Notes

Notes to Chapter 1

1. 1 Alexander Butcher, winner of the Orwell Youth Prize 2016, quoted by the Orwell Foundation, https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-youth-prize/2018-youth-prize/previous-winners-youth/2016-winners/if-liberty-means-anything-at-all-it-means-the-right-to-tell-people-what-they-do-not-want-to-hear-alexander-butcher/. By permission of estate of Sonia Brownell Orwell.

2. 2 Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy, 1941–1966 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967).

3. 3 See David Weinstein and Avihu Zakai, Jewish Exiles and European Thought in the Shadow of the Third Reich: Baron, Popper, Strauss, Auerbach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 131–92.

4. 4 See Matthew Continetti, The Right: The Hundred Year War for American Conservatism (New York: Basic Books, 2022), pp. 132–33, 205, 292–93, 301–2.

5. 5 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857).

6. 6 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

7. 7 Reference re meaning of the word “Persons” in s. 24 of British North America Act, [1928] SCR 276.

8. 8 Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987).

9. 9 Defense Casualty Analysis System, “World War II,” https://dcas.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/app/conflictCasualties/ww2.

10. 10 Zbigniew Brzezinski, Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Scribner, 1993).

11. 11 Yana Gorokhovskaia, Adrian Shahbaz, and Amy Slipowitz, “Marking 50 Years in the Struggle for Democracy,” Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2023/marking-50-years.

12. 12 Continetti, The Right, pp. 244–47.

13. 13 Michael Novak, Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976–2000, ed. Edward W. Younkins (Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 3–5.

14. 14 R. Kent Weaver and Bert A. Rockman, Do Institutions Matter?: Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1993).

15. 15 Jake Fuss and Evin Ryan, “Examining Federal Debt in Canada by Prime Ministers Since Confederation, 2022,” Fraser Institute, July 2022, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/examining-federal-debt-in-canada-by-prime-ministers-since-confederation-2022.pdf.

16. 16 Michael Babad, “‘Honorary’ Third World then: How WSJ describes Canada now,” Globe and Mail, February 8, 2012, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/top-business-stories/honorary-third-world-then-how-wsj-describes-canada-now/article4202469/.

17. 17 F.L. Morton, Morgentaler v. Borowski: Abortion, the Charter and the Courts (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992); Rainer Knopff and F.L. Morton, Charter Politics (Scarborough: Nelson Canada, 1992).

18. 18 “Political scientist awarded human rights research prize,” University of Calgary Gazette, January 30, 1995, p. 1; “SHHRC Awards Laskin Fellowship.” CAUT Bulletin, March 1995, p. 4.

19. 19 See F.L. Morton, “Judicial Politics Canadian-Style: The Supreme Court’s Contribution to the Constitutional Crisis of 1992,” in Constitutional Predicament: Canada after the Referendum of 1992, ed. Curtis Cook (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994).

20. 20 Both were attempts by the Mulroney Conservative government to reconcile Quebec to Canada’s post-1982 constitution—the new power of the courts to nullify provincial legislation for violating the Charter of Rights and the new amending formula in which Quebec no longer had a unilateral veto. Meech was a set of concessions to Quebec—constitutional recognition of Quebec as a “distinct society” and a restoration of its veto power with respect to Senate reform. Charlottetown included watered-down versions of both, plus some additional confusing and contradictory concessions to other groups that had opposed Meech.

21. 21 Jeffrey Simpson, “That’s not a machine gun in the violin case, it’s a political manifesto,” Globe and Mail, January 29, 1992, p. 18.

22. 22 David J. Rovinsky, “The Ascendancy of Western Canada in Canadian Policymaking,” Policy Papers on the Americas 9, no. 2, February 16, 1998, https://www.csis.org/analysis/policy-papers-americas-ascendancy-western-canada-canadian-policymaking-volume-ix-1998.

23. 23 Adam B. Masters and John Uhr, Leadership Performance and Rhetoric (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2017), pp. 2, 3, 8, 135.

Notes to Chapter 2

1. 1 See Peter McCormick, David Elton, and Casey Vander Ploeg, “Electing Alberta Senators – Senate Reform Step #2: Moving from Precedent to Practice,” Canada West Foundation, March 1998, https://cwf.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2015/12/CWF_ElectingAlbertaSenators_MovingPrecedentPractice_Report_MAR1998.pdf.

2. 2 David Kenney Stewart and Keith Archer, Quasi-Democracy? Parties and Leadership Selection in Alberta (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2000), pp. 30, 48.

3. 3 Mark Lowey, “Political science prof aims at Senate seat,” Calgary Herald, May 28, 1998, p. B3.

4. 4 Peter Menzies, “Morton looking to run for senator-in-waiting,” Calgary Herald, May 27, 1998, p. A16.

5. 5 Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217.

6. 6 Ted Morton, “More French Kissing,” Calgary Sun, August 21, 1998.

7. 7 Sheldon Alberts, “Retiring senator supports elected upper chamber,” Calgary Herald, August 29, 1998, p. A14.

8. 8 Unsigned Editorial, “The real thing,” Calgary Herald, August 30, 1998, A12.

9. 9 George Koch, “Suddenly the Senate race is in the news,” Globe and Mail, September 3, 1998, p. A19.

10. 10 Sheldon Alberts and Jim Cunningham, “PM told to honor Senate election,” Calgary Herald, August 29, 1998, p. A1.

11. 11 Erin Anderssen and Daniel Leblanc, “Reform tries to block PM’s Senate pick,” Globe and Mail, August 29, 1998, p. A1; Graham Fraser, “Reform takes on Ottawa in bid to elect senators,” Globe and Mail, Sept. 1, 1998, p. A3.

12. 12 Lorne Gunter, “Will the federal Grits continue to ignore Alberta?’ Calgary Herald, September 4, 1998, p. A20.

13. 13 Unsigned Editorial, “No short cuts to a new senate,” Globe and Mail, September 1, 1998, p. A14.

14. 14 Morton: 3,701, 38%; Brown: 2,361, 24%; Gough: 1,218, 12%; Unger: 835, 9%; Blumell, 768, 8%; Hanley, 481, 5%; Bourke, 406, 4%. Total: 9770.

15. 15 Sheldon Alberts, “Reformers pick stalwarts for Senate fight,” Calgary Herald, September 13, 1998, p. A1.

16. 16 Allan Chambers, “Reform selects Senate nominees,” Edmonton Journal, September 13, 1998, p. A1.

17. 17 Joan Bryden and Mario Toneguzzi, “Senate election a joke, says PM,” Calgary Herald, September 17, 1998, p. A1.

18. 18 Jim Cunningham and Sheldon Alberts, “Klein attacks Senate postings,” Calgary Herald, September 18, 1998, p. A1.

19. 19 Unsigned Editorial, “We are all mocked,” Calgary Herald, September 18, 1998, p. A16.

20. 20 “Ralph signs up,” Calgary Sun, September 20, 1998, p. A1; “Slap in the face: Klein furious as Chrétien appoints senator,” Calgary Sun, September 18, 1998, p. A1.

21. 21 “Chrétien set to flip-flop on vow to reform chamber of slumbering sops,” Calgary Sun, September 6, 1998, p. C2.

22. 22 Brock Ketcham, “Appoint winner to Senate: poll,” Calgary Herald, October 18, 1998,
    p. A12.

23. 23 Paul Mitchinson, “Calgary neo-cons hunt controversy,” National Post, July 22, 2000,
    p. B1.

24. 24 F.L Morton, Law, Politics, and the Judicial Process in Canada, 3rd ed. (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2002).

25. 25 F.L. Morton, “Provincial Constitutions in Canada,” presented at conference on “Federalism and Sub-national Constitutions: Design and Reform,” Center for the Study of State Constitutions, Rockefeller Center, Bellagio, Italy, March 22–26, 2004.

26. 26 F.L. Morton, “Taking Section 33 Seriously,” in Divorcing Marriage, eds. Daniel Cere and Doug Farrow (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004), pp. 135–54.

27. 27 F.L. Morton, “Our Turn: A New Course for the West,” 5th annual Mel Smith Lecture, Trinity Western University.

28. 28 Brian Galligan and F.L. Morton, “Australian Exceptionalism: Rights Protection without a Bill of Rights,” in Protecting Rights Without a Bill of Rights: Institutional Performance and Reform in Australia, eds. Tom Campbell, Jeffrey Goldsworthy, and Adrienne Stone (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), pp. 17–40.

29. 29 F.L. Morton, “Senate Envy: Why Western Canada Wants What Australia Has,” Papers on Parliament: Number 39, Parliament House, Canberra (December 2002), pp. 19–37.

30. 30 Masters and Uhr, Leadership Performance, and Rhetoric, pp. 8, 136.

31. 31 Vriend v. Alberta, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 493.

32. 32 See Nigel Hannaford, “Modest people break the mould,” Calgary Herald, January 24, 2006, p. A18.

33. 33 Tyler Dawson, “Kenney announces ‘firewall’-style panel in pursuit of a ‘fair deal’ for Alberta,” National Post, November 9, 2019, https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/kenney-reveals-fair-deal-plan-to-assess-alberta-run-pension-police-and-tax-collection.

34. 34 Fair Deal Panel, “Report to Government,” May 2020, https://open.alberta.ca/publications/fair-deal-panel-report-to-government.

35. 35 Carrie Tait and Alanna Smith, “Danielle Smith unveils sovereignty act in attempt to shield Alberta from federal laws,” November 29, 2022, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-danielle-smith-sovereignty-act-alberta-announcement/.

36. 36 Sheldon Alberts, “Klein urged to trim ties to Ottawa,” National Post, January 26, 2001, p. A1.

37. 37 Stephen Harper, Tom Flanagan, Ted Morton, Rainer Knopff, Andrew Crooks, and Ken Boessenkool, “The Alberta Agenda,” Policy Options, April 1, 2001.

38. 38 See Sheldon Alberts, “Recipe for autonomy,” National Post, January 27, 2001, p. B1.

39. 39 Tom Flanagan, “Legends of the Calgary School: Their Guns, Their Dogs, and the Women Who Love Them.” Voeglin View, January 25, 2015, https://voegelinview.com/legends-calgary-school-guns-dogs%E2%80%A8and-women-love/.

40. 40 Pat Beauchamp, Director/Chairman; Ryan Cassell, Director/President; Garry Schirrmacher, Director; Jennifer Evaskevich, Secretary and Treasurer; Marv Jones, Chairman of the Advisory Committee.

41. 41 Warren Green, Claresholm; Alan Warnock, Airdrie; Ken Cameron, Drayton Valley; Darryl Laycraft, High River; Richard Wambeke, High River; Neil Wilson, Nanton; Owen Sinclair, Pincher Creek; Faye Engler, St. Albert; Garry Schirrmacher, Stony Plain.

42. 42 “Alberta Agenda launched in Drayton Valley,” The Western Review, March 18, 2003, p. 5.

43. 43 James Cudmore, “Province mistreated by Ottawa: Klein Responds to Alberta Six,” National Post, February 8, 2001, p. A6.

44. 44 Tom Olsen, “Klein wary of ‘arrogant’ Ottawa Grits,” Calgary Herald, November 16, 2003, p. A5; Brian Laghi, “Klein cites list of grievances for Martin,” Globe and Mail, November 20, 2003, p. A4.

45. 45 Ken Boessenkool, “Albertans are moving beyond alienation,” National Post, November 18, 2003, p. A16.

46. 46 Tom Barrett, “Klein assembles ‘firewall’ panel,” Calgary Herald, November 15, 2003,
    p. A14.

47. 47 Dawn Walton, “Seeking to address Alberta’s anger,” Globe and Mail, March 8, 2004,
    p. A7.

48. 48 Ron Duffy, Lacombe; Jim Chatenay, Penhold; Martin Hall, Vulcan; Rod Hanger, Three Hills; Noel Hyslip, Vulcan: Ike Lanier, Lethbridge; Bill Moore, Red Deer; Jim Ness, New Brigden; Mark Peterson, Cereal; Rick Strankman, Altario; John Turcato, Taber; and Darren Winczura, Viking.

