Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
A
Abasand Oils Ltd., 217
Abercrombie, James, 282
Aberhart, William, 129
Aboriginal Pipeline Group (APG), 243, 244
Absher, Jacob Owen, 228
advertising campaigns, 189, 190
Ajax pipeline, 85
Alaskan strategic oil reserve, 214, 233–34
Alberta: conference of oil companies in, 217–18; control of Crown lands, 129; farmers’ concern over effects of oil drilling, 151; gas export from, 199; land reclamation of the oil sands sites, 289; map of oil and gas fields in, 145, 150; McGillvray Commission, 131; natural gas deposits, 118, 144; Oil and Gas Conservation Act, 130; oil exploration in, 9, 11, 15, 117–18, 120, 144; oil production cuts, 262, 263; oil transportation from, 16, 17; pipelines construction in, 11; refineries in, 161; regulations on petroleum industry, 129–30, 151; Right of Arbitration Entry Act, 151; sale of mining rights in, 118–19; “Western Accord” with, 263; See also Leduc; oil sands
Alberta Conservation Board, 282
Alberta Gas Pipeline Ltd., 237
Alberta Oil and Gas Conservation Board, 195
Alberta Oil Sands Technology Research Agency, 231
Alberta Southern Oils Ltd., 126
Alcan highway project, 15
Alderdice, Frederick, 105
Allen, Robert, 130
American Oil Workers International Union, 115
Amoco, 232, 255, 265, 305, 316
Amulree, William W. Mackenzie, 105
Anderson, Robert, 225
Andian National Corporation, 79, 81
Andrews, Samuel, 38
Anglo-American Oil Company, 49
Anglo-Persian Petroleum Company, 93
Antisell, Thomas, 23
Arab-Israeli war of 1967, 251
Aramco consortium, 301
Archbold, James, 54
Archbold, John D., 41, 54, 62
Arctic Gas consortium, 240, 241
Arctic region: aerial view of oil rig in, regulations of, 232; Imperial Oil’s exploration program in, 235–36, 241–42; infrastructure development, 243; investments in, 234, 238; land disputes, 239; petroleum industry in, 215, 231–32; pipeline projects, 236–38, 239, 240, 241, 242–43, 245; technical challenges of exploration of, 237–38; US strategic oil reserve in, 233–34; wildcat drillers in, 232
Armstrong, Jack: as advocate of Imperial Oil, 270; career of, 214, 226, 275; meeting with Lalonde, 262; on oil sands exploration, 289; opinion on government economic policy, 259–60; photograph of, 259; rejection of Bertrand’s report, 267
Arnold, Ralph, 215
Arnold, Thurman, 175
Asian Tigers, 255, 305
“As Is” Agreement, 95
asphaltum discovery, 22–23
Athabasca region, 117, 214, 228
Atlantic No. 3 disaster, 151–52, 195, 283, 284
Atlantic Oil Company, 283
Atomic Energy Board of Canada, 220
Atwood, Luther, 22
Austin, Jack, 287
automobile industry: emission regulations, 287; growth of, 60, 97
Auto Pact, 287
B
Badisdche Anilin und Soda Fabrik (BASF), 174
Ball, Max, 217
Barrett, J.F., 286
Barstow, Frank Q., 48, 54, 55, 56
Bayonne refinery, 108–9
Beamer, Clay, 181, 182
Bechtel Corporation, 167, 169, 218, 236
Bedford, Alfred Cotton, 91, 108
Bell, George, 103, 129
Bell, Joel, 260
Bell, Robert, 117, 216
Benedum, Mike, 76, 78
Bennett, Richard B., 119, 123, 126–27, 129
Bennett, W.A.C., 196, 197
Benson, Edgar, 210
Berger, Thomas, 240
Bertrand, Robert, 267
Betancourt, Romulo, 204
bitumen extraction process, 217
Bituminous Sand Extraction Company, 228
Blair, Bob, 237, 239
Blair, Sidney, 218
Bonaparte, Charles, 58
Borden, Henry, 200
Bosworth, T.O., 14, 121–22, 215
Bothwell oil boom, 25
Boyd, David, 288
Brainerd, Alfred, 54
Brent Crude, 256
British-American Oil Company, 103, 106, 316
British Columbia Royal Commission, 197–98
British Columbia’s electric power industry, 197
British Commonwealth Air Training Program (BCATP), 132–33
British Petroleum (BP), 185, 234, 255
Broadbent, Ed, 270
Brown, Robert, 103, 129
Brown, Robert A., Jr., 201
Brownlee, John, 127, 129
Building Products Ltd., 183
Bullock, Joseph, 46
Burton, William, 97, 171
Bush, George W., 290
Bushnell, Joseph, 48
Bushnell, Thomas, 48
Bushnell Company, 48, 51, 54, 60
butadiene production, 176
