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The First Century of the International Joint Commission: Index

The First Century of the International Joint Commission

Index

Index

A

Accredited Officers, 99, 150, 152–53, 156, 163

Acid Rain, 213, 314, 335–37, 339, 492–93

Adaptive Management, 260, 275, 311, 331, 385, 417, 424, 478, 513, 517–18, 544

Agriculture, 73, 146, 147, 154, 222, 226, 258, 303, 315, 319, 323, 367–68, 372–74, 379, 382, 405, 410, 468, 473. See also irrigation

Air Quality Agreement (1991), 213, 313, 314, 335–36, 339

Alaska Boundary, 69, 82, 85–88, 103

Allagash River, 180–81, 183, 187, 192–93

Anderson, Chandler, 52, 58–64, 95, 97–99, 104

Arctic Council, 488, 491, 502

Areas of Concern (aocs), 25, 368, 371, 378, 380–83, 385, 387, 388, 408–14, 420–21, 428

Ashtabula River, 373, 383

Atlantic Ocean, 43, 45, 49, 67, 215, 490–91

B

Bay of Fundy, 134, 166–67, 170, 185

Belcourt, Napoleon, 133–36

Belly River, 146, 154–55, 157–58, 160, 511, 513

Bennett, Richard Bedford, 500, 503

Bennett, William Andrew Cecil (wac), 244, 246

Berry, George T., 251, 277

Biodiversity, 159, 301, 471–72, 545

Birch Lake, 50, 79

Boating, 1, 467, 542

Borden, Robert, 16, 500, 503

Boundary Bay, 196, 200, 208

Bourassa, Robert, 304

Bowell, Mackenzie, 134–35

Bryce, James, 5, 91–94, 97, 102

Burpee, Lawrence, 197–98

Burton Act, 296.

Bush, George W., 468, 500, 503

C

Campobello Island, 408

Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 408

Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (cufta), 306, 490–91, 493–94

Canada–US Air Quality Committee (aqc), 335–36, 339

Carter, Jimmy, 249, 407, 492, 500, 503

Chemical Valley (Sarnia), 324, 328–29, 331–32, 338

Chicago Diversion, 5, 12, 40–41, 46–48, 60, 79–81, 89, 94–95, 98–99, 103, 288, 294, 300–301, 486, 525

Chrétien, Jean, 487, 500, 503

Clark, Joe, 492, 500, 503

Climate change, 99, 144–45, 156–60, 260, 261, 275, 301–3, 309, 401, 411, 414, 417, 419, 423, 440, 467–68, 485, 492, 495, 497–99, 510, 515, 517, 525–27, 544–45, 547

Clinton–Gibbons Draft, 36, 53–63, 69–70, 94–95, 98

Cohen, Maxwell, 11, 489, 535–36

Collingwood Harbour, 368, 374–75, 381, 428

Columbia River, 7, 12, 24, 45, 55, 165–66, 170, 175, 186, 225, 240, 253–61, 314, 316–17, 436–41, 460, 470, 510, 526, 529, 532, 542

Columbia River Treaty (crt), 21, 193, 220, 239–41, 253–61, 340, 440, 510, 539, 542

Commission on Environmental Cooperation (cec), 484–85, 493–97

Connecting Channels Reference (Great Lakes), 349, 354–56, 358, 361, 363

Conservation, 37–38, 77, 89, 133, 171, 180–181, 196, 205–6, 210, 252, 255, 261, 269, 306, 379, 382, 465, 472, 510–511, 532. See also environmentalism; preservation

Cooper, Dexter, 166–67, 177

Council of Great Lakes Governors, 306

D

Dams, 20, 77, 79, 80, 83, 99, 155, 159, 166–67, 170, 175, 177, 180–81, 183, 185, 187, 240, 253, 255, 257, 258–59, 289, 291–93, 297, 299, 314, 438, 440, 442, 507, 517, 521, 544

Deer Lake, 373–74, 381

Detroit, 76, 124, 127, 141, 203, 324–27, 330–31, 334–35

Detroit River, 12, 46, 126, 130, 287, 310, 324–38, 354–55, 357, 368, 373

Devils Lake, 22, 217, 225–31, 514–15

Diefenbaker, John, 257, 487, 488, 500, 503, 510

Diversions (water), 7, 8, 9, 21, 25, 39–49, 50–51, 54–55, 60–61, 72, 81, 83, 86, 94, 99, 151, 154, 158–59, 227–28, 286–87, 293, 297, 299, 303, 304–5, 310, 314, 357, 425, 457, 458, 464–67, 469–71, 477, 486, 511–13, 515–16

