Index
A
Aborigines Protection Society, 195, 213, 241
agriculture, 1–3, 23, 26, 54–55, 68, 74, 77, 79, 83, 87–88, 99, 104–105, 118–121, 123, 131–134, 138, 140, 149, 153, 157, 159–161, 165, 167, 169, 171–175, 177, 179, 181–182, 189, 196, 197, 199–200, 204, 206–208, 211–212, 214, 217–219, 221, 223–224, 229–231, 233, 235, 238, 241–242, 249, 265
See also horticulture
Aitken, Alexander, 56
Ajetance Treaty (Treaty 19), 99, 103
See also fur trade
alcohol, 41, 44, 46–47, 109, 113, 123, 131, 137, 139–141, 144, 150, 163, 172–173, 179, 183, 195–196
abstinence, 46, 113, 135, 137, 140, 153, 179, 278, 280
See also fur trade; Methodism; slavery and slave trade
Alderville, 32, 56, 216, 225, 230
Alley, Gerald, 173–176, 181, 201, 203
alliances, 26, 28, 32, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44–45, 52, 56, 61, 67, 70–72, 95–96, 98–99, 105, 134, 140, 167, 189, 194, 196, 200–201, 212, 214–215, 220, 224, 233, 235, 241, 249–250, 252–253, 277, 283–284
See also Covenant Chain Wampum; Dish with One Spoon Wampum; governance, Indigenous; Mississauga-Haudenosaunee alliance of the 1790s; presents; Treaty of Niagara; Wampum; Wendat (Huron)
Alnwick residential school, 230
American Revolution, 51, 79, 81, 88–89, 114, 189
Anderson, Elizabeth, 168
Anderson, Thomas Gummersall, 167–168, 171–177, 179–180, 182–184, 187–189, 191, 193–194, 197, 225–228, 231
Anglicans
See Church of England
Anishinaabe(k), 7–9, 13–15, 17–18, 20, 22, 25–26, 32, 34–35, 37–39, 42, 44, 46, 52, 54, 61–62, 69–70, 86, 88, 95–96, 100, 103, 107, 111, 114, 117, 125–126, 134, 137, 139, 143, 145, 148–149, 155–156, 162–163, 165, 167–169, 173–174, 177, 180, 183, 187–188, 191, 196–197, 199–201, 204, 213–216, 220–221, 225–226, 237–241, 243–244, 251–253, 255–257, 259, 272, 283, 285, 291, 294–295, 297
Great Flood re-creation story, 22
See also Chippewas; Grand General Council of Ontario; Mississaugas of Scugog Island; Mississaugas of the Credit; Odaawaa; Ojibwe; oral tradition; Potawatomi (Bodewadmi)
annuities, 117, 176–177, 181, 206, 225–227, 237, 239–241, 243, 254–255, 259
Archeological discoveries, 24, 32
Ashanyoong
See Lake Simcoe (Ashanyoong / Azhoonyaang)
Assance, John (Little Shell), 96, 102, 107, 117, 147–149, 167, 172, 174, 176–177, 180–181, 183, 188, 193, 196–197, 200–201, 203, 206, 208, 213, 216–217, 227–229
Assiginack, Jean-Baptiste, 180
Atherley Narrows
See Narrows, the (Mnjikaning)
Attawandaron
See Neutrals (Attawandaron)
B
Baby, Jacques Duperon, 44
Baby, James, 44
Bagot Commission, 221, 223–225
Bagot, Charles, 223
Balsam Lake, 107, 188–189, 213, 218
band administration
band council, 250, 254, 259–260, 263, 271, 273, 276–277, 283
band administration (continued)
See also Gradual Civilization Act (1857); Indian Department / Indian Affairs Administration; Indian reserves; land rights and tenure
Beausoleil First Nation, 19
Beausoleil Island, 169, 208, 216–217
Beaver Wars, 37
Beman, Elisha, 114–115, 127, 171
Benson Nanigishkung, Emerson, 21–23, 95, 103
Big Canoe, Albert, 114, 149, 155, 169, 260, 263, 289, 291
Big Canoe, Andrew, 15, 120, 123, 194, 204, 287, 298
Big Shilling (Negenaunaquot), 149, 181, 213
Black Creek, 26, 30, 79, 84, 125, 297–298
Black Creek Pioneer Village
See Village at Black Creek, The
boats and ships, 15, 17–18, 47, 95, 112–115, 120, 123, 125, 127, 149–150, 155–156, 169, 183–184, 194, 204, 218, 233, 260, 263, 267, 269, 287, 289, 291, 298
See also canoe; portages
Bodewadmi
See Potawatomi (Bodewadmi)
Bond Head, Francis, 115, 189–191, 193–197, 204, 211, 214, 224
Bootaaganasiig
See Potagunasees (Bootaaganasiig)
Borland & Roe, 109–111, 113, 173
Borland, Andrew, 93, 109–113, 115, 173–174, 177, 184, 201, 203, 217, 298
Borland, John, 112
Brant, Christiana, 138
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea), 7, 51–52, 57, 66–68, 70–72, 79, 81–83, 99, 105, 134, 138, 274–275, 277–278, 281
See also American Revolution; Freemasons; Haldimand Tract; Jones, Augustus; Mississaugas of the Credit; Six Nations of the Grand River
Brantford, 32, 66, 134, 219, 224, 231, 244, 258, 262, 271, 274
British and Foreign Bible Society, 133
British colonialism, 66, 76, 104–105, 117, 132, 140, 220, 255, 277, 279
See also civilizational agenda; forts and trading posts; Indian Department / Indian Affairs administration; Indian policy; land cessions and agreements; settlers and settlement—British settlers; war and warfare
British North America Act, 249
British Wesleyan Methodists
See Methodism—Wesleyan Methodists
Buck, John (Skanawiti), 214–215, 258
Butler’s Rangers, 79
See also Johnson-Butler treaties (1787–88)
C
Canada, 1, 23, 44, 51–52, 54, 89, 96, 98–99, 103, 105, 110, 134, 150, 167, 192–195, 207, 213, 216, 220, 224–225, 236, 243, 245, 249, 251, 253–254, 255-256, 259–261, 265–266, 270, 276–281, 284–285, 292, 294–295
Province of, 213, 220, 236, 245
See also Upper Canada
Canada West, 13, 212, 220, 224, 236
Canise / Kenease, 20–21, 54, 169
canoe, 17-18, 47, 95, 125,150, 156, 267
See also boats and ships; portages; Toronto Carrying-Place Trail; transportation
Carleton, Guy
See Dorchester, Lord (Guy Carleton)
See also Odaawaa
Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫ), 9, 36, 134, 219
See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Six Nations of the Grand River
Changing the Narrative project, 2, 285, 297–298
Children of Peace
See Quakers (Society of Friends); Willson, David
