Index
Page numbers in italics refer to tables, figures, and illustrations
Abate, Abate Wori, 475
Aberdeen, Earl & Lady, 4, 66–68, 136, 138
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, 226. See also Indian Affairs (government department)
Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 92
Adams, Peter, 482
Ahyonwaeghs John Brant, 32, 174–176, 277, 283–284, 371, 457
Albrecht, Beverly, 257, 259–260, 261-262, 265, 266, 267–269, 419, 422, 428
alcohol, 37, 67–68, 90, 306, 319, 338, 345n29, 345n33, 423
Alderville Industrial School, 41, 56n100, 283
All Hallows School for Girls, 331
Alnwick Industrial School, 41
American Revolution, 26-27, 33, 174, 216n13, 276, 278, 279, 377, 469
Anderson, Arthur, 468
Andrews’ report, 74
Andrews, William, 460
Anglican church, 13, 32, 45, 60, 89, 91, 112, 143, 227, 298-299, 393, 398, 399–402, 409–410, 412n5
Anthony, Albert, 111, 112, 113, 114, 123, 370, 479
Appleyard, Bishop, 125
Archaeological Research Associates, 376, 377, 379
archaeology, 1, 5–6, 7, 89, 389. See also Mohawk Institute Archaeological Site
architecture, 3, 171, 180-181, 189, 196–197, 231–237. See also Mohawk Institute—architecture; residential schools—architecture
Arnold, Oliver, 33, 278, 279, 281, 282
arson, 2, 4, 5, 25, 42, 51–52, 60, 61, 63, 193, 243, 244–247, 295, 298, 317, 318
Ashton, Alfred Nelles, 4, 66–68, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 148n14, 220n131, 248–250, 297, 319, 333, 337, 338, 342, 379, 409, 416
Ashton, Alice Turner, See Boyce, Alice Ashton
Ashton, Ernest Charles., 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 148n14, 148n22, 196–197, 220n131, 298
Ashton, Minnie, 317–318, 326, 329
Ashton, Nelles. See Ashton, Alfred Nelles
Ashton, Robert, 2, 4–5, 44, 47, 49–50, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 107, 117–119, 121, 123, 124–128, 131n57, 134, 137, 139, 142, 147, 148n14, 149n38, 184, 196–197, 295–300, 302–307, 306, 307–319, 323–343, 343n1, 343n4, 343n5, 379, 461, 463, 467, 468
Assembly of First Nations, 89, 226
Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs, 228
assimilation. See Indigenous peoples—assimilation of; Mohawk Institute—assimilation
Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians, 214, 228
Audette, Louis Arthur, 340
Babcock Lot, 43, 70, 317, 318, 324–325, 326, 327–329, 330, 343n4, 343n7
Bagot Commission, 39
Bagot, Sir Charles, 39
Bailey, Pearce, 154
Barclay, Henry, 460
Battleford Industrial School, 46
Bay of Quinte, 283
Bearfoot, Elam, 481
Bearfoot, Isaac, 3, 43, 110, 111, 114, 115, 126, 130n33, 130n39, 135, 305, 306, 309, 310, 316, 320n20, 351, 370, 479
Beaver, John, 318
Beaver, Marguerite, 428
Beaver, Yagoweia Loft, 111
Behind the Bricks (book), xix, 1–9, 97, 290
Bennett, Tony, 185
Benson, Martin, 50–51, 56n100, 127, 191, 192, 246–247, 310, 312, 314, 343n7
Berger, John, 7
Bethany Baptist Mission, 250
Bible, The, 30, 288, 289, 396, 403, 405
Blackbird, Jennie, 198, 201, 202, 428
Blake, Samuel H., 65, 332–333, 341
boarding schools, 25, 35, 50, 52n4, 58n155, 60–61, 63, 64, 72, 75, 78, 147n9, 197, 290
Bomberry, Beverly. See Albrecht, Beverly
Bomberry, George, 470
Bond Head, Francis. See Head, Francis Bond
Botsford, Amos Edwin, 111, 302, 324, 361
Bouslaugh, Mr. & Mrs., 309
Boyce, Alice Ashton, 67–68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 116, 142, 143, 297, 306, 310, 311, 313, 316, 324, 338, 340, 341, 345n42
Brandon Industrial Institute, 156, 192
Brant, Cameron, 480
Brant, Henry, 286
Brant, Jacob, 277
Brant, John (Ahyonwaeghs). See Ahyonwaeghs John Brant
Brant, Joseph (son of Thayendanegea), 277
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea). See Thayendanegea Joseph Brant
Brant, Margaret, 455
Brant, Molly, (Konwatsi’tsiaiénni). See Konwatsi’tsiaiénni Molly Brant
Brant, Robert, 480
Brantford Collegiate Institute, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 127, 308
Brantford Collegiate Institute Cadet Corps, 134, 137, 143
Brantford Grammar School, 356, 369
Brantford, ON, 1, 37–38, 43, 77, 85, 137, 142, 178, 197, 253, 324, 328, 330; employment, 325; housing, 325
Brantford Women’s Council, 82, 207
Brant Historical Society, 227–228
Brewster, Willoughby Staples, 335
bricks, xviii, 1, 86, 97, 147, 171, 215, 218n52, 382; 387, 388–389, 435–436, 436. See also Mohawk Institute—architecture
British Empire, 137, 138. 144, 189, 194
Bowell, Herbert Henry, 330, 344n14
Bryce, Peter H., 64
Burnham, Elwood, 350,
Burning, Harrison, 198, 221n145, 419, 420, 422
Burrows, Major-General, 366
Busk, Charlotte, 320n13
Busk, Edward, 320n13
cadets, 137–138, 139, 140, 143, 145–147. See also Brantford Collegiate Institute Cadet Corps; military; Mohawk Institute Cadet Corps; Mohawk Institute—military training
Caldwell Report, 84
Calls to Action. See Truth and Reconciliation Commission—Calls to Action
Canada, 2, 42, 46; apology 60, 90, 92; lawsuits against, 91–92; oversight of residential schools, 4, 26, 43, 45, 48, 49, 62–63, 66, 90, 213; population, 60; relationship with Indigenous peoples, 27, 42, 43, 89–90, 298, 390–391, 474.See also Indian Affairs (government department)
Canada Starch Company, 329, 343n3
Canadgaranuncka, Brant, 455–456
Canadian Armed Forces, 141, 146–147
Canadian Expeditionary Force, 142
Canadian Mounted Rifles, 142
Canajoharie, 284
Carleton, Sean, 64
Carleton, Thomas, 278
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 172, 185
Carpenter, Mary, 296
Carpenter, Susannah, 112–114, 370
Carpenter, William, 120
Carter, James, 302
Castledon, Hugh, 79
Caswell, Rev. & Mrs., 119,
Catholic Church, 37, 218n62, 275, 278, 307, 361, 459
Cayuga Nation, 26, 109, 317, 321n49
celebrations, 12, 29, 134, 137, 143, 144, 225, 236, 404
Central Canada Exhibition, 134, 137
Chance, James, 113, 116, 302, 461, 463
Chapleau Residential School, 197
Charity Commission, 310, 232, 335
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 89
Checkock, Amelia (Jones), 116, 130n44, 480
Chene, Jean Dosithe, 197
child abuse, 6, 15, 89, 339, 409–410. See also Mohawk Institute—corporal punishment; Mohawk Institute students—abuse of
