index

Note: Page numbers refer to the print edition, those in bold refer to illustrations.

acid rain, 163, 173–75

Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, 54

agriculture and mining, 221, 223–24

Ahousaht First Nation, 183, 185, 187–88, 196–97

Alaska Highway, 30

Alaska National Wildlife Refuge, 116

Alberta

environmental activism, 1–3, 315

Indigenous park conservation, 107

Alberta Tar Sands, 52–53

Alberta Views, 1–2

Alberta Wilderness Association, 2–3

Alfred, Taiaiake, 32

Algonquin Provincial Park, 137–38

alliances. See Native/non-Native alliances

Alternatives

founding, 153–54

Indigenous themes in, 154, 157–60, 164–65, 319

topics and authors, 155–57, 160–61

Amchitka Island weapons test protests, 291–92, 295

American Indians. See Indigenous peoples; Native communities; specific nations and tribes

animals

endangered species protection, 115

herd development, 30–31, 116–17

Anishinaabe. See Grassy Narrows First Nation; Lac La Croix community;
Seine River community

Annapolis Valley, 220–21, 223

Anthropocene, 36–37

anti-fur campaigns, 25

anti-nuclear activism

eastern Maritimes, 216–19, 221, 223, 239

Greenpeace, 262, 291–92, 294–97, 300, 309–10

anti-sealing activism, 305

anti-war activism, 290–91

anti-whaling activism, 299–302, 304

Army Corps of Engineers, 57

Artists Entertainment Complex, 302

Asháninka Communal Reserve, 120

Atikokan, 161, 171, 175, 178

generating station, 162–64, 172–73, 176–77. See also Marmion Lake generating station project

Atleo, Clifford, 194, 196

Atleo, E. Richard (Umeek), 7

Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB), 218

Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., 219, 225

Bad River Ojibwe, 61

Badlands National Park, 99, 110–11

Baird, Larry, 197

Bakken oil shale formation, 57–60

Barca, Stefania, 137

Bauer, William, 142

Bayshore Inn meeting, 272

BC Federation of Labour, 196

Becker, Egon, 37

Berkes, Fikret, 36

Berman, Tzeporah, 183, 189, 200

Bess, Michael, 6

Bevington, Douglas, 264, 321

BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

bicycle use, 278–79

“Big Green” organizations, 48, 51, 56, 61. See also “Green Giants”

biomass conversion projects, 164, 177

biosphere reserves, 101–3, 119

Bird, J. W., 250–51

Black Hills Alliance, 49

Blackfeet, 117

Blackfoot Nation, 105–7

BLC. See Boreal Leadership Council (BLC)

Blomquist, Glenn C., 134

Boat Harbour, 213–16

Bogart, Barbara Allen, 142

Bohlen, Jim, 291, 293–94, 296–97, 300

Boldt Decision (1974), 49, 52, 322

boreal forest, 35

Boreal Leadership Council (BLC), 31, 34–35

Bradley, Ben, 142

Braided Hair, Vanessa, 55

Braun, Bruce, 182

Brazil national parks, 100, 107–9, 119

Bresette, Walter, 66

Bribri, 114

British Columbia. See also Society Promoting Environmental Conservation (SPEC)

environmental activism in, 264–65, 269–70

forest management, 181

Harcourt government, 188, 193–95, 197

Brunnemann, Eric, 111

Buchanan government, 223

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 74–79, 81, 112–13

businesses

environmental engagement, 280

and media, 274

Buzbee, William, 321

Byrne, C. J., 225

Cahuita National Park, 115

Calgary Eco-Centre Society, 2

California Desert Protection Act (1994), 113

Camp Wanapitei, 155

Campo Kumeyaay Reservation, 118

Canada as a Conserver Society (Franklin), 244–45

Canadian Countercultures and the Environment (Coates), 6

Canadian government

environmental programs, 220, 245, 247, 252–53, 278

Boat Harbour study, 215

land claims and logging rights, 185

park development, 118

sulphur dioxide studies, 174–75

CANDU reactors, 217–18

Canso Chemicals, 215

Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 116

caribou herds, 30–31, 116

Carlson, Keith Thor, 129–30

Carroll, William, 268, 274

Carson, Rachel, 14–15

Caruso, Emily, 120

CBC. See community-based conservation (CBC)

