Index
A
Accredited Officers, 99, 150, 152–53, 156, 163
Acid Rain, 213, 314, 335–37, 339, 492–93
Adaptive Management, 260, 275, 311, 331, 385, 417, 424, 478, 513, 517–18, 544
Agriculture, 73, 146, 147, 154, 222, 226, 258, 303, 315, 319, 323, 367–68, 372–74, 379, 382, 405, 410, 468, 473. See also irrigation
Air Quality Agreement (1991), 213, 313, 314, 335–36, 339
Alaska Boundary, 69, 82, 85–88, 103
Allagash River, 180–81, 183, 187, 192–93
Anderson, Chandler, 52, 58–64, 95, 97–99, 104
Arctic Council, 488, 491, 502
Areas of Concern (aocs), 25, 368, 371, 378, 380–83, 385, 387, 388, 408–14, 420–21, 428
Ashtabula River, 373, 383
Atlantic Ocean, 43, 45, 49, 67, 215, 490–91
B
Bay of Fundy, 134, 166–67, 170, 185
Belcourt, Napoleon, 133–36
Belly River, 146, 154–55, 157–58, 160, 511, 513
Bennett, Richard Bedford, 500, 503
Bennett, William Andrew Cecil (wac), 244, 246
Berry, George T., 251, 277
Biodiversity, 159, 301, 471–72, 545
Birch Lake, 50, 79
Boating, 1, 467, 542
Borden, Robert, 16, 500, 503
Boundary Bay, 196, 200, 208
Bourassa, Robert, 304
Bowell, Mackenzie, 134–35
Bryce, James, 5, 91–94, 97, 102
Burpee, Lawrence, 197–98
Burton Act, 296.
Bush, George W., 468, 500, 503
C
Campobello Island, 408
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 408
Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (cufta), 306, 490–91, 493–94
Canada–US Air Quality Committee (aqc), 335–36, 339
Carter, Jimmy, 249, 407, 492, 500, 503
Chemical Valley (Sarnia), 324, 328–29, 331–32, 338
Chicago Diversion, 5, 12, 40–41, 46–48, 60, 79–81, 89, 94–95, 98–99, 103, 288, 294, 300–301, 486, 525
Chrétien, Jean, 487, 500, 503
Clark, Joe, 492, 500, 503
Climate change, 99, 144–45, 156–60, 260, 261, 275, 301–3, 309, 401, 411, 414, 417, 419, 423, 440, 467–68, 485, 492, 495, 497–99, 510, 515, 517, 525–27, 544–45, 547
Clinton–Gibbons Draft, 36, 53–63, 69–70, 94–95, 98
Cohen, Maxwell, 11, 489, 535–36
Collingwood Harbour, 368, 374–75, 381, 428
Columbia River, 7, 12, 24, 45, 55, 165–66, 170, 175, 186, 225, 240, 253–61, 314, 316–17, 436–41, 460, 470, 510, 526, 529, 532, 542
Columbia River Treaty (crt), 21, 193, 220, 239–41, 253–61, 340, 440, 510, 539, 542
Commission on Environmental Cooperation (cec), 484–85, 493–97
Connecting Channels Reference (Great Lakes), 349, 354–56, 358, 361, 363
Conservation, 37–38, 77, 89, 133, 171, 180–181, 196, 205–6, 210, 252, 255, 261, 269, 306, 379, 382, 465, 472, 510–511, 532. See also environmentalism; preservation
Cooper, Dexter, 166–67, 177
Council of Great Lakes Governors, 306
D
Dams, 20, 77, 79, 80, 83, 99, 155, 159, 166–67, 170, 175, 177, 180–81, 183, 185, 187, 240, 253, 255, 257, 258–59, 289, 291–93, 297, 299, 314, 438, 440, 442, 507, 517, 521, 544
Deer Lake, 373–74, 381
Detroit, 76, 124, 127, 141, 203, 324–27, 330–31, 334–35
Detroit River, 12, 46, 126, 130, 287, 310, 324–38, 354–55, 357, 368, 373
Devils Lake, 22, 217, 225–31, 514–15
Diefenbaker, John, 257, 487, 488, 500, 503, 510
Diversions (water), 7, 8, 9, 21, 25, 39–49, 50–51, 54–55, 60–61, 72, 81, 83, 86, 94, 99, 151, 154, 158–59, 227–28, 286–87, 293, 297, 299, 303, 304–5, 310, 314, 357, 425, 457, 458, 464–67, 469–71, 477, 486, 511–13, 515–16
E
Eastern Tributaries, 146, 152, 155, 156, 159, 160
Ecosystem approach, 348, 377–78, 386, 388, 390, 405–6, 411, 440–45, 473–74, 494, 498, 513, 519, 524, 538, 543
Eisenhower, Dwight, 174, 187, 257, 500, 503, 510
Environment Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada), 361, 408, 414, 416, 418, 543