Butler, Roger, 229, 230, 231, 303
C
Calder, William, 128, 129
Calgary Development & Producers Ltd., 126
Calgary Natural Gas Company, 118, 119
Calgary Petroleum Products Company, 119, 123
Cameron, Harry, 282
Canada: chemical companies, 178; Clean Air Act, 287–88; demand for fertilizer, 182; Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR), 257; gross national product, 298; Interprovincial Pipeline system, 257; kerosene export, 298; National Energy Program (NEP), 5, 230, 261, 304; National Oil Policy, 203, 204, 257, 298, 303; Oil and Gas Resources Conservation Act, 195; Oil Import Compensation Program, 261; participation in Marshall Plan, 302; Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax (PGRT), 261; Pipe Line Act, 195; protectionism, 298; tax laws, 66, 72, 257–58; Western Accord, 256
Canada’s Bank Act (1871), 34
Canada’s War Bonds, 65–66
Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, 288
Canada-US International Joint Commission, 284, 285
Canadian Arctic Gas project, 238
Canadian Arctic Resources Committee (CARC), 240
Canadian Congress of Labour, 115
Canadian crude oil: distillation process, 27, 44–45; domestic reserves, 143; export of, 27; problem of sulphur, 13, 27, 43; transportation of, 31, 169
Canadian Natural Resources Inc., 289
Canadian Oil Company, 24, 36
Canadian oil industry: cartel arrangements, 29; challenges to, 192; companies in, 1, 186, 270–71, 316; depletion allowances, 210, 260–61; export market of, 30, 202–3; history of, 5–6; post-Second World War, 143; price regulation in, 255–56, 258, 267; protectionism of, 13, 27, 32–33, 46, 50, 261; regulatory system, 195; rise of oil production, 30; “Rockefeller plan” for, 34; taxation of, 205, 206–10, 264
Canadian Pacific Railway, 43, 117–18
Canadian Polysar, 94, 134
Canadian Victory Loan Bond, 65
Canadian Western company, 125–26
Canadian Western Natural Gas, Light, Heat & Power Company, 118
Canol Project, 134, 137–38, 140, 160
carbon emissions, 5–6, 289–90, 291
Carbon Oil Company, 29, 30, 32
Carling, John, 26
Carney, Patricia, 263
Carpenter, A.A., 127
Carson, C.E., 161, 177
Carson, Rachel, 285
Carter, John H., 71
Carter, Kenneth, 208, 210
Carter Oil, 106, 144
Caspian Sea oil fields, 47
Chamberlain, Horace, 54, 56, 60, 63
Champlain Oil Company, 158, 330n12
Chandler, Alfred, Jr., 95
Charles Pratt Company, 38
Charlton, W.G., 241
China National Petroleum Company, 2
China’s economic growth, 253
Cities Service consortium, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226
Clark, Edgar M., 171
Clark, Joe, 261
Clark, Karl, 216, 218, 220
climate change, 291–92, 295–96
Clinton, Bill, 290
Coakley, George, 11
coal hydrogenation process, 174
Cochrane, Thomas, 22
Cogan, J.A., 274–75
Cold Lake oil fields, 229–30, 265, 289, 292
Colombia: Cartagena pipeline, 79, 81; economic growth, 88; foreign concessions in, 82–83; Infantas oil fields, 79, 81; map of oil fields in, 77; oil resources development, 76, 78, 85
Colonial Development Corporation, 51
Colorado Fuel & Iron, 108
conservation, definition of, 282
Consumer Gas Supply Agency, 99
Convention on Climate Change, 290
Cooperative Investment Trust, 112
Coste, Eugene, 118, 119
Cote, Michel, 269
“cracking” technique, 37
Creole Petroleum, 156, 204
Creole Syndicate, 82
Crerar, Thomas, 130
Cross, A.E., 119
crude oil: Canadian import of, 155; conversion into gasoline, 175; distillation process, 26; drilling operations, 23–25; impurities of, 25; prices, 25, 26, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255–56; South American export of, 85–86; transportation of, 26; types of, 256; See also Canadian crude oil
Cullinan, Joseph, 60
cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) process (a.k.a. “huff and puff”), 228–29
Cygnet pipeline, 12, 85
D
Dalhousie Oil Co. Ltd., 126
Delano, Frederic, 136
De Mares, Robert, 76, 78, 81
Deterding, Henri, 61, 62, 93, 95, 120
Devon, town of, 151
Diefenbaker, John, 200, 202, 203, 213–14, 302–3