E

Eastern Tributaries, 146, 152, 155, 156, 159, 160

Ecosystem approach, 348, 377–78, 386, 388, 390, 405–6, 411, 440–45, 473–74, 494, 498, 513, 519, 524, 538, 543

Eisenhower, Dwight, 174, 187, 257, 500, 503, 510

Environment Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada), 361, 408, 414, 416, 418, 543

Environmental assessment, 194, 239, 247, 248, 258, 263

Environmentalism, 1, 483–86, 491–98, 546. See also conservation; preservation

External Affairs, Department of (Canada), 93, 103–4, 168–69, 185, 243, 250, 265, 416, 536

F

First Nations, 20, 90, 170, 201, 258, 272, 280, 295, 305, 379, 388, 417, 421, Chapter 14 passsim, 471, 474, 480, 509, 511, 519–20, 525–26, 531, 540–41, 543

Fish, 159, 175, 181, 218, 226, 229, 258, 266, 268, 271–72, 295, 358, 372–76, 381, 383, 399–400, 410, 419, 440, 442, 515

Fish and wildlife, 217–18, 255, 308, 358, 368, 372–75, 381, 410, 510

Fisheries, 54, 59, 69, 93, 96, 168, 170, 175, 181–82, 185, 189, 201, 241, 255, 258, 263, 265–66, 269, 286, 379, 399, 434, 438–40, 470, 496, 515, 521

Flathead River, 24, 239–41, 261, 263–67, 269–71, 273, 281

Flooding, 3, 19, 28, 183, 189, 194, 221–25, 230, 240, 246–48, 251, 255–61, 308, 340, 437–38, 467, 470, 510, 542, 544

Ford, Gerald, 248–49

Forestry, 405, 485

Fraser River, 201

G

Garrison Diversion, 19, 198, 217–21, 227, 230–31, 233, 474

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt), 306, 464, 488, 501–2

Georgia Strait, 200, 205

Georgian Bay, 55

Gibbons, George, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 64, 89, 93, 95–99, 102–4

Gordon, Douglas J., 251, 277

Grand Coulee Dam, 19, 198, 217–21, 227, 230–31, 233, 474

Great Depression, 16, 137, 221, 300, 320, 351, 353

Great Lakes, 6, 8, 16, 17, 20, 25, 40–49, 71, 105, 116, 122, 124–36, 260, 274, 284–308, 314, 347–64, 367–90, 395–424, 464–68, 470, 484, 486, 492, 498, 516, 538, 540, 541, 544

Great Lakes basin, 19, 25, 40, 77, 98, 149, 285–95, 301–6, 309, 335, 347, 353, 357, 361, 362, 364, 367, 371, 380, 383–84, 386, 395–424, 443–44, 445, 449, 450–51, 465–67, 473, 515, 525, 546

Great Lakes Charter, 305, 476, 516

Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (glri), 383, 416, 421, 495–96, 542

Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, 260, 389, 415, 443, 473

Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (glwqa), 7–8, 9, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 286, 301, 314, 335, 347–56, 363, 370–90, 395–97, 402–8, 410–23, 438, 443, 444, 449, 450, 452, 473, 490, 530–32, 538–39, 541, 543–46

Great Lakes Water Quality Board (glwqb), 260, 361–63, 371–72, 389, 404, 444, 448–52, 544

Great Lakes–St. Lawrence basin, 15, 23, 24, 25, 40, 79, 286–95, 302–3, 305, 395, 465, 496, 516, 518, 523, 529, 542

Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Committee, 518

Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact (Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Compact, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Compact), 12, 305–6, 464–68, 545

Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement, 305, 516

Great Recycling and Northern Development (grand), 304

Grey, Earl, 88–93, 102, 104

H

Harmon Doctrine, 21, 95, 148, 458–59

Harper, Stephen, 487, 489, 500, 503

Heeney, Arnold Danford Patrick (adp), 198, 314

HEPCO, 16. See also Ontario Hydro

High Modernism, 290

Horseshoe Falls. See Niagara Falls

Hudson Bay, Hudson’s Bay, 39, 50, 53, 145, 217, 218, 226, 231, 469

Hydro-electricity, 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 20, 21, 24–25, 38, 40–41, 46–47, 50, 54–55, 59, 72, 76–77, 79, 81, 86, 94–95, 98–102, 105, 149, 165–87, 203, 209, 240, 243–44, 248, 250–51, 253, 255–59, 261, 285–96, 299–300, 357–59, 436–42, 452, 470, 472, 510, 519, 529, 542–43