Environmental assessment, 194, 239, 247, 248, 258, 263
Environmentalism, 1, 483–86, 491–98, 546. See also conservation; preservation
External Affairs, Department of (Canada), 93, 103–4, 168–69, 185, 243, 250, 265, 416, 536
F
First Nations, 20, 90, 170, 201, 258, 272, 280, 295, 305, 379, 388, 417, 421, Chapter 14 passsim, 471, 474, 480, 509, 511, 519–20, 525–26, 531, 540–41, 543
Fish, 159, 175, 181, 218, 226, 229, 258, 266, 268, 271–72, 295, 358, 372–76, 381, 383, 399–400, 410, 419, 440, 442, 515
Fish and wildlife, 217–18, 255, 308, 358, 368, 372–75, 381, 410, 510
Fisheries, 54, 59, 69, 93, 96, 168, 170, 175, 181–82, 185, 189, 201, 241, 255, 258, 263, 265–66, 269, 286, 379, 399, 434, 438–40, 470, 496, 515, 521
Flathead River, 24, 239–41, 261, 263–67, 269–71, 273, 281
Flooding, 3, 19, 28, 183, 189, 194, 221–25, 230, 240, 246–48, 251, 255–61, 308, 340, 437–38, 467, 470, 510, 542, 544
Ford, Gerald, 248–49
Forestry, 405, 485
Fraser River, 201
G
Garrison Diversion, 19, 198, 217–21, 227, 230–31, 233, 474
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt), 306, 464, 488, 501–2
Georgia Strait, 200, 205
Georgian Bay, 55
Gibbons, George, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 64, 89, 93, 95–99, 102–4
Gordon, Douglas J., 251, 277
Grand Coulee Dam, 19, 198, 217–21, 227, 230–31, 233, 474
Great Depression, 16, 137, 221, 300, 320, 351, 353
Great Lakes, 6, 8, 16, 17, 20, 25, 40–49, 71, 105, 116, 122, 124–36, 260, 274, 284–308, 314, 347–64, 367–90, 395–424, 464–68, 470, 484, 486, 492, 498, 516, 538, 540, 541, 544
Great Lakes basin, 19, 25, 40, 77, 98, 149, 285–95, 301–6, 309, 335, 347, 353, 357, 361, 362, 364, 367, 371, 380, 383–84, 386, 395–424, 443–44, 445, 449, 450–51, 465–67, 473, 515, 525, 546
Great Lakes Charter, 305, 476, 516
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (glri), 383, 416, 421, 495–96, 542
Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, 260, 389, 415, 443, 473
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (glwqa), 7–8, 9, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 286, 301, 314, 335, 347–56, 363, 370–90, 395–97, 402–8, 410–23, 438, 443, 444, 449, 450, 452, 473, 490, 530–32, 538–39, 541, 543–46
Great Lakes Water Quality Board (glwqb), 260, 361–63, 371–72, 389, 404, 444, 448–52, 544
Great Lakes–St. Lawrence basin, 15, 23, 24, 25, 40, 79, 286–95, 302–3, 305, 395, 465, 496, 516, 518, 523, 529, 542
Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Committee, 518
Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact (Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Compact, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Compact), 12, 305–6, 464–68, 545
Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement, 305, 516
Great Recycling and Northern Development (grand), 304
Grey, Earl, 88–93, 102, 104
H
Harmon Doctrine, 21, 95, 148, 458–59
Harper, Stephen, 487, 489, 500, 503
Heeney, Arnold Danford Patrick (adp), 198, 314
HEPCO, 16. See also Ontario Hydro
High Modernism, 290
Horseshoe Falls. See Niagara Falls
Hudson Bay, Hudson’s Bay, 39, 50, 53, 145, 217, 218, 226, 231, 469
Hydro-electricity, 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 20, 21, 24–25, 38, 40–41, 46–47, 50, 54–55, 59, 72, 76–77, 79, 81, 86, 94–95, 98–102, 105, 149, 165–87, 203, 209, 240, 243–44, 248, 250–51, 253, 255–59, 261, 285–96, 299–300, 357–59, 436–42, 452, 470, 472, 510, 519, 529, 542–43
Hydropower. See hydro-electricity
I
Illinois River, 300
Indigenous Peoples. See First Nations
