List of Figures

Figure 0.1. Staff and students of the Mohawk Institute (possibly the 1920s)

Figure 0.2. Russ and Thelma Moses, Mush Hole, October 1943

Figure 0.3. Russ Moses in RCAF uniform, 1965

Figure 0.4. Russ Moses’s hand-drawn map (1999), “Mohawk Institute, 1942–1946 by # 12 Boy”

Figure 0.5. New England Company medallion

Figure 1.1. A nineteenth-century photo of the Mohawk Chapel and possibly the original Mohawk Institute

Figure 2.1. Girls playing on a swing set in the girls’ playground

Figure 2.2. Mohawk Institute boys on the way to the Six Nations Fair, 1934

Figure 2.3. Mohawk Institute trip to Christian Island, 1960s

Figure 2.4. Summer camp at Christian Island, 1960s

Figure 2.5. An image from May 1966 in The Toronto Star

Figure 0.6. Mohawk Institute students

Figure 3.1. Albert Anthony

Figure 3.2. The Reverend Isaac Bearfoot, Christ Church

Figure 3.3. “Teacher and Pupils in No. 3 School”

Figure 3.4. “No. 3 School, with Pupils and Teachers, the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Caswell and Others.”

Figure 3.5. “Miss F. K. Maracle, 1905, Toronto”

Figure 3.6. Margaret Maracle’s certificate from 1882

Figure 3.7. Bishop Appleyard, the Reverend Canon Zimmerman, David Wilson, and Susan Hardie in the Mohawk Chapel

Figure 4.1. The Mohawk Institute Cadet Corps, displayed at the Central Canada Exhibition, 1896

Figure 4.2. Cadets at the Mohawk Institute, possibly 1890s

Figure 4.3. A. Nelles Ashton and Mohawk Institute cadets with the Brantford Gala Day Trophy, 1896

Figure 4.4. A. Nelles Ashton and Mohawk Institute cadets in front of the Mohawk Institute, 1909

Figure 4.5. A. Nelles Ashton and Mohawk Institute cadets on the front steps of the Mohawk Institute, 1909

Figure 5.1. Calum Miller, from Six Nations, in 1936. Photograph taken by D. F. Kidd.

Figure 5.2. A page from C. A. F. Clark’s report on the Mohawk Institute in 1948, with photos

Figure 0.7. Undated photo, Mohawk Institute grounds

Figure 6.1. The Mohawk Village School, 1780s.

Figure 6.2. Map of Brantford showing “Site of the Old Institution Buildings” near the Mohawk Chapel. “Institution Buildings” indicates the location of the Mohawk Institute beginning in 1858.

Figure 6.3. The Mohawk Institute, 1884

Figure 6.4. Edward Lamson Henry, Johnson Hall (Sir William Johnson Presenting Medals to the Indian Chiefs of the Six Nations at Johnstown, NY, 1772), 1903, oil on canvas

Figure 6.5. The Mohawk Institute and its landscape, 1884

Figure 6.6. Floor plan of the Mohawk Institute, 1879

Figure 6.7. Boys’ dormitory, possibly Mohawk Institute, before 1904

Figure 6.8. The Mohawk Institute, following the 1886 addition

Figure 6.9. The Mohawk Institute, following 1893–4 addition

Figure 6.10. Mohawk Institute, 1917

Figure 6.11. Students and staff in front of the Mohawk Institute, ca. 1934

Figure 6.12. Elevations of proposed addition to the Mohawk Institute, 1922. R. Guerney Orr, architect.

Figure 6.13. Plan of alterations and additions to the Mohawk Institute basement, 1922. R. Guerney Orr, architect

Figure 6.14. Girls in the sewing room, Mohawk Institute, ca. 1943

Figure 6.15. Mohawk Institute fields looking northwest, with the school and farm buildings in the background, 1917

Figure 6.16. Detail of site plan showing the main building of the Mohawk Institute (“residential school”), classroom block built of army huts (“school building”), and other outbuildings, 1948

Figure 6.17. Children in the army-hut classroom at the Mohawk Institute, 1948

Figure 6.18. Photograph of the Mohawk Institute kitchen, including Institute personnel, taken 21 January 1961

Figure 7.1. Plaque unveiling at the Mohawk Institute, 17 June 1972

Figure 7.2. Current plaque in front of the Woodland Cultural Centre

Figure 0.8. Mohawk Chapel confirmation, 1918

Figure 9.1. Katsian[:ionte Hanging Flower, Jake Thomas print

Figure 9.2. Christine Skye, Six Nations Mohawk

Figure 0.9. Boys farming at Mohawk Institute, 1943

Figure 11.1. “Mohawk Institution, Regulations Relating to Pupils,” 1872

Figure 11.2. Mohawk Institute staff, with Robert and Alice Ashton standing in the centre, Isaac Bearfoot on the left next to Jennie Fisher, and likely Mr. Thomas, the notorious boys’ master, on the right

Figure 12.1. Glebe Farm Reserve no. 40B

Figure 0.10. Elwood Burnham, Mohawk Institute, 1934

Figure 13.1. A page in the register, April 1868

Figure 14.1. (A) chipping “detritus”; (B) Woodland period pottery and projectile point; (C) silver earring; (D) cadet uniform button

Figure 14.2. (E) enamelled pitchers; (F) enamelled cups; (G) slate tablet with “Leah” inscribed into it

Figure 14.3. (H) “Government of Canada 1917” pencil; (I) child’s pyjama shirt; (J) pencil sketches on paper; (K) sewing machine used at the Mohawk Institute

Figure 14.4. (L) watch clock key; (M) labour ledger; (N) cigarette package; (O) comic strip

Figure 14.5. (P) canned chicken; (Q) canned apples; (R) “2 Jan. 1951, Know Your Words”; (S) “Elvis the Pel, 1957” brick

Figure 15.1. Trauma by R. G. Miller, depicting the artist as a young boy at the Mohawk Institute

Figure 15.2. Photo of clergy in front of the Mohawk Chapel, ca. 1925

Figure 16.1. Doug George

Figure 16.2. Drawing of Emmert General, 1934, by Richard Hill

Figure 16.3. Geronimo Henry at age fifteen at the Mohawk Institute

Figure 16.4. Blanche Hill-Easton

Figure 16.5. Pat Hill

Figure 16.6. Raymond Hill

Figure 16.7. John Elliot

Figure 16.8. Bud Whiteye

Figure 16.9. “Help me” brick

Figure 16.10. Dawn and Roberta Hill in their first foster home after leaving the Mohawk Institute

Figure 16.11. Roberta Hill in 1972

Figure 16.12. Roberta Hill more recently

Figure 16.13. Newspaper photograph of Roberta Hill and Rev. Zimmerman

Figure 16.14. Ramona Kiyoshk, of Walpole Island, at the Mohawk Institute in July 1959

Figure 16.15. Geraldine Maness with Violet Riley

Figure 16.16. Geraldine Robertson