children, xix, 3, 5, 13, 15, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34–35, 253–254, 389–390, 453; removal from parents, 1, 4, 34, 49, 62–63, 93, 176, 182, 184–185, 258, 261–262, 265, 278, 280–281, 286, 288, 351, 389–390, 411, 443. See also Indigenous peoples—removal of children
Children’s Aid Society, 90
child welfare, 158
Chipman, Ward, 278
Chisholm, Andrew Gordon, 334, 336, 339–340, 341, 342, 343, 347n63
Christianity, 32; conversion to, 26, 27, 29–30, 36–37, 63, 109, 174, 278
“Christianizing and civilizing,” 26, 27–30, 32–33, 35, 40, 43, 50–51, 61, 79, 97, 98n7, 107, 108, 134, 143–144, 174, 230–231, 265, 291n8, 296, 327, 403–404
Christmas, Benjamin (Basamai Nachecallassootmamk), 368–369
Church of England. See Anglican church
churches, 2, 29–30, 95, 189, 213, 216n13, 291n91, 331; oversight of residential schools, 62–63, 213; partnership with state, 397–402; relations with Indigenous peoples, 36
civilization program 6, 22, 28–30, 31, 32–33. See also “Christianizing and civilizing”
Clark, William, 305
Clarke, A. L. G., 82
Claus, Daniel, 174
Cockenoe, 276
Cockshutt family, 317–318, 325, 326, 329, 338, 344n9
Cockshutt, Ignatius, 326
Cockshutt Plow Company, 326, 343n4
Cockshutt, William Foster, 317–318, 326, 327, 329, 333, 338
Coffin, John, 278
Colborne, John, 176
collective trauma, 6, 394, 395–396, 410, 411
colleges, 31
colonialism, See settler colonialism
Commanda, Jacqueline, 434
Commanda, Joey, 434
Commanda, Loretta, 434
Commanda, Rocky, 434
commemoration, 86, 92, 94, 96, 215, 225–237
community, 2
competitions, 66
Connaught, Duke of, 137
Cooke, Donald, 81
Cooper, Mary Ann (Marguerite) Cooper (Number 33), 434–436
Cree School Board of Quebec, 227
criminal behaviour, 4, 47, 51–52, 71, 75, 77, 82, 339, 342, 389, 409–410, 416
Cromb, G. D., 214
Cronyn, Benjamin, 112, 117, 305
Crowe, Carrie, 482
cultural genocide, 31, 61, 90, 94, 191, 214, 215, 226, 230, 236–237
cultural resurgence, 214, 230, 236–237
Davids, Lawrence, 109–110, 129n13
Davin, Nicholas Flood, 46
Davis, Francis, 482
Davis, Sarah, 118, 119–120, 480
Davis, Thelma. See Moses, Thelma (Davis)
day schools, 29, 31, 32–35, 42, 51, 58n155, 60, 63, 78, 85, 107, 109, 118, 119, 119, 127, 232–233, 283–285, 291n18, 307, 320n9. See also Mohawk Village Day School; Red Bank Day School
Debo, Mathew, 246
Dee, Robert, 364
Delaporte, Helen L., 162
Delaware Settlement, 109, 457, 470
de Leeuw, Sarah, 172
Department of Indian Affairs. See Indian Affairs (government department)
destitution, 46–47, 48, 51, 65, 69
Dingman, Absalom, 316
Doctrine of Discovery, 30
“Documenting the Early Residential Schools” project, 5, 352
Doherty, R, 367
Dominion Natural Gas Company, 329
Doxtator, Frederick, 149n45
Dufferin Rifles, 38th, 136, 138, 138–139, 140, 148n14, 149n38, 220n131
Dunbow Industrial School, 46
Earth to Table legacy project, 267
education, 26, 29, 32, 34–37, 403–404; academics, 35; apprenticeships 33; compulsory, 49, 64; farming, 4, 35; higher education, 68, 107, 116–120, 121–128; household duties, 35; policy 60, 67, 68; trades, 35. See also subtopic “education” under numerous topics
Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward VII), 42, 185
Edward, Price of Wales (Edward VIII), 69, 137, 143
Elbourne, Elizabeth, 284
Eliot, John, 276
Elliott, Adam, 110, 300, 302, 320n13, 469
Elliott, Floretta, 483
Elliott, John R., 430–431, 431
Enfranchisement Act, 43
Enmegahbowh, 368
Erasmus, Georges, 90
eugenics, 155
farming, 4, 13–14, 19, 20, 35, 37–38, 43, 46–47, 64, 98n20. See also Mohawk Institute—farming
Fear-Segal, Jacqueline, 172, 185
Felton Industrial School. See Middlesex Industrial School
Ferrier, Chester, 246
Ferrier, Russell, 72, 100n76, 124, 159
File Hills Boarding School, 64
Fingard, Judith, 280
First Nations Peoples. See Indigenous Peoples
Fisher, Jennie, 306, 309, 320n21
Fiske, Jo-Anne, 172
Fletcher, Wendy, 6, 90, 393, 495
Fontaine, Phil, 89, 228–229, 236
food, 4, 13–14, 18–19, 254–264, 265, 266–270. See also Mohawk Institute—food
Ford, John Walker, 297, 319, 332
Forsyth, Janice, 139
Fort Alexander Indian Residential School, 228–229, 236
foster care, 263–264, 438, 439
Foucault, Michel, 397, 406–409, 411
Friendship Centres, 267
From Longhouse to Schoolhouse: The Mohawk Institute 1934-1970 (thesis), 8
Gamble, F. C., 366
Gathering Strength: Canada’s Aboriginal Action Plan, 91
General, Emmert, 420, 421, 425
General, Salli, 422
General, William, 131n64
genocide, 94. See also cultural genocide; Indigenous peoples—eradication efforts
George, Baptist, 81
George, Doug (Number 73) (Kanentiio), v, xviii, 87, 417, 418, 439, 440–442
George, Kenneth, 428
Giancarlo, Alexandra, 3, 192, 495
Gibson, Robert, 339
Gilkison, Jasper T., 47, 121, 123–124, 461–462
Glebe Lot. See Mohawk Glebe
Glenelg, Lord
Goderich, Viscount, 36
Goffman, Erving, 185
Good, Edith, 482
Gordon’s Indian Residential School, 146
Gould, Lewis, 341
Graham, Elizabeth, 6, 8, 88, 155, 164, 367, 408, 416
Gramsci, Antonio, 397
Grand Council of Indians of Ontario, 116
Grand River Navigation Company, 324, 339
Grand River Reserve. See Six Nations Reserve
Grand River Station, 4–5, 33–34, 297, 300, 302, 304, 323, 326–327, 331, 340
Grand River Tract. See Haldimand Tract
Great Britain, 26–27, 30, 39, 40, 42, 136, 180, 188, 189, 455, 456
Great Law of Peace (Kayanerenko:wa), 26, 256, 268, 269, 453
Great Northern Railway Company, 329
Griffin, Egerton, 363
Griffith, Thomas, 309, 352, 357, 358, 367
Griffith, Mrs., 309
Groat, Edward (Russell) S., 204, 429
Groat, Marjorie J., 204
Haldimand, Frederick, 27, 32, 174, 284
Haldimand Rifles, 37th, 138, 148n25
Haldimand Tract, 27, 287, 377, 455, 496
Haldimand Treaty, 27
Hankins, Jean Fitz, 276
Hardie, Susan, 74–75, 124–125, 125, 126, 338, 432–433, 481
Harper, Elijah, 94
Harvard Indian College, 276, 277