International Air Quality Advisory Board (iaqab), 7, 313–14, 336, 344
International Lake Superior Board of Control, 289, 295
International Niagara Board of Control, 296, 300
International Ontario–Michigan Air Pollution Board (iomapb), 333–34, 338–39, 344
International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board (ipeb), 175–79, 181–82, 187, 192–93
International Rainy–Lake of the Woods Watershed Board, 474, 514, 520
International Red River Board, 224, 234
International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities (pluarg), 405, 409
International St. Croix River Watershed Board, 448, 514
International St. Lawrence River Board of Control, 290
International Souris River Board, 235
International trade, 306, 464, 486, 525
International Trade Organization (ito), 488, 502
International Watershed Board(s), 9, 260, 306–7, 436, 439, 445–46, 448
International Watersheds Initiative (IWI), 25, 224, 252, 306, 436, 438, 445–49, 452, 474, 513–15, 524, 526, 541, 543, 546
International Waterways Commission (iwc), 5, 23, 35–37, 42–46, 48–53, 56–57, 62–64, 66–67, 69, 82, 89–90, 93, 102, 111, 149, 288
Invasive species, 291, 220, 226, 228–29, 286, 292, 301, 310, 411, 414, 419–21, 471
Irrigation, 218, 255, 258, 357, 358, 470, 472, 510–12. See also agriculture
J
Jackfish Bay, 368, 381
James Bay, 294, 304
Johnson, Lyndon B., 184–85, 205, 500, 503, 510
K
Kennebec River, 169
Kennedy, John F., 174, 183–84, 186, 484, 500, 503
L
Lake Erie, 46, 54, 55–56, 73, 77, 126, 285, 287, 295, 299–301, 303, 311, 324, 354, 370, 376, 399, 400, 407, 414, 420, 484
Lake Huron, 41, 54–55, 73, 76, 106, 126, 162, 285, 288, 295, 301–3, 324, 328, 354
Lake Michigan, 7, 40, 55, 78, 99, 106, 285, 288, 295, 300–303, 496
Lake of the Woods, 46, 50, 79, 126, 235, 281, 289, 448, 492, 525
Lake Ontario, 1–3, 10, 54–55, 73, 77, 126, 128, 136, 260, 285–87, 292–93, 295, 301–2, 308, 354, 370, 385, 400, 442, 474, 545
Lake St. Clair, 287, 354
Lake St. Lawrence, 291
Lake Superior, 10, 41, 55, 73, 76, 235, 285, 286, 289, 294–95, 301, 303, 354, 518–19
Lake Winnipeg, 215, 228, 515, 523
Lakewide Action and Management Plans (lamps), 25, 371, 386, 409–15, 443
Laurier, Wilfrid, 45, 52, 54, 76, 81–82, 84, 86–96, 98–102, 500, 503
Libby Dam, 258
Long Lac Diversion, 240, 256, 258–59, 278
Lower Lakes Reference, 349, 361–63
M
Martin, Paul, 487, 492, 500, 503
McKenzie King, William Lyon, 486, 500, 503
McNair, John B., 170–71
McNaughton, Andrew GL (agl), 23, 190, 191, 246, 256, 278, 532
Merrimack River, 117–18
Métis, 388, 417, 421, 443–44, 449–54, 520. See also First Nations
Michigan, Government of, 330, 332–34, 338
Migratory Bird Convention, 350
Milk River, 5, 39–40, 80, 108, 157, 159, 163, 464–65, 468–70
Mississippi River, 40, 78, 235, 253, 288
Missouri River, 39, 145, 217, 219–20, 226, 228, 231–32, 235, 253, 469
Monroe Doctrine, 85
Muir, John, 37–38
Mulroney, Brian, 492, 493, 500, 503
N
National Research Council of Canada (nrc), 318
National Water Resources Institute, 408
Navigation, 1, 6, 7, 10, 12, 20, 40–41, 43, 44, 47, 51, 54–55, 60, 78–79, 81, 94, 98–99, 102, 106–107, 111, 177, 203, 255, 286–89, 291, 293, 300, 302, 352–53, 357–59, 375, 441, 467, 470, 472, 510, 519, 542
Nelson River, 39, 145
New York, Government of, 3, 18, 307, 372, 442, 537
New York Power Authority, 299
Niagara Convention and Protocol, 296
Niagara Falls, 5, 8, 38, 40–42, 46–48, 52, 55, 77, 79, 128, 140, 287–88, 294–99, 532