CCNB. See Conservation Council of New Brunswick (CCNB)

Cedar Man (carving), 186

Chedabucto Bay, 216

Cherry Point (Xwe’chi’eXen), 54–55

Chrétien, Jean, 118

CIA. See Cowboy and Indian Alliance (CIA)

Citizen Action to Protect the Environment (CAPE), 223

citizens. See public

civic environmentalism, 278

Clamshell Alliance, 309–10

Clapperton, Jonathan, 129–30

Clarion River, 134–37

Clay, Jason, 103–4

Clayoquot on the Wild Side (Young and Dorst), 190–91

Clayoquot Sound, 181, 189–91

Clayoquot Sound campaign, 181–82, 188, 191–96, 199–200, 318–19

Clayton, Jenny, 139

Clean Environment Act (1971 New Brunswick), 238–39

clicktivism, 322–23

climate justice movement, 47–48, 51, 61

coal burning, 161–63, 174–75

coal opposition, 54–55

Cocopah Nation, 117

collaboration. See also Fort Apache Heritage Foundation (FAHF); Native/non-Native alliances

CCNB approach, 234, 236–37

and climate justice movement, 61

vs. confrontation, 250, 281–82

SPEC approach, 277–79

colonialism

contact zones, 184, 186–87

ecological, 113–14

in environmentalist thought, 182–83, 199–200

and Indigenous survival, 32

and parks, 25, 108–9, 118–20

Columbia forest renewal, 104

Columbia River Inter-Tribal Commission, 54

Commoner, Barry, 156

community-based conservation (CBC), 101–3

confrontation tactics, 272–74, 281–82

Conservation and Renewable Demonstration Agreement (CREDA), 247

Conservation Council of New Brunswick (CCNB)

