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table of contents
  1. Contents
  2. List of Figures
  3. List of Tables
  4. List of Abbreviations
  5. Preface
  6. Introduction
  7. The Russ Moses Residential School Memoir
  8. Part 1
    1. 1 - “To Shake Off the Rude Habits of Savage Life”:1 The Foundations of the Mohawk Institute to the Early 1900s
    2. 2 - “The Difficulties of Making an Indian into a White Man, Were Not Thoroughly Appreciated”: The Mohawk Institute, 1904 to the Present
  9. Part 2
    1. 3 - The Indian Normal School: The Role of the Mohawk Institute in the Training of Indigenous Teachers in the Late Nineteenth Century
    2. 4 - Teaching Control and Service: The Use of Military Training at the Mohawk Institute
    3. 5 - “New Weapons”: Race, Indigeneity, and Intelligence Testing at the Mohawk Institute, 1920–1949
  10. Part 3
    1. 6 - A “Model” School: An Architectural History of the Mohawk Institute
    2. 7 - The Stewardship, Preservation, and Commemoration of the Mohawk Institute
  11. Part 4
    1. 8 - Ten Years of Student Resistance at the Mohawk Institute, 1903–1913
    2. 9 - ęhǫwadihsadǫ ne:ˀhniˀ gadigyenǫ:gyeˀs ganahaǫgwęˀ ęyagǫnhehgǫhǫ:k / They Buried Them, but They the Seeds Floated Around What Will Sustain Them
  12. Part 5
    1. 10 - A Model to Follow? The Sussex Vale Indian School
    2. 11 - Robert Ashton, the New England Company, and the Mohawk Institute, 1872–1910
    3. 12 - The Lands of the Mohawk Institute: Robert Ashton and the Demise of the New England Company’s “Station,” 1891–1922
  13. Part 6
    1. 13 - Life at the Mohawk Institute During the 1860s
    2. 14 - Collecting the Evidence: Restoration and Archaeology at the Mohawk Institute
    3. 15 - Collective Trauma and the Role of Religion in the Mohawk Institute Experience
    4. 16 - Concluding Voices: Survivor Stories of Life Behind the Bricks
  14. Closing Poems
  15. Appendix 1 - History of Six Nations Education
  16. Appendix 2 - Mohawk Institute Students Who Became Teachers
  17. Suggested Reading
  18. Acknowledgements
  19. Contributors
  20. Index

© 2025 Richard W. Hill, Sr., Alison Norman, Thomas Peace, and Jennifer Pettit

University of Calgary Press

2500 University Drive NW

Calgary, Alberta

Canada T2N 1N4

press.ucalgary.ca

All rights reserved.

This book is available in an Open Access digital format published under a CC-BY-NCND 4.0 Creative Commons license. The publisher should be contacted for any commercial use which falls outside the terms of that license.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Behind the bricks : the life and times of the Mohawk Institute, Canada’s longest-running residential school / edited by Richard W. Hill, Sr., Alison Norman, Thomas Peace, and Jennifer Pettit.

Names: Hill, Richard W., Sr., editor | Norman, Alison (Historian), editor. | Peace, Thomas, 1980- editor. | Pettit, Jennifer, editor.

Series: Arts in action ; no. 5.

Description: Series statement: Arts in action, 2371-6134 ; no. 5 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20250223643 | Canadiana (ebook) 20250223740 | ISBN 9781773856513 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781773856520 (softcover) | ISBN 9781773856537 (Open Access PDF) | ISBN 9781773856544 (PDF) | ISBN 9781773856551 (EPUB)

Subjects: LCSH: Mohawk Institute (Brantford, Ont.)—History. | CSH: First Nations—Ontario—Brantford— Residential schools—History. | CSH: First Nations—Education—Ontario—Brantford—History. | CSH: First Nations students—Ontario—Brantford—History.

Classification: LCC E96.6.M64 B44 2025 | DDC 371.829/97071347—dc23

The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program.

This book has been published with the support of Huron University, and with the support of Mount Royal University.

Funder Logos: Alberta government, Government of Canada, Canada Council for the Arts, Huron University, Mount Royal University.

The manufacturer’s authorized representative in the EU for product safety is Mare Nostrum Group B.V., Mauritskade 21D, 1091 GC Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Email: gpsr@mare-nostrum.co.uk

Copy editing by Ryan Perks

Cover design by Barrett Reid-Maroney Type Design Studio using images courtesy of Mary Baxter/TV Ontario. Students and staff in front of the Mohawk Institute,” ca. 1934. Image courtesy of Richard Hill.

Cover production, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano

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