Hydropower. See hydro-electricity

I

Illinois River, 300

Indigenous Peoples. See First Nations

International Air Quality Advisory Board (iaqab), 7, 313–14, 336, 344

International Lake Superior Board of Control, 289, 295

International Niagara Board of Control, 296, 300

International Ontario–Michigan Air Pollution Board (iomapb), 333–34, 338–39, 344

International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board (ipeb), 175–79, 181–82, 187, 192–93

International Rainy–Lake of the Woods Watershed Board, 474, 514, 520

International Red River Board, 224, 234

International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities (pluarg), 405, 409

International St. Croix River Watershed Board, 448, 514

International St. Lawrence River Board of Control, 290

International Souris River Board, 235

International trade, 306, 464, 486, 525

International Trade Organization (ito), 488, 502

International Watershed Board(s), 9, 260, 306–7, 436, 439, 445–46, 448

International Watersheds Initiative (IWI), 25, 224, 252, 306, 436, 438, 445–49, 452, 474, 513–15, 524, 526, 541, 543, 546

International Waterways Commission (iwc), 5, 23, 35–37, 42–46, 48–53, 56–57, 62–64, 66–67, 69, 82, 89–90, 93, 102, 111, 149, 288

Invasive species, 291, 220, 226, 228–29, 286, 292, 301, 310, 411, 414, 419–21, 471

Irrigation, 218, 255, 258, 357, 358, 470, 472, 510–12. See also agriculture

J

Jackfish Bay, 368, 381

James Bay, 294, 304

Johnson, Lyndon B., 184–85, 205, 500, 503, 510

K

Kennebec River, 169

Kennedy, John F., 174, 183–84, 186, 484, 500, 503

L

Lake Erie, 46, 54, 55–56, 73, 77, 126, 285, 287, 295, 299–301, 303, 311, 324, 354, 370, 376, 399, 400, 407, 414, 420, 484

Lake Huron, 41, 54–55, 73, 76, 106, 126, 162, 285, 288, 295, 301–3, 324, 328, 354

Lake Michigan, 7, 40, 55, 78, 99, 106, 285, 288, 295, 300–303, 496

Lake of the Woods, 46, 50, 79, 126, 235, 281, 289, 448, 492, 525

Lake Ontario, 1–3, 10, 54–55, 73, 77, 126, 128, 136, 260, 285–87, 292–93, 295, 301–2, 308, 354, 370, 385, 400, 442, 474, 545

Lake St. Clair, 287, 354

Lake St. Lawrence, 291

Lake Superior, 10, 41, 55, 73, 76, 235, 285, 286, 289, 294–95, 301, 303, 354, 518–19

Lake Winnipeg, 215, 228, 515, 523

Lakewide Action and Management Plans (lamps), 25, 371, 386, 409–15, 443

Laurier, Wilfrid, 45, 52, 54, 76, 81–82, 84, 86–96, 98–102, 500, 503

Libby Dam, 258

Long Lac Diversion, 240, 256, 258–59, 278

Lower Lakes Reference, 349, 361–63

M

Martin, Paul, 487, 492, 500, 503

McKenzie King, William Lyon, 486, 500, 503

McNair, John B., 170–71

McNaughton, Andrew GL (agl), 23, 190, 191, 246, 256, 278, 532

Merrimack River, 117–18

Métis, 388, 417, 421, 443–44, 449–54, 520. See also First Nations

Michigan, Government of, 330, 332–34, 338

Migratory Bird Convention, 350

Milk River, 5, 39–40, 80, 108, 157, 159, 163, 464–65, 468–70

Mississippi River, 40, 78, 235, 253, 288

Missouri River, 39, 145, 217, 219–20, 226, 228, 231–32, 235, 253, 469

Monroe Doctrine, 85

Muir, John, 37–38

Mulroney, Brian, 492, 493, 500, 503

N

National Research Council of Canada (nrc), 318

National Water Resources Institute, 408

Navigation, 1, 6, 7, 10, 12, 20, 40–41, 43, 44, 47, 51, 54–55, 60, 78–79, 81, 94, 98–99, 102, 106–107, 111, 177, 203, 255, 286–89, 291, 293, 300, 302, 352–53, 357–59, 375, 441, 467, 470, 472, 510, 519, 542

Nelson River, 39, 145

New York, Government of, 3, 18, 307, 372, 442, 537

New York Power Authority, 299

Niagara Convention and Protocol, 296

Niagara Falls, 5, 8, 38, 40–42, 46–48, 52, 55, 77, 79, 128, 140, 287–88, 294–99, 532

Niagara River, 7, 42, 55, 79, 80, 99, 106, 124, 126–29, 149–50, 286–87, 299–300, 354, 357, 368, 373

