Contents

Maps

Relationship Charts

Introduction: Where Histories Meet

Part One: The Toronto Carrying Place

1 Toronto’s Indigenous Name

2 Deep Time in the Humber River Watershed

3 Trade and Colonial Rivalries

Part Two: Founding York

4 Early British Treaties

5 Turning Indigenous Territory into Private Property

6 Indigenous-Settler Encounters

7 Settlers on Indigenous Lands

Part Three: Changing Relationships

8 The War of 1812 and Its Aftermath

9 The Postwar Fur Trade along Yonge Street

10 Deforestation, Farming, and Milling

Part Four: The Civilizational Agenda

11 Indigenous Christianity

12 Yonge Street Camp Meetings

13 The Credit Mission

14 The Coldwater and the Narrows Settlement

15 “Progress,” Setbacks, and Strategies for Self-Sufficiency

Part Five: Agency in Times of Struggle

16 The Quest for Secure Land Tenure

17 Defending the Crown

18 Surviving, Rebuilding, Adapting, Resisting

19 From Civilization to Assimilation

20 Black Wampum

Part Six: New Strategies for Dark Times

21 The Indian Act and the Great Council Fire

22 After 1876

Conclusion: Confronting History, (Re)making History

Acknowledgements

Selected Bibliography

Map Credits

Notes

Index