Niagara River, 7, 42, 55, 79, 80, 99, 106, 124, 126–29, 149–50, 286–87, 299–300, 354, 357, 368, 373
Niagara River Diversion Treaty, 8, 294, 297
Nipigon Bay, 368, 383
Nixon, Richard, 347–48, 407, 411, 490
North American Aerospace Defence Command (norad), 488, 490–91, 501–2
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (naaec), 484, 493–94
North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta), 306, 484, 488, 490–91, 493–95, 501–2, 525
North American Water and Power Alliance (nawapa), 304
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato), 488, 501–2
Northwest Area Water Supply Project, 217, 231–34
O
Obama, Barack, 416, 423, 500, 503
Ogoki Diversion, 294–95, 310
Ontario, Government of, 18, 327, 330, 338
Ontario Hydro, 295. See also HEPCO
Ontario Power Generation, 295, 300
Ontario Research Foundation (orf), 329–30
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd), 401, 423, 491
Oswego River, 373–74, 381, 428
Ottawa River, 133, 308
P
Passamaquoddy Bay, 9, 165–87, 529
Passamaquoddy References, 166–70, 174, 182
Pearson, Lester B., 205, 500, 503, 510
Pennobscot River, 169
Pinchot, Gifford, 37–38
Plan 2014. See Regulation Plans (St. Lawrence–Lake Ontario)
Point Elliott Treaty, 201
Point Roberts, Chapter 6 passim
Pollution, general, 3, 4, 12, 17, 20, 25, 203, 204, 313–39, 406, 460–63, 532–33
Air pollution, 3, 4, 12, 20, 25, 203–4, 313–39, 406, 460–63, 532–33
Water pollution, 6, 12, 17, 20, 24, 55, 115–38, 159, 206, 229, 240, 265, 271–72, 285–86, 289, 308, 314, 317, 329, 348–60, 370–72, 375, 395, 398–400, 403–9, 411, 413–14, 417, 457, 459–60, 470–71, 473, 484, 489–90, 507, 532–33, 538–39
Port Huron, 140, 203, 326–35
Precautionary Principle, 417, 467–68, 472, 478, 479
Preservation, 37–38, 42, 96, 129, 180–81, 296, 532
Presque Isle Bay, 374, 376, 381
Progressive Era, 37, 38, 76, 131
Q
Quebec, Government of, 170, 304–5, 307
Quoddy. See Passamaquoddy
R
Rainy Lake, 79, 448, 478, 514, 520
Rainy River, 45–46, 50, 79, 98–99, 103, 215, 235, 352, 448, 519
Rankin Rapids, 172, 174, 177, 179–83, 187
Reagan, Ronald, 249–50, 252, 490, 492, 500, 503
Reconciliation, 452, 455, 543. See also First Nations
Recreation, 1, 7, 138, 174, 177, 181, 183, 196, 204–5, 210, 226, 252, 255, 258, 265–66, 274, 277, 285, 357–58, 367, 379, 472, 515, 521, 539, 542
Red River, 19, 215, 217–28, 448, 474, 515, 525
Regulation Plans (St. Lawrence–Lake Ontario), 1, 2, 307–8, 311, 342
Richelieu River, 46
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 167, 205, 320, 500, 503
Roosevelt, Theodore, 37–38, 81, 85, 86, 90, 92, 97, 115, 125, 130, 133, 484, 498–99, 500, 503
Root, Elihu, 5, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58–59, 61, 85, 86, 90–92, 95–102, 103, 486
Ross Dam, 239, 241–53, 274–75
S
St. Clair River, 287, 315, 324–38, 354, 357, 368, 373, 383
St. Clair–Detroit Air Pollution Board, 330, 344
St. Clair–Detroit River, 354, 355
St. Croix River, 45, 448, 474, 520–21, 523
St. John River, 45–46, 126, 165–66, 169, 173, 177, 179–80, 183–187
St. John River Engineering Board (sjreb), 171–72
St. John River Reference, 170–73
St. Laurent, Louis, 23, 169, 500, 503
St. Lawrence River, 165–66, 203, 285–86, 288–94, 303, 305, 307–8, 310–12, 352, 368, 370, 373, 400, 406, 441–42, 517–19, 523, 529, 545
St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, 21, 77, 174, 180, 186, 278, 287, 289–90, 292–93, 295, 300–301, 436–37, 441–42, 529, 532
St. Mary River, 39, 80, 108, 145–62, 464, 465, 468–70, 479, 511, 513