49. 49 CBC News, “Alberta farmers jailed over wheat exports,” October 31, 2002, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/alberta-farmers-jailed-over-wheat-exports-1.329406.

50. 50 Reference re Firearms Act (Can.), [2001] 1 S.C.R. 783.

51. 51 See, e.g., F.L. Morton and Avril Allen,“Feminists and the Courts: Measuring Success in Interest Group Litigation in Canada,” with Avril Allen, Canadian Journal of Political Science 34, no. 1 (March 2001), pp. 55–84. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-political-science-revue-canadienne-de-science-politique/article/abs/feminists-and-the-courts-measuring-success-in-interest-group-litigation-in-canada/9DF529F507A79F0890DF102894C440EE.

52. 52 Ted Morton, “Gun control legal battle lost, but the war is far from over,” Calgary Herald, June 22, 2000, p. A3.

53. 53 Ted Morton, “A week in the life of a gun registry,” National Post, January 9, 2003, p. A4.

54. 54 Jane Taber and Jill Mahoney, “Ottawa protest and arrests herald federal gun laws,” Globe and Mail, January 2, 2003, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ottawa-protest-and-arrests-herald-federal-gun-laws/article25276635/.

55. 55 CBC News, “Lacombe found guilty of carrying gun,” May 13, 2004, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/lacombe-found-guilty-of-carrying-gun-1.492430.

56. 56 See Ted Morton, “The Status Quo Must Go,” in Moment of Truth: How to Think about Alberta’s Future,” eds. Jack M. Mintz, Ted Morton, and Tom Flanagan (Toronto: Sutherland House, 2020).

57. 57 Jim Chatenay, Farmers for Justice; Geoffrey Hale, University of Lethbridge; Link Byfield, Alberta Report, Edmonton; Roy Beyer, Canada Family Action Coalition, Edmonton; Dale Blue, Responsible Firearms Association of Alberta, Hardisty; Ron Duffy, Farmers for Justice, Blackfalds; Bruce Hutton, Law-Abiding Unregistered Firearms Association, Rocky Mountain House; Chris Matthews, Canadian Alliance, Calgary; Greg Fletcher, oil and gas, Calgary; Stan Church, lawyer and rancher, Calgary; Rick Sears, cattle feed lots, Nanton; Rod Blair, oil and gas, Calgary; Andy Crooks, Lawyer and Firewall signer, Calgary; Hermina Dykxhoorn, Alberta Federation of Women United for Families, Calgary; Peggy Anderson, Constituency office manager for MP Jason Kenney, Calgary; Pat Beauchamp, Alberta Residents League, Calgary; David Pope, Alberta Property Rights Initiative, Highwood; Danielle Smith, Alberta Property Rights Initiative, Calgary.

58. 58 Ted Byfield, “Why Ted Morton should become premier,” Edmonton Sun, April 6, 2003.

59. 59 Tom Olsen, “Firewall group eyes premier’s office,” Edmonton Journal, July 27, 2003, p. A1.

60. 60 Graham Thomson, “Race is on to replace Ralph Klein as Tory leader,” Edmonton Journal, November 13, 2004, p. A1.

61. 61 “Morton wins Foothills-Rockyview nod,” Cochrane Times, June 23, 2004, p. 24; “Calgarian wins nomination,” Western Wheel, June 23, 2004, p. 1.

62. 62 “Nomination will not be appealed,” Western Wheel, June 30, 2004, p. 1.

63. 63 Tom Olsen, “Klein wants election this fall, so be ready,” Calgary Herald, June 16, 2004, p. A8.

64. 64 “Premier-in-waiting?” Western Standard, August 30, 2004.

65. 65 Jason Markusoff, “Tory candidate hits ditch,” Edmonton Journal, October 24, 2004,
    p. A8.

66. 66 Graham Thomson, “Race is on to replace Ralph Klein as Tory leader,” Edmonton Journal, November 13, 2004, p. A1.

67. 67 “Controversy strikes riding on eve of election,” Cochrane Times, November 24, 2004, p. 3.

68. 68 The full text of the message was: “This is an important message for voters in Foothills-Rocky View regarding tomorrow’s election for MLA. Recent news reports have revealed a voter fraud investigation targeting PC Candidate Ted Morton’s campaign. These reports suggest many votes cast for Ted Morton during the Nomination Election may have been cast illegally. This vote fraud investigation does not impact Ted Morton’s eligibility for tomorrow’s election. Should the investigation find Ted Morton’s campaign guilty of voter fraud, a by-election would be held to elect a new MLA. Again, the voter fraud investigation targeting PC Candidate Ted Morton’s campaign does not disqualify Ted Morton from running in tomorrow’s election.”

69. 69 “Allegations dog Foothills-Rocky View Tories,” Cochrane Eagle, November 24, 2004. p .7.

70. 70 “Controversy strikes riding on eve of election,” Cochrane Times, November 24, 2004, p. 2.

71. 71 Michelle Lang, “RCMP will check Morton complaint,” Calgary Herald, December 7, 2004, p. B3.

72. 72 Suzanne Wilton, “MLA angry over autodial attack,” Calgary Herald, November 24, 2004, p. A1.

73. 73 Graham Thomson, “Race is on to replace Ralph Klein as Tory leader,” Edmonton Journal, November 13, 2004, p. A1.

74. 74 Elections Alberta, “General Elections,” https://www.elections.ab.ca/resources/reports/general-elections/.

Notes to Chapter 3

1. 1 Reference re Same-Sex Marriage, [2004] 3 S.C.R. 698.

2. 2 Vriend v. Alberta, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 493.

3. 3 David Rayside, Jerald Sabin, and Paul Thomas, “Faith and Party Politics in Alberta: Or ‘Danielle, this is Alberta, not Alabama’,” presented at the Canadian Political Science Association, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, June 13–15, 2012. https://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2012/Rayside-Sabin-Thomas.pdf; Paula Simons, “How the Vriend case established LGBTQ rights 20 years ago in Alberta—and across Canada,” Edmonton Journal. March 15, 2018, https://edmontonjournal.com/news/insight/paula-simons-how-the-vriend-case-established-lgbtq-rights20years-ago-in-alberta-and-across-canada.

4. 4 M. v. H., [1999] 2 S.C.R. 3.

5. 5 For an explanation and defence of the Section 33 Notwithstanding Clause, see F.L. Morton, “Taking Section 33 Seriously,” in Divorcing Marriage, eds. Daniel Cere and Doug Farrow (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004), pp. 135–54.

6. 6 Rick Bell, “Premier says province will stick to its guns,” Calgary Sun, December 18, 2005.

7. 7 Niels Veldhuis and Jason Clemens, “Beginning of the end of Alberta Advantage,” Fraser Institute, 2007, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/beginning-of-the-end-of-alberta-advantage.

8. 8 Donald Savoie, “Power at the Apex: Executive Dominance,” in Canadian Politics, 6th ed., eds. James Bickerton and Alain G. Gagnon (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), pp. 135–52.

9. 9 G. Bruce Doern and Glen Toner, The Politics of Energy: The Development and Implementation of the NEP (Toronto: Methuen, 1985), p. 40.

10. 10 Paul Stanway, “New contenders line up to replace Ralph,” Edmonton Sun, March 9, 2005, p. 11.

11. 11 Nigel Hannaford, “Morton sets out leadership case,” Calgary Herald, March 12, 2005,
    p. A18.

12. 12 Paul Stanway, “Force for change,” Calgary Sun, March 27, 2005.

13. 13 Ted Byfield, “Premier Klein makes heir-raising play,” Calgary Sun, April 17, 2005, p. 33.

14. 14 Ted Morton, “Courts have no place in same-sex marriage debate,” Edmonton Journal, April 4, 2005, p. A15.

15. 15 Graham Thomson, “Tories drop same-sex marriage fight,” Edmonton Journal, April 5, 2005, p. A14.

16. 16 Thomson, “Tories drop same-sex marriage fight,” p. A14.

17. 17 Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Alberta Hansard, May 1, 2006 (Ted Morton), p. 18, https://docs.assembly.ab.ca/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/han/legislature_26/session_2/20060501_1330_01_han.pdf#page=18.

18. 18 Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Alberta Hansard, May 1, 2006 (Ted Morton), p. 18.

19. 19 Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Alberta Hansard, May 8, 2006, https://docs.assembly.ab.ca/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/cpl/legislature_26/session_2/20060222_1500_01_cpl.pdf, pp. 1354–57.

20. 20 Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Alberta Hansard, May 8, 2006, pp. 1357–61.

21. 21 Archie McLean, “Gay bill dies on the table,” Edmonton Journal, August 29, 2006, p. A6.

22. 22 Darcy Hinton, “MLA’s gay-marriage bill dies a quiet death,” Edmonton Sun, August 29, 2006.

23. 23 Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Alberta Hansard, May 8, 2006, https://docs.assembly.ab.ca/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/cpl/legislature_26/session_2/20060222_1500_01_cpl.pdf, p. 1733.

24. 24 Archie McLean, “Gay bill dies on the table,” p. A6.

25. 25 Graham Thomson, “Morton may be cheering his bill’s death,” Edmonton Journal, August 28, 2006, p. A16.

26. 26 Colby Cosh, “Ted Morton’s cunning bill,” National Post, September 1, 2006, p. A13.

27. 27 Kelly Cryderman, “Morton’s same-sex bill described as a ‘wedge’ issue,” Calgary Herald, September 4, 2006, p. A7.

28. 28 Paul Jackson, “Leadership race is tearing party fabric,” Edmonton Sun, August 31, 2006, p. 11.

29. 29 Naomi Lakritz, “Give up on the anti-gay rant,” Calgary Herald, August 31, 2006, p. A14.

30. 30 Paul Stanway, “No compromise,” Edmonton Sun, August 29, 2006.

Notes to Chapter 4

1. 1 Katherine Harding and Dawn Walton, “Pushed by party, Klein to quit early,” Globe and Mail, April 5, 2006, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/pushed-by-party-klein-to-quit-early/article706225/.

2. 2 Dean Bennett, “Morton makes waves in Alberta Tory leadership race,” CNEWS, November 19, 2006 http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/200611/19/pf-2417706.html (URL no longer functional).

3. 3 Tom Olsen, “Departure could be messy affair,” Calgary Herald, March 15, 2006, p. A5.

4. 4 See Peter L. Berger and Richard John Neuhaus, To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1996).

5. 5 See Marvin N. Olasky, The Tragedy of American Compassion (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1995).

6. 6 See Claudia Hepburn and John Merrifield, “School Choice in Sweden: Lessons for Canada,” Fraser Institute (November 2006), https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/SchoolChoiceinSweden.pdf.

7. 7 See Chris Wattie, “Funding of private schools improves public system, study finds,” National Post, November 30, 2006, p. A10.

8. 8 Kelly Cryderman, “Edmonton high on Tory agenda,” Calgary Herald, November 14, 2006, p. A1; Tom Olsen, “Smoking ban heats up evening,” Calgary Herald, November 14, 2006, p. A4.

9. 9 Delon Shurtz, “Morton’s swing south resonates with average everyday Albertans,” Lethbridge Herald, December 2, 2006, p. A1.

10. 10 Graham Thomson, “Morton Tory leadership campaign showing surprising strength,” Edmonton Journal, November 18, 2006, p. A19.

11. 11 Sarah O’Donnell, “Morton gets tune up on foes,” Calgary Herald, November 22, 2006, p. A5.

12. 12 YouTube, “Ted Morton Is the Man,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFoJGa439j4.

13. 13 Tony Seskus, “Unwavering Morton a ‘true, blue’ Tory,” Calgary Herald, September 21, 2006, p. A19.

14. 14 Thomson, “Morton Tory leadership campaign showing surprising strength,” p. A19.