Dingman, Archibald W., 118, 119, 123
Dingman well, 119
Dodd, Samuel, 41, 57
Dolomite Oils Ltd., 126
Dome Canada, 262
Dome Petroleum, 232, 233, 262, 263
Dominion War Exchange Conservation Act, 143, 205
Dow Chemical, 284
Drake, Edwin, 24
Draper, Thomas, 216
drilling operations, 24, 144, 146, 281
Dryfoos, Abraham, 30
Duplessis, Maurice, 114
DuPont, 96, 175, 271
E
Eastern Oil Company, 48, 51
Edmonton-Montreal pipeline, 200
Edmonton-Regina pipeline, 164, 167
Eisenhower, Dwight, 203, 218
Ells, Sidney, 216, 217
Ellsworth, Albert L., 103
El Paso Gas, 237
Empire Transportation Company, 40
Enbridge pipeline, 294
energy crises of the 1970s, 204, 226, 260, 269
Englehart, Jacob, 27–29, 28, 30–31, 32, 34–36, 54
English, William, 31, 32, 35
Enjay Co., 180
Enniskillen Township: asphaltum discovery in, 22–23; drilling operations in, 23, 24–25
environmental issues, 7, 239–40, 282–83, 285
“Environmental Protection Activities Review,” 288
Erie & Huron railway group, 31
Esso Chemical Canada, 182–83
Esso Resources Canada Ltd., 242
Esso service stations, 12, 100, 101
Ethyl Gasoline Corporation, 133
Ewing, John, 13, 87
Exxon Corporation: access to crude oil, 254; agricultural chemicals division, 265; business strategy, 305; Canadian operations, 265, 307; competitors, 305–6; diversification strategy, 291–92; executives, 254; merger with Humble Oil, 271–72; offshore drilling, 255; organizational structure, 271; programs for managers, 275; relations with Imperial Oil, 270, 278–79; reorganization of, 306; research on global warming trends, 291, 292; revenue, 276; search for new oil fields, 305; See also Jersey Standard; Standard Oil Company
Exxon Mobil: affiliates, 2–3; creation of, 6–7, 279, 306; global operations, 2, 89; oil sands exploration, 227; ownership of Imperial Oil, 17; studies of, 6; See also Jersey Standard; Standard Oil Company
Exxon Valdez disaster, 255, 287
F
Fairbank, John H., 25, 29, 31, 36, 51
Fall, Albert B., 80
Fallows, Joseph, 35
Farish, William, 175
Fischer-Tropsch process, 15
Fisher, William, 228
Fitzgerald, Frederick A., 31, 34, 35, 35–36, 48, 54, 56
Fitzsimmons, Robert, 216, 217, 221
Flagler, Henry, 38
Flanagan, James, 79, 80
flash test, 33
Fluid Iron Ore Reduction (FIOR), 114, 183
Folger, Henry, 56
Foothills Oil & Gas Ltd., 126
Ford, Henry, 97
Fordson Tractor, 97
Fort McMurray, 120, 215, 216–17, 218, 226
Fort Norman, 14–15, 121, 122–23
Foster, Peter, 264, 265, 272
“fracking” technology, 254
Frasch, Herman, 43, 44, 44, 45, 97–98, 171, 297
Frontenac Oil, 103
Frost, Leslie, 169
G
Gallagher, Jack, 232, 233
“Gallagher allowance,” 261
Garvin, Clifford, 292, 305
Gas-Arctic Northwest Project Study Group, 237
Gas Arctic Study Group, 241
gasoline: advertising, 189; demand for, 97; import duties on, 99; lead-free, 287, 288; market for, 98–99, 101, 191; price wars, 196; production of high-octane, 133
Geary, John, 31, 35
General Motors of Canada, 97
Geological Survey of Canada, 118
Gesner, Abraham, 21, 22
Getty, Don, 226, 230
Gilliland, E.R., 179
“Global Climate Coalition,” 291, 292
globalization, 297–98
global oil companies, 251, 255
Gordon, Walter, 199, 260
Gordon Commission report, 201
Gould, Jay, 39
Graham, James, 136–37
Grand Trunk Railway, 31
Grattan Oil, 120
Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS), 218, 223–24, 289
Great Depression: impact on petroleum industry, 86, 104–5, 128
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 285
Great Western Railway, 25, 31
Green, Howard, 221
Greenfield, Herbert, 127
Gretna-Superior pipeline, 166, 167
Guggenheim, Isaac, 32, 34
Gulf Canada, 236
Gulf Oil Corporation, 82, 95, 186
Gulf Refining Company in Texas, 61
Guthrie, H.J., 56, 63
H
Haider, Michael, 144, 274, 275
Hale, William, 6
Halifax Gas Company, 22
Hall, Frank G., 163
Halvorsen, A.E., 101, 163
Hamilton, J.W., 165
Hanna, William J., 54, 63, 74, 79, 92, 120
Harkness, Samuel, 38
Heard, S.F., 157