St. Mary–Milk Rivers, 5, 7, 24, 39–40, 45, 60, 80, 96, 99, 108, 143, 147–50, 154–55, 157, 159, 288, 464–65, 468–70, 479, 509, 512, 525, 531, 540–41, Chapter 4 passim
St. Marys River, 41, 100–101, 126, 145–46, 158, 162, 286–87, 289, 336, 354, 368, 373
Sage Creek, 146, 154–55, 163
Sage Creek Coal Reference, 239–40, 261, 275, 280
Sarnia, 140, 203, 324, 326–35, 342, 366
Sault Ste Marie, 40, 41, 46, 76–77, 80, 100, 101, 140, 288–89, 305
Science-based, 240, 274, 380, 417, 484, 520, 532–33, 542
Scientific expertise, 307, 309, 546
Severn Sound, 368, 374, 381–82, 428
Sewage, 40, 51, 55, 78, 98, 101–2, 115, 138, 202, 288, 300, 352–57, 358, 375, 382, 399, 471–72, 519
Sheboygan River, 373, 383
Sheyenne River, 225–31, 515
Shoal Lake, 437
Skagit River, 24, 206, 239–53, 274–75
Souris River, 215, 219, 234–35, 448, 519, 522, 523
Spanish Harbour, 368, 381, 428
Special International Niagara Board, 296
State Department (us), 47, 52, 58–59, 61, 80–81, 90, 94, 97, 99, 168, 184–85, 226–27, 229–30, 249–50, 265, 320, 350, 439, 536
State of the Great Lakes Ecosystem Conference (solec), 384, 413–14, 418, 420, 422
Standing reference, 9, 347, 349, 351–52, 365, 410, 531
Stanley, Augustus Owsley (ao), 168–69
State of the Great Lakes (sogl), 414, 417, 420, 422
Strait of Georgia, 200, 205
Sub-federal governments, 307, 496, 531, 537
Sustainable development, 38, 472, 524
Swimming, 358, 384, 414, 421. See also recreation
T
Taft, William H., 49, 500, 503
Technology, 220, 266, 269, 272, 371, 375, 388, 453, 538
Tourism, 79, 128, 266, 269, 297, 299, 357, 358, 367, 379
Trade (general), 367, 438, 493, 494–95, 541
Traditional Ecological Knowledge, 379, 453, 543
Trail Smelter, 12, 19, 25, 203, 313, 315–24, 326, 337–38, 460–63
Transportation, 76–77, 105, 132, 170, 285, 295, 310, 367, 486
Treaty of Oregon, 200
Trudeau, Justin, 487, 489, 495, 500, 503
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 248–49, 347–48, 411, 484, 487, 500, 503
Truman, Harry, 168–69, 187, 500, 503
Trump, Donald, 423, 485, 488, 494–96, 498, 542, 546
Tweeddale, Reg, 172–73, 182, 186
U
Udall, Stewart, 183–85
United Nations (un), 18, 401, 460, 488–89
United Nations Convention on the Non-Navigable Uses of Water, 469
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 471, 489
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (usmca), 496, 525–26
US Clean Air Act, 331–33, 338, 467
US Environmental Protection Agency (epa), 159, 231, 355, 361, 383, 408, 411, 414, 416, 418, 496, 542–43
US Federal Power Commission (fpc), 167, 191, 193, 243, 247–48
W
War of 1812, 41, 434
Water Apportionment, 6, 17, 24, 46, 99, 143–45, 149–61, 257, 286, 296, 308, 402, 469, 511–12, 524–25, 531
Water Levels, 3, 7, 10, 77, 79, 95, 285–309, 414, 442, 467, 514–20, 524, 530, 541,
Water Pollution. See pollution, water; water quality
Water quality, 3, 4, 8, 10, 20, 24, 71, 115, 138, 159, 219, 220, 226, 228, 231, 233–34, 240, 261, 265–72, 285–86, 305, 308, 329, 347–49, 352–64, 370–71, 377, 382, 386, 399–401, 403–4, 406–7, 411, 414–17, 449, 470, 473, 498, 523, 526, 530, 540–41, 543–45
Water quantity, 3, 4, 20, 25, 71, 79, 119, 265–68, 285–86, 308, 357, 401, 464, 526, 545
Water treatment, 119–20, 122–30, 132, 219–20, 231, 233, 272, 353, 354, 381–83
Watershed Boards, 9, 234, 306–7, 454, 514, 520
Waterton River, 155, 158, 511, 513
Waukegon Harbor, 372–73, 383
Webster–Ashburton Treaty, 44, 51, 79, 99
Welland Canal, 77, 287
Wheatley Harbour, 368, 374, 381
White Lake(s), 373, 374, 381
World Health Organization (who), 355
World Trade Organization (wto), 306, 488, 502