Haudenosaunee Confederacy: archaeology (see Mohawk Institute Archaeological Site); ceremonies, 257–259, 266, 267, 268, 454; chiefs, xviii, 37, 39, 45, 73, 123, 181, 286, 300; crops, 254, 260; education system, 26, 32, 51, 108, 284, 317, 453–476; elective band council, 473, 475, 476; families, 265; food, 254–255, 257–269; history, 8–9, 26, 174, 453; health, 254–255; Knowledge Keepers, 261, 269; land, 257–258; nutrition, 254–255, 260–261; population, 37; relationship with Great Britain, 26, 181, 284; relationship with the Anglican church, 45; relationship with The New England Company, 26, 32–34, 45–46, 277, 283–284, 403–404, 461; teachers, 43, 108, 123, 475; traditional way of life, 254–255, 257–261, 299. 453; trauma, 265, 393; women, 26, 257, 268–269. See also Cayuga Nation; Mohawk Nation; Oneida Nation; Onondaga Nation; Seneca Nation; Six Nations of the Grand River; Tuscarora Nation
Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council of Chiefs, xviii, 45, 73, 298, 316, 317, 318, 333–334, 336–337, 341, 461–463, 467–468, 471, 472, 475–476. See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy—chiefs
Hawthorn Report, 84
Hazen, William, 278
healing, 92, 95, 96, 236, 260, 394–395
Hellmuth College, 112, 113, 114, 367–368, 370
Hellmuth, Isaac, 112
Hellmuth Ladies’ College, 112, 113
Henry, Edward Lamson, 181
heritage designation, 3, 88, 235, 236
Heron, Alex H., 366
Hess, Marie, 196
Hesse, William, 285
High River Industrial School, 46
high schools, 65
Hill, Abram S., 470
Hill, David, 455
Hill, Dawn, 438
Hill, Frank, 424
Hill, George, 369
Hill, James, 111
Hill, Joseph C., 78, 401, 402, 474–475
Hill, Lucy, 482
Hill, Lydia, 115
Hill, Mark, 390
Hill, Martha, 201–202, 221n147, 424
Hill, Raymond (Ross), 429, 430
Hill, Reginald, 474
Hill, Richard (Rick) W., Sr., 1, 6, 223n183, 421, 463, 495
Hill, Robert, 481
Hill, Roberta (Number 34), 80, 434, 437, 438, 439, 440
Hill, Susan M., 175
Hill, Tom, 9
Hill-Easton, Blanche, 426
historic plaques, 86, 226, 227–228, 229, 229–230, 230, 231, 236
Historic Schools of Canada (study), 231–232, 233
Historic Sites and Monuments Act, 231, 236
Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, 225–226, 231–237
History of Six Nations Education (essay), 8
Hoffman, David, 62
Hough, W., 34
Howells, Thomas, 128n4
hunting, 28
Huron College, 112, 114, 117, 297, 370
immigrants, 50, 61, 154–155. See also settlers
indentured servitude, 4, 280–283, 286
Indian Act, 46, 64, 67, 79, 84, 191, 222n169, 227, 244, 249, 257, 474
Indian Affairs (government department), 12, 14, 17, 26, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 51–52, 64, 68, 72, 78, 81–82, 90, 120, 121, 145, 155–157, 197, 207–208, 211, 214, 223n183, 226, 227–228, 231, 234, 251n14, 298, 307, 318, 329, 330, 333, 336, 340, 341–343, 399–401, 463, 467–468, 472, 475
Indian agents, 29, 42, 49, 77, 191, 358, 406, 425, 442
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. See Indian Affairs (government department)
“Indian Education” event, 233
Indian Normal School, The. See Mohawk Institute Certificate
“Indian Problem, The,” 27, 75, 84, 96
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, 91–92, 225
Indian Rights Association, 66
Indian Teachers’ Certificates, 121, 122. See also Mohawk Institute Certificate
Indians of Canada Pavilion (Expo 67), 15
Indigenous architecture, 214
Indigenous Heritage Circle, 236
Indigenous peoples: archaeology, 377 (see also Mohawk Institute Archaeological Site); as farmers, 28, 44, 72; as federal government employees 12–13; as manual labourers, 44; assimilation of, 2, 26, 29–30, 31, 36, 37, 51, 60, 61–62, 90, 92–93, 94, 96–97, 128, 145–147, 171–173, 177, 184–185, 191, 194, 207, 227, 230–231, 285, 389–390, 395–396, 404; “civilization” of, 3, 27–30, 50, 61–62, 79, 92–93, 97, 109, 111, 136–137, 162,171–172, 177, 185, 230, 397–398; commemoration, 225–237; definition of, 67, 79, 84; dignity of, 90, 208; education, 2–3, 13, 28, 29, 36, 39, 40–41, 43, 49, 58n155, 60–62, 64, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 84, 90, 108–114, 121, 122, 123–128, 153, 176, 227, 232, 371, 453–454, 473–475; employment, 2–3, 12–13, 28, 43. 44, 50–51, 60–61, 78; eradication efforts, 28, 30–31, 94, 232; family relations 15, 31, 90, 91, 236; governance, 43–44, 79, 89, 91, 92–93, 96; health, 298; “inferiority of,” 31, 46, 153, 155–157, 184–185, 279, 398; integration, 28, 79, 227; intelligence of, 3, 31, 153–154, 155–164; isolation of, 61–62; language, 16, 29, 31, 39, 69, 93, 108, 110, 111, 113, 155, 176, 253; legal affairs, 249; living conditions, 29; military, 150n68; population, 50; religion, 29, 31, 37, 397–402; removal of children, 4, 49, 62–63, 93, 176, 182, 184–185, 253–254, 286, 406; self government, 89; social conditions, 37, 69, 90, 156; sovereignty, 89, 287; teacher training, 2–3, 43, 78, 107–110 (see also Mohawk Institute Certificate); trade, 378–379; wage equity, 65, 110, 115; way of life, 27–28, 29, 253–262; women, 26, 257
Industrial School for Boys, 135
industrial schools, 29, 35, 39, 40, 41–42, 46, 47, 50–51, 52n4, 58n155, 60–61, 63, 64, 65, 71, 72, 75, 135, 197, 300; investigations, 64, 65
Inglis, Charles, 279
intelligence testing, 154–164. See also Indigenous Peoples—intelligence testing; Mohawk Institute—intelligence testing; residential schools—intelligence testing; racism
Inuit Peoples. See Indigenous Peoples
I.O.D.E., 20, 85, 143–144, 150n60
IQ. See intelligence testing
Iroquois Confederacy. See Haudenosaunee Confederacy
Iroquois Control of Iroquois Education: A Case Study, 475
Isaac, Jefferson D., 248
isolation, 28, 61, 92, 202, 279, 281, 390, 459
Jacobs, John, 370
Jagz, Ken, 409
Jamieson, Andrew, 158
Jamieson, Elmer, 153, 155, 158–161, 162
Jamieson, Sylvia, 483
Jesuits, 35, 275, 283, 358, 454, 459
Johnny, 439
Johnson, Allen Wawanosh, 121, 480
Johnson, Augustus, 470
Johnson, Evelyn, 73, 123, 131n64
Johnson, Molly, 433
Johnson, Pauline, 73, 121, 123, 131n64
Johnson, William, 123, 180, 181, 218n59, 284, 456, 459–461
Jones, Anna, 480
Jones, Charles Kejedonce, 130n44
Jones, H. M., 83
Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby). See Kahkewaquonaby Peter Jones
Jones, Spencer A., 369
Juvenile Delinquents Act, 245
Kahkewaquonaby Peter Jones, 36
Kalman, Harold, 180