Hearn, Thomas, 295
Hearst, William Randolph, 57
Herrera, Enrique, 82
Herron, William S., 119, 123, 128, 129, 157
Hewetson, Henry, 11, 15, 16, 142–43, 144, 154, 165, 273, 301
Hewitt, Edward, 111
Hicks, Clarence, 108, 109
Higgins, Ebenezer, 29
Hodgins, Edward, 31, 35
Hodgins, Thomas, 31, 35, 36
Holman, Eugene, 136, 137
Holt, Herbert, 79, 85
Home Oil, 206–7
Hopkins, O.B., 15, 121, 122, 144, 163, 165, 274
Hopper, Wilbert, 260
Houdry, Eugene, 175
Howard, Frank, 171, 174, 180
Howe, C.D., 137, 163, 166, 176–77, 178, 199
Hubbert, M. King, 214
Hudson’s Bay Company, 117
Humble Oil, 93, 96, 172, 233, 236
Humphreys, Claude, 217
Humphreys, R.E., 97
Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 22
Hunter, Vern, 9
Husky Oil, 230
Husky Refining Company, 186
I
Ickes, Harold, 140
I.G. Farben, 94, 132, 134, 143, 174, 175
Imperial Acadia (tanker), 286
Imperial Oil Company: access to oil reserve, 72, 214–15; acquisitions, 51, 123–24, 126; advertising, wages at, 114–15; weaknesses of, 43; western market, 48; women in, 275
Imperial Oil Ltd., 63, 313
Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Ltd., 227
Imperial Oil Review, 64, 85, 92, 109, 110, 114
Imperial Pipe Line Company in Alberta, 164
Imperial Quebec (tanker), 285
Indigenous people, 238–39
Industrial Estates Ltd., 184
Industry and Humanity (King), 108
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 289
International Bitumen Co., 216
International Mining and Manufacturing Company, 23
International Petroleum Company (IPC): acquisition of Tropical Oil, 80–81; Canadian press on, 84–85; capital, 74, 80; concessions, 76, 81, 89; connection to Imperial Oil, 90, 156; construction of pipelines, 162; creation of, 67, 72, 74, 88; dividends, 86–87; Jersey Standard’s control of, 83, 87–88, 156; labour relations, 85; loans, 76; oil production, 81, 86; opportunity for Imperial’s employees in, 301; South American operations, 13, 16, 74–76, 78–79, 81–84, 85, 88–89, 90, 156; training ground for managers, 275; transportation issues, 81
Interprovincial Pipeline Company (Enbridge), 16, 163, 165, 167
Ioco refinery, 109–10, 113, 114, 115
Iraq oil fields, 94
Irving, Kenneth C., 158–59
Irving Oil, 158, 159, 186
J
Jamieson, Don, 287
Jamieson, J. Kenneth, 181, 254, 274, 274, 303
Jersey Standard (Standard Oil Company of New Jerrsey): access to oil reserve, 72, 214; antitrust investigation of, 158; Board of Directors, 273; budgeting, 271; business strategy, 90, 180; challenges of, 93; competitors, 61, 93–94; control of International Petroleum, 87–88; creation of, 58, 59; criticism of, 204; diversification, 183; dividend payments, 273; expansion of, 6; forty-hour work week, adoption of, 64; in the global oil markets, 92–94; lawsuit against, 95; management of, 54, 273; mergers, 59; oil exploration in Alberta, 119; overseas expansion, 301; patents, 175, 177; pipeline construction, 85, 162; production of aviation fuel, 133; profits, 300–301; relations with Imperial Oil, 12, 16, 303; renaming, 304; reorganization of, 49, 57, 96, 271, 273; research and development, 144, 179; South American operations, 71–72, 82, 85, 204; stock ownership plan, 65; subsidiaries of, 60, 180; synthetic rubber development, 134, 176, 180; Teagle’s tenure at, 83; See also Exxon Corporation; Exxon Mobil; Standard Oil Company
Johnson, Lyndon, 257
Joint American Study Committee (Jasco), 174
joint industrial councils, 109, 110, 110–12, 113, 116
Jones, Jesse, 176
Joseph Bullock & Sons, 48; See also Eastern Oil Company
K
Kearl project, 293, 294
kerosene: commercial production of, 22, 97; demand for, 30; import of, 27, 29, 32; market for, 60; price for, 32; quality of, 43; use of, 97
Kerwin, Patrick Grandcourt, 207
Keswick, William, 71
Kevin-Sunburst oilfield, 125
Keystone XL pipeline, 294, 295
Kheraj, Sean, 288
King, Benjamin, 25
King, William Lyon Mackenzie, 108, 137, 166
King, William R., 54
King-Hicks program, 109–10
Kinley, Myron, 283
