Index

1837–1838 Rebellions, 54, 76

A

Acadians, 31-32, 95, 96, 114, 117, 238

Advisory Commission on the Development of Government in the Northwest Territories (the Carrothers Commission), 267-68

Ahenakew, Canon Edward, 27

Ahtahkakoop, Chief, 218, 219, 222

Alberta, 2, 7, 12, 231-32, 266. See also North-West

Amagoalik, John, 265,280

Anawak, Jack, 264-65, 280

Anglin, Timothy Warren, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 130, 186

Annand, William, 3, 120, 122, 125

Archibald, Adams George: Nova Scotia, 118, 119, 121; Manitoba, 160-61, 163, 164

Attlee, Clement Richard, 248

B

Badger, 222

Baldwin, Robert, 57

Begbie, Matthew Baillie, 173

Bennett, Charles James Fox, 242, 243

Bennett, Richard Bedford, 231, 244

Berger Inquiry: see Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry

Black, John, 154, 156-57

Bompas, William Carpenter, 195

Bond, Robert, 244

Borden, Robert Laird, 229, 232

Boulton, Major Charles, 154

Bourassa, Henri, 7

Bourget, Bishop Ignace, 94

Bradley, Frederick Gordon, 249, 256

Brecken, Frederick, 133

British Columbia, 2, 11, 91, 202, 208; opposition to Confederation, 175-81; pro-Confederation viewpoints, 173, 175-76, 178, 183-85; responsible government, 11, 172, 173, 175, 179, 181, 184, transportation connection with Canada, 175, 181-86, Yale Convention, 176; Indigenous Peoples, 39, 44, 46, 182, 183

British North America (defence), 56, 104, 106, 115, 126, 241, 243, 245, Confederation as defence, 57, 61, 62, 105, 215; Confederation as inadequate defence, 63-64, 88, 114, 121-22, 180. See also Fenians; United States

Brown, George, 3, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 77, 97, 107, 114, 172, 213-14

Brown, J.N.E., 197

Brown, Kenneth McKenzie, 5

Bruce, John, 150

Bruce, Victor Alexander (Lord Elgin), 244

Bulyea, G.H.V., 197, 231

Butler, General Benjamin F., 135

C

Calder et al. v. Attorney General of British Columbia, 270

Cameron, Matthew Crooks, 63, 64, 66

Campbell, Alexander, 81

Canada East. See Quebec

Canada West. See Ontario

Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, 278

Canadian Pacific Railway, 67

Carrall, Robert William Weir, 171, 176-79, 182, 183

Carrothers Commission. See Advisory Commission on the Development of Government in the Northwest Territories

Carter, Frederick Bowker Terrington, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 250

Cartier, George-Étienne, 3, 56, 57, Quebec, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 92, 94, 97; Indigenous rights, 81; Manitoba, 147, 156-57, 159; British Columbia, 172, 184, 185-86

Cauchon, Joseph-Édouard, 92-93

Chandler, Edward Barron, 111

Chapais, Jean-Charles, 77

Charlottetown Conference, 9, 57-58, 75, 77, 81, 101, 118, 237

Clark, Joe, 208

Coles, George, 128-29, 134, 135

Committee for Original People’s Entitlement (COPE), 275

Confederate Association. See Newfoundland and Labrador: pro-Confederation viewpoints

Confederation (concept), 6-8, 13-15, 285. See also federalism; local autonomy; regionalism

Confederation Debates: The, ix

Congdon, Frederick Tennyson, 203

Conne River Miawpukek, 258

Connell, Charles, 112

Connolly, Archbishop Thomas, 121

Connolly, Bishop Thomas Louis, 95-96

Constantine, Charles, 195

Constitutional Development in the Northwest Territories (Drury Report), 273

Costigan, John, 114, 117, 118

Crease, Henry Pering Pellew, 179

Crosbie, Chesley, 257

Cudlip, John W., 112, 116, 118

Currie, John Stewart, 252

D

de Cosmos, Amor (William Smith), 3, 11, 173, 174, 176, 185, 187

de Salaberry, Colonel Charles, 152

democracy, 9, 65, 105, 111, 117, 125, 127, 128

Dene, 193, 273-77, 284

Dennis, Colonel J.S., 150, 151-52

Dickey, Robert Barry, 121

Diefenbaker, John George, 267

Dorion, Antoine-Aimé, 3, 87, 88, 91

Drury Report. See Constitutional Development in the Northwest Territories

Dunkin, Christopher, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91

E

Economic Union Association (EUA). See Newfoundland and Labrador: responsible government (as alternative to Confederation)