brief history, 233–34

formation of, 235–36

organization and membership, 238–39, 240–42

as professional institution, 246–48, 318

and provincial government, 236–40, 249–53

conservation partnerships, 117–18

Conserver House project, 247–49

conserver society concepts, 232–33, 243–45, 248–49, 251

Conserver Society Notes, 154, 243

Constitution Act (1982 Canada), 160

consumption and environment, 130

contact zone, 184, 186–87

Cook Forest State Park, 132–37

Coppard, Alice, 279–80

Corntassel, Jeff, 32

Costa Rica, 100, 102, 113–15

cottages in parks, 140–41

Council of BC Forest Industries, 272

countercultural movements, 290–92, 298, 304–5

Cowboy and Indian Alliance (CIA), 59–61

Craig, Mariddie, 85

Cronon, William, 128

Crosby, Alfred, 114

Crossley Enterprises, 216–17

Crouse, Lloyd, 218

Crow, 62–63

Crutzen, Paul, 36

Culhane, Gary, 272

cultural resources

Badlands National Park, 110–11

Death Valley National Park, 112

and reconciliation, 100

Sete Cidades National Park, 101, 107–9

in tribal parks, 116–19

Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, 106–7

Dahlberg-Grundberg, Michael, 322

dams

Grassy Narrows land use area, 26–27

Peace River, 30–31

Dane-zaa, 29–31

Darién National Park, 119

Darnell, Bill, 262, 291

DaSilva, Judy, 37

Davis, Rachel, 51

Death Valley National Park, 111–13

decolonizing policies and practices

Fort Apache Heritage Foundation (FAHF), 80–82, 86–91

and Native/non-Native alliances, 65–66

with treaties, 49, 52

Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, 107

Dehose, Judy, 85

Deloria, Vine, Jr., 8

demonstration projects, 247–48, 279

Devine, Glen, 218

Dine (Navajo), 75–76. See also Navajo Tribal Council

Don’t Make a Wave Committee (DMWC), 291–93

Eastern Rockies Forest Conservation Board (EFRCB), 2

eco-imperialism, 182–83

“Ecological Indian” stereotype, 190–91

Ecology Caravan, 268

economic development. See also tourism

and environmental destruction, 27, 114, 172

and Indigenous populations, 118, 120, 163–64

indiscriminate growth, 242

and local disruption, 27, 212–16, 219–25

economics and environmental policy, 319–20

ecosystem organizational model, 306

Ecuador parks, 119

Edmonton, Alberta, 1–2

education, 2, 267, 277–78, 280

elites and non-elites

in movement initiation, 6–7, 93, 209, 211, 317, 321

and parks, 131–33, 139, 144

Ellsay, Don, 277

endangered species, 115–16

Energy and Us (SPEC), 278

Energy Audits, 278

Energy East project, 316

Energy Probe, 153, 164–65, 178

energy projects and programs, 158–59, 161–64, 249, 278

Environment North, 178

environmental activism

and climate justice movement, 61

effectiveness of, 261–62, 281–82, 316–17

first wave, 240–41, 243

and Indigenous alliances, 33–36, 164–65

insider approach, 266–69

roots of, 208–11

scale, 3–5, 93–94, 233, 252–53

Environmental Assessment Act (Ontario), 159, 161, 172, 178

environmental groups. See also specific organizations

adaptation, 275, 318–19

as authoritarian, 182–83, 188–91

and conserver society movement, 245

and government engagement, 211–12, 232, 252–53

objectives and agendas, 3–5, 25–26, 289, 319

environmental justice, 36, 130–31, 159, 210–11, 224–25

environmental protection, 25–26, 32–38

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 177

environmentalism

discourse and futures, 14–15

historic preservation as, 92

Indigenous influence, 23–26, 36–38

limits of engagement, 165

local vs. global issues, 93–94, 290, 310

localized vs. abstract issues, 241, 252–53

manifestations of, 208–11

metropolitan vs. hinterland issues, 224–25

scholarship in, 5–10

unintentional vs. expedient, 131–32, 136

Environmentalism of the Poor, The (Martinez-Alier), 209–10

Ephron, Amy, 302

Epstein, Barbara, 309

European communities

markets in, 193

tours in, 195–96

existence value, 134

expulsions and relocations

Grassy Narrows First Nation, 27

from National Parks, 25

FAHF. See Fort Apache Heritage Foundation (FAHF)

fenitrothion, 250

Ferguson, Henry, 214

films, 278, 302

Finck, Robert, 225

Finney, Carolyn, 131

First Nations. See also Indigenous peoples

in environmental group alliances, 23–26, 31–33, 36–38

pipeline opposition, 53

first wave environmentalism, 240–41, 243

fish and fishing

protection, 49, 54–55, 59, 64

threats to, 27, 172, 175, 215–18

Flaster, Katherine, 269

FOAP. See Friends of Algonquin Park (FOAP)

FOCS. See Friends of Clayoquot Sound (FOCS)

forestry industry, 181, 196–97, 234, 249, 272

forests, 35, 103–4, 120, 186–87

Fort Apache

history, 75–77, 79

management, 80–82

preservation activities, 73–74, 78, 79–80

vision and value of, 90–91

Fort Apache and Theodore Roosevelt School National Historic Landmark, 75–80

Fort Apache Heritage Foundation (FAHF), 80–82, 86–91

Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, 57, 63

fossil fuel industry, 47–48, 51, 53, 57–60, 59

Foundation trilogy (Asimov), 294

FPP. See Friends of Pinery Park (FPP)

fracking, 30, 57, 61, 63

France and Greenpeace, 294–98

Francis, Louis, 214

Francis, Raymond, 214

Frank, Billy Jr., 47, 58

Frank, Francis, 194

Franklin, Ursula, 243

Franklin report (Canada as a Conserver Society), 244–45

Franks, David, 51

Fraser River Report (SPEC), 266

Fredericton, New Brunswick CCNB Chapter, 238–42

Friends of Algonquin Park (FOAP), 138–39

Friends of Clayoquot Sound (FOCS), 119, 181, 185–86, 189–90, 197, 200

Friends of Pinery Park (FPP), 138–39

funding

community-based conservation, 102

environmental groups, 233, 242, 245, 277, 304–5

Friends groups, 139

government programs, 212, 215

heritage and tourism, 79–81, 111

Indigenous activism, 187–88

gender dynamics, 103, 320–21

George, Annie, 196

Gibbs, Lois, 321

Gismondi, Michael, 322

global vs. local environmentalism, 93–94, 290, 310

Goetze, Tara C., 194

Gómez-Pompa, Arturo, 101

Gottlieb, Robert, 6

governments

engagement with, 211–12, 232, 234

lobbying to, 236–37, 252–53

governments. See also Canadian government; specific provinces

Grassy Narrows First Nation, 24, 26–29, 34, 162, 172, 177

Grays Harbor, Washington, 58, 60

“Green Giants”, 4, 10, 315, 319, 320. See also “Big Green” organizations

Green Party, 264

Greenpeace. See also Don’t Make a Wave Committee (DMWC)