Klein, Ralph, 227
Knode, William, 130
Knox, Frank, 140
Kruger, Richard, 279, 294
Kyoto accord, 290–91, 292, 293
L
labour relations, 107, 109–10, 114; See also strikes
La Brea y Parinas oil fields, 71, 74, 76
Lalonde, Marc, 262, 270
Lambton County: drilling operations in, 24
Lambton Crude Oil Partnership, 29
Lantz, F.C., 177
Laurier, Wilfrid, 50, 299
Leaver, Charles, 174
Leduc Number One site, 9, 10, 11
Leduc Number Two site, 151
Leduc oil fields: competition in, 185; exploration of, 146; explosion and fire in, 283–84; oil discovery in, 87, 89, 144, 149, 302; strike, 67
Lee, Ivy, 166
Leguia, Augusto, 76, 82
LeSueur, R.V., 68, 83, 92, 96, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142
Levy, Walter, 201
Lewis, W.K., 179
Li, Ka-sheng, 277
Limits to Growth, The (report), 240
Link, Theodore, 14, 15, 121, 122, 135, 136, 138, 144
liquefied natural gas (LGN) technology, 244
Livingstone, J.R., 179, 262, 268
Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 49
Lloyd Champion, 217, 218
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 80
London & Pacific Petroleum Company, 71, 89
London Refining Company, 30–31, 32, 34, 281
London Union Oils Ltd., 126
Loranger, Diane, 275, 276
Lougheed, James, 119, 124, 225
Lougheed, Peter, 225, 263
Lougheed Terminal, 115
Loughney, Ed, 208
Lowery Petroleum Ltd., 126
Ludlow Massacre, 108
M
MacDonald, Donald, 226, 258, 260, 269
Macdonald, John A., 33
Mackenzie, Alexander, 33, 117, 216
Mackenzie Valley Gas Project, 243, 244
Mackenzie Valley highway, 243
Mackenzie Valley pipeline, 240, 241, 244, 245
Mackenzie Valley Pipe Line Research Ltd., 236
MacKinnon, Ronald, 136
MacMahon, Frank, 283
Manning, Ernest, 130, 152, 169, 195, 201, 225, 284
Marcus Hook refinery, 218
Marsh, Bruce, 279, 294
Marshall, George, 136
Mathieson, Kenneth, 71
Maximum Permissible Rate of Recovery (MPR), 196
Mayer, G.W., 64, 68, 92, 273
Mayland Oil Co., 126
McClave, James, 217
McCloskey, Leo, 177
McColl Brothers Ltd., 103
McColl Frontenac, 103, 151, 161, 316
McCollum, L.F., 274
McGillvray, A.A., 131
McGregor, Duncan, 97
McKinley, William, 57, 58
McLaughlin, Robert, 97
McLeod, John H., 123, 130
McMahon, Frank, 163, 237
McMurray Oil & Asphaltum Co., 216
McQueen, Alexander, 68, 83, 120, 123, 124, 127
Mechin, G.C., 112, 113, 114
Mellons family, 60–61
Mene Grande Oil Company, 82
Menzies, Merrill, 213
Mexican oil industry, 82, 93, 203, 303
Midwest Petroleums Ltd., 126
Midwest Refining Co., 67
Mildred Lake mine site, 221
Minhinnick, John, 31, 35, 43, 44
Mining Association of Canada, 209
Mitchell, George, 254
Monnett, Frank, 57
Montalvo, José Antonio, 82
Montreal East refinery, 111, 112–13, 114
Montreal Pipeline, 201, 203, 204, 205
Moroney, Tip, 152, 195, 284
Morrow, Charles W., 198
Moyer, John, 129
Mulroney, Brian, 263
Murchison, Clint, 199
Murray, Alexander, 23
Mutual Oil Company, 32
N
National Energy Board, 203, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 257, 263
Natland, Manfred, 220
natural gas: prices of, 244; problem of wastage of, 127–28, 130
Nesbitt Thomson, 103
Newfoundland’s “Prosperity Loan,” 105
New Jersey’s corporate reform act, 72
New York Life Insurance Company, 76
Nickle, C.J., 152, 206
Nixon, Richard, 257
Nobel group, 93
Norman Wells: establishment of, 231; expansion of, 136, 138; Imperial operations at, 136, 245; oil production capacity, 137–38, 140, 242; pipeline from, 139, 140; during wartime, 137
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 264
North American Gas Light Company, 22
North Atlantic: oil exploration in, 235–36; specialized vessels in, 236
Northern Border Pipeline Agreement, 241
Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland (report), 241
Northwest Company, 120, 121–22
North West Company, 117
Northwest Pipeline Corporation, 237
Northwest Territories: oil exploration in, 14, 117
Nova Corporation, 265, 277, 316
O
Obama, Barack, 290
Ohio oil fields, 45