Eetoolook, James, 278

Epp, Jake, 208

Erasmus, Peter, 218

F

federalism, 6, 10, 14, 56, 61-62, 64, 67, 90; compact theory, 7. See also legislative union; local autonomy; regionalism

Fenians, 104, 116, 117, 130, 241

First Nations: 11, 19-51, 56, 67-70, 163-66, 188, 195, 202, 203, 209, 215-23. See also Indigenous Peoples; Mi’kmaq; Treaties

Fisher, Charles, 111, 112, 115

Forget, Amédée Emmanuel Marie, 231

Foster, George, 206

G

Galt, Alexander Tilloch, 56, 57, 77, 80

Gardiner, Jimmy, 232

Geoffrion, Félix, 93

Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar, 176

Gillmor, Arthur Hill, 115

Girard, Marc-Amable, 225

Gordon, Arthur Hamilton, 112, 116

Goulet, Elzéar, 161

Gray, Colonel John Hamilton (Prince Edward Island), 129, 130, 133, 134

Gray, John Hamilton (New Brunswick), 109, 111, 112

Grey, Albert Henry George (Lord Grey), 244

H

Hankin, Philip, 179

Harrington, Michael F., 247

Hatheway, George Luther, 111, 115, 116

Haultain, Frederick William Alpin Gordon, 197, 226-29, 231-32; “Buffalo” province, 228, 232

Haviland, Thomas Heath, 129, 133, 134, 138

Haythorne, Robert Poore, 135, 136, 137

Helmcken, John Sebastian, 171, 173, 178, 180-85

Henry, William Alexander, 121, 124

Higgins, Gordon, 251

Hill, Stephen John, 243

Hincks, Sir Francis, 160, 184

Holbrook, Henry, 181, 182

Holland, Augustus Edward Crevier, 138

Holloway, Robert, 187

Howatt, Cornelius, 134, 138

Howe, Joseph, 122, 125, 130, 135, 149-52, 156, 160, 173

Howlan, George, 133, 137, 138

Hoyles, Hugh, 240

Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 10, 11, 145, 146-47, 149, 151, 194, 213-15, 231. See also Rupert’s Land; Treaties

I

imperial pressures, 104-6, 108-9, 115, 116-17, 123, 133-34, 135, 172, 215, 243, 245, 251

imperialism (Canadian), 146, 147, 162, 209, 215-18, 264, 269

Indian Act, 46, 202, 223, 258

Indigenous Peoples: agency, 217-18; lack of consultation with, 80-82, 182, 183, 215, 216; residential schools, 81. See also First Nations; Inuit; Inuit Tapirisat of Canada; Métis; Mi’kmaq; Nunavut; Nunavut; Implementation Commission; NWT Constitutional Alliance; reconciliation; Treaties; Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut

Intercolonial railway, 62, 63, 67, 83, 102-3, 105, 106, 109, 115, 121, 123, 124, 241

interprovincial trade, 56, 61, 83, 90, 102-3, 109, 110, 214, 241

Inuit, 13, 82, 193, 194. See also Inuit Tapirisat of Canada; Nunavut

Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), 264, 270-72, 275

Ittinuar, Peter, 273

J

Johnson, John Mercer, 111, 112

Joly de Lotbinière, Henri-Gustave, 88-90, 91

K

Kakatcheway, Chief, 68

Kakishiway, Chief, 42

Kelly, Francis, 134

Killam, Thomas, 122, 124, 125

King, William Lyon Mackenzie, 245, 250

Kishwoot, Chief (Jim Boss), 202-3

L

La Fontaine, Louis-Hippolyte, 57, 76

Laflèche, Louis-François, 94

Laframboise, Maurice, 93

Laing, Arthur, 267

Laird, David, 42, 136, 137

Landry, Amand, 117

Langevin, Bishop Jean, 93-94

Langevin, Hector-Louis, 77, 80, 81, 92, 95-96

Laurier, Wilfrid, 11; Alberta and Saskatchewan, 226, 229-30, 231-32; Yukon, 204-5

legislative union, 6, 61, 64, 67, 80-81, 108, 115. See also federalism

local autonomy, 3; Indigenous, 12-13, 165;

———provincial, 6-7, 10, 12, 13-14; Alberta and Saskatchewan, 223-31; British Columbia, 178, 179, 180-81; Manitoba, 150, 153, 154; New Brunswick, 107-8, 114; Newfoundland and Labrador, 237, 243; Nova Scotia, 122; Ontario, 57-59, 61-62, 65; Prince Edward Island, 126, 133; Quebec, 80, 83-85, 88-93; Yukon, 199-209.