15. 15 Jason Fekete, “Dinning, Morton virtually tied in Tory race,” Calgary Herald, November 23, 2006, p. A1.

16. 16 Calgary Sun, “Dinning has what it takes,” November 19, 2006, p. 29.

17. 17 Globe and Mail, “Alberta’s Tories need a leader with vision,” November 18, 2006, p. A22.

18. 18 “Lougheed backs Dinning,” Calgary Sun, November 19, 2006, pp. 1, 5.

19. 19 Lorne Gunter, “Morton Alberta’s best choice for leader,” Edmonton Journal, November 19, 2006, p. A18.

20. 20 Joe Woodard, “The corner can be turned,” Western Standard, December 4, 2006, p. 5.

21. 21 Licia Corbella, “Ted Morton wins my vote,” Calgary Sun, November 23, 2006, p. 15.

22. 22 See Kelly Cryderman, “Geography plays key role in results: Dinning takes Calgary, south goes to Morton,” Calgary Herald, November 27, 2006, p. A3.

23. 23 Paul Stanway, “A battle for Tory souls,” Edmonton Sun, November 28, 2006, p. 11.

24. 24 Darcy Hinton, “Three hopefuls continue the race,” Calgary Sun, November 26, 2006, p. 4.

25. 25 Graham Thomson, “Fear and loathing in the home stretch,” Edmonton Journal, November 29, 2006, p. A20.

26. 26 Paul Stanway, “A battle for Tory souls,” Edmonton Sun, November 28, 2006, p. 11.

27. 27 “Mar predicts PC loss,” Edmonton Sun, November 28, 2006, p. 19; Tony Seskus and Kelly Cryderman, “Leadership campaigns hit final leg of contest hard,” Calgary Herald, December 1, 2006, p. A8.

28. 28 Dawn Walton and Katherine Harding, “Is this man too ‘scary’ for Alberta?” Globe and Mail, December 1, 2006, p. A4.

29. 29 Andrea Sands, “Temporary Tories cast leadership votes to head off Morton,” Edmonton Journal, December 3, 2006, p. A2.

30. 30 Kevin Libin, “Alberta Liberals run scared to PCs,” National Post, December 1, 2006,
    p. A10.

31. 31 Andrea Sands, “Temporary Tories cast leadership votes to head off Morton,” Edmonton Journal, December 2, 2006, p. A2.

32. 32 Tony Seskus, “Front-runners come out swinging for final round,” Calgary Herald, November 28, 2006, p. A4.

33. 33 Jason Fekete, “Federal Tories fight for Morton,” Calgary Herald, November 28, 2006,
    p. A1.

34. 34 Tony Seskus, “Dinning-Morton trading body blows,” Calgary Herald, November 29, 2006, p. A3.

35. 35 Norm Lebus, “Morton building on momentum,” Medicine Hat News, December 2, 2006.

36. 36 Tom Olsen, “Guess winner at your peril,” Calgary Herald, December 2, 2006, p. A5.

37. 37 Jason Markusoff, Archie McLean, Sarah O’Donnell, and Trish Audette, “Stelmach win stuns Tories,” Edmonton Journal, December 2, 2006, p. A1.

38. 38 Thomson, “Morton Tory leadership campaign showing surprising strength,” p. A19.

39. 39 See Faron Ellis, The Limits of Participation: Members and Leaders in Canada’s Reform Party (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005), pp. 160, 169.

40. 40 Archie McLean, “‘Maybe we should have kept our foot on the pedal’,” Edmonton Journal, December 3, 2006, p. A4.

Notes to Chapter 5

1. 1 “The New Nationalism,” Osawatomie, Kansas, August 31, 1910, https://web.archive.org/web/20160527121424/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/speeches/trnationalismspeech.pdf.

2. 2 Oil Sands Magazine, “Oil Sands Operations: Bitumen Production,” https://www.oilsandsmagazine.com/projects/bitumen-production.

3. 3 Action for Agriculture, “About Us,” https://sites.google.com/a/actionforagriculture.com/public/home/about-us.

4. 4 ALCES, “Our Team,” https://www.alces.ca/about/.

5. 5 There is another important factor—support, indifference, or opposition from bureaucrats. In today’s modern welfare state, the career civil servants are the permanent government. MLAs, ministers, and premiers come and go. Senior civil servants do not. Plus, they have policy knowledge that elected representatives do not. And in this business, knowledge is power. I do not include it here because without exception, all these policy initiatives were supported by the senior civil servants in the SRD ministry. I had a similar experience when I was minister of finance (2010), but a very different experience during my brief stint as minister of energy (2011–12).

6. 6 In 2007, an oil company applied to directional-drill into an oil formation below Marie Lake. The lease had already been sold by the Department of Energy, but residents along the shores of the lake strongly opposed the well. Approval involved sign-off by three different ministries—Energy, Environment, and SRD. The three ministers involved—Mel Knight, Rob Renner, and I—met with Premier Stelmach and unanimously recommended approval of the well. We advised that there was no threat to either water quality or to residences and wildlife along the shores. A similar directional well had been drilled and completed adjacent to Sylvan Lake with no adverse effects. Several hours later, Premier Stelmach announced that the well would not be allowed. There was no public explanation. Inside, we all knew that several of the lakeshore residents opposed to the well were friends of the premier. See Alberta Outdoorsmen Forum, “Marie Lake – Update,” September 6, 2007, http://outdoorsmenforum.ca/showthread.php?t=5922.

7. 7 During my tenure as minister of SRD I introduced and passed three other bills, but none of them fall into this policy area.

8. 8 Government of Alberta, OH Ranch Heritage Rangeland Management Plan, February 2010, https://www.albertaparks.ca/media/447228/ohranchmgmtplan.pdf.

9. 9 Government of Alberta, “Heritage designation preserves ecological legacy of 125-year-old ranch,” September 13, 2008, https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=243375864F680-00AD-F2E5-54F5C4C5F9CED333.

10. 10 Valerie Fortney, “Deal preserves historic ranch,” Calgary Herald, September 30, 2014,
    p. A2.

11. 11 For more detail, see Don H. Meredith, “Sunday Hunting,” Don H. Meredith Professional Writing Services (first published in the October 2007 Alberta Outdoorsmen), 2007, https://www.donmeredith.ca/published-writing-list/sunday-hunting.

12. 12 Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Alberta Hansard, May 5, 2997, p. 442, https://docs.assembly.ab.ca/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/han/legislature_27/session_1/20080505_1330_01_han.pdf.

13. 13 “Major water users in southern Alberta agree to curb consumption during drought,” Stephen Tipper, Calgary Herald, April 19, 2024, https://calgaryherald.com/news/major-water-users-in-southern-alberta-agree-to-curb-consumption-during-drought.

14. 14 Alberta Land Stewardship Act, SA 2009, c A-26.8, Part 3, “Conservation and Stewardship Tools,” ss. 23 –49.

15. 15 Alberta Land Stewardship Act, Part 2, “Nature and Effect of Regional Plans and Compliance Declarations,” ss. 12–22.

16. 16 Alberta Land Stewardship Act, “Legal nature of regional plans,” s. 13.

17. 17 Ecojustice, “Greater sage-grouse numbers continue to climb in Alberta, Saskatchewan,” June 27, 2016, http://www.ecojustice.ca/pressrelease/greater-sage-grouse-numbers-continue-climb-alberta-saskatchewan/#sthash.b3rI18xu.dpuf.

18. 18 Species at Risk Act, SC 2002, c. 29, s. 64.

19. 19 This controversy arose because of a different section of ALSA, s. 19, which explicitly states: “No person has a right to compensation by reason of this Act, a regulation under this Act, a regional plan or anything done in or under a regional plan; except either (a) as expressly provided for under Part 3, Division 3, or (b) as provided for under another enactment.” ALSA critics, especially the Wildrose Party, achieved a lot of political mileage by publicly citing the first clause of s. 19 and ignoring subsections (a) and (b). To mitigate this confusion, s. 19 was amended in 2011 to explicitly state that a private landowner has a legal right to compensation for any decrease in the value of his property caused by a regional plan. Section 19.1 also affirms the right of a dissatisfied landowner to appeal the amount of compensation to a Court of King’s Bench—the same right enjoyed under eminent domain. See Alberta Land Stewardship Act, s. 19.1.

20. 20 Government of Alberta, “Alberta Land Trust Grant Program,” https://www.alberta.ca/alberta-land-trust-grant-program.

21. 21 Updated 2023 data provided by Justin Thompson, Executive Director, Southern Alberta Land Trust Society (personal correspondence, October 24, 2023).

22. 22 Personal correspondence with Robyn Saude, Director of the Bow Habitat Station, October 16, 2023.

23. 23 Quoted in Aldo J. Leopold, Baird Callicott, and Susan L. Flader, The River of the Mother of God: And Other Essays by Aldo Leopold (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), p. 202.

24. 24 Leopold, Callicott, and Flader, The River of the Mother of God, p. 202.

25. 25 Alberta Beef Producers, Alberta Fish & Game Association, Hunting for Tomorrow Foundation, Western Stock Growers’ Association, Alberta Conservation Association, Alberta Association of Municipal Districts and Counties, Municipal District of Pincher Creek.

26. 26 Conservation and Stewardship Working Group, Final Report, November 2007, https://landuse.alberta.ca/Documents/LUF_Multi-Stakeholder_Working_Groups_Roll-up_Report-Conservation_and_Stewardship_Report_Pages_123_to_160-2001-11.pdf.

27. 27 Rainer Knopff and Cormack Gates, “Hunting for Habitat: The Rise and Fall of an Alberta Proposal for the Private Production of Ecological Goods and Services,” Frontier Centre for Public Policy, FCPP Policy Series No. 146 (February 2013), p. 14.

28. 28 For a more detailed explanation of the Hunting for Habitat program, see Knopff and Gates, “Hunting for Habitat.”

29. 29 On file with author; URL to original source no longer functional.

30. 30 Hanneke Brooymans, “Elk program cut in half,” Edmonton Journal, March 20, 2008,
    p. B8.

31. 31 See Government of Alberta, 2009–10 Recreational Access Management Pilot Study Year 1 Report, September 2010, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/42097ece-04e7-4d75-b905-ccc766cd6bc0/resource/736c846f-38af-4a4d-90de-442bfb7854fa/download/2010-2009-10-ramp-programpilotstudyyear1report-sep-2010.pdf.

32. 32 UBA’s other founding directors included Don Douglas, Jimmy Miles, Quincy Smith, Tim Swinton, and Bill Turnbull.

33. 33 Todd Zimmerling, Alberta Conservation Association; Bob Haysom, Pheasants Forever; Perry McCormick, Ducks Unlimited Canada; Kelly Semple, Hunting for Tomorrow; Larry Simpson, Nature Conservancy of Canada; Jeff Leighton, Alberta Fish & Game Association; Corey Jarvis, Alberta Professional Outfitters Society; Doug Jones/Ed McWilliams, Canadian Badlands.

34. 34 “Alberta Pheasant Hunting Economic Impact Study,” Serecon Management Consulting, Inc. (Edmonton, AB, December 22, 2011).

35. 35 Upland Birds Alberta, Alberta’s Pheasant Release Program: Restoring the Past and Building for the Future, submitted to the Government of Alberta, February 8, 2012, p. 16.

36. 36 Annalise Klingbeil, “‘Hunting is becoming a bit of a lost art’: Pheasant festival about more than blasting birds,” Calgary Herald, October 24, 2016, https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/hunting-is-becoming-a-bit-of-a-lost-art-pheasant-festival-about-more-than-blasting-birds.

37. 37 These data were provided to me by the ACA.

38. 38 Livingstone Landowners Group, “Videos,” https://www.livingstonelandowners.net/videos-1.

39. 39 CTV Calgary, “Federal, provincial finance ministers agree on private pension plan,” CTV News, December 21, 2010, http://calgary.ctvnews.ca/federal-provincial-finance-ministers-agree-on-private-pension-plan-1.587934.