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union (OCAW), 115
Oil and Gas Wells Act, 127
Oil Creek well explosion, 281
oil prices: global politics and, 278; impact on oil industry, 254; volatility of, 227, 242–43, 255, 276, 305, 306
oil producing countries, 253, 303
oil sands: Cold Lake venture, 229–30; companies involved in exploration of, 223–24, 227; environmental challenges of, 289; history of discovery of, 215–16; Imperial’s venture in, 293; location of, 16; map of, 219; Mildred Lake project, 224; mining technology, 223, 224–25; oil extraction from, 220; Peace River and a Japanese group (JACOS) project, 230; pilot plant, 221–22, 222; profitability of, 307; public perception of, 294–95; refining technology, 231, 292; terminology, 336n4; transportation problem, 230
oil spills, 281, 285, 287
Oil Springs, 24–25
Okalta Oils Ltd., 128
Onassis, Aristotle, 285
“Operation Franklin” geological survey, 232
“Operation Oil Sands,” 220–21
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 95, 251–52, 253
ozone layer, 290
P
Panamanian “revolution,” 78–79
Panarctic Oils Ltd., 233
Pardo y Barreda, José, 75
Paris accord, 291
Parsons, Silas, 103
Pearson & Son company, 78
Pennsylvania crude, 27
Pennsylvania oil fields, 30, 37, 281
Pennsylvania Railroad, 40
Pennzoil oil company, 277
Perez Alfonso, Juan, 204
Peru: internal oil consumption in, 89; oil exports from, 86, 88; oil fields in, 71, 73; policy toward foreign companies, 75, 76, 82; political turmoil in, 75, 76, 82; taxation system in, 75
Peters, William, 27
Peterson, Robert, 278, 293
Petro Canada, 260, 262, 316
petroleum conservation legislation, 130–31
petroleum industry: Asian market, 305; boom and bust cycles, 249; era of optimism, 38; expansion of, 98–99, 250; global politics and, 251–52, 253; government regulations of, 124; marketing organizations, 158; military and, 93; new producers in, 250; price wars, 192–93, 194; reaction to climate change, 291–92, 295–96; system of transportation, 50; technological changes and, 282; in the US and Canada, map of, 39; See also refining industry
Petrolia fields in Ontario, 12–13, 25–26, 55, 56, 143, 281–82
Petrolia-London pipeline, 42
Petro Peru, 88
Pew, J. Howard, 60, 218, 224
Phillips, Lazarus, 207, 210
Pierce, Frank W., 273
Pipe Line Act, 163
pipelines: construction of, 31–32, 161–62, 164, 165–67, 169; incidents at, 294; interprovincial, 164–66, 200; leaks of, 288–89; map of, 168; opposition to, 294, 295; technological changes and, 282; See also individual pipelines
pollution, 281, 284, 287, 288
Polymer Corporation, 177, 178, 181, 284
Pond, Peter, 117, 216
Port Arthur city, 165, 166
Portland-Montreal pipeline, 142, 155, 162
Practical Treatise on Petroleum, Coal and Other Distilled Oils, A (Gesner), 22
Pratt, Joseph, 6
Pratt, Wallace, 233
Pratt, William, 54
Premier Oil Company, 48
Project Plowshare, 218
Pulitzer, Joseph, 57
Pure Oil, 78
Q
Qadaffi, Muammar, 251
Queen City Oil Company, 51, 55
R
railways, 31, 32, 39–40
Rawl, Lawrence, 276, 292, 305, 306
Raymond, Lee, 255, 276, 278, 292, 293, 295, 305, 306
Redwater oil field, 11, 155, 163, 164, 182, 195
refining industry: centres of, 26–27, 29, 38, 66; competition in, 111; consolidation of, 26, 29, 34; expansion of, 63–64, 161; hazards of, 26, 33, 281–82; labour relations in, 108–10, 111–12; pollution emission, 281, 288; safety problems, 282; technological processes, 37–38, 97–98, 107, 133, 171, 175–76, 178–79
Regina-Gretna pipeline, 169
Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, 268, 269
Review of Environmental Protection Activities, 293
Reyes Prieto, Rafael, 78
Richfield Oil Company, 220, 225, 234
Ritchie, Ronald, 198
Robinson, C.O., 166
Rockefeller, John D., 12, 33, 38–39, 40–41, 57, 58, 297
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 108–9, 166
Rockefeller Foundation, 108
Rogers, Henry H., 41, 58
Rogers, Samuel, 46, 47, 51, 55
Romanian oil fields, 185
Roosevelt, Theodore, 58