anti-logging protests, 181, 190, 195, 200

anti-whaling campaigns, 299–300

Bob Hunter‘s leadership of, 300–305

and drilling rigs, 51

formation, 289–94

growth, 309–11

international, 297–99

Mururoa (South Pacific) campaign, 294–97

organizational change, 305–9, 318

scholarly treatment, 13–14

and SPEC, 262

Greenpeace (boat), 291–92

Guatemala parks, 120

Guha, Ramachandra, 209–10

Gwich’in, 116

Habermas, Jürgen, 210

Hackett, Robert, 274

Haig-Brown, Roderick, 265

Hall, Carolyn, 114

Hanson, W. H. (Wally), 2

Hants County, Nova Scotia, 220–21

Harcourt government, 188, 193–95, 197

Harger, Robin, 156, 267, 272, 274

Harris, Douglas, 186

Hartley, Emery, 119

Hartt Commission, 162–63, 172–74, 176

Harvey, Brian, 231–32, 247, 249, 250

Hatfield government, 237–40, 248–49, 251–52

Hatheway, Harold, 241

Havasupai, 116

Hays, Samuel, 209

Hazlett, Maril, 320

Henry, Tony, 177

heritage conservation

historic preservation, 92

sovereignty-driven, 86–89

Hesquiaht First Nation, 183, 192

Hine, Karen, 247

historic preservation, 92

historiography

tourism and environment, 136

urban environmentalism, 264

Ho-Chunk, 61

Hodgins, Bruce, 155

Honduras, 103

Hopi, 76, 117

Horsfield, Margaret, 182

Huascarán National Park, 119

humans and environment, 36–37

Hunter, Bob

and Greenpeace, 289, 291–94, 296, 298–305, 307–8

and SPEC, 262, 276

hunting and fishing rights, 111, 116

Husband, Vicky, 190

Huskilson, Harold, 218

Huu-ay-aht First Nation, 197

Idle No More movement, 61–62

IJC. See International Joint Commission (IJC)