Chippewas, 1–2, 4, 6–9, 14–15, 21–22, 26, 39, 54, 57, 62, 69, 77–79, 87, 90, 95–99, 102–103, 105, 107, 109, 113–114, 120–121, 123, 126, 132–133, 149, 153, 155, 165–167, 169, 172–177, 179, 181–182, 184, 188–191, 193–194, 196–197, 200–209, 212, 217, 226, 228–229, 238, 240, 249, 259–260, 263–265, 269, 285, 287–289, 297
of Beausoleil First Nation, 19, 167, 169, 208, 216–217, 226, 251, 259
of Georgina Island, 2, 7, 15, 62, 114, 120, 123,126, 149,155, 165, 169, 194, 204, 217, 208, 240, 259–260, 263, 265, 269, 287–288, 297
of Lakes Huron and Simcoe, 54, 62, 79, 96, 99, 102–103, 107, 153, 167, 169, 202
of Rama, 1, 2, 4, 6–8, 14, 21-22, 26, 39, 57, 77–79, 87, 90, 95, 98, 103,107, 109, 121,132, 149, 155, 165,167, 169, 179, 184, 193, 203–209, 216–217, 226, 228–229, 251, 259–260, 264–265, 269, 285, 287, 289, 291, 297
See also Anishinaabe(k); Assance, John (Little Shell); Beausoleil First Nation; Coldwater-Narrows Reserve; Grand General Council of Ontario; land cessions and agreements; land claims; Musquakie (William Yellowhead); Musquakie (Yellowhead); Rebellion of 1837; Snake, Joseph; War of 1812
Christian Island, 167, 208, 217, 251, 265
Christianity, 3, 5, 7–9, 20, 28, 46, 63–64, 67–68, 111, 113, 131–141, 143–145, 147–153, 155–157, 160, 162–163, 165, 167, 174, 179, 196, 208, 212–213, 216–217, 220, 234, 251, 256, 265, 268, 289
See also Catholics; Church of England; clergy reserves; Indigenous Christianity; Methodism; missionaries; Quakers; religion
Church of England, 63, 99, 117–118, 133–134, 136, 143, 167, 179–180, 207, 216, 275
See also clergy reserves; missionaries; Strachan, John
Circle Wampum, 64
citizenship
See enfranchisement
civilizational agenda, 3, 8, 129, 131–134, 140,151, 160, 163, 165, 167, 189, 235
Clans, 36, 38–39, 62–63, 81, 114, 149, 167, 216–217, 241, 250, 257, 274
See also Doodems, 55, 73, 102, 125, 203, 238,
Claus, William, 72, 76, 96, 99
Cobeckenonk
See Humber River (Gebekanaang / Cobekhenonk)
Colborne, John, 113, 161, 167, 169, 172-174, 184, 187, 189
Colborne paddle steamer, 113, 184
Coldwater Road, 113, 169, 172–173, 175–176, 184, 189, 194
Coldwater Treaty, 193
Coldwater-Narrows Land Claim, 209
Coldwater-Narrows Reserve, 3, 165, 167–177, 179, 182–184, 189, 191, 193–194, 204, 207, 209, 217
See also Chippewas
Corbiere, Alan, 2, 4, 6, 297–298
Cousineau, Ben, 4, 8, 26, 78, 98, 103, 109, 121, 132, 203, 206, 208, 228–229, 285–286, 289, 291–292, 295, 297–298
Covenant Chain, 44, 134, 224, 252
See also alliances
Covenant Chain Wampum, 44
Credit Mission, 3, 7, 105, 127, 145, 151–153, 155–161, 163, 216, 223, 238–239, 266–267, 276
See also education; Field, Eliza; Herkimer, Lawrence (brother of William); Herkimer, William; Jones, John (Thayandenaged); Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta); Mississaugas of the Credit; Methodism; Nahnebahwequay (Sutton, Catherine); Ryerson, Egerton
Credit Mission legal code, 256, 276-7
Credit River, 3, 5, 35, 39, 99, 102, 127, 137, 141, 151, 153, 156–159, 165, 189, 203, 212, 256, 266, 276
See also Mississaugas of the Credit
Crown Lands Protection Act (1839), 212, 240
Cummer, Elizabeth (Fisher), 3, 45, 83, 86, 143, 199–200
Cummer, Jacob, 83–84, 126, 143
Cummer, John, 84, 126, 143, 145,147, 200
Cummer, Joshua, 200
Curve Lake
See Mud Lake
D
Davis, Thomas, 135–136, 138, 147, 150, 293
Detroit, 28, 44, 62, 88, 93, 95, 201
diplomacy, Indigenous
See alliances; governance, Indigenous; presents
disease, 20, 28, 46–47, 76, 131–132, 195, 266–267, 270
smallpox, 20, 28, 266–267, 270
See also Credit Mission; Jones, Peter Edmund (Kahkewaquonaby); medicine, Indigenous; Oronhyatekha (Martin, Peter)
Dish with One Spoon Wampum, 17, 36–37, 39, 51, 214–216, 233, 252
dispossession
See land rights and tenure—dispossession
Don River, 56, 59, 79, 82–83, 90, 126
Doodems, 36, 38, 55, 62–63, 73, 102, 125, 203, 238, 241
See also Clans
Dorchester, Lord (Guy Carleton), 57, 191
Douglas, Mark, 14, 184, 207, 287, 298
E
education, 67, 79, 109, 126, 133, 140, 149–153, 156–157, 159-160, 172, 179–180, 182–183, 223–227, 229–231, 234, 237, 254, 256, 262–263, 270–271, 274–275, 281–282, 285, 288, 294–295
curriculum and teaching methods, 1, 4, 38, 46, 53, 72, 141, 151–153, 157, 159, 161, 183, 194, 214–215, 223, 229, 232, 251–252, 254, 269, 294, 297
schools, 3, 66, 99, 113, 127, 133, 138, 144–145, 148–153, 156–157, 161, 172, 179–183, 189, 196, 213–214, 218, 223–231, 236, 238, 251, 254, 256, 263–264, 270–272, 274–275, 278, 280–281, 285
teachers, 22, 36, 55, 67, 109, 134–135, 151–153, 156, 159, 172, 181, 223, 229, 234–236, 263, 280, 290–291, 294
See also civilizational agenda; Credit Mission; industrial schools; Jones, John (Thayandenaged); manual-labour schools; Martin’s Corner School; Mohawk Institute; Oxford University; residential schools; Ryerson, Egerton; schools; Toronto Normal School; Toronto School of Medicine; University of Toronto
enfranchisement, 237–238, 243, 250–251, 253–257, 273
See also Gradual Enfranchisement Act (1869); Grand General Council of Ontario; Jones, Peter Edmund (Kahkewaquonaby)
environmental change, 1, 119, 123, 126, 127, 131,135, 188
deforestation, 119, 120, 123, 125–126, 212
impact on wildlife, 46, 119–121, 228
water levels, 46, 120, 125–126, 188
water pollution, 125
See also agriculture; milling; salmon
Eternal Council Fires or Yellowhead Wampum, 38–39, 214–215
Etobicoke, 61, 88, 93, 105, 200
F
Family Compact, 44, 114, 117, 199
farming
See agriculture
Field, Eliza, 156, 220, 238, 240