40. 40 Kelly Cryderman, “Morton says mining proposal should wait,” Calgary Herald, January 10, 2011, p. A3.

41. 41 CBC News, “More people left Alberta than moved to the province in the second quarter of 2020,” CBC News, October 1, 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/provincial-migration-alberta-q2-2020-1.5746066.

42. 42 See Vaclav Smil, How the World Really Works: The Science Behind How We Got Here and Where We’re Going (New York: Penguin Publishing Group, 2022).

43. 43 Ted Morton, “Someone tell Trudeau: Energy is now about security,” Financial Post, January 19, 2023, https://financialpost.com/opinion/trudeau-energy-security.

44. 44 See Ted Morton, “Keystone to American Prosperity,” YouTube, uploaded October 22, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCiXz1a6jto.

Notes to Chapter 6

1. 1 See F.L. Morton and Meredith McDonald, “The Siren Sound of Economic Diversification: Alberta’s Legacy of Loss,” School of Public Policy Research Papers 8, no. 13 (March 2015), https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/siren-song-economic-diversification-morton-mcdonald.pdf.

2. 2 Morton and McDonald, “Siren Sound.”

3. 3 Alberta Financial Management Commission, Moving from Good to Great: Enhancing Alberta’s Fiscal Framework (Edmonton: Government of Alberta, 2002).

4. 4 Memo from Ministry of Finance and Enterprise, December 2008.

5. 5 “Stelmach sells out Albertans,” Scott Hennig, November 15, 2007, https://www.taxpayer.com/news-room-archive/Stelmach%20sells%20out%20Albertans.

6. 6 See Mark Milke, “Alberta’s $22-billion Lost Opportunity: How Spending Beyond Inflation + Population Growth Created Alberta’s Red Ink,” Fraser Institute, February 2015.

7. 7 Under the new rule, a $500 charitable contribution is entitled to a refundable tax credit of $83 for provincial income tax and $117 for federal, resulting in net cost to the taxpayer of $300. For $1,000 worth of charitable contributions, the comparable figures are $188 and $262, for a net cost of $550.

8. 8 In addition to William Hunter, the chair, the committee consisted of Evan Chrapko, Judith Dwarkin, Ken McKenzie, André Plourde, and Sam Spanglet.

9. 9 Alberta Royalty Review Panel, “Our Fair Share: Report of the Alberta Royalty Review Panel,” September 18, 2007, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/923f6129-544f-4ba9-91b0-68cfb58f4920/resource/d0ab5af8-cdca-454a-bf4d-99a6af0b16b7/download/3981408-2007-our-fair-share-report-alberta-royalty-review-panel-final-report.pdf.

10. 10 Government of Alberta, The New Royalty Framework, October 25, 2007, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/adaf8c18-1817-43dc-ac75-9570c4b49e11/resource/6645fe59-bf45-4081-8773-a90ad02c2f20/download/royaltyoct25.pdf.

11. 11 “A message from Premier Ed Stelmach,” in Government of Alberta, The New Royalty Framework, October 25, 2007, p. iii.

12. 12 CBC News, “Stelmach promises to erase health care premiums,” CBC News, February 4, 2008, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/stelmach-promises-to-erase-health-care-premiums-1.697296.

13. 13 CBC News, “Alberta budget to eliminate health-care premiums by 2009,” CBC News, April 22, 2008, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-budget-to-eliminate-health-care-premiums-by-2009-1.695584.

14. 14 Naheed Nenshi, “The election’s biggest loser is not who you think,” Calgary Herald, March 13, 2008, p. A16.

15. 15 CBC News, “Stelmach defends oilsands in Washington,” CBC News, January 16, 2008, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/stelmach-defends-oilsands-in-washington-1.707445.

16. 16 CBC News, “Alberta premier confident U.S. will remain major energy customer,” CBC News, January 18, 2008, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-premier-confident-u-s-will-remain-major-energy-customer-1.707444.

17. 17 Jack Mintz, Preserving Prosperity: Challenging Alberta to Save (Edmonton: Alberta Financial Investment and Planning Advisory Commission, December 2007).

18. 18 When Klein had announced these rebates in January 2001, I had written a guest column in the Calgary Herald denouncing them as a “policy disaster” and pointed out that they had already elicited calls from a federal NDP Member of Parliament for a national consumer protection program against high natural gas prices—a policy that would clearly harm Alberta. Ted Morton, “Energy price shield a policy disaster,” Calgary Herald, February 6, 2001, p. A15.

19. 19 The others included: education and job training; jobs over raises for the public sector; completing the competitiveness review (i.e., fixing the NRF); and communicating to Albertans that dealing with the effects of the recession would have to be a “shared effort.”

20. 20 Gillian Steward, “Ed Stelmach’s worst nightmare?” Toronto Star, January 19, 2010, http://www.thestar.com/opinion/2010/01/19/steward_ed_stelmachs_worst_nightmare.html.

21. 21 By the end of Fiscal Year 2010–11, the final deficit was $3.4 billion, which was not the largest in Alberta’s history. That dubious distinction goes to Budget 1992–93.

22. 22 Government of Alberta, “New cabinet team will ensure Alberta is stronger than ever,” January 13, 2010, http://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=27634296588A5-FF21-1A16-60456BB10F8E0513.

Notes to Chapter 7

1. 1 By the end of Fiscal Year 2010–11, the final deficit was $3.4 billion, which was not the largest in Alberta’s history. That dubious distinction goes to Budget 1992–93. That record, unfortunately, was subsequently broken six years in a row, from 2015 to 2020. These six consecutive deficits added $61 billion dollars of new GOA debt.

2. 2 Government of Alberta, Budget 2010: Striking the Right Balance, February 9, 2010, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/9b737a16-9534-4b46-817b-889cd5e25681/resource/abe9e091-5ef8-44ba-8c28-569772bdea06/download/speech.pdf.

3. 3 Jim Dinning, “APP panel committed to engaging with Albertans,” Calgary Herald, October 24, 2023. https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/opinion-app-panel-committed-to-engaging-with-albertans-dinning.

4. 4 The group included Tim Hearn (Imperial Oil); Murray Edwards (CNRL); George Gosbee (AltaCorp Capital); Nancy Southern (ATCO); Hal Kvisle (TransCanada Pipelines); Bill Sembo (Royal Bank of Canada); Ross Grieve (PCL Construction); and Ron Mathison (MATCO).

5. 5 Troy Riddell and F.L. Morton, “Government Use of Strategic Litigation: The Alberta Exported Natural Gas Tax Reference,” American Review of Canadian Studies 34, no. 3 (2004), pp. 485–509.

6. 6 Archie McLean, “Alberta challenges Ottawa over securities regulator,” Edmonton Journal, February 6, 2010, p. C5.

7. 7 Government of Quebec and Government of Alberta, “Alberta and Quebec Urge Provinces to Resist Federal Push on National Securities Regulator,” September 13, 2010, http://www.finances.gouv.qc.ca/documents/Communiques/en/COMEN_20100913.pdf.

8. 8 McLean, “Alberta challenges Ottawa,” p. C5.

9. 9 Ted Morton, “Messing with very good thing: Alberta’s security regulator has served us well,” Calgary Herald, June 1, 2010, p. A11.

10. 10 Morton, “Messing with very good thing,” p. A11.

11. 11 Jeffrey MacIntosh, “The Feds’ weak case,” Financial Post, June 1, 2010, https://financialpost.com/opinion/the-feds-weak-case.

12. 12 Thomas J. Courchene, “A Single National Securities Regulator? Public Policy and Political Economy Perspectives,” Queen’s University, School of Policy Studies, June 26, 2010.

13. 13 Janet McFarland, “Alberta court rejects plan for national securities regulator,” Globe and Mail, March 8, 2011, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/alberta-court-rejects-plan-for-national-securities-regulator/article574822/.

14. 14 National Post, “Quebec Court of Appeal opposes federal securities regulator,” April 1, 2011, https://nationalpost.com/news/quebec-court-of-appeal-opposes-federal-securities-regulator.

15. 15 Drew Hasselback and Barbara Shecter, “Supreme Court rules against Ottawa’s single-regulator move,” Financial Post, December 22, 2011, https://financialpost.com/legal-post/supreme-court-rejects-national-securities-regulator-plan.

16. 16 Reference re Securities Act, [2011] 3 SCR 837, para. 7.

17. 17 MacIntosh, “The Feds’ weak case.”

18. 18 See Ted Morton, “What the Supreme Court’s Carbon Tax Ruling Means—and What to Do about It,” C2C Journal, April 30, 2021, https://c2cjournal.ca/2021/04/what-the-supreme-courts-carbon-tax-ruling-means-and-what-to-do-about-it/.

19. 19 See Catherine Browlee and Mike Martens, “Business leaders backing Alberta in Supreme Court fight against Bill -C-69,” Calgary Herald, March 22, 2023, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/opinion-business-leaders-backing-alberta-in-supreme-court-fight-against-bill-c-69.

20. 20 Teresa Wright, “Quebec intervenes in Saskatchewan’s challenge of carbon tax,” Montreal Gazette, July 8, 2019, https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/p-e-i-quebec-intervene-in-saskatchewans-legal-challenge-of-carbon-tax.

21. 21 Robert Mansell, “Alberta’s fiscal contribution to confederation,” in Moment of Truth: How to Think About Alberta’s Future, eds. Jack Mintz, Ted Morton, and Tom Flanagan (Toronto: Sutherland House, 2020), pp. 117–20.

22. 22 Government of Alberta, “Alberta Pension Plan,” https://www.albertapensionplan.ca/.

23. 23 Canadian HR Reporter, “Ottawa, Ontario propose expanding CPP,” June 14, 2010, https://www.hrreporter.com/news/hr-news/ottawa-ontario-propose-expanding-cpp/313036.

24. 24 Lisa Schmidt, “Morton warns Ottawa on pension premiums,” Calgary Herald, June 12, 2010, p. A4.

25. 25 Don Braid, “Ottawa’s last minute pension ploy nothing to snort at,” Calgary Herald, June 12, 2012, p. A4.

26. 26 CTV Calgary, “Federal, provincial finance ministers agree on private pension plan,” CTV News, December 21, 2010, http://calgary.ctvnews.ca/federal-provincial-finance-ministers-agree-on-private-pension-plan-1.587934.

27. 27 CBC News, “Flaherty: Pooled pension consensus reached,” CBC News, December 20, 2010, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/flaherty-pooled-pension-consensus-reached-1.901721.

28. 28 CBC News, “Pooled pension consensus reached.”

29. 29 CTV Calgary, “Ministers agree on private pension plan.”

30. 30 This section is an edited and updated version of a study I published in 2015. Ted Morton, “The North West Sturgeon Upgrader: Good Money after Bad?” School of Public Policy Research Papers7, no. 3 (April 2015), https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/north-west-sturgeon-upgrader-morton.pdf.

31. 31 By 2014, of the 113 bitumen extraction projects in Alberta, only six were mines.

32. 32 By 2010, there were only five upgraders operating in Alberta: Suncor (1967), Syncrude (1978), Scotford (2003), CNRL Horizon (2009), and CNOC Nexen Long Lake (2009). See IHS CERA, “Extracting Economic Value from the Canadian Oil Sands: Upgrading and Refining in Alberta (or not)?” March 2013.

33. 33 IHS CERA, “Extracting Economic Value,” p. 1.

34. 34 The NWU was owned by the North West Redwater Partnership, a joint venture between Ian MacGregor and Canadian Natural Resources (CNRL) and its CEO, Murray Edwards.

35. 35 This group included Premier Stelmach; his chief of staff, Ron Glen; Doug Horner, the new deputy premier; President of Treasury Board Lloyd Snelgrove; Alison Redford, the new minister of justice; the deputy minister of energy; and myself. Stelmach rarely attended, and the meetings were chaired by Glen.

36. 36 G. Bruce Doern and Glen Toner, The Politics of Energy: The Development and Implementation of the NEP (Toronto: Methuen Publications, 1985), p. 40.

