-82; war as constant, view of, 41, 85, 105, 108, 330; West, approach to, 81-83, 97, 108. See also ballistic missile defences (BMD); FSB; GRU; hacks, hacking; KGB; Putin, Vladimir; Russia, information operations of; Russian Security Council; social media; Soviet Union; terrorist attacks
Russia, information operations of, 81-107, 171, 217, 329-31; academia, influence over, 92; active measures and, 85; black outlets and, 89, 93, 331; bots, use of, 90, 93, 97, 99; China, cooperation with, 135-36; countering, recommended methods of, 105-108; cyber-attacks, use of, 86; different elements of, 84; disinformation, use of, 87, 97-98, 105-107; domestic audiences, messaging for, 91-93, 98; Donald Trump, support for, 98, 101-105, 302; election interference and, 81-82, 86-87, 90, 93-105, 221; emotional responses and, 88-89, 102; ethnic/social communities, targeting of, 101-103; as first element of, engagement with enemy, 84; grey outlets and, 89, 93, 331; hacking and, 86-87, 94-97; Hillary Clinton, attacks on, 98, 101-105; HIV/AIDS, disinformation about, 169; importance of in Russian military planning, 83; influence agents, use of, 91, 93; information-psychological type of, 84; information-technical type of, 84, 86; international audiences, messaging for, 89, 91-93, 97-98; malware, use of, 217; media (tv/radio), use of, 84, 91-93; proxies, use of, 89, 91, 331; reflexive control practices and, 85; trolls and, 85, 90-93, 97-101; truth, manipulation of/attack on, 87-89; West, attacks on and, 83-84, 92, 97-98, 105-108; white outlets and, 89, 93. See also bots, bot networks; Internet Research Agency (IRA); propaganda; Rossiya Segodnya; RT; social media; Sputnik News; Ukraine; VKontakte
Russian Security Council, 42
St Petersburg University, 98
Sanders, Bernie, 98
Saudi Arabia, 279
Sawyer, John, 74
scapegoating, 248-49
Schneier, Bruce, 30
Schugart, Ian, 106
SDF. See Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)
Second Lebanon War, 171
Second World War, 108, 224, 243, 327
Security and Intelligence Threats to Elections (SITE) Task Force, 9, 199; composition of, 9
Serbia, 53
settler colonialism, 239
Shabtai, Yaakov, 156
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 216
Sherif, Muzafer, 245; experiments of, 245-46
Simonyan, Margarita Simonova, 92
single integrated operational plan (SIOP), 49. See also Cold War
SIOP. See single integrated operational plan (SIOP)
situational awareness, 40, 46, 336-38
Six Day War, 155
social media, 3, 6-7, 31, 33, 92, 167, 176, 178-79, 181, 189, 191, 238, 244, 270, 294, 297-98, 301, 316-18, 327, 329, 341, 349; #AlleyesonISIS hashtag and, 169; censorship and, 34, 297-98; Chinese information operations/disinformation campaigns and, 121, 131-36; counterterrorism and, 292; election interference and, 94-95, 97-101; fake accounts and, 97, 99, 173, 181, 339; far right and, 270-71, 297-98; influence operations and, 302; Internet Research Agency (IRA) and, 99-105; Iran and, 170, 173; ISIS, use of 169, 175, 276; personality assessment and, 319; regulation, attempts at, by Canada, 202; recruitment and, for terrorism/far right, 270, 292; Russian information operations/disinformation campaigns and, 7, 31, 84, 86-93, 97-105; super-spreaders and, 175; terrorists, use of, 270, 277; tribes/tribalism and, 246, 260; usage of in Canada, 33; as way to influence foreign audiences, 85. See also COVID-19, Chinese disinformation about; names of individual social media companies
Soros, George, 249
South Africa, 215
South Korea, 213
Soviet Union, 40, 51-52, 55, 84-85, 166, 176, 243, 336, 345n1; demise of, 52; information operations of, 330, 339-40; nuclear arsenal of, 41-42
SPSS data-analysis software, 276
Sputnik News, 89-92
Stanford University, 176
Stein, Janice Gross, 74
Stein, Jill, 102
Stop AAPI Hate, 260
Stormfront, 285
Stuxnet, 30, 57. See also Iran
submarine cables, 29
submarines, nuclear ballistic, 49
Sudan, 280
suicide, 69, 71, 150, 158, 283-84, 287, 294
Sukumar, Arun, 217
Sun Tzu, 163
Sweden, 33, 213. See also Psychological Defence Agency (Sweden)
Switzerland, 277
Syria, 99, 268, 274, 277, 279-81, 296, 351
Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), 279-80, 284, 293-94; Camp al Hol of, 294
tacit bargaining. See cyberspace
Taiwan, 14, 122; as target of Chinese information campaigns, 122; “Voice of the Strait” radio and, 122
Tamimi, Ahlam, 148
terrorism, 16, 64, 68-69, 167, 256, 258, 267; deterrence and, 66-70, 73, 75; leadership decapitation and, 258; recruitment and, 69, 74, 270-77, 282-83, 286, 290, 292-93, 295, 297-98, 302-303. See also Canada; counterterrorism; social media; terrorist attacks; war on terror. See also names of individual terrorist groups
terrorist attacks: Malaysian Airlines Flight, 17 73, 75, 174, 341; Jerusalem (2001), 148; 9/11 12, 64, 267, 297, 327; Toronto van attack (2018), 270
Thailand, 33
Tonga, 29
Toronto, 284, 286-87, 289, 292
toxic masculinity, 286
transparency, 9, 42, 177, 197, 200, 350
treaties and agreements, nuclear: New START, 53, 56; Nunn-Lugar agreement, 42; Russo-American agreement (June 2013), 42
tribes/tribalism, 237-40, 242-46, 249, 290; asymmetry and, 244; belonging and, 237, 239-41, 244-46, 248, 250, 253, 259-61; cross-national structures and, 256; defined, 237, 239, 243; destruction of, 258-59; deterrence and, 252-61; deterrence by denial and, 255-57; deterrence by punishment (retaliation) and, 257-60; digital, 237-38, 242-44, 247, 252-61; engineered, 237, 241-42, 246-47, 250, 261; liberal democracies and, 238; organic, 237, 242, 246, 258, 260; routines/routinization and, 237, 242, 260-61; US political tribalism, 245. See also Internet; social media