First Nations, 2, 4, 6–9, 21, 28, 56, 61, 95, 116–117, 151–152, 166, 170, 173, 177, 193, 209, 212, 215, 221, 225, 227, 235, 237–238, 243–244, 249–250, 252, 254, 259–261, 276, 281, 285, 295, 297
See also individual names
Fisher, Elizabeth
See Cummer, Elizabeth (Fisher) and also Stong, Elizabeth (Fisher)
Fisher, Jacob (brother of Elizabeth [Fisher] Stong), 83-85
Fisher, Jacob, Sr., 84, 86, 199
Fisher, Jake, 199
Fisher, John, 86
fishing, 13–14, 23, 25, 35, 47, 55–57, 78, 80, 99, 102–103, 119, 121, 123, 125–126, 159–162, 172, 179, 182, 184, 188, 191, 212, 217, 219, 233, 236–238, 242–245, 249, 253, 264, 267, 289–290
Fishing Act of 1857, 237
See also Narrows, the (Mnjikaning); salmon
Five Nations, 9, 32, 37, 40, 71–72, 95, 236
See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy
Five Nations or Aienwatha / Hiawatha Wampum, 37
Fort Rouillé
See Fort Toronto
See also fur trade
forts and trading posts, 17, 35, 41–43, 46, 61, 88, 93, 95–96, 105, 107, 110, 115-116
Francouer, Catherine Mathiasnockoue, 112
fraternal organizations, 277–279
See also Freemasons; Independent Order of Foresters
French colonialism and influence, 9, 13–14, 18, 26, 28, 32, 35, 37, 39, 41–43, 45–46, 72, 79–81, 87–88, 112, 115, 133–134, 147–148, 211, 230, 237, 249
See also forts and trading posts; fur trade; Montreal; war and warfare
French royalists, 79–80, 87–88
fur trade, 18, 20, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41–46, 88, 93, 107–115, 118, 121, 149–150, 174, 215
fur traders, 17, 28, 41, 44–47, 64, 66, 93, 107, 109, 111–115, 133, 148–149, 163, 167–168, 184, 270
See also Albany, New York; alcohol; alliances; Baby, Jacques Duperon; Borland, Andrew; Borland & Roe; Fort Toronto; Holland Landing; Humber River (Gebekanaang / Cobekhenonk); intermarriage; Magasin Royal; Montreal; Newmarket; Oswego; Quetton St. George, Laurent (Waubewayquon); Robinson, Peter; Robinson, William; Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste St. John; Rousseau, Jean-Bonaventure; Shepard, Joseph, Sr.; Wade, Ferral
G
Gabekanaang
See Humber River (Gebekanaang / Cobekhenonk)
See also Seneca (Onödowa’ga)
Ganiodaio
See Handsome Lake (Ganiodaio)
Gayogo̱ho:nǫ
See Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫ)
gender roles, 156
See also women
Georgina Island, 165, 208, 217, 251, 265, 289, 290
See also Chippewas—of Georgina Island
German Flatts, 81
gift-giving
See presents
Gill, Jacob, 110, 177, 183, 208
Givins, James, 70, 96, 102, 133, 140–141, 144, 147–148, 159, 161, 169, 174–176, 182, 187–188, 191, 193, 197, 220
Glenelg, Lord (Charles Grant), 140, 190, 196–197, 201, 211, 216
governance, Indigenous, 26, 38, 45, 63, 68, 118, 155, 160, 212, 215–217, 240, 250–251, 253, 255, 257, 259–260, 263, 289
General Councils, 138, 156, 160, 195, 212, 225-229, 251–257, 259–260, 265, 281
hereditary chiefs, 63, 68, 195, 241, 251, 258, 260, 263, 274
Men’s Councils, 241
Women’s Councils, 241
See also alliances; Anishinaabe(k); Clans; Credit Mission legal code; Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Grand General Council of Ontario; Great Law of Peace; sovereignty
Gradual Civilization Act (1857), 224, 237–238, 240, 243, 250–251, 276
Gradual Enfranchisement Act (1869), 250–251, 273
Grand General Council of Ontario, 251–257, 259–260, 265, 281, 298
See also enfranchisement; Gradual Civilization Act (1857); Indian Act (1876); Jones, Peter Edmund (Kahkewaquonaby); Oronhyatekha (Martin, Peter); Six Nations of the Grand River; Union of Ontario Indians
Grand River, 7, 52, 61, 66, 80, 93, 95, 131, 133, 135–136, 138, 141, 153, 155, 187, 215, 219, 233, 236, 274–275
See also Six Nations of the Grand River
Grand River Navigation Company, 236
Great Law of Peace, 5, 37, 260
Great Peace of Montreal (1701), 36–37
“Gunshot Treaty”, 56
See also Johnson-Butler treaties (1787–88)
Gwillimbury (East and West), 87, 103, 288, 290
H
Haldimand Proclamation (1784), 52–53, 219, 232, 292
Haldimand Tract, 61, 67–68, 70, 72, 81, 83, 116, 134, 187, 219, 233, 239, 244, 256, 274, 292
See also Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea); Jones, Augustus; Six Nations of the Grand River; Tekarihogen, Henry
Handsome Lake (Ganiodaio), 67, 134–135
harvesting and gathering, 5, 25, 35, 87, 107, 125, 156, 159, 179, 217, 223, 226, 229, 289
Haudenosaunee, 3, 6–9, 18, 20, 25–26, 28–29, 32, 35–37, 39–40, 42, 51–52, 61, 63–65, 67–68, 70–72, 81, 89, 93, 95–96, 98, 105, 125, 131, 134–135, 155–156, 212, 214–216, 219–220, 233–234, 236, 240–241, 244, 250–253, 257, 260, 265, 274, 277–278, 281, 283, 294
See also agriculture; Haudenosaunee Confederacy; land rights and tenure; Mohawk (Kanien’keha:ka); Six Nations of the Grand River; Tyendinaga
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 7, 9, 28, 36–37, 51, 63–64, 89, 93, 156, 216, 236, 256–257, 260
Royaners (Hereditary Chiefs), 7, 63, 81, 93, 241, 257
See also alliances; Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫ); Great Law of Peace; Mohawk (Kanien’keha:ka); Oneida (Onyota’a:ka); Onondaga (Onoñda’gega); Seneca (Onödowa’ga); Six Nations of the Grand River; treaties; Tuscarora (Skarù:re); Wampum
Head of the Lake Purchase (Treaty 14), 74, 76, 99, 127
Henry, Alexander, 17
Henry, Sarah
See Tuhbenahneequay
Herkimer, Lawrence, Sr., 163
Herkimer, Lawrence, Jr., 95, 163, 219
Herkimer, William, 162–163, 219
Hill, Susan, 256, 265, 269, 298
historical interpretation, 2, 7–8, 37, 215, 297
intergenerational transmission, 5–6,37
See also oral tradition; Wampum