Niagara River Diversion Treaty, 8, 294, 297

Nipigon Bay, 368, 383

Nixon, Richard, 347–48, 407, 411, 490

North American Aerospace Defence Command (norad), 488, 490–91, 501–2

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (naaec), 484, 493–94

North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta), 306, 484, 488, 490–91, 493–95, 501–2, 525

North American Water and Power Alliance (nawapa), 304

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato), 488, 501–2

Northwest Area Water Supply Project, 217, 231–34

O

Obama, Barack, 416, 423, 500, 503

Ogoki Diversion, 294–95, 310

Ontario, Government of, 18, 327, 330, 338

Ontario Hydro, 295. See also HEPCO

Ontario Power Generation, 295, 300

Ontario Research Foundation (orf), 329–30

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd), 401, 423, 491

Oswego River, 373–74, 381, 428

Ottawa River, 133, 308

P

Passamaquoddy Bay, 9, 165–87, 529

Passamaquoddy References, 166–70, 174, 182

Pearson, Lester B., 205, 500, 503, 510

Pennobscot River, 169

Pinchot, Gifford, 37–38

Plan 2014. See Regulation Plans (St. Lawrence–Lake Ontario)

Point Elliott Treaty, 201

Point Roberts, Chapter 6 passim

Pollution, general, 3, 4, 12, 17, 20, 25, 203, 204, 313–39, 406, 460–63, 532–33

Air pollution, 3, 4, 12, 20, 25, 203–4, 313–39, 406, 460–63, 532–33

Water pollution, 6, 12, 17, 20, 24, 55, 115–38, 159, 206, 229, 240, 265, 271–72, 285–86, 289, 308, 314, 317, 329, 348–60, 370–72, 375, 395, 398–400, 403–9, 411, 413–14, 417, 457, 459–60, 470–71, 473, 484, 489–90, 507, 532–33, 538–39

Port Huron, 140, 203, 326–35

Precautionary Principle, 417, 467–68, 472, 478, 479

Preservation, 37–38, 42, 96, 129, 180–81, 296, 532

Presque Isle Bay, 374, 376, 381

Progressive Era, 37, 38, 76, 131

Q

Quebec, Government of, 170, 304–5, 307

Quoddy. See Passamaquoddy

R

Rainy Lake, 79, 448, 478, 514, 520

Rainy River, 45–46, 50, 79, 98–99, 103, 215, 235, 352, 448, 519

Rankin Rapids, 172, 174, 177, 179–83, 187

Reagan, Ronald, 249–50, 252, 490, 492, 500, 503

Reconciliation, 452, 455, 543. See also First Nations

Recreation, 1, 7, 138, 174, 177, 181, 183, 196, 204–5, 210, 226, 252, 255, 258, 265–66, 274, 277, 285, 357–58, 367, 379, 472, 515, 521, 539, 542

Red River, 19, 215, 217–28, 448, 474, 515, 525

Regulation Plans (St. Lawrence–Lake Ontario), 1, 2, 307–8, 311, 342

Richelieu River, 46

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 167, 205, 320, 500, 503

Roosevelt, Theodore, 37–38, 81, 85, 86, 90, 92, 97, 115, 125, 130, 133, 484, 498–99, 500, 503

Root, Elihu, 5, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58–59, 61, 85, 86, 90–92, 95–102, 103, 486

Ross Dam, 239, 241–53, 274–75

S

St. Clair River, 287, 315, 324–38, 354, 357, 368, 373, 383

St. Clair–Detroit Air Pollution Board, 330, 344

St. Clair–Detroit River, 354, 355

St. Croix River, 45, 448, 474, 520–21, 523

St. John River, 45–46, 126, 165–66, 169, 173, 177, 179–80, 183–187

St. John River Engineering Board (sjreb), 171–72

St. John River Reference, 170–73

St. Laurent, Louis, 23, 169, 500, 503

St. Lawrence River, 165–66, 203, 285–86, 288–94, 303, 305, 307–8, 310–12, 352, 368, 370, 373, 400, 406, 441–42, 517–19, 523, 529, 545

St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, 21, 77, 174, 180, 186, 278, 287, 289–90, 292–93, 295, 300–301, 436–37, 441–42, 529, 532

St. Mary River, 39, 80, 108, 145–62, 464, 465, 468–70, 479, 511, 513

St. Mary–Milk Rivers, 5, 7, 24, 39–40, 45, 60, 80, 96, 99, 108, 143, 147–50, 154–55, 157, 159, 288, 464–65, 468–70, 479, 509, 512, 525, 531, 540–41, Chapter 4 passim