Kamloops Indian Residential School, xix, 95
Kanentiio, Douglas George. See George, Doug (Number 73) (Kanentiio)
Kayanerenko:wa. See Great Law of Peace
Kelly, J., 47
Kempt, James, 29
Kenyengeh Mission Church, 302, 328
Kingston, John S., 470
Kingston Penitentiary, 193, 243
Kirkland, Samuel, 279
Kitigan Zibi Reserve, 11
Kiyoshk, Ramona, 441
Konwatsi’tsiaiénni Molly Brant, 123, 180, 218n59, 284
Ktunaxa/Kinbasket Tribal Council, 234
Lager, C. H., 433
land, 28, 29, 31, 43, 44, 60, 62, 79, 89, 116, 129n13, 174–175, 180, 183, 253, 285–286, 298, 310, 317, 318, 321n50, 323–343; expropriation, 326, 329, 330–331, 335; land registry, 330. See also Babcock Lot; “Indian Lot;” Manual Labour Lot; Mohawk Glebe; Mohawk Institute grounds; Mohawk Institute Manual Labour Farm; Six Nations Reserve—land
language, 30, 32, 110, 111, 113, 124, 469. See also Mohawk Institute students—language
Latham, Naomi, 482
Latham, Sarah, 481
Latham, Susana, 482
Lawrence, David, 285
lawsuits, 91–92, 231, 247–250, 297, 326, 327, 330, 334–335, 340, 341–342, 439
Leeming, Ralph, 457
Leighton, Douglas, 36
Leslie, John, 89
Leween, Alex, 138, 148n22, 482
Lewis, Elias, 472
Lewis, Lydia, 480
Lickers, John, 481
Litt, Paul, 230
Logan, Scobie, 116, 130n49, 480
London Metropolitan Archives, 297, 343n2
Longboat, Jan, 268
Longboat, Mary, 468
Longboat, Tom, 432
Long Plain First Nation, 221n139
Lougheed, James, 342
Lowman, Emma Batell, 30, 53n24
Lugger, Robert, 34, 37, 176, 285, 288–289, 316, 457–458, 469
Luxton, George, 398
Lytton Residential School. See St. George’s Residential School
MacDonald, John A., 124, 389–390
MacInnes, T. R. L., 156
Maitland, Peregrine, 285, 461, 462
Manitoulin Island, 28
Manual Labour Lot. See Mohawk Institute Manual Labour Farm
Maracle, Catherine, 480
Maracle, Elizabeth, 257, 264, 265, 267–268
Maracle, Floretta K., 120, 120–121, 131n64, 480
Maracle, Isabella L., 481
Martin, Charlotte, 131n64
Martin, George, 369
Martin, Moses, 463
Martin, Tammy, 142
Martland, John, 184, 358, 362, 364, 369
Massey-Harris Company, 325, 329
Matunga, Hirini, 214
Mayhew, Thomas, 276
McCallum, Mary Jane Logan, 41, 128, 192
McDowall, James
McKenzie, A. F., 473
McKenzie, Brad, 265
McKenzie, Kathleen, 64
McMaster University, 86
Mechanics’ Institute, 34, 52n4, 217n26, 287–288
Meighen, Arthur, 340
memorials. See commemoration; historic plaques; Mohawk Institute—as memorial; Mohawk Village Memorial Park; National Historic Sites; Residential schools—memorials; Woodland Cultural Centre
Methodist Church, 41, 156, 165n23, 283, 307, 457, 463, 471, 472
Métis Peoples. See Indigenous Peoples
Middlesex Industrial School, 197, 220n131, 295, 296, 298–299, 309, 312
military, 3, 11, 12, 15, 26, 66, 69, 70, 79, 137–138, 141–143, 150n68. See also Brantford Collegiate Institute Cadet Corps; Canadian Expeditionary Force; Canadian Mounted Rifles; Mohawk Institute Cadet Corps
militia, 136, 137. See also Dufferin Rifles, 38th; Haldimand Rifles, 37th
Miller, Calum, 152
Miller, Elva, 482
Miller, Hazel, 4, 67, 243–244, 247–250
Miller, Robert Gary, 394, 410, 419, 421, 428, 432, 434, 440
Miller, Ruth, 4, 67, 243–244, 247–250
Mimico Industrial School, 193, 243, 245, 246
missing children, 95
Missing Children Project, 95
missionaries, 30, 32–33, 112, 250, 276, 277, 283, 300, 327, 403–404, 458–461; Dutch, 458; French, 458–459
Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, 65, 341, 399
Mississauga Nation 376
Model Indian School, 185
Mohawk Chapel, 24, 32, 34, 78, 125, 126, 142, 174,178, 198, 216n13, 221n147, 242, 314, 342, 357, 400, 402, 402, 404
Mohawk Glebe, 324, 325, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331–333, 335, 336, 337, 340, 343n3, 343n4, 344n16, 461
Mohawk Institute, xvii; 24, 96–97, 170, 180, 182, 188, 190, 194, 209, 283; academics, 35, 39, 47, 50, 73, 76, 307–308, 317, 320n13, 360, 384, 388; adaptive reuse, 235; apprenticeships 33, 109, 177, 386; archaeology (see Mohawk Institute Archaeological Site); architecture, 3, 172–173, 179–181, 185–186, 186, 187–192, 193–194, 195, 196–197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 209, 214–215; as crime scene, 389; as memorial, 86–87, 226; assimilation, 137–138, 143, 181–182, 191, 207, 208, 236, 296, 379–382, 384–386, 397, 404–405, 406–407; attendance, 5, 15, 34, 35, 45, 47, 71, 161, 227, 353, 355–356; attendance register, 5, 352–353, 354, 355–371; books, 41, 47, 126, 150n60, 262, 289, 360; Boy Scouts, 143, 146, 149n53; boys’ activities and resources (see gender based activities and resources); Brownies, 143, 146; bugle band, 143; buildings, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51–52, 63, 66, 72, 82, 86–87, 172–173, 176–177, 183, 184, 185, 188–189, 196, 203–204, 208–210, 210, 217n21, 223n183, 233, 287, 310, 311, 375, 376; clergy training, 13, 112; closure, 2, 47, 84–87, 96, 116, 214, 227; commemoration, 225–229, 229, 230, 230, 231–237; community education, 68; corporal punishment, 48, 65–66, 74–75, 78, 83, 202, 243, 247–250, 266, 345n42, 405–409, 412n21, 417, 424–431, 439, 442; Cubs, 146; curriculum, 3, 5, 19, 38, 39, 47, 66, 72–73, 75, 76, 108, 153, 162, 207, 287, 289, 314, 317, 358, 359; discipline, 44, 46, 48–49, 67, 71, 73, 74, 83, 134, 136, 191, 201–202, 215, 247–250, 263–264, 300, 313, 317, 338–339, 385–386, 405–409, 412n21, 417; dormitories, 48, 49, 51, 63, 176, 183–184, 187, 189, 209–210, 312–313, 316, 363, 367, 417; economic aspects, 38, 40, 45–46, 48, 50, 51, 61, 66, 70, 71–72, 73, 75, 76, 82, 85–86, 90, 116–117, 123, 298, 305, 308, 310–311, 316, 321n27, 327–331, 334–335, 338, 339, 341, 399–400; electricity, 189, 190, 208, 226, 313, 327, 329; enrollment, 38–39, 42, 47, 48, 63, 65, 66, 68, 73, 79, 82, 84, 85–86, 89, 176–177, 179, 190, 193, 207, 213, 286, 288, 289, 307, 308, 351, 353, 355–356, 458; examinations, 65, 117, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129n30, 131n57, 132n93, 303, 307, 352, 353, 358, 371; family visits, 15, 67, 186, 201, 202, 211, 301; farming, 38, 43, 45, 50, 64, 66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 