Ross, Victor, 92, 101, 105, 142
Royal Commission on Canada’s Economic Prospects, 199
Royal Commission on Energy (Borden Commission), 200
Royal Commission on Taxation (Carter Commission), 208–11
Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada, 268–69
Royal Dutch Shell: competitors of, 2, 13; early history of, 61; as international power, 93; oil sands exploration, 227; penetration into Canadian market, 14, 67, 101, 103, 120, 121, 300
Royalite Number 4 site, 124, 125
Royalite Oil Co.: acquisition of CPPL, 128; business operations in Alberta, 17, 125–26, 301; business strategy, 130; capitalization of, 123; management of, 123; natural gas production, 124; oil exploration, 124, 157; shareholders of, 126; stock market, 124, 126, 157; wastage of natural gas by, 127
Royalite tank wagon, 47
Royal Oil Co., 47
Russia’s oil diplomacy, 255
S
Sadler, Everitt, 14
Saint Clair Processing Corporation, 134, 177–78, 207
Saint Clair River clean up, 283, 284
St. Clair River Research Committee, 284
Samuel, Marcus, 49, 61, 93
Sarnia refinery: Bushnell’s acquisition of, 51; expansion of, 63; Joint Industrial Council at, 110; net earnings, 66; oil supply for, 85; photograph of, 55; processing capacity, 107, 164, 169; union organizations at, 109
Saudi Arabia, 94, 252–53
Scott, Thomas, 39, 40
Second World War: Canada’s role in, 132; Japan in, 133–34, 136; oil industry during, 132–33, 134
shale revolution, 254
Sharp, Mitchell, 209, 210
Shelford, Cyril, 198
Shell Canada, 61, 186, 227, 232, 243, 265, 277, 284, 316
Shell Transport Company, 49, 50, 61, 93
Sierra Club, 240
Silent Spring (Carson), 285
Silver Star refinery, 32, 34, 42
Sinclair Oil, 78, 99, 234
Sise, Charles, 34
Smallwood, Joey, 235
Smallwood, Thomas, 35
Smith, G. Harrison: career, 68, 74, 80, 83, 92, 99, 106, 273; photograph, 84; retirement, 105, 141
Smythe, Conn, 190
Social Credit party, 129, 130, 152, 203, 225
Solar Refining Company, 45
Somervell, Brehon, 136, 137, 138, 139
Sonneborn, Carrie, 32
Sonneborn, Jonas, 30
Sonneborn, Solomon, 28, 30
Southern Lowery Oils, 126
South Improvement Company, 40
Southwest Petroleum, 126
Spencer, William, 26, 27, 31, 43
Spindletop oil strike, 60
Spragins, Frank, 224, 225
Sproule, John C., 232, 233
Squires, Richard, 105
SS Arrow disaster, 285, 286, 286–87
Standard Development Company, 98
Standard-IG Company, 174
Standard of Indiana, 95
Standard Oil Company: acquisitions, 51–52, 61; affiliates, 57; board of directors, 54; business alliances, 41; in Canadian market, 47, 50, 104; Colombian investments, 78–79; competitors, 61, 299; dissolution of, 49, 59; domestic problems, 48–49; expansion of, 33, 40, 95–96; formation of, 6, 297; gasoline production, 99–101; investigations of, 49; as joint stock company, 40; labour relations, 107; lawsuits against, 57, 58–59; lobbyist efforts, 50; management of, 41–42; press coverage of activities of, 57–58; relations with Imperial Oil, 4–5, 13, 95, 106; reorganization of, 2, 57, 299; research operations, 45, 172; See also Exxon Corporation; Exxon Mobil; Jersey Standard
Standard Oil Development Co., 171, 172, 174
Standard Oil of California, 231
Standard Oil of Louisiana, 95, 301
Standard Oil of New Jersey. See Jersey Standard
Standard Oil of New York, 59, 60, 299
Standard Oil Trust, 34, 41, 42
State of Competition in the Canadian Petroleum Industry, The (report), 267
steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process, 231
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 136
Stelco, 163
Sterling Pacific Co., 126
Stewart, Charles, 124
Stewart, George, B., 157, 160
Stillman, Charles, 54, 63, 81, 85, 86, 98, 106, 110, 122
St. Laurent, Louis Stephen, 200
Stratford, Richard K., 98, 172, 173
Strathcona refinery, 161, 272
strikes, 108–10, 111, 115
styrene production, 177
subsidiary companies, 3–4
Suncor, 186, 227
Sun Oil, 143, 185–86, 218, 224
Supertest Petroleum, 158
Syncrude consortium, 2, 224–25, 226, 227, 265, 289