Indigenous peoples. See also First Nations; specific nations and tribes

ancient communities, 108–9

as environmental activists, 5, 7–8, 321–23

in environmental journals, 154, 157–61

in park histories, 130, 142

Indigenous-environmentalist relationships. See also Native/non-Native alliances

call for alliances, 164–65

opportunities in, 159–60, 318

post-colonial critiques of, 182–83

indiscriminate growth, 242–43

Inglehart, Richard, 208

Ingram, Gordon Brent, 190, 195

Innu Nation, 32

insider vs. outsider concept, 263–64

Institute for the Study of Cultural Evolution (ISCE), 157

Interim Measures Agreement (IMA), 194

International Joint Commission (IJC), 174–76

International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 119

Intertribal Bison Cooperative, 117

Isaak Forest Resources, 197

Jackson, Ted, 161

Jacobs, Jane, 92

Jacoby, Karl, 128

James, Jewell, 56

James Bay Committee, 158, 160

James Bay project, 158

Jim Crow laws, 130–31

Johnston, Tyson, 58–59

Kayapó, 104–5

Keddy, Michael, 223

Keeling, Arn, 35

Kelley, Peter. See Kinew, Tobasonakwut Peter

Kennedy, Ian, 182

Kennedy, Robert, Jr., 189, 197

Kenora District Camp-Owners Association, 175

Keystone XL pipeline, 52, 60, 315–16

Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion, 7, 53, 316

Kinew, Tobasonakwut Peter. See also Treaty 3 Chiefs Council

article by, 154, 159–60, 164–65, 171–79

background, 12, 162–63

Kings County, Nova Scotia, 223

Klein, Naomi, 52, 65

knowledge, 102, 104–5, 193, 319

Kogi, 119

Kootenay-Salish, 117

Kramer, J. R., 162, 172–73

Krech, Shepard, 7

Kuna, 103–4

labour

and environmentalism, 54, 268–69

in parks, 137–38

Lac La Croix community, 162, 171, 173, 177

Lacandón rainforest, 101–2

Lakota communities, 49, 64, 99, 110–11

land access rights, 110–15

land claims, 186–87, 196–98

land protection

and First Nations treaties, 28, 30

national parks as, 25

and ranchers, 61

Land Use Decision (1993 British Columbia), 188, 191–92

Landrum, Ney C., 129

Langmaid, Kenneth, 235–37

Leddy, Lianne, 12

Leduc, Timothy, 8

legal system

as environmental tool, 321–22

land claims, 186–87

Leitold, Ron, 224

Letchworth State Park Facebook page, 143

Ley Indigena (1977, Costa Rica), 114

Lickers, Henry, 161

Liggett, Thomas, 133–34

Little, Marilee, 231–32, 234, 251

livestock grazing, 111

lobbying practices

CCNB, 232, 234, 237–38, 249–53

insider access, 264

lobster fisheries, 215, 217

local vs. global environmentalism, 93–94, 290, 310

logging

Grassy Narrows blockades, 27–29

Meares Island plans, 184–87

standards improvement, 193

logging industry

Ahousaht in, 196–97

promoted in Europe, 195

Loo, Tina, 6

Los Altos de San Miguel Regional Municipal Park, 120

Lowenthal, David, 14

Lubicon Lake Nation, 3

Lucas, Richard, 192

Lummi Tribal Council, 55

Lupe, Ronnie, 79, 82

MacDonald, Laura, 322

MacKeighen, Ian, 217

Mackenzie, William, 241

MacLellan, D.C., 215

MacMillan Bloedel

Clayoquot Sound, 181, 184–85, 187, 197

SPEC campaign against, 272, 273, 274–75

Maignon, Loys, 189

Mains, Geoff, 159

Maliseet First Nation, 61

Mallard, Derrick and Gwen, 265–67, 274–76

Mansbridge, Jane, 269

Marining, Rod, 298–99

Maritime Energy Coalition, 221, 239

Marmion Lake generating station project, 162–63, 171–72, 174–78. See also Atikokan generating station

Marmorek, Jan, 164

Marsh, George Perkins, 14

Marsh, Kenneth, 241

Martin, Brad, 118

Martin, Joe, 196

Martin, Moses, 119, 187

Martinez-Alier, Juan, 207, 209–10

Marunchak, Jim, 268

Mayan communities, 120

Maybe, Muriel, 224

McAdam, Sylvia, 61

McCreight, M. I., 132–33

McDonough, Alexa, 221

McKnight, John, 269

McTaggart, David, 296–98, 305, 307–9

McVeigh, Brian, 225

Meares Island logging plans, 184–85

Meares Island Tribal Park Declaration, 119

media attention, 267–68, 274, 294–95, 299, 301–2

mercury contamination, 27, 162, 173, 175, 177, 215

Metcalfe, Ben, 291, 293–98, 300, 302

Mexico parks and forests, 102–3

Mi’kmaq First Nation, 61, 213–14, 216

mining. See resource extraction

mining regulations, 132

Minnesota and Marmion Lake generating station, 175–77

Miskito, 103

Moe, Kristen, 60–61

Mollett, Sharlene, 103

Moncton, New Brunswick CCNB Chapter, 238–40

Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, 101–2

Montrie, Chad, 6, 132

Monument Valley Tribal Park, 116

Moore, Niamh, 182

Moore, Patrick, 291, 297, 300–2, 305–8

Moranda, Scott, 136

Mosley, Stephen, 128, 130

Mossett, Kandi, 57

Nadasdy, Paul, 25

National Commission on Indigenous Affairs (CONAI), 114–15

National Historic Landmark (NHL) designation, 80

National Park Service (NPS), 99, 110–13, 116–17

national parks

colonialist policies in, 25, 118–20, 183

historical coverage, 127, 129–30

National Wildlife Federation, 117–18

Nations, James, 101

Native communities

in community-based conservation (CBC), 101–3

and park relations, 120–21

rights and sovereignties, 49–50

Native/non-Native alliances. See also Indigenous-environmentalist relationships

initiatives, 30–31, 48–50, 54–56, 60–64

role of non-Natives in, 33–34, 64–66, 178–79

types of, 25–26, 51–52

Nature Conservancy, The (in Costa Rica), 114

Navajo Tribal Council, 62, 116. See also Dine (Navajo)