Trinidad, 281
Trojan Horses, 55
trolls, trolling, 4, 85, 90-91, 97-98, 100, 244; honeypots, use of, 91; troll farms/factories, 90, 97. See also bots, bot networks; disinformation (general); Russia, information operations of
Trudeau, Justin, 272
Trump, Donald, 98, 101-105, 200, 247-48; impact of, on far right, 269; influence campaigns and, 302. See also COVID-19; Russia, information operations of
trust: 176-77; deterrence and, 350; in liberal government/institutions, 2, 5, 164, 173, 189, 193, 195, 200, 335, 343; undermining of, 164. See also Israel Defence Forces (IDF)
truth: concept of, attacks on, 83-84, 87, 106; defence of, 106, 108, 200; disinformation and, 152, 166, 349; identifying, 89; manipulation, of 87; post-truth era, 3, 167; value of, 167. See also Russia, information operations of
Turkey, 53, 213, 215, 277, 279, 281
TV5 Monde, cyber-attack on, 217
Twitter, 90, 96-102, 104, 133, 136n3, 169, 174, 179, 192, 244, 246-47, 283, 318; bots and 99-100
Ukraine, 1, 10, 92, 168, 341; Chinese support for Russia and, 125, 135; Crimea, annexation of (2014), 94, 97, 125, 168; cyber-attacks on, 168, 217; Russia information operations and, 86, 168; invasion of (2022–), 1, 14, 29, 42, 53, 55-57, 94, 99, 125, 221, 349. See also United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)
UN. See United Nations
United Kingdom, 81, 94, 128, 153, 226-27, 277, 304; Brexit vote of (2016), 81, 248; deterrence, interpretation of, 196. See also United Kingdom Ministry of Defence
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, 24-25, 31
United Nations (UN), 150, 202, 213, 216, 226
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 154
United States, 5, 8, 10-11, 14, 40, 44, 48, 51, 55, 57, 86, 90-91, 94, 165, 169, 173, 177, 217, 226, 228-29, 244, 256, 268, 277, 285, 295, 311-12, 336; Biden administration of, 8; Bush (George W.) administration of, 56; C4ISR systems of, 41; Congress of, 103; cyberspace, effort to gain advantage in, 220-23; Kennedy administration of, 12; military superiority vis-à-vis Russia, 53-54; Muslim travel ban and, 248-49; NC3 system of, 40, 43; nuclear arsenal of, 41-42, 53; Obama administration of, 56; PGS plans and, 56; Second Amendment rights and, 256; threat to Russia, characterized as, 81; White House, 87. See also COVID-19, Chinese disinformation about; Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (US); United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM); United States Department of Defense; United States National Command Authority; United States State Department
United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM), 220-222; Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command: Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority, 221-22; Cyber National Mission Force teams of, 221; elections, defense of, 221; Internet Research Agency, exposure of, 221; persistent engagement, strategy of, 221-22, 229, 343; Ukraine, partnership with, 221
United States Department of Defense, 24, 87, 96, 166; Joint Chiefs of Staff of, 87, 95. See also hacks, hacking
United States Global Engagement Center, 199
United States Information Agency 339-40
United States Internal Revenue Service 95. See also hacks, hacking
United States National Command Authority 49
United States Office of Personnel Management 129-30. See also hacks, hacking
United States State Department, 87, 95. See also hacks, hacking
US Alliance for Securing Democracy, 200
USCYBERCOM. See United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)
U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, 51
Vienna, 45
Vietnam War, 149
Virilio, Paul, 182
VKontakte, 90
Voice of America, 342
Volksfront, 285
VUCA (acronym: volatile, uncertain, chaotic, and ambiguous), 349-50
Wagner Group, 99
Wall Street Journal, 101
Warsaw Pact, 55
Warsaw Summit (2016), 165
Washington Post, The, 135
WeChat, 132
Weibo, 129
West Bank, 154
weapons, nuclear, 24, 34n1, 39-41, 258; air-delivery and, 53; C4ISR and, 41; cyber-attack and, 41; deployment (geographical) of, 53-54; disabling of, by cyber-attack, 48; first strikes and, 39, 42, 52, 55-57; intercontinental, 53; international arsenals and, 41-42; non-strategic, 53; rogue states and, 52; tactical, 53-54; warning systems and, 50. See also Iran; missiles/rockets; treaties and agreements, nuclear
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 12. See also Iraq; weapons, nuclear
WhatsApp, 169
white supremacists, 269-70, 273, 275, 284-92, 294-97; alcohol and, 289-90, 293; conspiracy theories and, 271; emboldened by far right politicians, 294-95; music and, 270, 285, 288, 293; white replacement theory, 290; women and, 291-92. See also Aryan Nations; Canada; Canadian Liberty Net; Church of the Creator; Escape Hate Counter Narrative Project; Hammerskins; Heritage Front; Life After Hate; National Socialist Black Metal; Order, The; Stormfront; Volksfront
Wiggle, Mikael, 204
Williams, Russell, 10
WMDs. See weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
World Health Organization, 8, 132, 134, 136, 169, 176
Wrong, Hume, 224-25
Yaalon, Moshe, 153
YNABers, 260