37. 37 Standing Committee on Alberta’s Economic Future, Review of the BRIK (Bitumen Royalty-in-Kind) Program, Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1st sess., 28th Legislature, May 2013, http://albertaenergyplus.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AEF-Report-BRIK_web-version.pdf, p. 17.

38. 38 Standing Committee on Alberta’s Economic Future, Review of BRIK.

39. 39 IHS CERA, “Extracting Economic Value from the Canadian Oil Sands: Upgrading and Refining in Alberta (or not)?” March 2013.

40. 40 Canadian Energy Research Institute, Refining Bitumen: Costs, Benefits and Analysis, Study No. 145 (December 2014), p. 13. The study also found that NWU’s incremental benefits were primarily limited to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and reduced emissions through carbon capture and storage (CCS), and restoration of wetlands. On the downside, CERI identified the same risks and liabilities described in this study: no cap on final capital costs; uncertain light/heavy oil differentials—both “at potential expense to the government and by extension society” (pp. 11–13).

41. 41 Kelly Cryderman, “Refinery deal cost Alberta government a bundle, but it will end up making a profit,” Globe and Mail, April 27, 2023, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-refinery-deal-cost-alberta-government-a-bundle-but-it-will-end-up/.

42. 42 Robert Tuttle, “Alberta project proving costly to taxpayers,” Calgary Herald, February 16, 2019, p. A16.

43. 43 Mel Knight, 2006–2009; Ron Liepert, 2010–11; Ted Morton, 2011–12; Ken Hughes, 2012–13; Diana McQueen, 2013–14; Frank Oberle, 2014–15.

44. 44 See Ted Morton and Meredith McDonald, “The Siren Song of Diversification: Alberta’s Legacy of Loss, 1973–1993,” School of Public Policy Research Papers 8, no. 15 (March 2015), https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/siren-song-economic-diversification-morton-mcdonald.pdf.

45. 45 Morton and McDonald, “Siren Song of Diversification.”

Notes to Chapter 8

1. 1 Don Braid, “Tories in turmoil over budget,” Calgary Herald, January 19, 2011, p. A4.

2. 2 Tony Seskus and Jason Fekete, “A political meltdown without precedent,” Calgary Herald, January 30, 2011, p. A4.

3. 3 Josh Wingrove, “Alberta to lead Canada’s economic recovery, Premier says,” Globe and Mail, January 2, 2011, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/alberta-to-lead-canadas-economic-recovery-premier-says/article563395/.

Notes to Chapter 9

1. 1 “Albertans down on Stelmach,” Calgary Sun, December 3, 2010, p. 7.

2. 2 Chris Varcoe, “New poll shows Tories on top but losing ground,” Calgary Herald, November 5, 2009; Tom Flanagan, Winning Power: Canadian Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014), p. 164.

3. 3 Don Braid, “Stakes are high for ambitious Ted Morton in Highwood,” Calgary Herald, December 24, 2010, p. A4.

4. 4 There is a third version of why Stelmach resigned that morning: that in late December “a delegation of PC Party notables travelled from Calgary to Edmonton to apprise the premier that, in their opinion, the party could not realistically expect to win the next election should he remain at the helm.” If this account is accurate, I was not aware of it, and no one has ever told me about such a “delegation” after the fact—which I find surprising. See Bohdan Harasymiw, “Alberta’s Premier Ed Stelmach: The Anomalous Case of Leadership Selection and Removal in a Canadian Province,” American Review of Canadian Studies, 44, no. 2 (2014), pp. 216–33.

5. 5 Josh Wingrove, Renata D’Aliesio, and Nathan Vanderklippe, “Conservative showdown prompts Stelmach resignation,” Globe and Mail, January 26, 2011, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/conservative-showdown-prompts-stelmachs-resignation/article563505/.

6. 6 See Colby Cosh, “The Prairie putsch to replace Ed Stelmach,” Maclean’s, February 4, 2011, https://macleans.ca/news/canada/the-prairie-putsch/.

7. 7 Josh Wingrove, “Ted Morton vows to merge Alberta conservatives with upstart Wildrose,” Globe and Mail, January 27, 2011, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ted-morton-vows-to-merge-alberta-conservatives-with-upstart-wildrose/article563819/.

Notes to Chapter 10

1. 1 Graham Thomson, “Ted Morton and the curse of The Front-runner,” Edmonton Journal, February 8, 2011, p. A11.

2. 2 Don Braid, “Kinder, gentler Morton emerges in Tory leadership turf war,” Calgary Herald, February 3, 2011, p. A4.

3. 3 Jen Gerson, “Wildrose godfather Ted Morton may end up on losing side of Alberta’s conservative civil war,” National Post, April 20, 2012, https://nationalpost.com/opinion/analysis-wildrose-godfather-ted-morton-may-end-up-on-losing-side-of-albertas-conservative-civil-war.

4. 4 Braid, “Kinder, gentler Morton emerges.”

5. 5 Don Braid, “Stelmach still not out of the Wildrose woods,” Calgary Herald, January 5, 2011.

6. 6 “The Race is On,” PC People, July 2011, p. 14.

7. 7 Braid, “Kinder, gentler Morton emerges.”

8. 8 The bighorn sheep is Alberta’s official mammal; “Strong and Free” is the translation of Alberta’s official motto, “Fortis et Liber.” See Michael Wood, “New plates on the table,” Calgary Sun, July 20, 2011, p. 18.

9. 9 Globe and Mail, “How Alberta PCs can ward off Wildrose,” July 30, 2011, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/how-alberta-pcs-can-ward-off-wildrose/article588773/.

10. 10 Karen Kleiss, “Watchdog probes Morton’s use of secondary email,” Calgary Herald, September 9, 2011, p. A4.

11. 11 Don Braid, “Charges could hurt Morton’s bid for PC crown,” Calgary Herald, September 9, 2011, p. A4.

12. 12 Gerson, “Wildrose godfather Ted Morton.”

13. 13 Tom Flanagan, Winning Power: Canadian Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014), p. 171. He once had paid a political consultant, Kelly Charlebois, almost $390,000 for consultations without any tangible evidence—i.e., written reports—of what work Charlebois had done.

14. 14 Kim Guttormson and James Wood, “Mar bears brunt of attacks as rivals take shots in debate,” Calgary Herald, September 29, 2011, p. A4.

15. 15 Don Braid noted, “The second round begins with nearly everyone expecting Mar to win.” Don Braid, “Options still open for defeated candidates,” Calgary Herald, September 19, 2011, p. A5.

16. 16 Tom Flanagan, “The Redford Effect: Stagecraft, State Craft and Rhetorical Pragmatism,” Policy Options, November 1, 2011, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/continuity-and-change-in-the-provinces/the-redford-effect-stagecraft-statecraft-and-rhetorical-pragmatism/.

17. 17 Deborah Yedlin, “A power plan for the future,” Calgary Herald, February 25, 2012, p. D1.

18. 18 Darcy Henton, “High-voltage controversy may shock Tories’ Morton,” Calgary Herald, April 15, 2012, p. A4.

19. 19 Shari Narine, “Chief claims racism behind government’s decision,” Alberta Sweetgrass 19, no. 4 (2012), https://www.ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/chief-claims-racism-behind-government’s-decision.

20. 20 Licia Corbella, “Posh promises and bad budgeting lead to a mess,” Calgary Herald, February 20, 2013, p. A11.

21. 21 Bill Graveland, “Alberta Tories promise to establish 140 family care clinics across province,” Global News, April 2, 2012, https://globalnews.ca/news/229486/alberta-tories-promise-to-establish-140-family-care-clinics-across-province-2/.

22. 22 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 177.

23. 23 James Wood, “Wildrose revisiting ‘firewall’ ideas,” Calgary Herald, April 14, 2012, p. A7.

24. 24 Wood, “Wildrose revisiting ‘firewall’ ideas.”

25. 25 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 177–83.

26. 26 Flanagan, Winning Power, pp. 61, 179

27. 27 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 192.

28. 28 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 192.

29. 29 Jen Gerson, “Wildrose godfather Ted Morton.”

30. 30 Tom Flanagan makes the same point: “In historical perspective, Wildrose did quite well. Danielle Smith was a new leader, seeking a seat in the legislature for the first time, and Wildrose was essentially a new party.” Only twice in Canadian history has a new party with a new leader actually won an election. Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 186.

31. 31 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 32.

32. 32 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 56.

33. 33 David K. Stewart and Keith Archer, Quasi-Democracy? Parties and Leadership Selection in Alberta (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2000), p. 40.

34. 34 David K. Stewart and Lisa Young, “Leadership Primaries in a Single-Party Dominant System,” presented at the European Consortium for Political Research, University of Antwerp, April 2012, pp. 18–19.

35. 35 Stewart and Young, “Leadership Primaries,” pp. 8–9, draw the same regional parallel.

36. 36 As Graham Thomson noted, “not only have the PCs stalled, but the ‘conservative’ flank of the party has deserted it.” Graham Thomson, “Second-ballot curse could still scupper Mar’s leadership bid,” Edmonton Journal, September 20, 2011, p. A2.

37. 37 See David Taras, “Politics, Alberta Style: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives, 1971–2015,” and Duane Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty: The Tories and the 2015 Election,” both in Orange Chinook: Politics in the New Alberta, eds. Duane Bratt, Keith Brownsey, Richard Sutherland, and David Taras (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2019). See also Josh Wingrove, “Seven stumbles and a funeral: Why Alberta’s Premier Alison Redford had to quit,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 2014, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/seven-stumbles-and-a-funeral-why-albertas-premier-alison-redford-had-to-quit/article17586488/; Laurie Adkin, “The End of Alison: The multiple meanings of the Redford resignation,” Alberta Views, May 1, 2014, https://albertaviews.ca/the-end-of-alison/.

38. 38 Stewart Shaw, “Premier showed arrogance and sense of entitlement: poll,” CTV News, March 19, 2014, https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/premier-showed-arrogance-and-sense-of-entitlement-poll-1.1736430.

39. 39 Duane Bratt makes the same point. Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty,” p. 42.

40. 40 Jen Gerson, “Alberta budget 2013 marked by billions in deficit spending, service cuts,” National Post, March 7, 2013, https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/alberta-budget-2013.

41. 41 Gerson, “Alberta budget 2013.”

42. 42 Stockwell Day, Steve West, Greg Melchin, Lloyd Snelgrove, Lyle Oberg, and Ted Morton, “Letter: It’s time to return to Klein’s accounting rules,” Calgary Herald, June 27, 2014, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/letter-its-time-to-return-to-kleins-accounting-rules.

43. 43 Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty,” p. 43.

44. 44 Prentice received 17,963 votes, McIver, 2,742, and Lukaszuk, 2,681.

45. 45 In addition to Danielle Smith, the other Wildrose MLAs who crossed to join the PCs were Rob Anderson, Jason Hale, Blake Pedersen, Bruce McAllister, Jeff Wilson, Gary Bikman, Rod Fox, and Bruce Rowe.

46. 46 Duane Bratt agrees that the floor-crossing strategy backfired on both sides, PC and Wildrose. Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty,” p. 48.

47. 47 Karen Kleiss, “Nine Wildrose MLAs cross floor to join governing PC party,” Edmonton Journal, December 18, 2014, https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/nine-wildrose-mlas-cross-floor-to-join-governing-pc-party.

48. 48 Ted Morton, “Public-sector workers need to help balance budget too,” Calgary Herald, March 31, 2015, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/morton-public-sector-workers-need-to-help-balance-budget-too.

49. 49 CBC News, “#PrenticeBlamesAlbertans goes viral after Jim Prentice’s ‘look in the mirror’ comment,” CBC News, March 5, 2015, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/prenticeblamesalbertans-goes-viral-after-jim-prentice-s-look-in-the-mirror-comment-1.2982524.