Nawtsamaat Alliance, 53

NDP government of British Columbia. See Harcourt government

New Brunswick government. See also Hatfield government

Conservation and Renewable Demonstration Agreement (CREDA), 247

lobbying and legislation, 238–40, 250–52

nuclear reactor project, 219

resource development focus, 232, 234, 248–49

New Brunswick Pesticide Advisory Board, 239, 250–51

Nez, Phoebe, 85

Nez Perce, 53

NHL. See Fort Apache and Theodore Roosevelt School National Historic Landmark 1973-74 oil shock, 242–43, 277

Nisqually Tribe, 49, 64

Nohwike’ Bágowa (museum), 77, 91

Nordhaus, Ted, 15, 261

Norman, Emma S., 8

Northern Cheyenne, 54–55

Northern Gateway Pipeline Proposal, 52, 316, 322

Northumberland Strait Pollution Control Committee (NSPCC), 214–16

Nova Scotia government. See also Regan government

and environmental activism, 211–12, 215

Mi’kmaq negotiations, 213

Royal Commission on Uranium Mining, 223–25

uranium claims and mining, 219–20, 222

Nova Scotia Medical Society, 223

Nova Scotia Power Corporation (NSPC), 217

NPS. See National Park Service (NPS)

NSPCC. See Northumberland Strait Pollution Control Committee (NSPCC)

nuclear projects, 216–19

Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations, 181, 183–88, 191–200