History of the Ojebway Indians, 119, 220, 268
See also Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta)
Hoeg, Lauri, 126, 265, 269, 288, 290, 294, 297–298
Holland Landing, 20, 22, 62–63, 87, 89, 103, 107–109, 113–116, 127, 147–148, 183–184, 200–203
Holland River, 18, 62, 87, 107, 110, 114, 165, 217
Home District, 61, 123, 180, 200
housing, 26, 66, 99, 119, 123, 134–135, 140–141, 144, 147, 156–157, 159, 161, 169, 171–173, 176, 179, 181–182, 188, 196, 204, 207–208, 217, 219, 238, 266, 289, 294
Howe, Joseph, 253
humanitarianism, 104, 140, 165, 195, 235
Humber River (Gebekanaang / Cobekhenonk), 3, 14, 15,18, 23, 26–28, 30–32, 35, 41- 45, 56–57, 76, 79, 96, 107, 119, 124–127, 138, 140, 162–163, 266-267
watershed, 3, 23, 26, 30, 61, 79
See also Toronto Carrying-Place Trail
hunting, 3, 23, 25, 28, 32, 35, 47, 55–56, 99, 102–103, 107, 121, 131, 133–134, 152, 156, 159, 161, 166, 169, 179, 182–183, 187, 189, 191, 193, 200, 203–204, 212, 215, 217, 237–238, 249, 265
hunting territories, 32, 47, 107, 121, 152, 166, 200, 203, 212
Hurlburt, Sylvester, 208
Huron
See Wendat (Huron) and also Lake Huron; Chippewas—of Lakes Huron and Simcoe
Huron-Wendat Nation, 16, 27–28
I
Immigration
See settlers and settlement
Independent Order of Foresters, 278
Indian Act (1876), 2, 249, 253–255, 257, 259–261, 263, 276
Indian Department / Indian Affairs administration, 9, 46, 54, 56, 63, 66, 71–72, 78–79, 83, 89, 93, 96, 99, 165, 167–169, 174, 197, 201, 204, 207, 212–213, 219–221, 223, 225, 229–230, 235–236, 240, 242–245, 250–251, 253–254, 257, 259, 263, 271, 275–278, 281
Indian agents, 66, 70, 133, 140–141, 144, 159, 167, 225, 235–237, 240–241, 244, 254, 259, 263–264, 276–278, 282, 285
See also Anderson, Thomas Gummersall; Claus, William; Givins, James; Indian policy; Jarvis, Samuel Peters; Thorburn, David
Indian policy
assimilation, 164–165, 214, 223–225, 235, 237, 254–256, 280
Colonial Office, 104, 204, 211, 220
Darling Report, 165
Indian Advancement Act of 1884, 259, 276
Indian status, 9, 212, 241, 245, 249–250, 253, 257, 277
Pennefather Commission, 236–238
See also Bagot Commission; Bond Head, Francis; civilizational agenda; Colborne, John; enfranchisement; Gradual Civilization Act (1857); Gradual Enfranchisement Act (1869); Indian Act (1876); Indian reserves; Johnson, John; land cessions and agreements; Macdonald, John A.; Maitland, Peregrine; Metcalfe, Charles; Portland, Duke of (William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck); Russell, Peter; residential schools; Simcoe, John Graves; Sydenham, Lord (Charles Poulett Thomson)
Indian reserves, 3, 7, 21, 105, 112, 120, 127, 132, 158, 165, 167, 169-173, 175-176, 181-182, 184, 188-189, 191, 193, 204-207, 209, 212, 214, 217-218, 224, 229-231, 233-234, 236-237, 239-240, 243, 249-251, 253-254, 265, 270-272, 285, 291
Indigenous Christianity, 131-141, 179-180, 216, 256
See also Methodism—Indigenous Methodism; Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta)
Indigenous spirituality
medicine people, 5, 119, 148, 268, 271, 289, 291, 296
worldview, 1, 22, 132, 137, 162, 256, 267, 290–291
See also Handsome Lake (Ganiodaio); Indigenous Christianity
See also residential schools
intermarriage, 3, 7, 42, 46, 61, 66, 109, 111, 114, 156, 239–240, 273
Iroquois
See Haudenosaunee
J
Jarvis, Samuel Peters, 82–83, 116, 191, 193, 201, 203-204, 212–214, 219, 221
Johnson, John Smoke (Sakayengwaraton), 97, 214, 219, 254, 258, 260, 274, 281
Johnson, John, 54–55, 58, 76, 89, 277
Johnson-Butler treaties (1787-88), 52, 54-57, 62, 74, 79
See also “Gunshot Treaty”; land cessions and agreements—First “purchase” at Toronto
Jones, Augustus, 53, 61–69, 87, 99,125, 136, 138, 151, 268
See also Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea); Haldimand Tract; Jones, John (Thayandenaged); Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta); Tekarihogen, Henry; Tekarihogen, Sarah; Tuhbenahneequay; Wahbanosay / Wabenose
Jones, Eliza
See Field, Eliza
Jones, John (Thayandenaged), 63, 66, 99, 120, 138, 145, 159, 163, 219, 221, 240
Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta), 63, 68, 96, 99, 105, 113, 119–120, 127, 131, 136–140, 143, 145, 147–156, 160, 163–164, 179–180, 187, 195, 197, 211, 213–214, 216–217, 219–220, 223–227, 230–231, 234, 238–240, 254, 256, 266–268, 270, 281
See also Credit Mission; Methodism; missionaries; Mississaugas of the Credit; petitions; Ryerson, Egerton; Victoria, Queen
Jones, Peter Edmund (Kahkewaquonaby), 255–256, 259, 265–266, 268, 270–272, 275, 277, 280, 283
See also enfranchisement; Grand General Council of Ontario; Macdonald, John A.; New Credit
K
Kahkewahquonaby
See Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta); Jones, Peter Edmund (Kahkewahquonaby)
Kandoching, 156
Kanien’kehá:ka
See Mohawk (Kanien’kehá:ka) and also Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Six Nations of the Grand River
Kenease
See Canise / Kenease
Kinepinew
See Quinepenon / Kinepinew (Golden Eagle)
King, Carolyn, 35, 125, 140, 233, 245, 265, 288, 293–294
Kingston, 46, 69, 78, 115, 200, 213
kiskisiwin | remembering (film), 2
L
Lake Couchiching, 13, 149, 184, 206
Lake Huron, 7, 15, 20, 35, 46, 54, 69, 79, 93, 95, 115, 143, 168–169, 190, 230
Lake Ontario, 13–14, 17, 20, 25, 28–29, 32, 35, 39, 41, 51–52, 56–57, 61–62, 69, 71, 76, 110, 125, 127, 153, 156, 218, 233
Lake Scugog, 35, 103, 147, 149, 187–188, 218
