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The Canadian Mountain Assessment: Acknowledgements

The Canadian Mountain Assessment
Acknowledgements
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table of contents
  1. Half Title Page
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright page
  4. Land Acknowledgement
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. Foreword
  7. Executive Summary
    1. Chapter 1. Introduction
    2. Chapter 2. Mountain Environments
    3. Chapter 3. Mountains as Homelands
    4. Chapter 4. Gifts of the Mountains
    5. Chapter 5. Mountains Under Pressure
    6. Chapter 6. Desirable Mountain Futures
  8. Table of Contents
  9. Chapter 1
    1. 1.1 Mountains and Mountain Knowledge in Canada
    2. 1.2 Introducing the Canadian Mountain Assessment
      1. 1.2.1 Project governance
      2. 1.2.2 Visioning
      3. 1.2.3 Methodology
      4. 1.2.4 Review and revision process
      5. 1.2.5 Innovations
      6. 1.2.6 Caveats and limitations
    3. 1.3 Organisation of Assessment
  10. Chapter 2
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Origins
      1. 2.2.1 Plate tectonics: The driving mechanism for mountain building
      2. 2.2.2 Ancient orogens of eastern Canada
      3. 2.2.3 Younger orogens of western Canada
      4. 2.2.4 Ice sheet histories, landscape sculpting, and deglaciation
      5. 2.2.5 Gaps and challenges
    3. 2.3 Weather and Climate
      1. 2.3.1 Air temperature
      2. 2.3.2 Precipitation
      3. 2.3.3 Mountain wind systems
      4. 2.3.4 Gaps and challenges
    4. 2.4 Snow, Ice, and Permafrost
      1. 2.4.1 Mountain snow
      2. 2.4.2 Mountain glaciers
      3. 2.4.3 Mountain permafrost
      4. 2.4.4 Gaps and challenges
    5. 2.5 Water
      1. 2.5.1 Mountain flow regimes
      2. 2.5.2 Mountain surface hydrological processes
      3. 2.5.3 Mountain lakes and reservoirs
      4. 2.5.4 Mountain groundwater
      5. 2.5.5 Mountain wetlands
      6. 2.5.6 Mountain water quality
      7. 2.5.7 Hydrological modelling
      8. 2.5.8 Gaps and challenges
    6. 2.6 Mountain Hazards
      1. 2.6.1 Indigenous perspectives on mountain hazards
      2. 2.6.2 Hazard types and frequency
      3. 2.6.3 Gaps and challenges
    7. 2.7 Ecosystems and Biodiversity
      1. 2.7.1 Terrestrial mountain ecosystems
      2. 2.7.2 Landscape management and disturbances
      3. 2.7.3 Mountain biodiversity
      4. 2.7.4 Aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity
      5. 2.7.5 Gaps and challenges
    8. 2.8 Connections between Mountains and Lowland/Coastal Environments
      1. 2.8.1 Upstream movements of air, water, materials, and organisms
      2. 2.8.2 Downstream movements of air, water, materials, and organisms
      3. 2.8.3 Gaps and challenges
    9. 2.9 Conclusions
  11. Chapter 3
    1. 3.1 Introduction
      1. 3.1.1 Homelands and homes
      2. 3.1.2 Conceptual underpinnings
    2. 3.2 Stories of Homelands
      1. 3.2.1 Stories of creation
      2. 3.2.2 Stories of mountain spirits 
      3. 3.2.3 Mountain place names
      4. 3.2.4 Summary: Stories of Homelands
    3. 3.3 Mountain Archaeology and the Longevity of Homelands
    4. 3.4 Multispecies Literature
      1. 3.4.1 Human-animal relationships in mountains
      2. 3.4.2 Human-plant relationships in mountains
    5. 3.5 Changes to Mountain Homelands
      1. 3.5.1 Early colonial presence
      2. 3.5.2 Science as colonial tool
      3. 3.5.3 Treaties and land access
      4. 3.5.4 Parks and protected areas
    6. 3.6 Recreation
      1. 3.6.1 Place-making through recreation
      2. 3.6.2 Recreation and gender
      3. 3.6.3 Race and recreation
    7. 3.7 Labour
      1. 3.7.1 Extraction labour