O’Brien, William E., 130–31

O’Connor, Ryan, 241, 277

Ogden, J. G., 215–16

Oglala Lakota Nation, 99, 110–11

oil shock of 1973-74, 242–43, 277

oil spills, 58, 216

oil terminals and trains, 58, 60

Olympia, Washington, 64

Ontario government

generating facilities, 173–76, 178

park development, 141

Ontario Hydro, 161, 163–64, 171–72, 174–78

Marmion Lake generating station project, 175–77

Ontario Royal Commission on the Northern Environment. See Hartt Commission

oral histories, 142

Örestig, Johan, 322

outsider concept. See insider vs. outsider concept

Pacific Rim National Park, 185

Panama parks, 103–4, 119

Parkhill, Janet, 247

parks. See also national parks; provincial and state parks

historiography, 127–31, 139–44

as Indigenous conservation, 101–5

and Indigenous relations, 115–21, 190–92

research on, 99–100

Parks Canada, 118

particularism vs. universalism, 50, 63

Pembina Institute, 164

Perry, Hattie, 218, 224

Peru parks, 119–20

pesticide debates, 220, 250–51

pesticide use, 238, 250–51, 269

petroglyph sites, 105–9

phosphates pollution, 1

photographic resources, 142

Piauí (Brazil), 107–9

Pictou Landing Band, 213–14

Pierotti, Raymond, 7

Piikani Nation Lone Fighters, 160

Pinery Provincial Park, 138–39

pipelines opposition, 52, 58, 60, 315–16, 323

Pleasantville, Pennsylvania, 133

political engagement. See lobbying practices

pollution. See also water pollution

Pictou Landing, 214

in terms of reference, 235–36

Pollution Probe, 153, 240, 265, 275

Poplar River generating station, 174, 176

Posey, Darrell, 104

post-materialism, 208–9, 211, 255n21, 320

Powder River Basin, 53–57, 118

Pratt, Mary Louise, 184

prefigurative politics, 309

provincial and state parks. See also specific parks

historiography, 127–31, 139–44

as workplace, 137–39

public. See also education; elites and non-elites

awareness and engagement, 5, 221, 247–48, 264–65, 269–70

and environmental group tactics, 1, 186–87, 263–64, 266–67, 280

letters to the editor, 231–32

and parks, 127–31, 139–44

surveys and questionnaires, 140, 220–21, 251

pulp and paper operations, 27, 177

Puyallup Tribe, 60

Quakers, 290, 292, 298, 302

Quinault Nation, 58–59

Rabliauskas, Sophia, 32–33, 37

radicalization of environmental groups, 272, 274–75, 281–82, 317

Raeside, Adrian, editorial cartoons, 198, 199

Raging Grannies, 1, 279

Rainforest Action Network (RAN), 28–29, 34, 309

rancher communities, 54–55, 61

Ratner, R. S., 268

reconciliation and conservation, 100

recreation, 129, 135–37, 140–42

recycling, 231–32, 269

Red Lake Chippewa, 118

Regan government, 216–18

relocations. See expulsions and relocations

research

as parasitic activity, 84–85

rights as revenue, 103–4

resource development, 35, 158–59, 232, 234, 248–49. See also economic development

resource extraction, 30, 51, 113

Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, 103

Rome, Adam, 6, 320

Rondeau Provincial Park, 140

Rosenberg, Dorothy, 160

Ross, Gyasi, 61–62

Rowe, E.L.L., 215

Royal Commission on Uranium Mining, 223–25

Sabin, Paul, 321

sacred spaces, 102, 106, 111–12, 117, 119, 155

Saint John, New Brunswick CCNB Chapter, 238–42

Salazar, Ken, 80

Sale, Kirkpatrick, 6

Salish Sea, 53

San Carlos Apache reservation map, 76

San Francisco Greenpeace chapter, 301–3, 306–8

Sandlos, John, 35, 118

Sanforde, Jacqueline, 224

Saskatchewan Power Corporation, 174, 176

Schumacher, E. F., 243, 311

Schumacker, Joe, 59

Schuman, Stan, 79

Science Council of Canada, 153–54, 233, 243

Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound, 193–94

scientific research, 212, 215–16, 266

Scott Paper Company, 213–14

scrubbers, 163, 173–75, 177

sea turtles, 115

seal slaughter protest, 305

Seamans, Paul, 64–65

Seine River community, 162, 171, 177

Sete Cidades National Park, 101, 107–9

settler colonialism

and national parks, 25

vs. Native sovereignty, 64

Shapiro, Aaron, 136–37

Sharp, Fawn, 59–60

Shaw, George Gerald, 238

Shellenberger, Michael, 15, 261

Sherman, Joan, 322

shipping opposition, 47–48, 50–53, 57, 316

Shoshone, 112–13

Sierra Club, 190, 196, 290–91

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta park, 119

Silk, Dana, 233–34, 242, 245–53

Simpson, Leanne, 62

Skidmore, Anne, 83

social media, 143, 322–23

social movements

insider and outsider, 263–64

and media, 274

success levels, 269, 281–82

Society Promoting Environmental Conservation (SPEC)

anti-MacMillan Bloedel poster, 273

branches map, 271

decline, 272–77

formation and growth, 265–70

founding, 262

priorities and tactics, 263–64, 310

revitalization, 277–82, 318

scholarly treatment, 13

Sokaogon Chippewa Community, 24

Solomon, Lawrence, 244

South Shore Environmental Protection Association (SSEPA), 212, 217–19

sovereignty

Fort Apache Heritage Foundation initiatives, 73–74, 86–89, 317–18

and Native-park relations, 120–21

SPEC. See Society Promoting Environmental Conservation (SPEC)

SPEC Conservation Centre, 279

Spong, Paul, 299–300

Sport, Willie, 196

Spotted Eagle, Faith, 61

Sprague, Roger, 55–56

spruce budworm spraying program, 234, 250

SSEPA. See South Shore Environmental Protection Association (SSEPA)