50. 50 The Canadian Press, “What every Alberta premier needs: Jim Prentice buys 1956 Thunderbird for $71,000 at Arizona auction,” National Post, January 20, 2015, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/a-car-fit-for-the-alberta-premier-jim-prentice-buys-1956-thunderbird-for-71000-at-arizona-auction.

51. 51 See Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty,” p. 49.

52. 52 CBC News, “Jim Prentice resignation as MLA too fast, strategist says,” CBC News, May 6, 2015, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/jim-prentice-resignation-as-mla-too-fast-strategist-says-1.3063084.

53. 53 This is the subtitle of the Bratt et al.’s 2019 book, Orange Chinook: Politics in the New Alberta.

54. 54 Colby Cosh, “The Death of the Alberta PC Dynasty,” Maclean’s, May 7, 2015, https://macleans.ca/politics/the-death-of-the-alberta-pc-dynasty/.

55. 55 Taras, “The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives,” p. 19.

56. 56 Flanagan, Winning Power, pp. 58–59. I also want to credit a former student, Morgan Nagel, for bringing my attention to this strategic error in the Prentice PC 2015 campaign.

57. 57 Cosh, “The Death of the Alberta PC Dynasty.”

Notes to Chapter 11

1. 1 Duane Bratt agrees that the PCs loss in 2015 was not simply Jim Prentice’s fault. Bratt attributes the PC’s demise to vote splitting with the Wildrose Party and agrees that this schism started with Stelmach and accelerated under Redford. Duane Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty: The Tories and the 2015 Election,” in Orange Chinook: Politics in the New Alberta, eds. Duane Bratt, Keith Brownsey, Richard Sutherland, and David Taras (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2019), p. 52.

2. 2 Everyone who has written about this agrees that Stelmach’s New Royalty Framework was a political disaster for the PCs and jump-started the then-tiny Wildrose Party. See Tom Flanagan, Winning Power: Canadian Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014), pp. 164–65; David Taras, “Politics, Alberta Style: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives, 1971–2015,” in Orange Chinook: Politics in the New Alberta, eds. Duane Bratt, Keith Brownsey, Richard Sutherland, and David Taras (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2019), p. 28; Bratt, “Death of a Dynasty,” p. 38.

3. 3 Sheila Pratt, “Alberta’s Redford revolution,” Edmonton Journal, October 9, 2011, p. A1.

4. 4 David K. Stewart and Anthony M. Sayers, “Responding to Challenge: An Analysis of the 2011 Alberta Progressive Conservative Leadership Election” presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association University of Alberta, June 2012, pp. 8–9, https://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2012/Stewart-Sayers.pdf.

5. 5 Stewart and Sayers, “Responding to Challenge,” pp. 8–9.

6. 6 David K. Stewart and Lisa Young, “Leadership Primaries in a Single-Party Dominant System,” presented at the European Consortium for Political Research, University of Antwerp, April 2012, p. 19.

7. 7 Tom Flanagan, “The Redford Effect: Stagecraft, Statecraft and Rhetorical Pragmatism,” Policy Options, November 1, 2011, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/continuity-and-change-in-the-provinces/the-redford-effect-stagecraft-statecraft-and-rhetorical-pragmatism/.

8. 8 Josh Wingrove, “Seven stumbles and a funeral: Why Alberta’s Premier Alison Redford had to quit,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 2014, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/seven-stumbles-and-a-funeral-why-albertas-premier-alison-redford-had-to-quit/article17586488/.

9. 9 Ted Morton, “Leadership Selection in Alberta, 1992–2011: A Personal Perspective,” Canadian Parliamentary Review 36, no. 2 (2013), pp. 31–38, http://revparl.ca/36/2/36n2_13e_Morton.pdf.

10. 10 Taras ignores the flawed leadership process; mentions the Wildrose Party only once; and only obliquely references vote splitting. Taras, “The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives,” p. 19.

11. 11 Elections Alberta, General Elections, https://www.elections.ab.ca/resources/reports/general-elections/.

12. 12 Flanagan, Winning Power, pp. 50–52.

13. 13 Taras makes the same point: “For those wishing to move up the political ladder, the Tories were the only game in town.” Taras, “The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives,” p. 28.

14. 14 Bratt and Foster use the principled/pragmatist distinction to explain the historical pattern of Canadian conservative parties splintering and then merging again to form new parties. This analysis is sensible as far as it goes, but it ignores the regional factor—Western Canadian discontent with the status quo—as the force that has driven almost all of the splintering of Canada’s conservative parties. See Duane Bratt and Bruce Foster, “The fragility of a ‘big tent’ conservative party,” CBC News, July 25, 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/conservative-party-splitting-merging-western-canada-1.5220417.

15. 15 See Taras, “The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives,” pp. 25–26.

16. 16 Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), pp. 109–10.

17. 17 Yergin, The Quest, p. 108.

18. 18 Yergin, The Quest, p. 108.

19. 19 Calgary Herald, “Stelmach’s Royalty Review and the Rise of Wildrose,” April 4, 2012, https://calgaryherald.com/news/politics/stelmachs-royalty-review-and-the-rise-of-wildrose.

20. 20 Alberta New Democratic Party, Leadership for What Matters, 2015, https://albertapolitics.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Alberta-NDP-Election-Platform-2015-.pdf.

21. 21 Lou Arab, “Vote for your boss,” The United Leader (CUPE Alberta), Summer 2010, https://alberta.cupe.ca/files/2014/10/United-Leader-2010-07.pdf.

22. 22 CBC News, “NDP oil royalty rate review earns praise from Ed Stelmach,” CBC News, June 16, 2015, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/ndp-oil-royalty-rate-review-earns-praise-from-ed-stelmach-1.3115223.

23. 23 Yergin, The Quest, 109.

24. 24 Ron Kneebone and Margarita Wilkins, “50 Years of Government of Alberta Budgeting,” School of Public Policy Briefing Paper 11, no. 26 (October 2018), https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/50-Years-AB-Budget-Kneebone-Wilkins.pdf.

25. 25 Sammy Hudes, “How Alberta went from Klein’s ‘paid in full’ years to record debt in 2021 budget,” Calgary Herald, February 26, 2021, https://calgaryherald.com/news/politics/how-alberta-went-from-kleins-paid-in-full-years-to-record-debt-in-2021-budget.

26. 26 Darcy Henton, “Alberta’s debt tops $11.9B with annual servicing cost of $714M,” Calgary Herald, July 20, 2015, https://calgaryherald.com/news/politics/albertas-debt-tops-11-9b-with-annual-debt-service-cost-of-714m-report.

27. 27 Livio Di Matteo, “A brief fiscal history of Alberta—marked by spending spikes,” Fraser Institute, February 22, 2021, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs/a-brief-fiscal-history-of-alberta-marked-by-spending-spikes.

28. 28 Government of Alberta, Budget 2019 Fiscal Plan: A Plan for Jobs and the Economy 2019–23 (Edmonton: Government of Alberta, 2019), p. 168.

29. 29 Robert Mansell, “Fiscal Restructuring in Alberta: An Overview,” in A Government Reinvented: A Study of Alberta’s Deficit Elimination Program, eds. Christopher Bruce, Ronald Kneebone, and Kenneth McKenzie (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 24.

30. 30 Laurie Watson, “The Alberta government has tapped its ‘rainy-day fund’ to...,” UPI, September 8, 1982, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/08/The-Alberta-government-has-tapped-its-rainy-day-fund-to/9999400305600/.

31. 31 Government of Alberta, Heritage Savings Trust Fund: 2021–22 Annual Report, 2022, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/3675e470-646e-4f8a-86a7-c36c6f45471a/resource/a70d648a-4001-4293-a3a0-7fd98aedfd5a/download/2021-22-heritage-fund-annual-report.pdf, at p. 11.

32. 32 NRRR calculated from historical data found at Government of Alberta, “Historical Royalty Revenue,” https://open.alberta.ca/opendata/historical-royalty-revenue.

33. 33 Herb Emery and Ron Kneebone, “Alberta’s Problems of Plenty,” Policy Options, May 2011, p. 11, http://irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/po/provincial-deficits-and-debt/emery.pdf.

34. 34 See Government of Alberta, “Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund Historical Timeline,” February 24, 2022, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/80ee4142-17f2-4bc7-b30b-18afd3dfe5c8/resource/1c95d123-fa1d-49e3-ad25-98599aba2fb4/download/heritage-fund-historical-timeline.pdf.

35. 35 Quoted in Hudes, Klein’s ‘paid in full.’”

36. 36 CBC News, “#PrenticeBlamesAlbertans goes viral after Jim Prentice’s ‘look in the mirror’ comment,” CBC News, March 5, 2015, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/prenticeblamesalbertans-goes-viral-after-jim-prentice-s-look-in-the-mirror-comment-1.2982524.

37. 37 Jason Clemens and Robert P. Murphy, “Reforming Alberta’s Heritage Fund: Lessons from Alaska and Norway,” Fraser Institute, March 4, 2013, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/reforming-albertas-heritage-fund-lessons-from-alaska-and-norway.

38. 38 On a personal note, my father, Warren A. Morton, played a role in creating Wyoming’s Permanent Mineral Trust Fund (PWMTF) in 1975. At the time he was an elected member of the Wyoming House of Representatives. The fund was based on income from Wyoming’s severance taxes on oil, gas, coal, and other natural resource extraction. The fund is managed by the state government and invests in stocks and bonds. The enabling legislation allows the government to use the fund’s annual earnings to pay for government programs, but it is not allowed to sell or spend the fund’s principal balance. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/permanent-wyoming-mineral-trust-fund.asp.

39. 39 Ted Morton and Meredith McDonald, “The Siren Song of Economic Diversification: Alberta’s Legacy of Loss,” School of Public Policy Research Papers 8, no. 13 (2015), https://www.policyschool.ca/publications/siren-song-economic-diversification-albertas-legacy-loss/.

40. 40 Government of Alberta, “Putting Alberta’s Growing Savings to Work for Our Future,” Press release, March 4. 2014, http://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=359728D5EF19F-D565-C959-7EFD9867C9BC38F7.

41. 41 F.L. Morton, “Why Alberta Needs a Fiscal Constitution,” School of Public Policy Research Papers 11, no. 25 (2018), https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Fiscal-Constitution-Morton-final.pdf.

42. 42 Government of Alberta, 2022–23 Final Results: Year End Report, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/7714457c-7527-443a-a7db-dd8c1c8ead86/resource/e700b94a-bf65-49d1-bdac-af4915338c2c/download/tbf-goa-2022-2023-final-results-year-end-report.pdf.

43. 43 Taras, “The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives,” p. 22.

44. 44 Taras, “The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Conservatives,” p. 22.

45. 45 David K. Stewart and Anthony M. Sayers, “Divisions among Alberta’s ‘Conservatives’,” in Blue Storm: The Rise and Fall of Jason Kenney, eds. Duane Bratt, Richard Sutherland, and David Taras (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2023), p. 85.

46. 46 Graham Thomson, “Race is on to replace Ralph Klein as Tory leader,” Edmonton Journal, November 14, 2004, p. A1.

47. 47 Colby Cosh, “The Death of the Alberta PC Dynasty,” Maclean’s, May 7, 2015. https://macleans.ca/politics/the-death-of-the-alberta-pc-dynasty/.

48. 48 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 67.

49. 49 Frontier Centre for Pubic Policy, “Screw the West, We’ll Take the Rest,” July 9, 2020, https://fcpp.org/2020/07/09/screw-the-west-well-take-the-rest/.

50. 50 Faron Ellis, The Limits of Participation: Members and Leaders in Canada’s Reform Party (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005), p. 177.

51. 51 Bratt and Foster, “The fragility of a ‘big tent’ conservative party.”

52. 52 James Wood, “Lukaszuk and Kenney exchange glances, not words, at Harper fundraiser,” Calgary Herald, July 9, 2012, https://calgaryherald.com/news/politics/lukaszuk-and-kenney-exchange-glances-not-words-at-harper-fundraiser.