      2. 3.7.2 Incarcerated labour in mountains
      3. 3.7.3 Military labour
      4. 3.7.4 Built infrastructures
      5. 3.7.5 Mountain professionals
    8. 3.8 Governance in Contemporary Mountain Spaces
      1. 3.8.1 Mountains as borderlands
      2. 3.8.2 Indigenous governance in mountain places
    9. 3.9 Conclusion
  12. Chapter 4
    1. 4.1 Introduction
      1. 4.1.1 Gifts and benefits
    2. 4.2 Gifts of Identity and Wellbeing
      1. 4.2.1 Emotional and physical wellbeing of mountain communities
    3. 4.3 Gifts of Art
      1. 4.3.1 Mountains as sites of creative inspiration and dialogue
      2. 4.3.2 Mountains as sites of art institutions and programs
    4. 4.4 Gifts of Teaching and Pedagogy
      1. 4.4.1 Storytelling and narrative
      2. 4.4.2 Sacredness
      3. 4.4.3 Land-based learning and healing
      4. 4.4.4 Challenges to Indigenous-led teaching and learning in Canada
    5. 4.5 Gifts of Foods and Medicines
      1. 4.5.1 Plants, Fungi, and Medicinal Species
      2. 4.5.2 Wildlife
      3. 4.5.3 Fisheries
    6. 4.6 Gifts of Water
      1. 4.6.1 Gifts of freshwater
      2. 4.6.2 Gifts of wetlands
    7. 4.7 Gift of Mountain Spaces and Terrain for Tourism and Recreation Activities
      1. 4.7.1 Nature and adventure tourism economies
      2. 4.7.2 Challenges and drawbacks of mountain recreation
    8. 4.8 Gifts and Benefits of Forests, Materials, and Energy Sources
      1. 4.8.1 Forests
      2. 4.8.2 Minerals and hydrocarbons
      3. 4.8.3 Sedimentary deposits and quarries
      4. 4.8.4 Metallic mineral deposits
      5. 4.8.5 Fossil fuels deposits
      6. 4.8.6 Renewable energy
    9. 4.9 Conclusions
  13. Chapter 5
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Climate Change: Historical Trends and Future Projections
      1. 5.2.1 Historical temperature trends
      2. 5.2.2 Historical precipitation trends
      3. 5.2.3 Caveats and research gaps
      4. 5.2.4 Future climate projections
      5. 5.2.5 Caveats and research gaps
    3. 5.3 Land Cover and Land Use Pressures
      1. 5.3.1 Changes in land cover
      2. 5.3.2 Changes in land use
      3. 5.3.3 Demographic changes
    4. 5.4 Resource Development Pressures
      1. 5.4.1 Resource extraction and development
      2. 5.4.2 Logging pressures
      3. 5.4.3 Mining and fossil fuel pressures
      4. 5.4.4 Invasive species
    5. 5.5 Growing Pressures from Mountain Tourism and Recreation
    6. 5.6 Changes in the Governance of Mountain Spaces
    7. 5.7 Threats and Impacts from a Changing Cryosphere
      1. 5.7.1 Changes in snowpack
      2. 5.7.2 Changes to glaciers
      3. 5.7.3 Changes in permafrost
    8. 5.8 Threats and Impacts from Changing Water Resources
      1. 5.8.1 Changes in water supply
      2. 5.8.2 Water quality
    9. 5.9 Risks and Vulnerability from Changing Mountain Hazards
    10. 5.10 Threats and Impacts on Ecosystems
      1. 5.10.1 Changes in treeline and shrubification
      2. 5.10.2 Changes in stream ecosystems
      3. 5.10.3 Changes in mountain wetlands
      4. 5.10.4 Changes in wildlife, human, and more-than-human relations
    11. 5.11 Impacts on Socio-Cultural Systems
      1. 5.11.1 Threats to Indigenous livelihoods and knowledge systems
      2. 5.11.2 Threats to community health and wellbeing
      3. 5.11.3 Threats to mountain tourism and recreation
    12. 5.12 Adaptation to Changing Pressures
    13. 5.13 Conclusions
  14. Chapter 6
    1. 6.1 Connectivity
    2. 6.2 Elevating Indigenous Knowledges
    3. 6.3 Access and Barriers to Relationships
    4. 6.4 Humility
    5. 6.5 Endings as Beginnings
  15. Appendix I: Contributor Bios
  16. Appendix II: LEARNING CIRCLE Contributions
  17. Appendix III: Map Data