134–135, 183, 191–192, 204–206, 274, 289, 300, 309–311, 321n27, 326, 338, 339, 360, 361, 379, 386, 424; fires, 2, 4, 5, 25, 42, 51–52, 60, 61, 63, 179, 193, 218n51, 243, 244–247, 295, 298, 317, 318, 382, 458; food, 4, 18–20, 68, 73, 192, 202, 247–249, 254, 259, 262, 266, 268–269, 309–311, 312, 338, 386–388, 387, 425; gender based activities and resources, 34, 38, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 50, 63–64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 108–109, 117, 134–135, 136, 142, 143, 148n12, 158, 176, 177, 183–184, 186–187, 189, 190, 191–192, 193, 196, 198, 201, 202–204, 206, 207, 212, 287, 307–308, 310–314, 315, 336, 338, 352, 355, 358, 359, 359–361, 363, 364, 370, 386, 421, 424, 457–458; Girl Guides, 143, 144; girls’ activities and resources (see gender based activities and resources); goals, 37, 90, 117, 137, 327–328; grounds, 37, 42, 43, 45, 47, 86, 95, 170, 182, 183, 184, 192, 204–205, 205, 206, 320n12, 326, 343n4; half–day system, 39, 160, 164, 203, 205, 299, 309, 357; history, xvii–xix, 1–2, 4–7, 12, 13, 25–26, 34–46, 96, 173–177, 283–284, 285–287, 351, 457–458; household duties, 38, 66, 109, 176, 204; human remains, 375, 390; impact on students, 2, 4, 22, 254, 256–257, 263, 337, 389; impact on survivors, 2, 96, 256–257, 289, 389; Indian reception room, 186, 201, 202, 211; intelligence testing, 3, 153, 157–164; integration, 211–212, 314; investigations, xviii, 67, 68, 71, 73–75, 81–82, 90, 158, 159, 183–184, 208, 218n73, 248, 338; labour, 39, 47, 50, 65, 66, 158, 166n36, 177, 183, 189, 192, 203–205, 215, 289, 308–313, 326, 336, 360–361, 384, 386; legacy, xix, 2, 22, 60; legal affairs, 67, 75, 95, 243–244, 248–250, 326, 327, 340–342; ledgers, 308, 382, 386; living conditions, 90, 158, 208, 288, 296; management of, 44, 47, 65, 68–69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 135–136, 162–163, 299–300, 302–310, 336–337, 399–400, 406–409; maps, 14, 178, 325; militarization, 132–147, 148n14; military training, 13, 49, 134, 136–138 (see also Mohawk Institute Cadet Corps); model for residential schools, 26, 40–41, 46, 52, 72, 177, 197, 296; modernization, 211–212, 213, 295–296, 329; natural gas, 329; nutrition, 68, 88, 247–249, 254, 262, 312, 338; outbuildings, 67, 81, 173, 185, 191–192, 208; oversight of, 4, 25–26, 31, 47, 50, 65, 69, 70, 82, 213, 286–287, 304, 305, 323, 335, 341, 342, 395, 400, 401; physical education, 139, 358; policy, 96, 116, 117, 208; public memory, 237; public relations, 136–137, 211–212, 368; punishment room, 48–49, 67, 191, 201–202, 215, 243, 247–248; quality of education, 153; relations with local community, 2, 4, 70, 96, 134–135; religion and, 6, 20, 22, 75, 393–396, 404–405; renovation and restoration of, 3, 5, 42, 44, 67, 72, 87, 173, 176, 183–185, 188, 188–191, 190, 193–194, 196–198, 199, 200, 208–212, 213, 310, 317, 319n3, 375, 379; rifle range, 67, 140, 149n38; safety, 76–77, 191, 198, 212, 367; sanitary conditions, 80–81, 82, 184; schedule, 19–20, 299, 313, 315, 357, 404–405; school trips, 77, 80, 81, 81, 133, 134, 138, 361; solitary confinement, 49, 136, 191, 201–202, 247–250, 338, 345n42, 424, 426, 428, 431; swimming pool, 211–212, 435; teacher training, 2–3, 43, 65, 108, 112, 116–119, 121, 122, 123–128, 131n57, 217n39; teams, 309–310; television, 425; trades, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 60, 64, 204, 287, 288, 289, 384, 457, 458; vacations and holidays, 47, 70, 74, 80, 85, 318, 362; visitors, 5, 8, 72, 134, 177, 182, 184, 185, 186, 215, 352, 353, 364, 365–369; war surplus, 142, 145, 208–209, 210; World War I, 141–144, 149n45, 150n61. See also Woodland Cultural Centre
Mohawk Institute Archaeological Site, 5, 7, 89, 375–376, 385; artifacts, 5–6, 7, 89, 376, 377–378, 379, 380, 381, 379–388, 385, 387; assimilation, 379–382, 384–386, 385; fires, 382; food, 386–388, 387; identity, 383–384; names, 381–383, 388–389; resistance, 382–383, 386–389; settlements, 377; tools, 377
Mohawk Institute Cadet Corps, 3, 66, 70,133, 134, 135, 136–137, 138, 140, 141, 146, 379; assimilation, 134, 136–138, 146; awards, 133, 134, 137–138, 138, 139, 140, 143, 149n50; funding, 139, 145; public relations, 134, 136–137, 145–146; Sea Cadets, 146; uniforms, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 138, 139, 140, 141, 378; World War I, 141–145, 149n45; World War II, 145
Mohawk Institute Certificate, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123–128, 131n58
Mohawk Institute graduates, 39, 42, 43, 44, 50, 51, 65, 68, 69–70, 74, 109, 118, 120, 127, 132n100, 153, 164, 289, 308, 367, 369–370; as clergy, 112, 114, 351, 369–370; as teachers, 2–3, 43, 65, 74–75, 107, 108, 109–111, 112–114, 115–120, 121, 123–128, 131n72, 351, 356, 369–370, 465; higher education, 68, 74, 107, 110–111, 112–114; 116–118, 126, 164, 308, 367, 369; wage equity, 65, 115. See also Mohawk Institute survivors
Mohawk Institute Manual Labour Farm, 37, 47, 70, 71, 204–205, 205, 221, 296, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331–333, 340–343
Mohawk Institute Research Group, 6–7
Mohawk Institute staff, xvii, 21–22, 43, 66, 71–72, 73, 74–75, 78, 188, 194, 195, 213, 306, 309; criminal behaviour, 4, 75, 89, 223n183, 319, 338, 339, 342, 395, 409–410; gender, 108; Indigenous, 108, 114, 124, 370, 426, 479–483; principals, 2, 4–5, 12–13, 44, 66–69, 71–75, 77–79, 189, 202, 209–210, 212, 227–228, 295–300, 306, 295–319, 323–343, 399–402, 407–409, 412n5, 412n7; superintendent, 4, 41, 63, 134, 139, 186, 297, 302–307, 323; teachers, 66, 108, 110, 111, 114, 124, 126, 128n4, 131n72, 161–162, 165n20, 229–230, 338, 339, 415, 425, 479–483