Notes to Chapter 12

1. 1 Samuel Issacharoff, Outsourcing Politics: The Hostile Takeovers of Our Hollowed out Political Parties, Houston Law Review, 54, no. 4 (2017), pp. 845–80.

2. 2 Tom Flanagan, Winning Power: Canadian Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014), pp. 53–56.

3. 3 Flanagan, Winning Power, pp. 65, 67.

4. 4 Flanagan, Winning Power, p. 56.

5. 5 Ted Morton, “Let’s stand up to Ottawa and get a better deal,” Calgary Herald, March 20, 2017, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/morton-lets-stand-up-to-ottawa-and-get-a-better-deal.

6. 6 F. L. (Ted) Morton, “Response to Federal Carbon Pricing: Equalization Reform,” Manning Centre, March 2017.

7. 7 Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217.

8. 8 Emma Graney, “UCP leadership candidate Brian Jean vows referendums on photo radar, equalization payments,” July 26, 2017, https://edmontonsun.com/2017/07/26/brian-jean-to-unveil-policy-on-democratic-reform-personal-freedoms.

9. 9 James Keller, “Albertans reject equalization payments and permanent daylight time in referendum,” Globe and Mail, October 26, 2021, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-albertans-vote-to-end-equalization-in-ballot-question-designed-to/.

10. 10 Bratt, Sutherland, and Young also note a rise in separatist sentiment in Alberta following the Liberals’ re-election in 2019. Duane Bratt, Richard Sutherland, and Lisa Young, “Introduction: Jason Kenney and the Perfect Storm,” in Blue Storm: The Rise and Fall of Jason Kenney, eds. Duane Bratt, Richard Sutherland, and David Taras (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2023), p. 6.

11. 11 Danielle Smith, “How Alberta can stop acting like Canada’s doormat,” October 18, 2019, Edmonton Journal, https://edmontonjournal.com/opinion/columnists/smith-how-alberta-can-stop-acting-like-canadas-doormat.

12. 12 Fair Deal Panel, “Report to Government,” May 2020, https://open.alberta.ca/publications/fair-deal-panel-report-to-government.

13. 13 Stewart and Sayers, “Divisions among Alberta’s ‘Conservatives’,” pp. 96–97.

14. 14 Formally called the Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act; see Carrie Tait and Alanna Smith, “Danielle Smith unveils sovereignty act in attempt to shield Alberta from federal laws,” Globe and Mail, November 29, 2022, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-danielle-smith-sovereignty-act-alberta-announcement/.

15. 15 Jared J. Wesley, “Albertans and the Fair Deal,” in Blue Storm: The Rise and Fall of Jason Kenney, eds. Duane Bratt, Richard Sutherland, and David Taras (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2023), p. 106.

16. 16 https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/sovereingty-act-clean-electricity-regulations-1.7041533.

17. 17 Jesse Hartery and Geoffrey Sigalet, “Equally Sovereign: Alberta and the New Provincial Rights Movement,” in From Multilateral Failures to Unilateral Successes? New Trends in Formal Constitutional Amendments, ed. David Guénette, Catherine Mathieu, and Félix Mathieu (McGill-Queen’s University Press, forthcoming). 

18. 18 Chris Varcoe, “‘There’s a big fight coming’—Smith throws down gauntlet in energy feud with Ottawa,” Calgary Herald, May 30, 2023, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/varcoe-smith-throws-down-gauntlet-in-energy-feud-with-ottawa.

19. 19 See Thomas Flanagan and Mark Milke, “Alberta’s Real Constitution: The Natural Resources Transfer Agreement,” in Forging Alberta’s Constitutional Framework, eds. Richard Connors and John M. Law (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2005), pp. 165–90.

20. 20 See Tom Flanagan, “Legends of the Calgary School: Their Guns, Their Dogs, and the Women Who Love Them,” Vogelin View, January 25, 2015, https://voegelinview.com/legends-calgary-school-guns-dogs%E2%80%A8and-women-love/; Jeffrey Simpson, “That’s not a machine gun in the violin case, it’s a political manifesto,” Globe and Mail, January 29, 1992, p. 18; David J. Rovinsky, “The Ascendancy of Western Canada in Canadian Policymaking,” Policy Papers on the Americas 9, no. 2, February 16, 1998, https://www.csis.org/analysis/policy-papers-americas-ascendancy-western-canada-canadian-policymaking-volume-ix-1998.

21. 21 Jack Mintz, Ted Morton, and Tom Flanagan (eds.), Moment of Truth: How to Think About Alberta’s Future (Toronto: Sutherland House, 2020).

22. 22 This includes Derek Burney, who served as chief of staff to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Canada’s ambassador to the United States; Donald Savoie, Canada Research Chair in Public Administration at l’Université de Moncton, fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and an officer of the Order of Canada; Herb Emery, holder of the Vaughan Chair in Regional Economics at the University of New Brunswick; and Fen Osler Hampson, Chancellor’s Professor at Carleton University and fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

23. 23 See Donald Savoie, “Western Canadians: Victims Searching for a Voice,” in Canada: Beyond Grudges, Grievances and Disunity (McGill-Queens University Press, 2023), pp. 82–101.

24. 24 Adam B. Masters and John Uhr, Leadership Performance and Rhetoric (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2017), p. 136. John Uhr is professor emeritus at Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. We were graduate students together at the University of Toronto in the mid-1970s.

25. 25 Drew Postey and Josh Lynn, “Sask. school pronoun policy becomes law,” CTV News, October 20, 2023, https://regina.ctvnews.ca/sask-government-s-parents-bill-of-rights-becomes-law-1.6609978.

26. 26 Andrew Waugh and John Chilibeck, “N.B. premier prepared to call election over LGBTQ schools policy,” National Post, June 8, 2023, https://nationalpost.com/news/n-b-premier-prepared-to-call-election-over-lgbtq-schools-policy.

Notes to Appendix 1

1. 1 Seymour Martin Lipset, “The Industrial Proletariat and the Intelligentsia in a Comparative Perspective,” in Consensus and Conflict: Essays in Political Sociology (New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1985), pp. 187, 196.

2. 2 Lipset, “The Industrial Proletariat,” pp. 196, 194.

3. 3 Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 321, 325, 331. Also see F.L. Morton and Rainer Knopff, The Charter Revolution and the Court Party (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2000), pp. 77–80.

4. 4 Andrew Sullivan, “We all live on campus now,” Intelligencer, February 9, 2018, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/02/we-all-live-on-campus-now.html.

5. 5 See Morton and Knopff, Charter Revolution and the Court Party, pp. 77–80.

6. 6 “Political scientist awarded human right research prize,” University of Calgary Gazette, January 30, 1995, p. 1; “SHHRC Awards Laskin Fellowship,” CAUT Bulletin, March 1995, p. 4.

7. 7 Jordan Peterson, “Why I am no longer a tenured professor at the University of Toronto” National Post, January 19, 2021, https://nationalpost.com/opinion/jordan-peterson-why-i-am-no-longer-a-tenured-professor-at-the-university-of-toronto.

8. 8 Peterson, “Why I am no longer a tenured professor.”

9. 9 Chrisopher Rufo, “How we squeezed Harvard to push Claudine Gay out,” Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2024, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-we-squeezed-harvard-claudine-gay-firing-dei-antisemitism-culture-war-a6843c4c

10. 10 Margaret Wente, “How Tom Flanagan went from respected political scientist to pariah,” Globe and Mail, April 25, 2014. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/how-tom-flanagan-went-from-respected-political-activist-to-pariah/article18232689/.

11. 11 Dylan Short, “Mount Royal professor who questioned Indigenization policies, BLM movement has been removed from school staff,” Calgary Herald, January 5, 2022, https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/mount-royal-professor-who-questioned-indigenization-policies-blm-movement-has-been-removed-from-school-staff.

12. 12 F.L. Ted Morton, “Now Hiring by Skin Colour! The University of Calgary’s “Inclusion” Policy that Discriminates Against Nearly Everyone,” C2C Journal, November 30, 2022, https://c2cjournal.ca/2022/11/now-hiring-by-skin-colour-the-university-of-calgarys-inclusion-policy-that-discriminates-against-nearly-everyone/.

13. 13 Ted Morton, “New World View Poses Danger to Free Speech,” Calgary Herald, March 4, 2023, p. A13.

14. 14 Ted Morton, “Racial discrimination at the University of Calgary,” Western Standard, December 6, 2022, https://www.westernstandard.news/opinion/morton-racial-discrimination-at-the-university-of-calgary/article_ffbe65d0-74b6-11ed-89bd-e34078cc3267.html.

15. 15 “The Viewpoint Diversity Crisis at Canadian Universities,” Christopher Dummitt and Zachary Patterson, Macdonald Laurier Institute, September 15, 2022, https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/the-viewpoint-diversity-crisis-at-canadian-universities/.

16. 16 John von Heyking, “Why Exclude Oedipus?: On the Incoherent Statism of Same Sex Marriage,” The Interim, September 2006, https://opus.uleth.ca/bitstream/handle/10133/2521/SSM-Interim-Aug2006.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

17. 17 Douglas Farrow, “Let’s have a responsible vote on same sex marriage,” letter to the National Post, June 17, 2006 (quoted in von Heyking, “Why Exclude Oedipus?”).

18. 18 David Rayside, Jerald Sabin, and Paul Thomas, “Faith and Party Politics in Alberta: Or ‘Danielle, this is Alberta, not Alabama’,” presented at the Canadian Political Science Association, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, June 13–15, https://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2012/Rayside-Sabin-Thomas.pdf, p.11.

19. 19 CBC News, “Alberta passes law allowing parents to pull kids out of class,” CBC News, June 2, 2009, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/alberta-passes-law-allowing-parents-to-pull-kids-out-of-class-1.777604 .

20. 20 Bruce Pardy, “Human rights have become a zero-sum game,” National Post, June 19, 2017, p. A11.

21. 21 Pardy, “Human rights have become a zero-sum game,” p. A11.

22. 22 See Glenn Blackett, “Wokeness captures Alberta’s Law Society,” Western Standard, February 2, 2023. https://www.westernstandard.news/opinion/blackett-wokeness-captures-albertas-law-society/article_80262310-95b0-11ed-866f-a73cc74a2c8d.html.

23. 23 Jonny Wakefield, “Law Society of Alberta votes to uphold mandatory education after Indigenous culture course comes under fire,” Edmonton Journal, February 6, 2023, https://edmontonjournal.com/news/crime/law-society-of-alberta-votes-to-uphold-mandatory-education-after-indigenous-culture-course-comes-under-fire.

24. 24 Bill 16 was ordered for second reading on August 30, 2022 (after being reintroduced after the election), but as of writing (March 2024), nothing appears to have happened since. Legislative Assembly of Ontario, “Bill 16, Racial Equity in the Education System Act, 2022,” https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-16/status.

25. 25 Barbara Kay, “Ontario’s Bill 67 is critical race theory in a thin disguise,” Western Standard, March 14, 2022, https://www.westernstandard.news/opinion/kay-ontarios-bill-67-is-critical-race-theory-in-a-thin-disguise/article_32507878-8117-57cb-9b67-0fb41b4f64cf.html.

26. 26 Kay, “Ontario’s Bill 67 is critical race theory in a thin disguise.”

27. 27 Kay, “Ontario’s Bill 67 is critical race theory in a thin disguise.”

28. 28 Eva Ferguson, “Supporting students’ right to self-identify,” Calgary Herald, January 14, 2016, p. A4.

29. 29 Government of Alberta, Guidelines for Best Practices—Creating Learning Environments that Respect Diverse Sexual Orientations, Gender Identities and Gender Expressions (Edmonton, Government of Alberta, 2016), https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/f76ede77-626b-4c19-b649-43a3c6a448e8/resource/5431a12d-d051-4116-8062-7596f2689adc/download/91383-attachment-1-guidelines-final-2016.pdf.