See also federalism; Indigenous Peoples; natural resources (jurisdiction); Nunavut; regionalism; Senate; Treaties

London Conference, 77, 96, 117-18, 123-24, 134

Lougheed, James, 206

Lower Canada. See Quebec

Loyalists, 109, 111, 159

M

Macdonald, Andrew Archibald, 129

Macdonald, Gordon, 250-51

Macdonald, John, 64

Macdonald, John Alexander, 3, 4, 6, 13, 198; British Columbia, 11, 171-72, 178, 185; Indigenous rights, 81-82; Manitoba, 149, 151, 156-57, 159, 160; Newfoundland and Labrador, 243; Ontario, 56, 57, 61, 77, 80; Prairies, 214, 215

Macdonald, John Sandfield, 63, 65

MacGregor, William, 244

Mackenzie, Alexander, 91, 159, 186, 198, 216, 222, 225

Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, 271

MacTavish, William, 149, 150, 154

Magrath, Charles Alexander, 244

majority rule, 3, 59, 60, 96-97. See also federalism; minority rights; representation by population

Maksagak, Helen, 282

Manitoba, 10-11, 215-16, 39, 97, 218, 226, 231, 232; amnesty 161; Canada First, 156; Canadian Party, 154, 156; Comité National des Métis de la Rivière Rouge, 150-51, 153; Convention of Forty, 154, 156; Council of Assiniboia, 146, 149, 150, 156; Council of Twenty-Four, 151, 153; List of Rights, 153, 154, 156, 157, 163; Métis scrip, 157, 159, 160, 161; Provisional government 153-54, 160; Red River delegation 156-57. See also natural resources (jurisdiction)

Maritime union, 101, 123, 133

Mawedopenais, Chief, 69

McClelan, Abner Reid, 112

McCully, Jonathan, 121

McDougall, William, 81, 147, 149-52, 159

McGee, Thomas D’Arcy, 3, 64, 77, 79, 80, 130

McInnes, Commissioner William Wallace Burns, 204

McKay, James, 166

McMillan, John, 112

Métis, 10, 67, 73n37, 95, 145, 149-51, 154, 156-57, 159-61, 163-64, 166, 215, 218, 225, 231, 273, 275, 276, 277, 284. See also Indigenous Peoples; Manitoba; Riel, Louis

Mi’kmaq, 31-32, 82, 258

Miller, William, 123

Mills, David, 225

minority rights, 3; 10; biculturalism, 7, 13, 75, 76, 80, 88-90, 94-97, 154, 159, 176, 224-26, 239-40; education, 12, 80, 96-97, 160, 162, 208, 224-26, 229-30. See also majority rule; religion

Mistawasis, Chief, 218, 219, 221, 222

Mitchell, Peter, 111, 116

Morris, Alexander, 41, 42, 68, 164-65, 186, 219, 222, 223

Morris, Edward, 244

Mulroney, Brian, 276-77, 278, 280

Munro, John, 274

Musgrave, Anthony, 171, 178-79, 182, 185, 240

Musqua, Danny, 40

N

National Policy, 216-17

national unity, 3, 6-7, 13-14, 64, 67, 83, 85-86, 108-9. See also local autonomy; regionalism

natural resources (jurisdiction), 11, 13, 145; 157, 160-62, 209, 216, 230-31, 232

New Brunswick, 1, 10, 31, 63, 64, 65, 90, 95, 96, 123, 248; opposition to Confederation, 114-16, 117; pro-Confederation viewpoints, 109-12, 117-18

New France, 25, 28-32, 75

Newfoundland and Labrador, 2, 12, 13, 101, 107, 128, 264; Canadian desire for union, 245, 250; commission of government, 244, 245; demographics, 238; discussions with Canada, 249-51, 256-57; Indigenous Peoples, 258; National Convention (establishment), 248; opposition to Confederation 2, 237, 241, 243, 259; pro-Confederation viewpoints, 237, 241, 243, 248-49, 251, 253-56, 259; referendums, 255-56; responsible government (as alternative to Confederation), 248, 251-53