Mohawk Institute students, xvii, xvii–xix, 2, 5, 10, 59, 77, 106, 134–135, 194, 195, 203, 213, 242, 274, 301, 350, 351–371, 441; abuse of, 6, 21, 90, 172, 201–202, 223n183, 290, 319, 337, 338, 339, 356, 389, 395, 405, 406–410, 416–445; arrival, 49, 182, 195, 196, 202, 205, 280, 317, 353, 355, 356, 384, 417–419, 434, 441; art, 384, 394, 394–395, 440; attendance, 5; awards, 48, 70, 126, 132n93, 136, 313, 316; begging, 14, 21; bullying, 21; cadets, (see Mohawk Institute Cadet Corps; military training); civilization of, 6, 134, 136–137, 143–146; 403–409; clothing, 20, 70, 128n4, 136, 203, 207, 312–313, 361, 382, 384, 424, 425, 440; crime, 47, 51–52, 71, 77, 193, 243, 244–247, 298, 407; deaths of, 5, 76–77, 307, 339, 357, 363, 364, 365, 371, 432–434; diet of, 1, 4, 67, 68, 312, 338; dignity of, 208, 405; disease of, 5, 71, 363; education, 19, 128, 371; expulsion, 248, 355, 357; family, 383; fighting, 74, 416, 421–422, 425, 427, 443; gender segregation, 45, 67, 73, 74, 186–187, 188–189, 196, 201, 203, 211, 212, 214, 262–263, 425; hair, xviii, 49, 67, 194, 248, 249, 265, 362, 384–385, 418, 419–420, 425, 428, 440; hate, 422–423, 427, 429–443; health, 5, 19, 70, 74, 362, 365, 371, 424, 425; humiliation, 248–249, 431; hunger, 6, 73, 77, 88, 205, 247, 259, 387, 416, 420; hygiene, 49, 70, 76, 80, 208, 296, 364, 365, 371; identity, 88, 265, 383–384, 406–411, 439; isolation of, 67, 136, 196, 416, 424; language, 39, 45, 69, 84, 108, 111, 176, 202, 253, 357–358, 366–367, 428–429; living conditions, 90, 208, 371, 407–411; loneliness, 6, 88, 416, 418–419, 423, 434–435, 439; love, 265, 383, 386, 409, 416, 418, 422–423; manual labour, 13–14, 19–20, 35, 39, 40, 47, 52n4, 70, 71, 73, 77, 97n3, 139, 158, 204, 296, 310–311, 361; memoirs, 11–22, 415–445; menstruation, 80, 424; missing, 433; monitors, 45, 48, 316; names, 14, 49, 88, 381, 381–383, 384, 388–389; numbering, 14, 49, 57n151, 88, 203, 264, 384, 389; privacy, 187, 313, 367, 383, 424; punishment 19, 48–49, 67, 83, 201–202, 215, 243, 245–248, 266, 405, 407, 408–410, 424–432, 433; recreation, 5, 59, 66, 70, 80, 139, 146, 148n12, 192–193, 202–203, 206, 211, 212, 314; religion and, 6, 361, 398, 399, 404–409; resistance, 2, 4, 5, 25, 61, 74, 173, 177, 243–250, 298, 317, 356–357, 382–383, 386–389, 417; runaways, 4, 5, 21, 67, 71, 73, 74, 82, 156, 193, 201–202, 247–250, 288–289, 317, 353, 356–357, 366, 368, 407, 408, 424, 425, 427, 429–432; sexual abuse, 290, 395, 407, 409–410, 416, 424, 427, 434–437, 439; sexuality, 21, 71, 83, 425; social hierarchy, 18; socialization of, 6, 134, 143, 156; suicide, 433–434, 440; survival techniques, 4, 139, 207, 356–357, 411, 417, 439; teacher training, 2–3, 43, 65, 108–110, 117–120; trauma, 394, 395–396, 406–410, 411, 439, 441–442; underachievement, 155; vaccinations, 364. See also Mohawk Institute graduates; Mohawk Institute survivors
Mohawk Institute survivors, xviii, 39, 43, 95, 128, 215, 247, 389, 393–394; apologies to, 2, 60, 89; commemoration, 226; employment, 44, 46, 50–51, 61, 65, 117, 119–120, 128; lawsuits, 91–92, 297; recollections, 6, 11–22, 70–71, 87, 88–89, 116, 158, 195, 198, 201–204, 205, 212, 229–230, 259–261, 261–266, 290, 367, 408–409, 415–445; recovery, 439–442; research, 256–257, 389; religion and, 396–397, 410; trauma, 265, 393–396, 405, 409–410, 411, 415–416, 427, 439, 441–445. See also Mohawk Institute graduates; Residential School Syndrome; survivors
Mohawk Parsonage, 311
Mohawk Village, 32, 34,172, 216n13
Mohawk Village Day School, 32, 173–175, 175, 284–285, 455
Mohawk Village Memorial Park, 87, 225, 226, 236, 376, 379
Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, 226, 228
Mohr, Jean, 7
Montequassum, 276
Monture, Bill, 419
Monture, Christopher, 481
Monture, David, vii, 497
Monture, Edith Anderson, 11
Monture, Nelles A., 112–113, 114, 370
Moore, Flora, 83
Moor’s Indian Charity School, 33, 173, 277, 284, 456
Moran, Ry, 235
Morgan, Laverne, 412n11
Morgan, Lt. Colonel, 473
Morrissette, Vern, 265
Mosby, Ian, 269
Moses, Arnold, 482
Moses, Helen Monture, 11
Moses, Jesse, 482
Moses, Jim, 11
Moses, Russ, 2, 10, 11–22, 13, 83, 205–206
Mount Elgin Industrial School, 8, 41, 56n100, 70, 71, 192, 197, 207, 233, 442, 444
Mugerauer, Robert, 182
Mush Hole vii, 18, 80, 88, 247, 253, 257, 262, 371, 375. See also Mohawk Institute
Mush Hole, The (art exhibit), 394–395, 410
Mush Hole, The: Life at Two Residential Schools (book), 6, 8, 195, 416
Nachecallassootmamk, Basamai (Benjamin Christmas), 368–369
National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, 95, 235; Memorial Register, 364
National Cost Sharing Program, 234
National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, 94
National Health and Welfare Service, 90
National Historic Events, 232, 235
National Historic Sites, 87, 216n13, 221n139, 231–237
National Indian Brotherhood for First Nations, 84, 89, 475
National Indigenous Residential School Museum of Canada, 221n139
National Native Nurses Association of Canada, 11
National Negro School, 34
Navy and Army Illustrated (magazine), 134, 137
Neary, Bernard F., 80, 163, 164
Nelles, Abraham, 2, 34, 38–39, 44–45, 107, 109–110, 112, 116–117, 128, 134, 176, 179, 183, 289–290, 295, 297, 299, 302, 304–306, 308, 309, 314, 343n1, 351–352, 367, 371, 463, 469, 470
Nelles, Hannah, 108
Nesuton, Job, 276
New Brunswick, 278
New England Company, xviii, 4–5, 23, 26, 32–34, 37, 40, 42–43, 44–46, 60, 70, 71, 72, 108, 112, 118–119, 124–125, 174, 207, 297, 461–468; Board of Missionaries, 302–305, 306, 307; divestment of Mohawk Institute, 331–336, 340–342; history, 275–277, 285–287, 291n2, 323, 399, 457; land, 323–343; missionaries, 276, 403–404; oversight of Mohawk Institute, 47, 50, 65, 69, 75, 78, 82, 90, 108, 110–111, 116–117, 177, 179, 207, 248, 284, 285–287, 290–291, 295–300, 302–307, 310, 318–319, 323–343, 399–401; oversight of Sussex Vale Indian School, 278, 280–281, 290–291; relationship with the Haudenosaunee, 26, 43, 277, 286, 461. See also Grand River Station
Newman, Henry, 369
newspaper reports, xviii, 51, 73, 85, 86, 124, 139, 140, 149n45, 192, 193, 207, 212, 245, 433, 443–445
Niblock, Mr., 339
Nightingale, Florence, 295–296, 355, 357, 358, 362, 365
Normal Schools, 2, 43, 110, 111, 114, 116–117, 124, 126, 127–128, 369–370. See also Mohawk Institute Certificate
Norman, Alison, 2–3, 142, 358, 367, 369, 497
Norton, John, 28
Norway House Boarding School, 156
Number 33 (Mary Ann [Marguerite] Cooper), 434–436