30. 30 Tom Vernon, “Calgary bishop slams LGBTQ rules; calls Alberta NDP ‘anti-Catholic’,” Global News, January 14, 2016, https://globalnews.ca/news/2454320/calgary-bishop-slams-lgbtq-rules-calls-alberta-ndp-anti-catholic/.

31. 31 Ted Morton, “Parents’ choice in education is a human right,” Calgary Herald, February 13, 2016, p. A11.

32. 32 Donna Trimble, “An Alberta mother’s call to action: When parents lose rights, children are endangered,” Calgary Herald, January 18, 2016, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/an-alberta-mothers-call-to-action-when-parents-lose-rights-children-are-endangered.

33. 33 Arian Campo-Flores, “Florida moves to restrict teaching about sexual orientation,” Wall Street Journal, February 25, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/florida-moves-to-restrict-teaching-about-sexual-orientation-11645794000.

34. 34 Peggy Noonan, “San Francisco schools the Left,” Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/san-francisco-school-board-teachers-elections-recall-vote-racist-woke-closures-remote-learning-crt-11645130926.

35. 35 Moms for Liberty, https://www.momsforliberty.org.

36. 36 Anna Betts, “University of Florida eliminates all D.E.I.-related positions,” New York Times, March 2, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/02/us/university-florida-dei.html.

37. 37 Jessica Bryant and Chloe Appleby, “These States’ Anti-DEI Legislation May Impact Higher Education,” Best Colleges, February 26, 2024, https://www.bestcolleges.com/news/anti-dei-legislation-tracker/.

38. 38 Michael Lind, “The Power-Mad Utopians,” Tablet, January 30, 2023, https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/power-mad-progressive-utopianism-must-be-stopped.

39. 39 This is the title and subtitle of his book-length version of his critique. Michael Lind, The New Class War: Saving Democracy from the Managerial Elite (Portfolio/Penguin, 2020).

40. 40 Rufo, “How we squeezed Harvard.”

41. 41 CBC News, “Day lashes out against Liberal attacks and the CBC,” CBC News, November 15, 2000, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/day-lashes-out-against-liberal-attacks-and-the-cbc-1.215070.

42. 42 Jeffrey Simpson, “How Ontario became Ford Nation,” Globe and Mail, June 9, 2018, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-how-ontario-became-ford-nation/.

43. 43 Dave Snow, “How Canadian media covered Claudine Gay’s resignation from Harvard,” The Hub, January 23, 2024, https://thehub.ca/2024-01-23/dave-snow-how-the-canadian-media-covered-claudine-gays-resignation-from-harvard/.

44. 44 Eric Kaufmann, “Canadians aren’t actually ‘woke’,” The Hub, February 15, 2024, https://thehub.ca/2024-02-15/eric-kaufmann-canadians-are-not-actually-woke/.

45. 45 Aristotle Foundation for Public Policy, https://aristotlefoundation.org.

46. 46 Mark Milke, ed., The 1867 Project: Why Canada Should be Cherished not Cancelled (Aristotle Foundation for Public Policy, 2023).

47. 47 Christopher Dummitt and Zachary Patterson. “Political homogeneity, self-censorship and Threats to Academic Freedom,” Macdonald-Laurier Institute, September 15, 2022, https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/the-viewpoint-diversity-crisis-at-canadian-universities/.

48. 48 The Hub Staff, “Senior university administrator: Universities are no longer a ‘safe space’ for debate,” The Hub, January 13, 2024, https://thehub.ca/2024-01-13/universities-are-no-longer-a-safe-space-for-debate/.

49. 49 Sean Speer, “Reform is coming for entitled universities—one way or another,” The Hub, December 11, 2023, https://thehub.ca/2023-12-11/sean-speer-reform-is-coming-for-entitled-universities-one-way-or-another/.

50. 50 Adam Hunter, “Sask. Parental Bill of Rights introduced, notwithstanding clause to be invoked,” CBC News, October 12, 2023, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-bill-137-notwithstanding-clause-1.6993335.

51. 51 This the most recent acronym for “Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and/or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual,” and “the plus reflects the countless affirmative ways in which people choose to self-identify.” See Middlebury Institute of International Studies, “2SLGBTQIA+”, https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/about/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dei/lgbtq.

52. 52 Heather Mallick, “If Premier Scott Moe can misuse the notwithstanding clause, so can we,” Toronto Star, October 15, 2023, https://www.thestar.com/opinion/star-columnists/if-premier-scott-moe-can-misuse-the-notwithstanding-clause-so-can-we/article_2c3d8330-ffe1-590e-bd2e-c52e377d8c63.html.

53. 53 Caitlin Salvino and Nathalie Des Rosiers, “Saskatchewan’s use of the notwithstanding clause reveals its fundamental flaw,” Policy Options, September 29, 2023, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/september-2023/saskatchewan-notwithstanding/.

54. 54 Parents for Choice in Education, https://www.parentchoice.ca.

55. 55 Alberta Parents’ Union, https://www.albertaparentsunion.ca.

56. 56 Tyler Dawson, “Alberta’s new transgender rules: From restricted treatments to pronouns and parental rights,” Calgary Herald, January 31, 2024, https://calgaryherald.com/news/canada/danielle-smith-alberta-transgender-pronoun-rules/wcm/16770f15-ac08-4602-9e04-f54c308a7605.

57. 57 Michelle Bellefontaine, “Danielle Smith unveils sweeping changes to Alberta’s student gender identity, sports and surgery policies,” CBC News, January 31, 2024, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/danielle-smith-unveils-sweeping-changes-to-alberta-s-student-gender-identity-sports-and-surgery-policies-1.7101053.

58. 58 Peter Zimonjic, “Trudeau says Premier Smith’s new transgender policies target ‘vulnerable’ youth,” CBC News, February 2, 2024, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-responds-danielle-smith-trans-policies-1.7103250.

59. 59 Phil Heidenreich, “Alberta Opposition leader, federal ministers react to premier’s policy affecting transgender youth,” Global News, February 1, 2024, https://globalnews.ca/news/10266063/alberta-smith-policy-politicians-react-transgender/.

60. 60 John Paul Tasker, “Pierre Poilievre defends Alberta Premier Smith on transgender policies,” CBC News, February 6, 2024, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pierre-poilievre-danielle-smith-transgender-1.7106283.

61. 61 “The Cass Review: Independent review of gender identity services for children and young people: Final report.” April 2024. https://cass.independent-review.uk/home/publications/final-report/.

62. 62 https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/kunskapsstod/2023-1-8330.pdf.

63. 63 See https://thehub.ca/2024/05/28/dave-snow-the-groundbreaking-cass-review-on-transgender-care-is-shifting-the-debate-abroad/.

64. 64 Canadian Gender Report, https://genderreport.ca/resources/

65. 65 James Pew, “Canada’s dangerous commitment to trans-affirming care for minors,” Macdonald-Laurier Institute. May 8, 2024, https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/canadas-dangerous-commitment-to-trans-affirming-care-for-minors-james-pew/.

66. 66 Pew, “Canada’s dangerous commitment to trans-affirming care for minors.”

67. 67 Eric Kaufmann, “The Politics of the Culture Wars in Contemporary Canada,” Macdonald-Laurier Institute, February 15, 2024, https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/canada-less-woke-than-you-think/.

68. 68 Kaufmann, “The Politics of the Culture Wars.”

Notes to Appendix 2

1. 1 Peggy Noonan, “The Culture of Death,” Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1999.

2. 2 Noonan, “Culture of Death.”

3. 3 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942), p. 138.

4. 4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, or On Education, introduction, translation, and notes by Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1979), p. 470.

5. 5 The Federalist Papers, No. 55.

6. 6 See F.L. Morton, “Sexual Equality and the Family in Tocqueville’s Democracy in America,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 17, no. 2 (1984), 309–24.

7. 7 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve, 2 volumes (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), vol. 2, bk. 3, ch. 9, p. 237.

8. 8 Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Alone: American’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995), pp. 65–78.

9. 9 Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur, Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps (Harvard University Press, 1994).

10. 10 David Popenoe, Life Without Father: Compelling New Evidence that Father and Marriage are Indispensable for the Good of the Children and Society (New York: The Free Press, 1996).

11. 11 For the Canadian experience, see William D. Gairdner, The War Against the Family: A Parent Speaks Out (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1992); John Richards, Retooling the Welfare State (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1997), pp. 250–57; also Douglas W. Allen and John Richards, eds., It Takes Two: The Family in Law and Finance (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1999).

12. 12 David Frum, “U.S. Justice is hardly a killing machine,” National Post, December 15, 1998.

13. 13 This is a major theme in my forthcoming book with Rainer Knopff, The Charter Revolution and the Court Party (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, [2000]).

14. 14 I have adopted this framework from the Reform Party of Canada’s Family Impact Statement.

15. 15 See Kevin Andrews, “Building Family Policy,” Plenary Session 5, Word Congress of Families II, Geneva, Switzerland, November 14–17, 1999.

16. 16 See also Bruce Hafen, “A Tribute to Motherhood,” Plenary Session 4; David Blankenhorn, “A Preferential Option for the Family;” Plenary Session 8, World Congress of Families II, Geneva, Switzerland, November 14–17, 1999.

17. 17 See David Hartmann, “Economic Change and Family Decline,” Plenary Session 7, World Congress of Families II, Geneva, Switzerland, November 14–17, 1999.

18. 18 David Frum, “What gay marriage does to marriage,” National Review, November 8, 1999.

19. 19 Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions (New York: Wilson and Morrow, 1987), p. 150.

20. 20 Christopher Lasch, “The Family in History,” New York Review of Books, November 13, 1975, p. 33. Also see Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless World (New York: Basic Books, 1979), preface and chapters 7 and 8.

21. 21 Daniel P. Moynihan, “A Family Policy for a Nation,” America (September 18, 1965), pp. 392–93.

22. 22 See James Freeman, “Are family and faith staging a comeback?” Wall Street Journal, April 19, 2024, https://www.wsj.com/articles/are-family-and-faith-staging-a-comeback-41436242?mod=hp_opin_pos_6#cxrecs_s.

23. 23 Brad Wilcox, Get Married: Why Americans Must Defy the Elites, Forge Strong Families, and Save Civilization (New York, HarperCollins, 2024).

24. 24 Melissa S. Kearney, The Two-Parent Privilege: How Americans Stopped Getting Married and Started Falling Behind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2023).

25. 25 Chris Bullivant and Brad Wilcox, “Back from the brink: The intellectual tide is turning on marriage and civil society,” Deseret News, April 17, 2024, https://www.deseret.com/family/2024/04/17/family-faith-marriage-cultural-elites-deaths-of-despair/.

26. 26 Tim Sargent, “Decline and Fall: Trends in family formation and fertility in Canada since 2001,” Macdonald- Laurier Institute, May 2024, p. 4, https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/WhctKKZWnmtpKwpjmZtkmPHPzFRRjGDWnGtzKmKGK
    XJkDtrDXgZhTjNQnlbxSXSWHzlxXkl.

27. 27 Sargent, “Trends in family formation,” p. 4.

28. 28 Sargent, “Trends in family formation,” p. 5.

Notes to Appendix 3

1. 1 Emma Celeste Thornley, “Democracy Notwithstanding: Canada’s History of the Notwithstanding Clause and its Role in Human Rights,” Candlelight, January 31, 2023, https://amnesty.sa.utoronto.ca/2023/01/31/democracy-notwithstanding-canadas-history-of-the-notwithstanding-clause-and-its-role-in-human-rights/.

2. 2 Eleni Nicolaides and Dave Snow, “A Paper Tiger No More? The Media Portrayal of the Notwithstanding Clause in Saskatchewan and Ontario,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 54, no. 1 (2021), pp. 60–74.

3. 3 Dave Snow, When Rights Clash: The Notwithstanding Clause and Saskatchewan’s Pronoun Policy, Macdonald-Laurier Institute, October 10, 2023, https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/notwithstanding-clause-and-charter/.