synthetic fuel development, 94, 144
synthetic rubber industry, 174, 175–76
T
Tanner, Nathan, 9, 11, 130, 195, 218
Tapley, J.L., 215
Tarbell, Ida M., 58
tar sands. See oil sands
Taylor, Charles, 120, 121, 122
Taylor, Vernon, 11, 149, 224
Taylor, Walker, 9, 11
Teagle, Walter Clark: Achnacarry meeting, 95; attitude toward minority shareholders, 64–65; business strategy, 300; career, 6, 60, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 74, 84; connection to Canada, 92; critique of Imperial Oil Company, 141; education, 61; interests in Alberta oil, 119; labour relations, 64, 65, 107, 109; photograph, of Imperial Oil by, 13, 14; resignation from the Imperial board, 67–68; search for new oil sources, 66–67; South American investments, 71–72, 78, 79, 93
Teamsters union, 115
Texaco, 103, 151, 161, 169, 180
Texaco Canada, 5, 115, 186, 187, 265, 277–78, 316
Texas Company, 99
Texas Fuel Co., 60
Texas Railroad Commission, 94
thermal cracking technology, 1, 94, 98, 107, 171, 282, 300
Thompson, Malcolm, 119
Three Rivers Oil & Gas, 103
Tiedje, John, 179
Tillerson, Rex, 254, 292, 306
Tod, Jim, 284
Toronto-Montreal pipeline, 258
Torrey Canyon (tanker), 285
trade union movement, 107, 109, 115
Trans Alaska Pipeline, 236, 239, 240
Trans-Arab Pipeline (Tapline), 167
Trans-Canada Pipeline, 202, 243, 302
Trans Canada Pipeline Co., 199–200
Transit & Storage Company, 162
Trans Mountain Pipeline, 169, 197, 236, 264, 294
Trees, Joe, 76, 78, 80–81
Tripp, Charles, 23
Tripp, Henry, 23
Tropical Oil, 76, 80, 88
Trudeau, Charley, 330n12
Trudeau, Pierre, 225, 240, 242, 257, 258–59, 261
Truman, Harry, 140, 160
Trump, Donald, 291
Tulsa consulting company, 164, 167
Turner Valley: decline of, 143; discovery of gas in, 301; oil exploration in, 1, 123–25, 126, 129; oil rig workers in, 125; wildcat drilling operations, 201
Turner Valley Gas Conservation Board, 129
Turner Valley Royalties, 103, 129
Twaits, Bill: career, 187; on government tax policy, 206, 208, 210, 211; meetings with government officials, 197, 201; personality, 197; photograph, 188; public relations, 190
U
Ultramar, 185
Union Oil Company of California, 101, 113, 285
Union Oil of Canada, 143
United Farmers of Alberta (UFA), 123–24, 127, 129
United States: antitrust legislation, 49, 58, 74, 299; “Big Stick” diplomacy, 75, 300; Clean Air Act, 287, 288; corporate income tax, 72; depression in, 49; economic policy, 257; foreign affairs, 78–79, 257, 300; foreign investments in, 298; Mandatory Oil Import Program, 202, 203; oil industry, 30, 205, 251, 300; Oil Pollution Act, 282; Panamanian “revolution” and, 78; real-estate bubble, 253; strategic petroleum reserve, 233; Trans Alaska Pipeline Act, 236–37; Wagner Act, 116; Webb-Pomerene Act, 92
Urrutia, Carlos, 79
Urrutia-Thomson Treaty, 79, 80
US Atomic Energy Commission, 220
US-Canada relations, 160, 299, 302
US Environmental Protection Agency, 291
V
Vacuum Oil Company, 42
Venezuela’s oil industry, 82, 204–5
Victor refinery, 34, 42
Viking-Kinsella field, 120, 144
Visser, Charlie, 284
Voluntary Oil Import Program, 202
W
Walker, John, 35, 36
wars and revolutions: impact on oil market, 252, 253, 278
Waterman, Herman, 29, 35
Waterman, Isaac, 29, 35, 36
Wealth against Commonwealth (Lloyd), 49
Weeks, L.G., 144, 273–74
welfare capitalism, 109
Western Select Crude (WSC), 256
West Texas Intermediate (WTI) light crude, 256
whale oil: utilitarian use of, 21–22
White, Edward D., 59
White, Frederick, 51
White, Jack, 181, 270
White, John R., 163, 274
White, T.H., 72
Whitehorse refinery, 15, 16, 137, 138–39, 140, 161
White Paper on Carter Commission recommendation, 209, 210, 211
Wilhelm, Robert, 278
Williams, Charles James, 36
Williams, James Miller, 23, 24, 26, 36
Williamson, Archibald, 71
Wilson, Woodrow, 72, 79
Winnipeg General Strike, 107
Woods, Darren, 307
W.W. Barnes, 161
Y
Yost, Raymond, 119
Young, James, 22, 23
Yukon geological surveys, 231