Lake Simcoe (Ashanyoong / Azhoonyaang), 13–15, 17–18, 20, 26, 28, 35, 54, 57, 62–63, 79–80, 82, 86, 99, 102–103, 105, 107, 109, 113, 115, 117, 123, 143, 145, 147, 150, 152–153, 155, 165, 167, 169, 179, 187–188, 201, 204, 208, 213, 216–217, 221, 230
land cessions and agreements, 52, 54, 57, 61–62, 74, 99, 102, 158, 168–169, 236, 245
Ajetance Treaty (Treaty 19), 99,103
Between the Lakes Treaty (1784), 51–52, 241
First “purchase” at Toronto (1787), 52, 54–59, 62, 69, 71–72, 89
Head of the Lake Purchase (Treaty 14), 74, 76, 99, 127
Lake Simcoe Purchase (Treaty 16), 102, 105, 169
Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga (Treaty 18), 99, 102–103, 169
Manitoulin Island (Treaty 45), 189, 191,
Owen Sound Treaty (Treaty 82), 239
Penetanguishene Purchase of 1798 (Treaty 5), 169
Rice Lake Purchase of 1818 (Treaty 20), 103
Saugeen Peninsula Treaty (Treaty 72), 239
Saugeen Tract (Treaty 45 ½), 191–192, 194, 208, 219, 225, 231
Toronto Purchase of 1805 (Treaty 13), 62–63, 73–76
Treaty 22, 158
Treaty 23, 158
Williams Treaties, 62, 166, 169
See also “Gunshot Treaty”; Haldimand Tract; Johnson-Butler treaties (1787–88)
land claims, 3, 6, 76, 209, 243, 276
See also Chippewa—Tri-Council; Mississaugas of the Credit; Six Nations of the Grand River
land rights and tenure, 140, 187, 197, 237, 239, 294
dispossession, 1, 74, 98, 102–103, 115,132, 197, 231, 239
settler encroachment (squatters), 6, 99, 147, 179, 188, 191, 206, 212, 219, 233, 239
title deeds, 197, 201, 211, 213–214, 216, 224, 243
See also Gradual Civilization Act (1857); Haldimand Tract; women
languages, Indigenous, 5, 9, 42, 47, 61, 78, 88, 96, 109–111, 134–135, 137, 140, 149, 151–152, 180, 196, 208, 213, 229, 234, 240, 251, 263, 266, 273, 275, 277, 280, 285, 287, 289–290, 295, 297
LaRocca, Kelly, 5, 286, 291, 295–296, 298
Lavallee, Celeste, 112
See also Borland, John
Lavallee, Denis David, 112
Lawson, Sherry, 1, 77, 207, 226, 287, 298
literacy
See education
logging, 119, 123, 127, 182, 217, 236
See also environmental change—deforestation
London, England, 197, 211, 223, 241
London, Ontario, 219, 225, 230, 271, 276
Longhouse religion
See Handsome Lake (Ganiodaio); Indigenous Spirituality
Lower Canada (Canada East / Quebec), 27–28, 77, 89, 112, 200, 220, 224, 249
Loyalists, 45, 51, 62, 68, 77, 79, 81, 89, 105, 115–117, 274
M
Macdonald, John A., 254, 273, 276–277
Mackenzie, William Lyon, 199–200
Magasin Royal, 41
See also fur trade
Maitland, Peregrine, 133, 141, 144
Manitoulin Island, 189, 191, 194–195, 204, 208, 245
manual-labour schools, 223, 225, 229
See also education; residential schools
marriage, 35, 45, 61, 63–64, 67, 111–114, 159, 256, 259
loss of status for marrying out, 237–238, 240-241, 245, 250, 253-254, 257
See also intermarriage
Martin, George, 93, 231, 233, 244, 254, 274
Martin, George Henry, 134, 274
Martin, Peter
See Oronhyatekha (Martin, Peter)
Martin’s Corner School, 274
Matchedash, 17–18, 20, 52, 54, 57, 102, 153, 165, 167–169, 187, 217
Matchedash Tract, 102, 168–169
medicinal plants, 66, 265, 268–272
medicine, Indigenous, 66, 156, 266, 268–272
medicine person / healer, 5, 119, 148, 265, 268–269, 271–272, 289, 291, 296
See also medicinal plants
Metcalfe, Charles, 225
Methodism, 46, 64, 113, 117, 132–141, 143–144, 149–153, 155–157, 162–163, 167, 175, 179–180, 194–197, 216, 234, 256
camp meetings, 3, 136, 143–147, 149, 179
Episcopal Methodists, 64, 133, 138, 167, 179
Indigenous Methodism, 113, 136–141, 143–149, 151, 153–155, 157, 161, 163, 179, 197, 213
Newmarket Branch Missionary Society, 141
Toronto Circuit, 155
Wesleyan Methodists, 153, 155, 167, 194, 216
Yonge Street Circuit, 143
See also Crawford, Seth; Credit Mission; Indigenous Christianity; Jones, John (Thayandenaged); Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta); missionaries; Ryerson, Egerton; Sunday, John (Shawundais)
Michi Saagiig
See Mississaugas
militia, 42, 81, 87, 93, 95, 98, 118, 200–201, 203
milling, 82–83, 109, 114–115, 119, 122–123, 125–127, 176, 181–182, 189, 196, 199, 201, 203, 219, 279, 297
gristmills, 123, 126–127, 172, 176–177, 183, 196–197
See also sawmills
missionaries, 3, 7, 105, 113, 117, 127, 132–133, 136, 139–141, 143, 145, 147, 149–160, 163, 167, 175, 179–180, 189, 194–196, 207–208, 216, 218–219, 223–224, 226–227, 230, 235–236, 238–239, 241, 254, 256, 271, 275, 281–282
missionary societies, 147, 149, 153
See also Catholics; Church of England; Credit Mission; Indigenous Christianity; Methodism
Mississauga-Haudenosaunee alliance of the 1790s, 71–72
Mississaugas, 2, 5–7, 9, 18, 20, 26, 31–33, 35, 37, 41–42, 44, 46, 51–52, 54–57, 59, 61–64, 68–74, 76–78, 80–81, 83, 95–97, 99, 101–103, 105, 109, 113, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 131, 133, 136–141, 144–145, 147, 150, 152–153, 155–167, 169, 187–189, 192, 197, 200–201, 203–204, 211–214, 218–219, 225, 228, 231–234, 239–240, 243–245, 249–250, 254, 259, 263–267, 270–272, 276–277, 283, 285–286, 288–289, 291, 293, 296–298
Mississaugas of Scugog Island, 2, 5, 7, 35, 56, 103, 109, 153, 187–188, 213, 218, 226, 230, 251, 259, 263–265, 289, 291, 296–298
See also Balsam Lake
Mississaugas of the Credit, 2, 5–7, 32, 35, 56, 61, 72, 74, 76, 101, 127, 131, 138, 140, 144, 152, 157, 159–160, 163, 167, 169, 187–188, 192, 197, 213, 218–219, 231, 233–234, 239, 244, 271–272, 285–286, 293, 297
Wabakinine, 52, 55–56, 69–71, 131
Wabbicommicot, 44
