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Behind the Bricks: Contributors

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table of contents
  1. Contents
  2. List of Figures
  3. List of Tables
  4. List of Abbreviations
  5. Preface
  6. Introduction
  7. The Russ Moses Residential School Memoir
  8. Part 1
    1. 1 - “To Shake Off the Rude Habits of Savage Life”:1 The Foundations of the Mohawk Institute to the Early 1900s
    2. 2 - “The Difficulties of Making an Indian into a White Man, Were Not Thoroughly Appreciated”: The Mohawk Institute, 1904 to the Present
  9. Part 2
    1. 3 - The Indian Normal School: The Role of the Mohawk Institute in the Training of Indigenous Teachers in the Late Nineteenth Century
    2. 4 - Teaching Control and Service: The Use of Military Training at the Mohawk Institute
    3. 5 - “New Weapons”: Race, Indigeneity, and Intelligence Testing at the Mohawk Institute, 1920–1949
  10. Part 3
    1. 6 - A “Model” School: An Architectural History of the Mohawk Institute
    2. 7 - The Stewardship, Preservation, and Commemoration of the Mohawk Institute
  11. Part 4
    1. 8 - Ten Years of Student Resistance at the Mohawk Institute, 1903–1913
    2. 9 - ęhǫwadihsadǫ ne:ˀhniˀ gadigyenǫ:gyeˀs ganahaǫgwęˀ ęyagǫnhehgǫhǫ:k / They Buried Them, but They the Seeds Floated Around What Will Sustain Them
  12. Part 5
    1. 10 - A Model to Follow? The Sussex Vale Indian School
    2. 11 - Robert Ashton, the New England Company, and the Mohawk Institute, 1872–1910
    3. 12 - The Lands of the Mohawk Institute: Robert Ashton and the Demise of the New England Company’s “Station,” 1891–1922
  13. Part 6
    1. 13 - Life at the Mohawk Institute During the 1860s
    2. 14 - Collecting the Evidence: Restoration and Archaeology at the Mohawk Institute
    3. 15 - Collective Trauma and the Role of Religion in the Mohawk Institute Experience
    4. 16 - Concluding Voices: Survivor Stories of Life Behind the Bricks
  14. Closing Poems
  15. Appendix 1 - History of Six Nations Education
  16. Appendix 2 - Mohawk Institute Students Who Became Teachers
  17. Suggested Reading
  18. Acknowledgements
  19. Contributors
  20. Index

Contributors

William Acres teaches comparative religion and history in the Faculty of Theology at Huron University College and is particularly interested in the New England Company and its Indigenous missions in Canada.

Diana Castillo obtained her bachelor of arts in sociology from the University of Calgary and a juris doctor from Osgoode Hall Law School. She is a member of the Ontario Bar and has focused her legal practice on child protection matters. She is a native of Colombia and currently resides in Toronto. 

Sarah Clarke is an archaeologist and researcher at ARA Ltd. who lives in her hometown of Brantford. She considers it a privilege to have led the collaborative volunteer archaeological project at the Mohawk Institute from 2017 to 2019 while working with more than one hundred volunteers over the course of the project.

Jimmie Edgar is Anishnaabe, Scugog Island. He attended the Mohawk Institute (Mush Hole) from 1950 to 1960.

Wendy L. Fletcher is professor of religious studies and history, as well as the director of the Centre for Interreligious Spirituality and Wisdom Practices at Renison University College, affiliated with the University of Waterloo. Her research is situated at the intersection of religion and culture, most recently focusing on the history of racism and religious affiliations that fuel hatred in Canada and beyond.

Bonnie Freeman is Algonquin/Mohawk, a member of the Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, and co-appointed as an associate professor in the School of Social Work and the Indigenous Studies Department at McMaster University. Bonnie is the daughter of a residential school survivor and has an interest in historical trauma and resiliency.

Tara Froman comes from the Cayuga Nation, Wolf Clan, and works as the collections registrar at the Woodland Cultural Centre. Her paternal grandmother, Minnie Froman (née Green), attended the Mohawk Institute in the 1920s. The names left on many of the artifacts she now works to preserve are connected to faces and stories that ring with familiarity for her and many people in the community of Six Nations of the Grand River.