Nielsen, Erik, 208

Nolin, Charles, 166

North West Company, 214

North West Mounted Police, 195-97

North-West, 2, 9, 10, 55, 59-60, 83; initial governance, 216-17, 223-24; responsible government, 223, 226-28. See also Alberta; Hudson’s Bay Company; natural resources (jurisdiction); North-West rebellion; North-West Territories Act; Rupert’s Land; Saskatchewan

North-West rebellion, 145, 166, 223

Northwest Territories (NWT), 2, 263; governance, 266-68, 273, 284

North-West Territories Act, 200, 216, 224, 225, 266, 267

Northwest Trading Company, 195

Nova Scotia, 1, 10, 31-32, 35, 38, 53, 64, 67, 88, 95-96, 105, 107, 248; opposition to Confederation, 118, 120, 121-22, 124-25; pro-Confederation viewpoints, 119, 121, 123

Nunavut, 2, 12-13, 263-66; created, 277-78; demographics, 264; governance, 278, 281-82; land ownership and management, 264-66, 270-72, 274-75, 276, 277-82; plebiscites, 274, 277, 278, 282; proposals to divide the Northwest Territories, 267, 272, 273-77; reasons for establishment, 264. See also Inuit; Inuit Tapirisat of Canada; Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA)

Nunavut Implementation Commission (NIC), 280-82

Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA), 277-78, 280, 285

Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI), 280

NWT Constitutional Alliance, 275-76

O

O’Brien, Tom, 203

Ogilvie, William, 195, 199, 202

Okalik, Paul, 282

Oliver, Frank, 203, 204, 205-6

Ontario, 1, 9, 10, 37, 95, 97, 107, 108, 154, 156-57, 160, 165, 204, 213, 214, 229, 232; opposition to Confederation, 62-66, 67; pro-Confederation viewpoints 59-62, 67. See also Province of Canada

P

Palmer, Edward, 128-29, 134

Parker Line, 277, 278

Pearson, Lester Bowles, 267

Pîhtokahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), 220

Political Development in Nunavut, 272

Pope, James Colledge, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138

Pope, William, 129, 130, 131, 133, 136

Prince Edward Island, 1, 10, 13, 31, 95, 105, 107, 124; absentee landlord question, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134-35, 138; demographics, 126-27; opposition to Confederation, 125-28, 132, 133, 134; pro-Confederation viewpoints, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138; railway construction, 136-37; representation in the House of Commons, 128, 138

Prince, Henry, 151

Province of Canada, 53-57, 76, 83-84, 213-14; Great Coalition, 57, 77, 82, 214; Confederation votes, 90-91. See also Ontario; Quebec

Q

Quebec, 1, 7, 9-10, 44, 57, 67, 107, 160, 213, 214, 229, 232, 244, 270; clerical influence, 92-94; demographics, 94-95; Indigenous Peoples, 80-82; opposition to Confederation, 85-90, 91-92; pro-Confederation viewpoints 7, 82-85, 92. See also Province of Canada

Quebec Conference, 9, 58-59, 75, 77, 81, 118, 237; Maritime positions, 101-9

R

reciprocity, 102, 104, 106, 109, 114-17, 121-23, 126, 128, 135, 136, 244. See also tariffs; trade

reconciliation, 7-8, 14-15, 70; Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 8; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 7-8. See also Indigenous Peoples; Treaties

Red River Expedition, 159, 160-61, 183

Red River Settlement, 145, 146, 148

regionalism, 6, 145. See also federalism; local autonomy; Senate

Reilly, Edward, 130

religion: intolerance, 12, 32, 54, 57, 94, 97, 104, 117-18, 129, 154-56, 159, 208, 229-30, 243, 256; tolerance, 79, 80, 96, 159, 225

Rémillard, Édouard, 93

representation by population, 9, 56, 59, 60, 76, 106-8, 116, 128, 214. See also majority rule; minority rights; Senate

Responsible Government League (RGL). See Newfoundland and Labrador: responsible government (as alternative to Confederation)

Ressor, David, 63

Riel, Louis, 3, 7, 150, 153-56, 161, 215, 225.