See also Anishinaabe(k); Credit Mission; Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta); Jones, Peter Edmund (Kahkewaquonaby) land cessions and agreements; land rights and tenure; Mississauga-Haudenosaunee alliance of the 1790s; New Credit; petitions; Pokquan; Pontiac’s War; Sawyer, Joseph (Nawahjekezhegwabe); War of 1812
Mitchell, Andrew, 184
Mitchell, Elizabeth, 168
See also intermarriage
Mnjikaning
See Narrows, the (Mnjikaning); Orillia; Tkaranto
Mohawk (Kanien’keha:ka), 9, 13, 28, 51–52, 57, 61, 63–64, 66, 81, 83, 89, 133–136, 138, 153, 187, 190, 214–215, 219, 224, 226, 228, 251, 256, 258, 262–263, 267–268, 273–275, 280
See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Six Nations of the Grand River
Mohawk Chapel, 134
Mohawk Institute, 224, 262–263, 274–275
See also residential schools
Mohawk Valley, 81
Montgomery’s Tavern, 199
Monthly Review Devoted to the Civil Government of the Canadas, 220
Montreal, 28, 36–37, 39, 41, 107, 110, 118, 174, 215
Monture, Phil, 39–40, 51, 95, 219, 236, 260–261, 285, 289, 294, 298
Mount Elgin Industrial School, 230
See also industrial schools; residential schools
Mud Lake, 56, 109, 188, 216, 218, 265
Munceytown, 216, 219, 225, 230
Murdoch, Chandra, 252, 254–255, 276, 298
Muskoka, 18, 20, 41, 107, 112, 217, 286
Musquakie (William Yellowhead), 38–39, 96, 102, 107, 117, 149, 167, 171–172, 174, 179, 181–183, 188–189, 191, 193, 203, 206-208, 213–217, 227–229
Musquakie (Yellowhead), 62, 96
N
Nahnebahwequay (Sutton, Catherine), 219, 238–245, 266
Nainigishkung, 200
Nanaboozhoo, 22
Nanebeaujou, 45
See also Haudenosaunee; land claims; land rights and tenure
Nanigishkung, Emerson Benson, 21–23, 95, 103, 155, 181, 213, 229, 298
Narrows, the (Mnjikaning), 13–14, 17, 35, 39, 88, 105, 107, 110, 113, 153, 165, 167, 169–170, 172–175, 177, 179–180, 182–184, 188–189, 191, 193, 196–197, 204, 206, 208, 215, 225
See also Orillia; Tkaronto
Nawahjekezhegwabe
See Sawyer, Joseph (Nawahjekezhegwabe)
Negenaunaquot
See Big Shilling (Negenauanaquot)
See also Jarvis, Samuel Peters
Neolin, 139
Neutrals (Attawandaron), 25–26, 28
New Credit, 7, 163, 203, 230, 232–234, 239, 265, 268, 271–273, 276, 278
See also Mississaugas of the Credit
New England Company, 274
See also French colonialism and influence
New York City, 149
New York State (formerly Colony), 28, 51, 61, 81, 266
Newcastle, Duke of (Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham-Clinton), 241–245
Newhouse, Seth, 260
Newmarket, 79, 104, 107–118, 121, 127, 141, 143, 155, 171, 201, 270
Niagara, 15, 17, 44, 61, 69, 81, 83, 88–89, 93, 95, 125, 127, 201, 224
Nimquasim, 69
North York Historical Society, 86
Norton, John, 95
O
Odaawaa (Ottawa), 9, 25, 180, 259, 273
See also Anishinaabe(k)
See also Anishinaabe(k)
Old Sail, 20
Oneida (Onyota’a:ka), 9, 81, 153, 219
See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy
Onödowa’ga
See Seneca (Onödowa’ga)
Onoñda’gega
See Onondaga (Onoñda’gega)
Onondaga (Onoñda’gega), 9, 214
See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy
Ontario, 1, 7, 13–14, 28, 32–33, 52, 61 100, 103, 105, 116, 120–121, 208, 215 220, 225, 230, 249–250, 262, 274, 276–278, 283, 294, 298
See also Canada West; Grand General Council of Ontario; Lake Ontario; Union of Ontario Indians; Upper Canada
Onyota’a:ka
See Oneida (Onyota’a:ka)
oral tradition, 5, 32, 35, 37, 86, 220, 268
See also historical memory; Wampum
Orillia, 3, 32, 169, 171, 175, 183, 193, 225, 227, 229, 281
See also Narrows, the (Mnjikaning)
Oro Township, 105
Oronhyatekha (Martin, Peter), 93, 233, 244, 254, 257, 265–266, 268, 271, 273–281, 283
See also fraternal organizations; Grand General Council of Ontario; Independent Order of Foresters; Mohawk Institute; Oxford University; Royal Tour of 1860; Temple Building
Ottawa (city), 253–254, 259, 273
Ottawa (Odaawaa)
See Odaawaa (Ottawa)
Ottawa River, 41
Oxford University, 275
See also Oronhyatekha (Martin, Peter)
P
Palatine Germans
See settlers and settlement—German settlers
Parsons site, 26
Peace treaties, 83
See also Dish with One Spoon Wampum; Great Peace of Montreal (1701); Treaty of Ghent; Treaty of Niagara; Treaty of Paris
Penetanguishene, 20, 26, 102–103, 105, 107, 112, 119, 147, 169, 171, 180, 184
Penetanguishene Purchase (Treaty 5), 169
Pennefather Commission, 236–237
Pennefather, Richard, 236
Pennsylvania, 3, 66, 68, 81–83, 86–89, 110
Pennsylvania Germans
See settlers and settlement—German settlers
Peterborough, 35, 109, 115, 153
petitions, 20, 161, 182, 189, 191, 194–197, 201, 204, 207, 211, 213, 216, 238, 242–244, 253, 257, 260, 277
Pierpoint, Richard, 89
Playter, George, 117, 138, 145, 147
Pledge of the Crown Wampum, 96
Pokquan, 51
Pontiac’s War, 44
Port Credit, 127
Port Perry, 218
portages, 7, 14–15, 17–18, 20, 28, 35, 41, 54, 107, 109, 169, 172, 227
See also canoe; Humber River (Gebekanaang / Cobekhenonk); Toronto Carrying-Place Trail; transportation
Portland, Duke of (William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck), 70–71
Potagunasees (Bootaaganasiig), 169, 172
Potawatomi (Bodewadmi), 9, 166, 200, 259
Powell, William Dummer, 116
presents, 20, 39, 45, 55–56, 69–72, 86, 95, 98–99, 131, 138, 140–141, 147–148, 159, 161, 165, 167–168, 174, 190, 213, 224–225, 235, 237, 244
See also alcohol; alliances; fur trade
Prince of Wales (Albert Edward), 242–244, 275
Q
Quakers (Society of Friends), 79, 83, 87, 241
Quebec, 27–28, 77, 112, 220, 249
See also Lower Canada (Canada East / Quebec)
Quetton St. George, Laurent (Waubewayquon), 88, 115
Quinepenon / Kinepinew (Golden Eagle), 76, 121, 125, 131, 266