Number 34 (Roberta Hill), 80, 434, 437, 438, 439, 440
Number 73 (Doug George) (Kanentiio), v, xviii, 87, 417, 418, 439, 440–442
Obey, John, 289
Ogilvie, Robert M., 232
O’Meara, Frederick Augustus, 110, 183
Onondaga Nation, 26, 286–287, 457, 470
Ontario Archaeological Society, 376
Ontario Department of Education, 123–125, 160
Ontario Heritage Trust, 225–231
Oral histories. See Mohawk Institute survivors—oral histories; survivors—oral histories
Orange Shirt Day, 94
Order of Ontario, 445
orphans, 35, 46–47, 48, 51, 65, 69, 73, 74, 76, 79, 96
Orr, Roland Guerney, 197–198, 199, 200, 221n145
parents, 22, 46–47, 49, 67, 69, 70, 74, 246, 337, 422. See also children—removal from parents
Pawling, Micah, 279
Peace, Thomas, 4, 5, 31, 89, 497
Peatman, Henry, 128n4
Pengelley, O. R. (Roy), 415
Pennefather, Richard T. 42
Perkins, Mary Ellen, 230
Petrus, Paulus, 284
Pheasant, Emily, 71
Phelan, Philip, 157
photography, 7, 194, 203–204, 208–209, 212
Pikwakanagan Reserve, 11
Places of Memory and Indian Residential Schools (report), 235
plaques. See historic plaques
Portage La Prairie Residential School, 197, 221n139, 235
Powless, Elijah, 480
Powless, Elizabeth Martin, 111, 479
Powless, George, 480
Powless, Isaac, 351
“praying towns,” 276, 277, 291n8
Presbyterian Committee to Investigate Schools, 64
Primer for the Use of the Mohawk Children, 174
Printer, James (Wowaus), 276
proof of life, 15
Proulx, Geoge, 278
Qu’Appelle Industrial School, 46
Racette, Sherry Farrell, 194, 204
Racey, Henry, 128n4
racism, 44, 50, 61, 96, 145, 154–157, 160, 161, 164, 172, 188–189, 211, 215, 243, 339, 398, 401–402, 405
Ragged Schools for Indigent Children, 296
Railway Act, 329
railways, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331
reconciliation, xix, 4, 7, 25, 60, 89, 97, 254, 391
recovery. See Mohawk Institute survivors—recovery
Red Bank Day School, 232
Red Crow, 124
Red Jacket, 123
reformatory schools, 5, 36, 44, 135
Regan, Paulette, 7
Renison University College, 394–395
Report on the Indian Schools of Manitoba and the North West Territories, 64
Residential School Syndrome, 90
residential school survivors, v, vii, 1–2, 93, 257; apologies to, 92–93; art, 7, 61, 243, 260, 261, 394–395; commemoration, 226–231, 235; employment, 39, 50–51; intergenerational survivors, 15, 91, 226, 235, 257, 265–266, 268, 405; lawsuits, 91–92; recollections, 6, 7, 11–22, 93, 94, 261–270; trauma and, 6, 228–231, 263–264, 265, 393–396; traditional way of life, 261, 268
residential schools 1, 4, 7, 11–12, 25, 29, 34–35, 52n4, 72, 75–76, 97n3, 341, 375, 389; abuse, 89, 90, 92–93, 147, 228–229, 406–409; academics 40–41, 83, 155; adaptive reuse, 235–236; apologies, 2, 60, 89, 92; architecture, 171–172, 177, 181, 196–198, 207, 211, 214–215; attendance, 49, 65, 84; “civilizing,” 61, 90, 145–147, 171, 185; closures, 2, 84–85, 87, 89, 96, 146, 227; commemoration, 226–237; curriculum, 3, 161; deaths, 64, 93, 95, 97, 390; diet, 35, 41, 42, 262; economics 40, 66, 68, 90, 197, 399; enrollment, 83, 85; farming 40–41; governance, 213, 227, 295–296, 337, 399; graves (see graves); history, 275, 295; impact on Indigenous Peoples, 90–94, 96, 97, 228–229, 257; intangible significance, 227, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237; integration, 212; intelligence testing, 155–156; investigations, 8, 65, 83, 89–90, 211, 230, 234, 281; labour, 40–41, 83, 192; legacy, 265; living conditions, 90; memorials, 87–88, 92, 96, 226–231; militarization, 147n9; models, 26, 35, 40–41, 72, 177, 197, 283, 295–296, 298–300; modernization, 211–212; National Historic Sites, 231–237; objectives, 92–93, 177; oversight, 39, 40–41, 72, 393; perception of, 172, 185; physical education, 145; principals, 11–12, 17; religion, 275, 474; school committees, 83; sexual abuse, 89, 93, 229; socialization, 147n9, 232; staff, 83, 163, 165n20; student underachievement, 155, 163; war surplus, 145, 208–209. See also boarding schools; day schools; industrial schools; mechanics institutes; Mohawk Institute
Richardson, William, 108–109, 305, 317, 343n1
Riley, Delbert, 437
Riley, Violet, 444
Rite of Passage, 268
Roberts, Mrs. R. J., 470
Roberts, Robert J., 110, 302, 305, 331, 458, 461, 463, 470, 470
Robertson, Geraldine Maness, 419, 442–445, 443, 445
Rogers, Sydney, 72–74, 143,160, 311, 400
Royal Canadian Air Force, 15
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 95, 146–147, 406
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 89–91, 230, 231
Russell, Claybran, 480
Sahonwagy, 284
Salli, 423
Sandiford, Peter, 153, 155, 160–161
Sandy, Hilton, 81
Sault, Albert, 408
Sault, Calvin, 408
“Save the Evidence” campaign. See Woodland Cultural Centre—“Save the Evidence” campaign
school boards, 45, 114, 117, 118, 127
schools, 32, 34, 69–70, 73, 76, 100n76, 112, 115, 118; adaptive reuse, 235; architecture, 171, 232; arson, 246–247; assimilation, 285; attendance, 65; economic aspects, 39, 61, 63, 66, 68, 78, 90; higher education, 48, 61, 68, 74, 155; historic, 231–232, 457–458; inspectors, 50, 64, 73, 82, 90, 114, 118–119, 130n39, 132n89, 153, 156, 157, 160, 163; integration, 207; intelligence testing, 155–164; investigations, 41, 50, 64, 90, 281–282; policy, xviii, 2, 3, 27, 39, 44, 60–63, 67, 68, 76, 90; provincial schools, 83, 84–85; resistance, 246–247; scandals, 61, 66. See also Boarding schools; Day schools; Industrial schools; Mechanics Institute; Mohawk Institute; Normal schools; reformatory schools; Sussex Vale Indian School
Schultz Brothers Company, 72
Scott, Andrew, 481
Scott, Duncan Campbell, 62, 67, 69, 71, 79, 120–121, 174, 184, 198, 248, 319, 333–334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341–342, 467–468
segregation, 2, 3, 79, 154, 172, 173, 179, 186, 196, 201, 215; See also gender segregation
Sergeant, John, 35
settler colonialism 7, 9, 27, 30–32, 177, 179, 181–182, 184, 190, 194, 230, 269, 276, 282, 289, 390–391, 397–39, 454
settlers, 27, 28, 30, 60–61; “superiority” of, 30, 185, 190
sexual abuse, 4, 33, 229, 282, 290, 409–410