Ritchot, Rev. Noël-J., 156-57, 159

Robertson, Gordon, 284

Robson, John, 11, 171, 173, 176, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187

Rogers, Bishop James, 117

Ross, Commissioner James H., 202, 203

Ross, James, 154

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 269. See also North West Mounted Police

Rupert’s Land, 2, 10, 11, 175; purchase of, 147-49, 160, 213-15. See also Alberta; Manitoba; McDougall, William; North-West; Saskatchewan

Rutherford, Alexander Cameron, 231, 232

S

Sanborn, John Sewell, 64

Saskatchewan, 2, 7, 12, 231-32, 266. See also North-West

Schmidt, Louis, 154

Scott, Alfred H., 156-57

Scott, Richard William, 206

Scott, Thomas, 154, 156-57

Scott, Walter, 231, 232

Seelye, Henry, 171

Senate, 59, 63, 65, 88, 107, 117, 122, 124, 127, 160. See also representation by population; regionalism

Seymour, Frederick, 172-73, 175-76

Shea, Ambrose, 237, 238, 240, 243, 250

Sicotte, Louis-Victor, 63

Siddon, Tom, 280

Sifton, Clifford, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 206, 229-31

Simpson, John, 65

Simpson, Wemyss, 163, 164

Smallwood, Joseph (“Joey”) Roberts, 3, 237, 246, 249, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259

Smith, Albert, 3, 113-16, 117, 118

Smith, Donald Alexander (Lord Strathcona), 152, 154, 157, 158

Smith, Elijah, 209

Smith, James, 208

Steeves, William Henry, 111

Sweeny, Bishop John, 114, 117

T

Taché, Bishop Alexandre-Antonin, 149, 156

Taché, Étienne-Paschal, 77, 84, 85

Tariffs, 10, 103, 137, 181, 184, 241. See also reciprocity; trade

Thibault, Jean-Baptiste, 152

Thompson, Alfred, 203-4, 207

Thompson, Joshua, 176

Thunderchild, Chief, 27

Tilley, Samuel Leonard, 65, 90, 107, 109-12, 116, 117-18, 138, 171, 175, 178, 183

trade, 102-3, 127-28. See also reciprocity; tariffs; Western Extension

Treadgold, Arthur Newton Christian, 203, 207

Treaties, 7-8, 11, 13, 217, 285; as compacts, 8, 19, 20-27, 45; as contracts: 8-9, 19, 36-39, 45-46; as covenants: 9, 19-20, 39-45, 46; James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, 44; Nisga’a Treaty, 44;

———Numbered Treaties, ix, 2, 20; Treaty no. 1, 39-40, 163-64; Treaty no. 2, 163-64; Treaty no. 3, 67-68, 164-65; Treaty no. 4, 40, 42; Treaty no. 5, 42, 165; Treaty no. 6, 41, 42, 218-23; Treaty no. 7, 42; Treaty no. 8, 36, 202; Treaty no. 9, 68; Treaty no. 11, 44;

Peace and Friendship Treaties, 8, 27-31; Robinson Treaties 38-39, 56; Royal Proclamation of 1763, 32-35, 37, 39, 55, 147, 217, 270; Selkirk Treaty (1817), 36-37, 39; Vancouver Island Treaties, 39. See also Nunavut; Nunavut Land Claims Agreement

Treaty of Utrecht, 31-32

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 271. See also White Paper (1969)

Trutch, Joseph, William, 171, 173, 181-85

Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut (TFN), 275-76, 278, 280. See also Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated

Tupper, Charles, 3, 6, 107, 118, 121, 123-24, 133

U

United States, 2, 241, 249; annexation, 11, 92, 105, 118, 125, 129, 151, 172, 179; Civil War, 6, 56, 61, 64, 88, 90, 102, 103-4, 109, 121, 123, 128. See also British North America (defence); Fenians

unity. See national unity

Upper Canada. See Ontario

Upper Fort Garry, 149, 150, 151, 182, 183

W

Walsh, Albert Joseph, 256

Walsh, Major James Morrow, 196-97, 199

Western Extension, 112, 115, 117

Whelan, Edward, 130, 133, 134

White Paper (1969), 45, 270

Wilmot, Robert Duncan, 114, 115, 116

Wolseley, Col. Garnet 160, 183. See also Red River Expedition

Y

Young, Sir James, 135

Young, Sir John, 152

Yukon, 2, 11-12; early miner’s meetings 195; Indigenous Peoples, 193-94, 201, 202-3, 209; Klondike Gold Rush, 196-201; office of the commissioner, 199-200; provincial status, 206, 209; responsible government, 199-209; territorial Council established, 199-200