R
Rama, Chippewas of
See Chippewas—of Rama
Rebellion of 1837, 197, 199–203, 211
reciprocity, 20, 45, 86, 233, 278
See also presents
religion, 67, 121, 135, 148, 155, 157, 159, 208, 229, 231, 234, 285
See also Christianity; Indigenous spirituality
removal policy, 167, 189–90, 195–197, 200, 204, 224, 227
See also Bond Head, Francis
residential schools, 230, 256, 263–264, 280–281
See also education; industrial schools; manual-labour schools; Mohawk Institute; Mount Elgin Industrial School
revitalization movements, 139
Rice Lake, 32, 103, 153, 163, 189, 216, 224, 268
Rice Lake Purchase (Treaty 20), 103
Robinson Huron Treaty, 117
Robinson Superior Treaty, 117
Robinson, Christopher, 114–115
Robinson, John Beverley, 116
Robinson, Peter, 93, 114–116, 127, 133, 184
Robinson, William, 114, 116–117, 193
Roe, William, 109–111, 113, 171, 173–174, 270
See also Borland & Roe
Rogers, Timothy, 87
Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste St. John, 45, 93
Rousseau, Jean-Bonaventure, 45
Royal Proclamation of 1763, 67, 70, 189, 191, 239, 249
Russell, Peter, 69–70, 72, 78, 87, 89–90, 268
Ryerson, Egerton, 143–144, 149, 157, 159, 196, 216, 223, 229, 268, 270
S
Sakayengwaraton
See Johnson, John Smoke (Sakayengwaraton)
salmon, 57, 80, 125, 127, 145, 161–162, 218–219
See also fishing
Saugeen Ojibwe, 191
Saugeen Peninsula Treaty (Treaty 72), 239
Saugeen Tract, 191–192, 194, 208, 219, 225, 231
Saugeen Tract Treaty 45 ½, 191–192
Sault, Garry, 96, 234, 243, 264, 270–272, 285, 298
Sault, Margaret, 5–6, 18, 56, 72, 164, 250, 277, 286, 298
sawmills, 83, 123, 125, 127, 159, 172, 177, 182–183, 197, 208, 218, 233
Sawyer, David (Kezhegowinninne), 137, 219, 239, 242, 267
Sawyer, Joseph (Nawahjekezhegwabe), 149, 160, 213, 219, 221, 228, 239
Sayre, Esther, 114
schools
See education—schools
Scott, Duncan Campbell, 254, 276
Scugog Island, Mississaugas of, 2, 5, 7, 107, 187–189, 213, 218, 259, 263–264, 289, 291, 296–297
Seneca (Onödowa’ga), 9, 15, 26, 28, 31–32, 35, 41, 67, 116, 134, 219
villages in Toronto area, 15, 28, 32, 35, 41, 46
See also Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Six Nations of the Grand River
settlers and settlement, 1–3, 7–8, 13, 20–23, 45, 47, 51, 55, 59, 61–62, 64, 67–72, 74, 76–84, 87–90, 93, 95, 98–99, 103–105, 110–111, 113, 116–121, 123, 125–127, 131–134, 136, 139–141, 143, 152–153, 155–156, 159, 164–165, 167, 169, 171–173, 175–176, 179–184, 188–189, 191, 195–197, 199–201, 204, 206, 209, 211–212, 216–220, 224–227, 231, 233, 235–236, 238, 241, 249, 253, 255–256, 260, 263–270, 274, 276, 281, 285, 288, 292, 294–295, 298
American settlers, 77–79, 103,118
Black settlers, 79, 89–90, 105, 116
British settlers, 77, 79, 89, 103–105, 117, 195, 199
German settlers, 68, 79, 81–83, 89
See also Loyalists
Seven Years War, 42
Shawundais
See Sunday, John (Shawundais)
Shepard, Joseph, Sr. 45, 93, 199–200
Shepard, Joseph, Jr., 200
Simcoe, Elizabeth Posthuma, 13, 18, 29–21, 58–59, 66, 78
Simcoe, John Graves, 13, 18, 20, 57–58, 77, 83, 90, 114, 123, 165
Six Nations of the Grand River, 2, 4–5, 7–9, 32, 35, 39–40, 42, 45, 51–53, 63, 68, 70–72, 80, 95–97, 115, 153, 189, 201, 215–216, 219–220, 226, 231–234, 236, 238, 244, 251, 253, 256–258, 260–261, 273–275, 277, 285, 289, 292, 294, 297–298
See also American Revolution; Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea); Buck, John (Skanawiti); Grand General Council of Ontario; Haldimand Proclamation; Haldimand Tract; Haudenosaunee; Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Indian Act (1876); Johnson, John Smoke (Sakayengwaraton); Martin, George; Mississauga-Haudenosaunee alliance of the 1790s; Mohawk Institute; Tekarihogen, Henry; War of 1812
Skanawiti
See Buck, John (Skanawiti)
Skandatut, 26
slavery and slave trade, 44, 47, 89–90, 105, 115, 140, 196
Smith, Donald B., 298
Snache, Kory, 14, 39, 57, 79, 87, 90, 107, 109, 149, 155, 167, 209, 289
Snache, Vicki, 6, 26, 165, 179, 264, 289, 291–292, 298
Snake Island, 121, 167, 193, 203, 209, 217, 221, 226, 269
Snake, Joseph, 144, 149, 165, 167, 174, 208, 213, 217, 228, 240
Snake, Ryerson, 149
Society for Converting and Civilizing the Indians, 181
Society of Friends
See Quakers (Society of Friends)
sovereignty, 39, 132, 160, 179, 214, 220, 238, 252–253, 256, 260, 263, 277, 284
See also governance, Indigenous
spirituality, Indigenous
See Indigenous spirituality
squatters
See land rights and tenure—settler encroachment
Stennett, Miles, 201, 203, 208
Stevens, Matthew, 217, 288–289, 292, 294, 297–298
Stewart, John, 133
Stong, Daniel, 1, 3, 86, 93, 199–200
Stong, Elizabeth (Fisher), 3, 45, 85, 199–200
Sunday, John (Shawundais), 143, 162, 213, 216–217, 226, 256, 281
surveying, 52, 56–57, 61–62, 66, 68, 127, 171, 231, 298
See also Jones, Augustus
Sutton, Catherine
See Nahnebahwequay (Sutton, Catherine)
Sutton, William, 239
Sydenham, Lord (Charles Poulett Thomson), 211–212
Sylvestre, Jean-Baptiste, 112–113
T
Tanikawabononkoua, 113
teachers
See education—teachers
See also Seneca (Onödowa’ga)
Tekarihogen, Henry, 66–68, 134
Tekarihogen, Sarah, 63, 65–66, 136, 268
Telford, Rhonda, 204
Thayendanegea
See Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea)
Thayendenaged
See Jones, John (Thayandenaged)
Thorburn, David, 238
Tkaranto, 13
See also Narrows, the (Mnjikaning)
Tobeco, James, 163