St. Marys River, 41, 100–101, 126, 145–46, 158, 162, 286–87, 289, 336, 354, 368, 373

Sage Creek, 146, 154–55, 163

Sage Creek Coal Reference, 239–40, 261, 275, 280

Sarnia, 140, 203, 324, 326–35, 342, 366

Sault Ste Marie, 40, 41, 46, 76–77, 80, 100, 101, 140, 288–89, 305

Science-based, 240, 274, 380, 417, 484, 520, 532–33, 542

Scientific expertise, 307, 309, 546

Severn Sound, 368, 374, 381–82, 428

Sewage, 40, 51, 55, 78, 98, 101–2, 115, 138, 202, 288, 300, 352–57, 358, 375, 382, 399, 471–72, 519

Sheboygan River, 373, 383

Sheyenne River, 225–31, 515

Shoal Lake, 437

Skagit River, 24, 206, 239–53, 274–75

Souris River, 215, 219, 234–35, 448, 519, 522, 523

Spanish Harbour, 368, 381, 428

Special International Niagara Board, 296

State Department (us), 47, 52, 58–59, 61, 80–81, 90, 94, 97, 99, 168, 184–85, 226–27, 229–30, 249–50, 265, 320, 350, 439, 536

State of the Great Lakes Ecosystem Conference (solec), 384, 413–14, 418, 420, 422

Standing reference, 9, 347, 349, 351–52, 365, 410, 531

Stanley, Augustus Owsley (ao), 168–69

State of the Great Lakes (sogl), 414, 417, 420, 422

Strait of Georgia, 200, 205

Sub-federal governments, 307, 496, 531, 537

Sustainable development, 38, 472, 524

Swimming, 358, 384, 414, 421. See also recreation

T

Taft, William H., 49, 500, 503

Technology, 220, 266, 269, 272, 371, 375, 388, 453, 538

Tourism, 79, 128, 266, 269, 297, 299, 357, 358, 367, 379

Trade (general), 367, 438, 493, 494–95, 541

Traditional Ecological Knowledge, 379, 453, 543

Trail Smelter, 12, 19, 25, 203, 313, 315–24, 326, 337–38, 460–63

Transportation, 76–77, 105, 132, 170, 285, 295, 310, 367, 486

Treaty of Oregon, 200

Trudeau, Justin, 487, 489, 495, 500, 503

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 248–49, 347–48, 411, 484, 487, 500, 503

Truman, Harry, 168–69, 187, 500, 503

Trump, Donald, 423, 485, 488, 494–96, 498, 542, 546

Tweeddale, Reg, 172–73, 182, 186

U

Udall, Stewart, 183–85

United Nations (un), 18, 401, 460, 488–89

United Nations Convention on the Non-Navigable Uses of Water, 469

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 471, 489

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (usmca), 496, 525–26

US Clean Air Act, 331–33, 338, 467

US Environmental Protection Agency (epa), 159, 231, 355, 361, 383, 408, 411, 414, 416, 418, 496, 542–43

US Federal Power Commission (fpc), 167, 191, 193, 243, 247–48

W

War of 1812, 41, 434

Water Apportionment, 6, 17, 24, 46, 99, 143–45, 149–61, 257, 286, 296, 308, 402, 469, 511–12, 524–25, 531

Water Levels, 3, 7, 10, 77, 79, 95, 285–309, 414, 442, 467, 514–20, 524, 530, 541,

Water Pollution. See pollution, water; water quality

Water quality, 3, 4, 8, 10, 20, 24, 71, 115, 138, 159, 219, 220, 226, 228, 231, 233–34, 240, 261, 265–72, 285–86, 305, 308, 329, 347–49, 352–64, 370–71, 377, 382, 386, 399–401, 403–4, 406–7, 411, 414–17, 449, 470, 473, 498, 523, 526, 530, 540–41, 543–45

Water quantity, 3, 4, 20, 25, 71, 79, 119, 265–68, 285–86, 308, 357, 401, 464, 526, 545

Water treatment, 119–20, 122–30, 132, 219–20, 231, 233, 272, 353, 354, 381–83

Watershed Boards, 9, 234, 306–7, 454, 514, 520

Waterton River, 155, 158, 511, 513

Waukegon Harbor, 372–73, 383

Webster–Ashburton Treaty, 44, 51, 79, 99

Welland Canal, 77, 287

Wheatley Harbour, 368, 374, 381

White Lake(s), 373, 374, 381

World Health Organization (who), 355

World Trade Organization (wto), 306, 488, 502

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