Alexandra Giancarlo is a settler scholar and an assistant professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Calgary, where she applies her broad social sciences training to socio-cultural studies of sport and physical activity, broadly understood. The bulk of her work comprises community-engaged research with residential school survivors and their families.

Cody Groat is an assistant professor in the Department of History and the Indigenous Studies Program at Western University. He is a Kanyen’kehaka citizen and a band member of Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve. His grandparents, Stanley Groat and Sarah (Jean) Maracle, were survivors of the Indian residential school system.

Evan J. Habkirk is a settler historian and lecturer at University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, in the Indigenous Studies Program. 

Rick Hill, Tuscarora Nation of the Haudenosaunee, is a community-based historian at Six Nations of the Grand River. He was formerly assistant director for public programs at the National Museum of the American Indian and assistant professor in Native American studies at University of Buffalo. He currently serves as Indigenous innovations specialist at Mohawk College, Hamilton, Ontario.

Keith Jamieson, a Mohawk of the Six Nations of the Grand River, has worked extensively as an ethno-historian, a curator of museum exhibits, and an adjunct professor and guest lecturer internationally. He has written extensively, including a book on Dr. Oronhyatekha, as well as exhibit catalogues and commentaries for news media. He lives in Ohsweken, Ontario.

Sandra Juutilainen is Haudenosaunee (Oneida Nation of the Thames, Turtle Clan) and Finnish Canadian. She is an assistant professor, Indigenous health and nutrition, in the School of Nutrition at Toronto Metropolitan University and holds an adjunct assistant professor appointment in the School of Public Health Sciences at the University of Waterloo.

Magdalena Miłosz is a Polish Canadian architectural historian and writer living in Kitchener, Ontario, a city situated within the Haldimand Tract granted to the Six Nations. She was trained as an architect at the University of Waterloo and is a PhD candidate at McGill University.

David Monture, Bear Clan Mohawk, grew up on the Six Nations Reserve. He is a retired part-time student about to commence a third degree at Western, this one in fine art. He explores poetry, flash fiction, and the novel. He is a member of the Indigenous Writers’ Circle, an independent Indigenous creative voice.

Sge:no, Deyowidron’t ni’gya:sǫh, otahyoni niwagesyao’dę:, gayago̱ho:no^ niwage̱hwęjodę. My name is Teri Morrow, Wolf Clan from the Haudenosaunee Cayuga Nation. I am a registered dietitian at Ogwaya’dadogehsdoh; Alignrbody in Six Nations of the Grand River, One Dish wampum territory.

A former director (retired) of Repatriation and Indigenous Relations at the Canadian Museum of History, John Moses (Delaware and Upper Mohawk bands, Six Nations of the Grand River Territory), is an independent consultant providing Indigenous advisory services for museums and heritage institutions.

Alison Norman is a settler historian who works for the federal government at Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. She is also a graduate faculty member in the Frost Centre for Canadian Studies and Indigenous Studies at Trent University.

Thomas Peace is a historian at Huron University College. He is the author of The Slow Rush of Colonization: Spaces of Power in the Maritime Peninsula, 1680–1790 , and an editor at ActiveHistory.ca.

Jennifer Pettit is the dean of the Faculty of Arts and a professor of history and Indigenous studies at Mount Royal University. Jennifer is a settler scholar living in Treaty 7 territory committed to education-based reconciliation. Her research focuses on government policy for Indigenous peoples, with a focus on the residential school system.

Paul Racher is the managing principal at Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. Much of his professional career has been focused on his discomfort with the fact that key decisions about Indigenous heritage are made without input from Indigenous peoples. He is a former lecturer in anthropology at Wilfrid Laurier University and a past president of the Ontario Archaeological Society.

Bud Whiteye is Delaware-Turtle Clan, Moraviantown. He attended the Mohawk Institute (Mush Hole) from 1955 to 1961.

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© 2025 Richard W. Hill, Sr., Alison Norman, Thomas Peace, and Jennifer Pettit
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