Toronto (city and region), 1–4, 7, 11, 13–14, 17 , 23–24, 26–28, 32, 37, 41–42, 44, 52, 54–59, 61–62, 68–69, 72, 76, 80, 86–89, 96, 99, 104–105, 107, 117, 120, 122, 127, 147, 149–150, 155, 168–169, 184, 190, 193–194, 196, 199–200, 203, 211–213, 215, 234–236, 239, 242–243, 249–250, 261, 265–268, 270–272, 275–276, 278–282, 285, 288, 293, 295, 297–298
newspapers, 65, 89, 152, 241, 255, 280
See also Fort Toronto; land cessions and agreements—First “purchase” at Toronto (1787);
Toronto Carrying-Place Trail; Toronto Purchase of 1805; Temple Building; York; Yonge Street
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 1, 27, 85, 123, 297
Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, 11, 14–18, 20, 26, 28, 32, 35, 41–42, 54, 63, 76, 102, 107, 109, 165, 169, 172
Toronto Normal School, 229
Toronto Purchase Land Claim (2010), 76
Toronto Purchase of 1787
See Johnson-Butler treaties (1787-88); land cessions and agreements—First “purchase” at Toronto (1787)
Toronto Purchase of 1805 (Treaty 13), 62–63, 73–76
See also land cessions and agreements—First “purchase” at Toronto (1787); York
Toronto School of Medicine, 275
trade
See fur trade
traditionalists, 67–68, 131, 135, 155, 162–163, 216, 272, 289
Trail of Tears, 212
transportation, 3, 7, 87, 105, 107, 109, 113
See also canoe; boats and ships; Coldwater Road; portages; railway; Yonge Street
trauma, 5, 47, 131–132, 137, 266–267, 288
treaties, 6–7, 20, 32, 35, 37–40, 44, 51–52, 54, 56–57, 61–63, 74–76, 83, 95, 98–103, 105, 117, 121, 127, 131, 157–158, 161, 166, 169, 191–194, 214–215, 224, 238–239, 241, 243–244, 249–251, 254–255, 257, 259, 293–294, 298
See also alliances; Haldimand Proclamation; land cessions and agreements; land rights: Nanfan Deed (1701); peace treaties; names of individual treaties
Treaty of Niagara, 15, 17, 44, 224
See also alliances
treaty rights, 6, 32, 238, 254
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 230
Tuhbenahneequay (Henry, Sarah), 63–64, 66, 137, 273
Tunkers, 87
Twenty-Four Nations Wampum, 44
Two Row Wampum, 252
Tyendinaga, 153, 226, 228, 260, 274, 277
U
Union of Ontario Indians, 260
United Bands Movement, 259
United Empire Loyalists, 79, 89
See also Loyalists
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 261
United States, 45, 51, 77, 79, 87, 105, 131–133, 152–153, 167, 189, 199–200, 212, 223, 259, 280
See also American Revolution; Loyalists; Rebellion of 1837; Upper Canada; War of 1812
University of Toronto, 2, 80, 192, 271, 297–298
Upper Canada, 13, 18, 57, 61, 65, 69–70, 77, 80–81, 87, 89–90, 99, 103–105, 115, 117–119, 131, 133–134, 140, 143, 152–153, 164–165, 167, 169, 173, 187, 189, 195–196, 199, 211, 219, 229, 266, 270, 276–277
administration, 76, 81–82, 99, 115–118, 131, 167, 199, 223, 225
See also Canada West; clergy reserves; Indian department and Indian administration; Indian policy; Ontario; Russell, Peter; settlers and settlement; Simcoe, John Graves; slavery and slave trade
Upper Canada College, 266, 270
Upper Canada Rebellion
See Rebellion of 1837
V
Vaughan, 83, 105, 123, 127, 199
Victoria, Queen, 211, 213–214, 238–239
Imperial Declaration (1847), 239
See also Jones, Peter (Kahkewaquonaby / Desagondensta); Nahnebahwequay (Sutton, Catherine)
Village at Black Creek, The (formerly Black Creek Pioneer Village), 1–5, 45, 84–85, 93, 123, 160, 295, 297
W
Wabakinine, 52, 55–56, 69–71, 131
Wabbicommicot, 44
Wade, Ferral, 45
Wahbanosay / Wabenose, 62–63, 96, 131, 140
Wampum, 7, 35–39, 44–45, 64, 71, 96, 148, 211, 214–215, 235, 238, 251–253, 258
See also Circle Wampum; Covenant Chain Wampum; Dish with One Spoon Wampum; Eternal Council Fires or Yellowhead Wampum; Five Nations or Aienwatha / Hiawatha Wampum; Pledge of the Crown Wampum; Twenty-Four Nations Wampum; Two Row Wampum
war and warfare, 3, 6–7, 15, 32, 37, 39, 42, 44, 51, 57, 69, 78–79, 81, 83, 88–89, 93–99, 102–105, 109, 113–114, 127, 131–133, 135, 138, 189, 199, 202, 206, 235, 238, 241, 250, 274, 283–284, 288, 291, 294
See also American Revolution; Beaver Wars; Pontiac’s War; Seven Years War; War of 1812
War of 1812, 3, 79, 83, 89, 93–95, 97–99, 102–103, 105, 109, 113, 131, 199, 206, 235, 274, 283–284
See also Battle of York
Wazhushk (muskrat), 22, 121, 264
Wendat (Huron), 3–4, 14, 18, 25–28, 31–32, 35
See also Wyandot
Wesleyan Methodists
See Methodism—Wesleyan Methodists
Western Alliance, 70
white supremacy, 105
Williams Treaties, 62, 166, 169
Willson, David, 87
See also Quakers (Society of Friends)
Windham settlement, 88
women, 8, 17, 46, 52, 66, 76, 78, 81, 89, 105, 111–112, 115–116, 127, 134, 145, 150, 156, 159, 168, 172, 217, 221, 224, 237–238, 240–241, 243–244, 249–250, 253–254, 257, 259, 268–269, 272–273, 277, 289
See also gender roles; intermarriage; marriage—loss of status for marrying out; Nahnebahwequay (Sutton, Catherine)
See also Wendat (Huron)
Wybenga, Darin, 5–6, 32, 42, 51, 57, 62, 76, 95, 102, 137, 153, 159, 163, 203, 218, 231, 234, 297–298
Y
Yellowhead
See Musquakie (Yellowhead); Musquakie (William Yellowhead)
Yellowhead Wampum
See Eternal Council Fires Wampum
Yonge Street, 3, 18, 20, 62–63, 79, 82–83, 87–88, 103, 107, 115, 118, 126–127, 143, 145, 157, 171, 199–200
Circuit, 143
York, 13, 18, 20–21, 45–46, 49, 52, 57, 59, 61–63, 69-70, 78–79, 81–82, 88–90, 93, 95–98, 104–105, 107, 109–110, 113–116, 118, 121, 126, 131, 133, 141, 143–145,150, 152, 155–157, 160, 165, 171, 174, 188, , 236, 267
militia, 93
See also Battle of York; Toronto
York Bible Society, 133
York County, 83, 86–87, 199, 236
York, Duke of (Prince Frederick), 13