Standing Rock, 323

Starblanket, Noel, 160

state parks. See provincial and state parks; specific parks

Stevens, Stan, 102

Stoddard Island nuclear project, 216

Stoddart, Mark C. J., 322

STOP: Save Tomorrow, Oppose Pollution, 1–2

Stowe, Irving, 291, 293–94, 296, 300, 309

Sudbury, Ontario, 174

sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, 163, 172–75, 177

surveys and questionnaires, 140, 220–21, 249, 251

Suzuki, David, 262

Swift, Louise, 1

Swinomish Tribe, 64

Tabajara, 108–9

Tarn, Richard, 239, 241–42

Tataryn, Lloyd, 160–61

Térraba, 114

Theodore Roosevelt School (T.R. School), 76–77, 80–81

thermal pollution, 217

Thevik, Larry, 59

Thorpe, Jocelyn, 320

Thunder Bay environmental meetings, 178

Tielemen, William, 186

Timbisha Homeland Act, 113

Timbisha Shoshone Band, 112–13

Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation, 119, 183, 185

Tlingit, 116

Tofino, British Columbia, 184–86, 188

Tollefson, Chris, 322

tourism

economic opportunities, 133–34

and environmental restoration, 135–37

Indigenous involvement with, 79, 81, 107, 109, 115–16, 187

and park policies, 100, 111

research focus, 130

T.R. School. See Theodore Roosevelt School (T.R. School)

trail networks, 186–87

trains opposition, 58

treaties (international), 53

Treaty 3, 28, 161, 164, 172–75, 177–78

Treaty 3 Chiefs Council, 12, 154, 159, 162–63, 172. See also Kinew, Tobasonakwut Peter

Treaty 8, 30–31

treaty rights, 49, 52, 55–57, 62–63, 65, 159

tree-spiking, 186, 200

Tulalip Tribes, 64

Two Bulls, Krystal, 56

Ucluelet, 183, 197

Uintah and Ouray Reservation, 63

Umatilla Tribe, 53

UNESCO, 101–3, 107

unions and environmentalism, 54, 268–69

Unist’ot’en Clan, 316

United Mine Workers of America (UMW), 132

United States

draft evaders, 290

federal court decisions, 56

Fort Apache management, 75–77, 80, 84

Greenpeace in, 301–3, 306–8

on Marmion generating plant, 163, 173–76

universalism vs. particularism, 50, 63

uranium mining opposition, 219–25

urban environmentalism, 277–78

Usher, Peter, 161

Ute Nation, 116

UVic Temperate Rainforest Action Group, 192

Van Zile, Frances, 62

Vancouver

activism, 265

counterculture in, 268, 290, 296

Greenpeace in, 296, 303–4, 308

Vancouver Energy Information Centre, 279

Vander Zalm government, 188

Venezuela parks, 119

Veniot, Harvey, 215

Victoria, British Columbia, protests, 186

voluntarism in parks, 137–39

Walia, Harsha, 65

Walker, Margaret, 85

Wall, Sharon, 130

Wapner, Paul, 290, 310

Warm Springs Tribe, 53

Washington state, 60

water pollution, 27, 213–14, 234

Water Resources Commission (Nova Scotia), 215

Waters, Joe, 79

Watkins, Melville, 161

Watson, Paul, 200, 291, 298, 302

Watts, George, 192, 195

Werbach, Adam, 261

West Moberly First Nations (WMFN), 29–31

Western, David, 102

Western Canadian Wilderness Committee (WCWC), 185–86, 189, 190–92, 199–200, 277

Whatcom Commercial Fishermen’s Association, 55

White Mountain Apache Tribe (WMAT)

and Fort Apache, 77, 78, 80–85, 89–92

reservation map, 76

sovereignty, 33, 74

Whitedog First Nation, 161, 172, 177

Whitehead, John C., 134

Whiting, Robert, 224

Wild and Scenic Rivers, 135

Wildcat, Daniel, 7

wilderness

ecology camp, 155

as ideal, 35, 183, 192, 203n43, 262

protection of, 163, 174, 185

Williston, Ray, 269–70

Willow, Anna J., 86

Willson, Roland, 29

WMAT. See White Mountain Apache Tribe (WMAT)

WMFN. See West Moberly First Nations (WMFN)

Women’s Institutes, 220–21, 317

Woodstock, New Brunswick CCNB Chapter, 238–40, 242

world civic politics, 290, 310

Wright, R. Michael, 102

Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, 101, 105–7

Xingu National Park, 119

Yosemite Conservancy, 143

youth engagement, 266–67

Yurok, 117

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