Shanahan Research Associates, 229–230
Shawahnahness, Chief, 36
Shawanda, June, 423
Shingwauk Industrial School, 71, 100n67, 283, 327
Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre, 352
Shubenacadie Indian Residential School, 235–236, 237n14
Sickles, Obadiah, 316
Sifton, Clifford, 50
Sinclair, Murray, 25
Sinclair, Robert, 316
site of conscience, 215, 223n199, 390
site of remembrance. See Woodland Cultural Centre
Six Nations Inspectorate of Schools, 90
Six Nations of the Grand River, 4–5, 12, 26, 33, 86, 95, 114, 174, 181, 214, 248, 265, 376; ceremonies, 255; commemoration, 226, 227–228; education, 26, 32, 39, 45, 46–47, 56n86, 60, 65, 117–119, 175, 213, 286, 308, 334, 343, 453–476, farming, 135, 183; governance, 43–44; intelligence testing, 155, 158; land, 37, 114, 118–119, 158, 174–175, 177, 285–286, 298, 317, 323, 326, 333–335, 340, 342, 343; military, 69, 142, 143–144, 148n25, 149n41; population, 37; relationship with Canada 43–44, 96, 334; relationship with Great Britain, 181; religion, 37, 255; research, 256–257; schools, 90, 114, 118–119, 158, 233, 284–285, 286, 299,304, 333–335, 464–466, 469–471, 474–476; social conditions, 28, 35, 299. See also Haudenosaunee
Six Nations Reserve, 27, 32, 37, 42, 71, 285–286, 289, 326, 375–376; land, 324, 326, 331, 335, 342–343
Six Nations School Board, 114, 118–119, 158, 317, 323, 461–468, 471–474
Slow Rush of Colonization, The (book), 31
Smith, Edward, 339
Smith, Gordon, 142
Smith, Peter, 158, 205, 206, 207, 420, 429
Smith, Ruby, 482
Smith, William, 127
Smith, Wilma, 482
Snake, Leander (Lee), 433, 436
Snake, Phoebe, 117
Snell, Horace W., 75, 76, 164, 166n36, 399, 400–401, 424, 432–433
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 277, 285, 457, 460–461
Soney, Sylvia, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207
Standing, T. W., 130n39, 132n89
Stanton, F. C., 366
Stephen, Anne, 163
St. Eugene’s Indian Residential School, 231, 234
Stewart, Stewart & Taylor Architects, 197, 221n134, 221n135
St. George’s Residential School, 330, 331, 336, 342
Stothers, C. E., 162
Strachan, John, 342
Strathcona Trust, 139
Strong, James Leonard, 298, 328, 468
students, 1–2 ; graves, xix, 1, 118. See also Mohawk Institute—students; Sussex Vale Indian School—students
Styres, Edith, 482
Styres, James, 110
Sunseri, Leni, 269
Superintendent of Schools, 90
survivors. See Mohawk Institute survivors; residential school survivors
Survivors’ Secretariat, 95, 390, 432
Sussex Corner, NB, 278
Sussex Vale Indian School, 4, 33, 275; abuse, 281, 290; Board of Commissioners, 278, 280, 281; closure, 280, 283; curriculum, 280, 281–282; economic considerations, 279, 280; enrollment, 279, 280, 281; gender segregation, 280, 281; history, 275, 278–280; indentured servitude, 4, 280–281; investigations, 281; manual labour, 281, 290; social impact, 282–283, 289; students, 280–281; teachers, 279–280
Teachers: Indigenous, 108–109, 124–126; teacher training, 2–3, 65, 110–111, 112–114, 131n72. See also Mohawk Institute graduates—as teachers; Mohawk Institute staff—teachers; Suusex Vale Indian School—teachers
Tekarihogen John Brant. See Ahyonwaeghs John Brant
terror, 45, 389, 397, 409, 411, 437
Thanksgiving address, 253
Thayendanega Joseph Brant, 26, 28, 32, 123, 173–174, 216n14, 277, 284, 287, 455–457
Titley, E. Brian, 30
Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc community, 95, 390
Tobias, John L., 76
Tobias, Willis, 481
Toronto (Normal) Training School. See Normal Schools
trauma, 6, 228–231, 263–264, 265, 393–396, 405, 406–410, 411, 415–416, 427, 439, 441–445
Trauma (painting), 394
Trent University, 162
Trinity College, 276
Truth & Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 1, 7, 25, 31, 91, 92–94, 225, 234, 237; Calls to Action, 94, 231, 254; findings, 157, 158; hearings, 93–94, 150n68
Truth Telling: Gardens, Faming and Food Experiences at the Mohawk Institute (research project), 254, 256
Turnell, Cyril Mae., 68, 202, 307, 311, 335, 336, 337–339, 340, 345n33, 433
Tuscarora Nation, 26, 298, 320n13, 327–328, 457, 469
Two Row Wampum, 216n15
Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, 12, 214
United Church of Canada, 156
United Empire Loyalists, 26–27, 33, 277, 278, 279
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 236
Upham, Joshua, 278
Urion, Carl, 25
Van Every, Jessie, 482
Vankoughnet, Lawrence, 121
Vennino, Walter C., 462
Verity Plow Company, 325, 329, 331, 338, 344n16
Verschoyle Phillip Cronyn Memorial Archives, 352
Victoria, Queen, 116
Vidal, James H., 366
Waddilove, Phoebe, 481
Wage, William, 472
Wallace, Sgt., 245
Warrick, Gary, 389
Warriors, Veterans, and Peacekeepers (exhibition), 142
Wawanosh Homes, 283
Webb, C. Augustus, 330, 332, 335, 338, 344n13
Webstad, Phyllis, 94
Webster, J. O., 163
Webster, W. F., 64, 298, 318, 321n50, 331–332
Weld, Henry, 341
We Share Our Matters (book), 287
Wesley, Charles, 149n45
Wesleyan Conference, 458, 463, 467
West. John, 33, 34, 281, 282–284, 285
Western University, 112
Wheelock, Eleazar, 277, 279, 284
Whiteye, Bud, 290, 434, 435, 436, 451, 497
Wikwemikong Industrial School, 71, 100n67, 358
Wilkes, James, 469
Wilkes, John, 469
Wilkinson, Rev., 468
Williams, David, 144, 333, 337–338, 341, 342, 400, 401
Williams Lake Residential School, 8
Wolastoqiyik Nation, 279–280, 290
Woodland Cultural Centre, 1, 3, 8–9, 86–87, 88, 97, 142, 214–215, 223n198, 225, 226, 227–231, 235, 236, 327, 352, 377, 416, 468; “Save the Evidence” campaign, 3, 87, 214, 235. See also Mohawk Institute
Woolford, Andrew, 92
Workers Among the Methodist Workers of Manitoba, 156
World War I, 13, 68, 69, 72, 141–145, 198, 325, 472
World War II, 13–14, 79, 82, 87, 145, 150n68, 208, 402
Wowaus James Printer, 276
Wright, Janet, 171
“Year of Reconciliation with Aboriginal Peoples, A,” 89
Yeoward, R., 128n4
York and Cornwall, Duke and Duchess of, 137
Young, John, 124
Zimmerman, Gladys, 297
Zimmerman, William John, 79, 82–83, 125, 146, 164, 212, 213, 223n183, 227–228, 236, 237n12, 297, 402, 407–408, 424–425, 426–427, 429, 440, 442–444