Acknowledgements

The Canadian Mountain Assessment (CMA) represents the first formal assessment of mountain systems in Canada, as well as an important effort to enhance understanding of mountains through the respectful inclusion of both Western academic and Indigenous ways of knowing. It is the outcome of over three years of work and was made possible by funding from the Canadian Mountain Network (CMN)—a member of the Networks of Centres of Excellence Canada program—and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), institutional support from the University of Calgary, and the incredible commitment, effort, and care of an extensive and diverse group of individuals.

We acknowledge with deep gratitude those that have come together to prepare the CMA:

Project Leader: Graham McDowell

Project Assistant: Madison Stevens

Project Research Team: Jiaao Guo, Katherine Hanly, Graham McDowell

Canadian Advisors: Eric Higgs, Aerin Jacob, Gùdia Mary Jane Johnson, Linda Johnson, Shawn Marshall

International Advisors: Carolina Adler, Martin Price, Pasang Dolma Sherpa, Phillippus Wester

Chapter Co-Lead Authors: Megan Dicker, Eric Higgs, Dani Inkpen, Michele Koppes, Keara Lightning, Brenda Parlee, Wanda Pascal, Joseph Shea, Daniel Sims, Niiyokamigaabaw Deondre Smiles

Chapter Contributing Authors: Leon Andrew, Caroline Aubry-Wake, David Borish, Stephen Chignell, Ashley-Anne Churchill, Dawn Saunders Dahl, Goota Desmarais, Megan Dicker, Karine Gagné, Erika Gavenus, Stephan Gruber, Jiaao Guo, Katherine Hanly, Nina Hewitt, Eric Higgs, Murray Humphries, Rod Hunter, Lawrence Ignace, Aerin Jacob, Pnnal Bernard Jerome, Patricia Joe, Gùdia Mary Jane Johnson, Linda Johnson, Stephen Johnston, Knut Kitching, Douglas Kootenay, Michele Koppes, Daniel Kraus, Sydney Lancaster, Rosemary Langford, Keara Lightning, Lachlan MacKinnon, Christopher Marsh, Shawn Marshall, Brandy Mayes, Hayden Melting Tallow, Charlotte Mitchell, Wanda Pascal, Tim Patterson, Sophie Pheasant, Karen Pheasant, Melissa Quesnelle, PearlAnn Reichwein, Rachel Reimer, Lauren Rethoret, Gabriella Richardson, Brooklyn Rushton, María Elisa Sánchez, Richard Schuster, Joseph Shea, Daniel Sims, Niiyokamigaabaw Deondre Smiles, Tonya Smith, Lauren Somers, Chris Springer, Kyra St. Pierre, Madison Stevens, Karson Sudlow, Yan Tapp, Julie M. Thériault, Andrew Trant, Vincent Vionnet, John Waldron, Gabrielle Weasel Head, Sonia Wesche, Nicole J. Wilson, Matthew Wiseman, Kristine Wray

Chapter Review Editors: Stephen Chignell, Thomas McIlwraith, PearlAnn Reichwein, Steven M. Vamosi

Graphic Design: Annie Webb

Cartography: Chris Brackley and Angi Goodkey (As the Crow Flies cARTography), Jiaao Guo

Videography: David Borish

In addition to the core project team, we wish to acknowledge Robert Sandford and Kelly Bannister, who provided critical and constructive input, which played an important role in shaping our assessment process. Likewise, David Hik, Deborah McGregor, Harvey Locke, and Charles Menzies made important contributions to chapter coordination and content prior to being pulled away from the project by other commitments. We are also appreciative of 28 external reviewers, whose diverse perspectives and thoughtful suggestions improved the coherence and credibility of the CMA.

Matthew Berry and Stan Boutin—former CMN Interim Director and CMN Co-Research Director, respectively—were both champions of the CMA vision and were instrumental in securing financial and in-kind support from the CMN. We are also appreciative of helpful guidance received from Murray Humphries and Norma Kassi, current and former CMN Co-Research Directors, respectively. Likewise, we thank Nicole Olivier, former CMN Programs Manager, for her encouragement and steadfast support with project operations and budgetary matters. Finally, Monique Dubé, Executive Director of the CMN, provided helpful assistance with project funding and supporting alignment with CMN priorities.

We are also thankful to those at the University of Calgary Press who have supported the publication process: Brian Scrivener, Alison Cobra, Helen Hajnoczky, Alan MacEachern, and Garet Mark­voort. Their patience, attentiveness to the CMA’s ethical and technical requirements, and skilful manuscript preparation efforts have led to a published work that is reflective of the spirit and intent of the CMA.

While the CMA is a national scale initiative, we note that many researchers; First Nations, Métis, and Inuit individuals; and mountain professionals with knowledge of mountains in Canada were not directly involved in the project. Nevertheless, our work was informed by the efforts of this broader community; we thank all of those that create, safeguard, and (where appropriate) share knowledge of mountains in Canada. Furthermore, while the CMA attempts to assess the state of mountain knowledge in Canada, we appreciate that knowledge of mountains is not only held by people. We recognize other-than-human Knowledge Holders in mountains and call attention to the importance and legitimacy of their knowledges, even if they are largely beyond the scope of the CMA and the realm of human experience more broadly.

Finally, we are grateful for the mountains themselves. Mountains are important to all of us involved in the CMA, in ways that are common, including as sources of freshwater, but also in ways that are distinctive and deeply personal. Regardless of our specific connections to mountains, they have inspired each of us to dedicate considerable time and effort to enhancing understanding of mountains in Canada. We benefit tremendously from mountains, and it has been an honour to work in the service of these special places.

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